,SECTION #a1 ,*APT] #g ,! ,PROBLEM ( ,REPRODUCTION3 ,ANALYSIS ( ,M>X'S ,DIAGRAM ( ,5L>G$ ,REPRODUCTION ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG ,TEXT 3 ,! FIR/ 5L>GEM5T ( REPRODUCTION GAVE ! FOLL[+ PICTURE4 ,I4 #d1#dC "4 #a1#aV "4 #a1#aS "7 #f1#f ,I,I4 #a1#fC "4 #hV "4 #hS "7 #c1#b ,TOTAL3 #i1#h ,?IS ALREADY CLE>LY EXPRESSES ! 9T]DEP5D5CE ( ! TWO DEP>TM5TS - BUT IT IS A DEP5D5CE ( A PECULI> K9D4 ,ACCUMULATION H]E ORIG9ATES 9 ,DEP>TM5T ,I1 & ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I M]ELY FOLL[S SUIT4 ,?US IT IS ,DEP>TM5T ,I ALONE ?AT DET]M9ES ! VOLUME ( ACCUMULATION4 ,M>X EFFECTS ACCUMULATION H]E BY ALL[+ ,DEP>TM5T ,I TO CAPITALIZE ONE-HALF ( ITS SURPLUS VALUE2 ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I1 H[EV]1 MAY CAPITALIZE ONLY AS MU* AS IS NECESS>Y TO ASSURE ! PRODUCTION & ACCUMULATION ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I4 ,HE MAKES ! CAPITALI/S ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I CONSUME #fS AS AGA9/ ! CONSUMPTION ( ONLY #eS BY ! CAPITALI/S ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I :O HAVE APPROPRIAT$ TWICE ! AM\NT ( VALUE & F> MORE SURPLUS VALUE4 ,9 ! NEXT YE>1 HE ASSUMES ! CAPITALI/S ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I AGA9 TO CAPITALIZE HALF !IR SURPLUS VALUE1 ?IS TIME MAK+ ! CAPITALI/S ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I CAPITALIZE MORE ?AN 9 ! PREVI\S YE> SUMM>ILY FIX+ ! AM\NT TO TALLY EXACTLY ) ! NE$S ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I4 #eS N[ REMA9 = ! CONSUMPTION ( ! CAPITALI/S ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I - LESS ?AN ! YE> BE=E - SURELY A RA!R QUE] RESULT ( ACCUMULATION ON ANY %[+4 ,M>X N[ DESCRIBES ! PROCESS AS FOLL[S3 ',!N LET ,DEP>TM5T ,I CONT9UE ACCUMULATION AT ! SAME RATIO1 SO ?AT #e#eS >E SP5T AS REV5UE1 & #e#eS ACCUMULAT$4 ,9 ?AT CASE1 #a1#a ,IV >E FIR/ REPLAC$ BY #a1#a ,IC1 & #ee ,IS MU/ BE REALIZ$ 9 AN EQUAL AM\NT ( COMMODITIES ( ,I,I1 MAK+ A TOTAL ( #a1#f#e ,I7V "4 S74 ,BUT ! CON/ANT CAPITAL ( ,I,I1 :I* IS TO BE REPLAC$1 AM\NTS ONLY TO #a1#f1 & ! REMA9+ #e MU/ BE MADE UP \T ( #h ,I,IS4 ,LEAV+ ASIDE ! MONEY ASPECT ( ! MATT]1 WE HAVE AS A RESULT ( ?IS TRANSACTION3 ',I4 #d1#dC "4 #e#eS 7TO BE CAPITALIZ$72 FUR!RMORE1 REALIZ$ 9 COMMODITIES ( ,I,I = ! FUND = CONSUMPTION ( ! CAPITALI/S & LABOR]S ( ,I1 #a1#f#e 7V "4 S7 ,I,I4 #a1#f#eC "4 #h#b#eV "4 #g#b#eS4 ',9 ,DEP>TM5T ,I1 #e#eS MU/ BE CAPITALIZ$4 ,IF ! =M] PROPORTION IS MA9TA9$1 #dd ( ?IS AM\NT =M CON/ANT CAPITAL1 & #aa V>IABLE CAPITAL4 ,!SE #aa MU/ BE EV5TUALLY TAK5 \T ( #gbe ,I,IS1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 >TICLES ( CONSUMPTION TO ! VALUE ( #aa >E CONSUM$ BY ! LABOR]S ( ,I 9/EAD ( ! CAPITALI/S ( ,I,I1 SO ?AT ! LATT] >E COMPELL$ TO CAPITALIZE !SE #a#aS :I* !Y CANNOT CONSUME4 ,?IS LEAVES #fae ,I,IS ( ! #gbe ,I,IS4 ,BUT IF ,I,I ?US CONV]TS !SE #aa 9TO ADDITIONAL CON/ANT CAPITAL1 IT REQUIRES AN ADDITIONAL V>IABLE CAPITAL ( #e#e4 ,?IS AGA9 MU/ BE TAK5 \T ( ITS SURPLUS VALUE4 ,SUBTRACT+ ?IS AM\NT FROM #fae ,I,IS1 WE F9D ?AT ONLY #ef ,I,IS REMA9 = ! CONSUMPTION ( ! CAPITALI/S ( ,I,I1 & WE OBTA9 ! FOLL[+ VALUES ( CAPITAL AFT] ACCOMPLI%+ ALL ACTUAL & POT5TIAL TRANSF]S3 ,I4 7#d1#dC "4 #d#dC7 "4 7#a1#aV "4 #a#aV7 "7 #d1#h#dC "4 #a1#b#aV "7 #f1#e ,I,I4 7#a1#fC "4 #eC "4 #a#aC7 "4 #hV "4 #b#eV "4 #e#eV7 "7 #a1#g#fC "4 #h#hV "7 #b1#f#d ,TOTAL3 #h1#f#i7#a7 ,?IS QUOTATION IS GIV5 AT L5G? S9CE IT %[S V]Y CLE>LY H[ ,M>X H]E EFFECTS ACCUMULATION 9 ,DEP>TM5T ,I AT ! EXP5SE ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I4 ,9 ! YE>S ?AT FOLL[1 ! CAPITALI/S ( ! PROVISIONS DEP>TM5T GET JU/ AS R\< A DEAL4 ,FOLL[+ ! SAME RULES1 ,M>X ALL[S !M 9 ! ?IRD YE> TO ACCUMULATE #b#f#dS - A L>G] AM\NT ?IS TIME ?AN 9 ! TWO PREC$+ YE>S4 ,9 ! F\R? YE> !Y >E ALL[$ TO CAPITALIZE #b#iS & TO CONSUME #f#g#hS1 & 9 ! FIF? YE> !Y ACCUMULATE #c#bS & CONSUME #g#d#eS4 ,M>X EV5 SAYS3 ',IF ?+S >E TO PROCE$ NORMALLY1 ACCUMULATION 9 ,I,I MU/ TAKE PLACE MORE RAPIDLY ?AN 9 ,I BECAUSE ?AT PORTION ( ,I7V "4 S7 :I* MU/ BE CONV]T$ 9TO COMMODITIES ( ,I,IC1 W\LD O!RWISE GR[ MORE RAPIDLY ?AN ,I,IC1 = :I* IT CAN ALONE BE EX*ANG$4'7#b7 ,YET ! FIGURES WE HAVE QUOT$ FAIL TO %[ A QUICK] ACCUMULATION 9 ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I1 & 9 FACT %[ IT TO FLUCTUATE4 ,H]E ! PR9CIPLE SEEMS TO BE AS FOLL[S3 ,M>X 5ABLES ACCUMULATION TO CONT9UE BY BROAD5+ ! BASIS ( PRODUCTION 9 ,DEP>TM5T ,I4 ,ACCUMULATION 9 ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I APPE>S ONLY AS A CONDITION & CONSEQU5CE ( ACCUMULATION 9 ,DEP>TM5T ,I3 ABSORB+1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ! O!R'S SURPLUS MEANS ( PRODUCTION & SUPPLY+ IT1 SECONDLY1 ) ! NECESS>Y SURPLUS ( CONSUM] GOODS = ITS ADDITIONAL LABOR4 ,DEP>TM5T ,I RETA9S ! 9ITIATIVE ALL ! TIME1 ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I BE+ M]ELY A PASSIVE FOLL[]4 ,?US ! CAPITALI/S ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I >E ONLY ALL[$ TO ACCUMULATE JU/ AS MU* AS1 & >E MADE TO CONSUME NO LESS ?AN1 IS NE$$ = ! ACCUMULATION ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I4 ,:ILE 9 ,DEP>TM5T ,I HALF ! SURPLUS VALUE IS CAPITALIZ$ EV]Y TIME1 & ! O!R HALF CONSUM$1 SO ?AT !RE IS AN ORD]LY EXPANSION BO? ( PRODUCTION & ( P]SONAL CONSUMPTION BY ! CAPITALI/S1 ! TW(OLD PROCESS 9 ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I TAKES ! FOLL[+ ]RATIC C\RSE3 ,H]E !RE IS NO RULE 9 EVID5CE = ACCUMULATION & CONSUMPTION TO FOLL[2 BO? >E :OLLY SUBS]VI5T TO ! REQUIREM5TS ( ACCUMULATION 9 ,DEP>TM5T ,I4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ! ABSOLUTE FIGURES ( ! DIAGRAM >E >BITR>Y 9 EV]Y EQUATION1 BUT ?AT DOES NOT DETRACT FROM !IR SCI5TIFIC VALUE4 ,IT IS ! QUANTITATIVE RATIOS :I* >E RELEVANT1 S9CE !Y >E SUPPOS$ TO EXPRESS /RICTLY DET]M9ATE RELATION%IPS4 ,?OSE PRECISE LOGICAL RULES ?AT LAY D[N ! RELATIONS ( ACCUMULATION 9 ,DEP>TM5T ,I1 SEEM TO HAVE BE5 GA9$ AT ! CO/ ( ANY K9D ( PR9CIPLE 9 CON/RU+ !SE RELATIONS = ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I2 & ?IS CIRCUM/ANCE CALLS = A REVISION ( ! IMMAN5T CONNECTIONS REVEAL$ BY ! ANALYSIS4 ,IT MIX HIMSELF1 ) ! DIAGRAM QUOT$ ABOVE1 PROCE$$ =?) TO GIVE A SECOND EXAMPLE 9 ORD] TO ELUCIDATE ! MOVEM5TS ( ACCUMULATION1 :]E ! FIGURES ( ! EQUATION RUN 9 ! FOLL[+ ORD]3 ,I4 #e1C "4 #a1V "4 #a1S "7 #g1 ,I,I4 #a1#d#cC "4 #b#h#eV "4 #b#h#eS "7 #b1 ,TOTAL3 #i1 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! PREVI\S EXAMPLE1 ! CAPITAL ( BO? DEP>TM5TS IS H]E SE5 TO HAVE ! SAME COMPOSITION1 I4E4 CON/ANT & V>IABLE CAPITAL >E 9 A RATIO ( #e TO #a4 ,?IS ALREADY PRESUPPOSES A CONSID]ABLE DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 & ACCORD+LY ( SOCIAL LABOR PRODUCTIVITY - A CONSID]ABLE PRELIM9>Y EXPANSION ( ! SCALE ( PRODUCTION1 & F9ALLY1 A DEVELOPM5T ( ALL ! CIRCUM/ANCES :I* BR+ AB\T A RELATIVELY R$UNDANT SURPLUS POPULATION 9 ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,WE >E NO LONG] 9TRODUC$ TO 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION1 AS 9 ! FIR/ EXAMPLE1 AT ! /AGE ( ! ORIG9AL TRANSITION FROM SIMPLE TO 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION - ! ONLY PO9T ( ?AT IS 9 ANY CASE = ! SAKE ( AB/RACT !ORY4 ,?IS TIME1 WE >E BR\X TAKES = A />T+ PO9T ! CAPITALIZATION ( HALF ! SURPLUS VALUE 9 ,DEP>TM5T ,I4 ',N[ TAKE IT ?AT ! CAPITALI/ CLASS ( ,I CONSUMES ONE-HALF ( ! SURPLUS-VALUE1 OR #e1 & ACCUMULATES ! O!R HALF4 ,9 ?AT CASE 7#a1V "4 #eS7 ,I1 OR #a1#e1 MU/ BE CONV]T$ 9TO #a1#e ,I,IC4 ,S9CE ,I,IC AM\NTS TO ONLY #a1#d#c1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO TAKE #g FROM ! SURPLUS-VALUE4 ,SUBTRACT+ ?IS SUM FROM #b#h#eS LEAVES #bae ,I,IS4 ,!N WE HAVE3 ',I4 #e1C "4 #eS 7TO BE CAPITALIZ$7 "4 #a1#e7V "4 S7 9 ! FUND SET ASIDE = CONSUMPTION BY CAPITALI/S & LABOR]S4 ',I,I4 #a1#d#cC "4 #gS 7TO BE CAPITALIZ$7 "4 #b#h#eV "4 #b#a#eS4 ,AS #g ,I,IS >E DIRECTLY ANNEX$ BY ,I,IC1 A V>IABLE CAPITAL ( #g3#e1 OR #a#d1 IS REQUIR$ TO SET ?IS ADDITIONAL CON/ANT CAPITAL 9 MOTION4 ,!SE #ad MU/ COME \T ( ! #b#a#eS1 SO ?AT ONLY #ba REMA91 & WE HAVE3 ',I,I4 7#a1#d#c "4 #gC "4 7#b#h#eV "4 #a#dV7 "4 #b#aS'47#c7 ,AFT] !SE PRELIM9>Y >RANGEM5TS1 CAPITALIZATION CAN N[ PROCE$4 ,?IS IS DONE AS FOLL[S3 ,9 ,DEP>TM5T ,I ! #eS :I* HAVE BE5 CAPITALIZ$ >E DIVID$ 9TO FIVE-SIX?S 7#d#a#gC7 "4 ONE-SIX? 7#h#cV74 ,!SE #h#cV )DRAW A CORRESPOND+ AM\NT FROM ,I,IS :I* S]VES TO BUY UNITS ( CON/ANT CAPITAL & ?US ACCRUES TO ,I,IC4 ,AN 9CREASE ( ,I,IC BY #hc 9VOLVES ! NECESSITY ( AN 9CREASE 9 ,I,IV BY #ag 7ONE-FIF? ( #h#c74 ,AFT] ! COMPLETION ( ?IS TURNOV] WE !RE=E HAVE3 ,I4 7#e1C "4 #d#a#gS7 "4 7#a1V "4 #h#cS7V "7 #e1#d#a#gC "4 #a1#h#cV "7 #f1#e ,I,I4 7#a1#eC "4 #h#cS7 "4 7#b#i#iV "4 #a#gS7 "7 #a1#e#c#hC "4 #c#a#fV "7 #a1#h#i#i ,TOTAL3 #h1#c#i#i ,! CAPITAL ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I HAS GR[N FROM #f1 TO #f1#e1 I4E4 BY ONE-TWELF?2 9 ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I IT HAS GR[N FROM #a1#g#a#e TO #a1#h#i#i1 I4E4 BY JU/ OV] ONE-N9?4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! NEXT YE>1 ! RESULTS ( REPRODUCTION ON ?IS BASIS >E3 ,I4 #e1#d#a#gC "4 #a1#h#cV "4 #a1#h#cS "7 #g1#e#h#c ,I,I4 #a1#e#h#cC "4 #c#a#fV "4 #c#a#fS "7 #b1#b#a#e ,TOTAL3 #i1#g#i#h ,IF ! SAME RATIO IS MA9TA9$ 9 ! CONT9UANCE ( ACCUMULATION1 ! RESULT AT ! 5D ( ! SECOND YE> IS AS FOLL[S3 ,I4 #e1#h#f#iC "4 #a1#a#g#cV "4 #a1#a#g#cS "7 #h1#b#a#e ,I,I4 #a1#g#a#eC "4 #c#d#bV "4 #c#d#bS "7 #b1#c#i#i ,TOTAL3 #a1#f#a#d ,& AT ! 5D ( ! ?IRD YE>3 ,I4 #f1#c#e#hC "4 #a1#b#g#aV "4 #a1#b#g#aS "7 #h1#i ,I,I4 #a1#h#e#hC "4 #c#g#aV "4 #c#g#aS "7 #b1#f ,TOTAL3 #a#a1#e ,9 ! C\RSE ( ?REE YE>S1 ! TOTAL SOCIAL CAPITAL HAS 9CREAS$ FROM ,I4 #f1 "4 ,I,I4 #a1#g#a#e "7 #g1#g#a#e TO ,I4 #g1#f#b#i "4 ,I,I4 #b1#b#b#i "7 #i1#h#e#h1 & ! TOTAL PRODUCT FROM #i1 TO #a#a1#e4 ,ACCUMULATION 9 BO? DEP>TM5TS H]E PROCE$S UNI=MLY1 9 M>K$ DIFF]5CE FROM ! FIR/ EXAMPLE4 ,FROM ! SECOND YE> ONW>DS1 BO? DEP>TM5TS CAPITALIZE HALF !IR SURPLUS VALUE & CONSUME ! O!R HALF4 ,A BAD *OICE ( FIGURES 9 ! FIR/ EXAMPLE ?US SEEMS TO BE RESPONSIBLE = ITS >BITR>Y APPE>ANCE4 ,BUT WE MU/ *ECK UP TO MAKE SURE ?AT IT IS NOT ONLY A MA!MATICAL MANIPULATION ) CLEV]LY *OS5 FIGURES :I* ?IS TIME 5SURES ! SMOO? PROGRESS ( ACCUMULATION4 ,9 ! FIR/ AS WELL AS 9 ! SECOND EXAMPLE1 WE >E CONT9UALLY /RUCK BY A SEEM+LY G5]AL RULE ( ACCUMULATION3 TO MAKE ANY ACCUMULATION POSSIBLE1 ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I MU/ ALWAYS 5L>GE ITS CON/ANT CAPITAL BY PRECISELY ! AM\NT BY :I* ,DEP>TM5T ,I 9CREASES 7A7 ! PROPORTION ( SURPLUS VALUE = CONSUMPTION & 7B7 ITS V>IABLE CAPITAL4 ,IF WE TAKE ! EXAMPLE ( ! FIR/ YE> AS AN ILLU/RATION1 ! CON/ANT CAPITAL ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I MU/ BE 9CREAS$ BY #g4 ,& :Y8 BECAUSE ?IS CAPITAL WAS ONLY #a1#d#c BE=E4 ,BUT IF ! CAPITALI/S ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I WI% TO ACCUMULATE HALF !IR SURPLUS VALUE 7#a17 & TO CONSUME ! O!R HALF1 !Y NE$ CONSUM] GOODS = !MSELVES & = !IR WORK]S TO ! TUNE ( #a1#e UNITS :I* !Y CAN OBTA9 ONLY FROM ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I 9 EX*ANGE = !IR [N PRODUCTS - MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,S9CE ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I HAS ALREADY SATISFI$ ITS [N DEM& = PRODUC] GOODS TO ! EXT5T ( ITS [N CON/ANT CAPITAL 7#a1#d#c71 ?IS EX*ANGE IS ONLY POSSIBLE IF ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I DECIDES TO 5L>GE ITS [N CON/ANT CAPITAL BY #g4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT IT MU/ 5L>GE ITS [N PRODUCTION - & IT CAN DO SO ONLY BY CAPITALIZ+ A CORRESPOND+ P>T ( ITS SURPLUS VALUE4 ,IF ?IS SURPLUS VALUE AM\NTS TO #bhe 9 ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I1 #g ( IT MU/ BE ADD$ TO ! CON/ANT CAPITAL4 ,! FIR/ /EP T[>DS EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION 9 ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I IS ?US DEMON/RAT$ TO BE AT ! SAME TIME ! CONDITION =1 & ! CONSEQU5CE ( 9CREAS$ CONSUMPTION BY ! CAPITALI/S ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I4 ,BUT TO PROCE$4 ,HI!RTO1 ! CAPITALI/S ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I C\LD ONLY SP5D ONE-HALF ( !IR SURPLUS VALUE 7#e7 ON P]SONAL CONSUMPTION4 ,TO CAPITALIZE ! O!R HALF1 !Y MU/ R$I/RIBUTE !SE #eS 9 SU* A WAY AS TO MA9TA9 AT LEA/ ! PREVI\S RATIO ( COMPOSITION1 I4E4 !Y MU/ 9CREASE ! CON/ANT CAPITAL BY #dag & ! V>IABLE CAPITAL BY #h#c4 ,! FIR/ OP]ATION PRES5TS NO DIFFICULTIES3 ! SURPLUS VALUE ( #e BELONG+ TO ! CAPITALI/S ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I IS CONTA9$ 9 A NATURAL =M 9 !IR [N PRODUCT1 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & IS FIT /RAITM5T ,I CAN !RE=E 5L>GE ITS CON/ANT CAPITAL ) ! APPROPRIATE QUANTITY ( ITS [N PRODUCT4 ,BUT ! REMA9+ #hc CAN ONLY BE US$ AS V>IABLE CAPITAL IF !RE IS A CORRESPOND+ QUANTITY ( CONSUM] GOODS = ! NEWLY EMPLOY$ WORK]S4 ,H]E IT BECOMES EVID5T = ! SECOND TIME ?AT ACCUMULATION 9 ,DEP>TM5T ,I IS DEP5D5T UPON ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I3 ,DEP>TM5T ,I MU/ RECEIVE = ITS WORK]S #hc MORE CONSUM] GOODS ?AN BE=E FROM ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I4 ,AS ?IS IS AGA9 POSSIBLE ONLY BY WAY ( COMMODITY EX*ANGE1 ,DEP>TM5T ,I CAN SATISFY ITS DEM&S ONLY ON CONDITION ?AT ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I IS PREP>$ = ITS P>T TO TAKE UP PRODUCTS ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I1 PRODUC] GOODS1 TO ! TUNE ( #h#c4 ,S9CE ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I HAS NO USE = ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION EXCEPT TO EMPLOY !M 9 ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION1 IT BECOMES NOT ONLY POSSIBLE BUT EV5 NECESS>Y ?AT ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I %\LD 9CREASE ITS [N CON/ANT CAPITAL1 BY !SE V]Y #hc :I* WILL N[ BE US$ = CAPITALIZATION & >E ?US AGA9 )DRAWN FROM ! CONSUMABLE SURPLUS VALUE ( ?IS DEP>TM5T4 ,! 9CREASE 9 ! V>IABLE CAPITAL ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I ?US 5TAILS ! SECOND /EP 9 ! 5L>GEM5T ( PRODUCTION 9 ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I4 ,ALL MAT]IAL PR]EQUISITES ( ACCUMULATION 9 ,DEP>TM5T ,I >E N[ PRES5T & 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION CAN PROCE$4 ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I1 H[EV]1 HAS SO F> MADE ONLY TWO 9CREASES 9 ITS CON/ANT CAPITAL4 ,! RESULT ( ?IS 5L>GEM5T IS ?AT IF ! NEWLY ACQUIR$ MEANS ( PRODUCTION >E 9DE$ TO BE US$1 ! QUANTITY ( LABOR P[] MU/ BE 9CREAS$ CORRESPOND+LY4 ,MA9TA9+ ! PREVI\S RATIO1 ! NEW CON/ANT CAPITAL ( REQUIRES A NEW V>IABLE CAPITAL ( #c#a4 ,?IS IMPLIES ! NECESSITY TO CAPITALIZE A CORRESPOND+ FUR!R AM\NT ( ! SURPLUS VALUE4 ,?US ! FUND = ! CAPITALI/S' P]SONAL CONSUMPTION 9 ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I COMES TO BE :AT REMA9S ( ! SURPLUS VALUE 7#b#h#eS7 AFT] D$UCTION ( ! AM\NTS US$ = TWICE 5L>G+ ! CON/ANT CAPITAL 7#g "4 #h#c7 & A COMM5SURATE 9CREASE 9 ! V>IABLE CAPITAL 7#c#a7 - A FUND ( #a#a1 AFT] D$UCT+ A TOTAL ( #a#h#d4 ,SIMIL> OP]ATIONS 9 ! SECOND YE> ( ACCUMULATION RESULT = ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I 9 ITS SURPLUS VALUE BE+ DIVID$ 9TO #aeh = CAPITALIZATION & #aeh = ! CONSUMPTION ( ITS CAPITALI/S1 & 9 ! ?IRD YE>1 ! FIGURES BECOME #agb & #ag RESPECTIVELY4 ,WE HAVE /UDI$ ?IS PROCESS SO CLOSELY1 TRAC+ IT /EP BY /EP1 BECAUSE IT %[S CLE>LY ?AT ! ACCUMULATION ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I IS COMPLETELY DET]M9$ & DOM9AT$ BY ! ACCUMULATION ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I4 ,?\< ?IS DEP5D5CE IS NO LONG] EXPRESS$1 AS 9 ,M>X'S FIR/ EXAMPLE1 BY >BITR>Y *ANGES 9 ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! SURPLUS VALUE1 IT DOES NOT DO AWAY ) ! FACT ITSELF2 EV5 IF N[ ! SURPLUS VALUE IS ALWAYS NEATLY HALV$ BY EA* DEP>TM5T1 ONE-HALF = CAPITALIZATION & ! O!R = P]SONAL CONSUMPTION4 ,?\< !RE IS NO?+ TO *OOSE BETWE5 ! CAPITALI/S ( ! TWO DEP>TM5TS AS F> AS ! FIGURES >E CONC]N$1 IT IS QUITE OBVI\S ?AT ,DEP>TM5T ,I HAS TAK5 ! 9ITIATIVE & ACTIVELY C>RIES \T ! :OLE PROCESS ( ACCUMULATION1 :ILE ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I IS M]ELY A PASSIVE APP5DAGE4 ,?IS DEP5D5CE IS ALSO EXPRESS$ 9 ! FOLL[+ PRECISE RULE3 ACCUMULATION MU/ PROCE$ SIMULTANE\SLY 9 BO? DEP>TM5TS1 & IT CAN DO SO ONLY ON CONDITION ?AT ! PROVISIONS-DEP>TM5T 9CREASES ITS CON/ANT CAPITAL BY ! PRECISE AM\NT BY :I* ! CAPITALI/S ( ! MEANS-(-PRODUCTION DEP>TM5T 9CREASE BO? !IR V>IABLE CAPITAL & !IR F9D = P]SONAL CONSUMPTION4 ,?IS EQUATION 79CREASE ,I,IC "7 9CREASE ,IV "4 9CREASE ,IS4C477#d7 IS ! MA!MATICAL CORN]/ONE ( ,M>X'S DIAGRAM ( ACCUMULATION1 NO MATT] :AT FIGURES WE MAY *OOSE = ITS CONCRETE APPLICATION4 ,BUT N[ WE MU/ SEE :E!R CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION DOES 9 ACTUAL FACT CON=M TO ?IS H>D & FA/ RULE4 ,LET US FIR/ RETURN TO SIMPLE REPRODUCTION4 ,M>X'S DIAGRAM1 IT WILL BE REMEMB]$1 WAS AS FOLL[S3 ,I4 #d1C "4 #a1V "4 #a1S "7 #f1 MEANS ( PRODUCTION ,I,I4 #b1C "4 #eV "4 #eS "7 #c1 MEANS ( CONSUMPTION ,H]E1 TOO1 WE E/ABLI%$ C]TA9 EQUATIONS :I* =M ! F\NDATION ( SIMPLE REPRODUCTION2 !Y W]E3 ,! PRODUCT ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I EQUALS 9 VALUE ! SUM ( ! TWO CON/ANT CAPITALS 9 ,DEP>TM5TS ,I & ,I,I4 ,! CON/ANT CAPITAL ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I EQUALS ! SUM ( V>IABLE CAPITAL & SURPLUS VALUE 9 ,DEP>TM5T ,I - A NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE ( 7A74 ,! PRODUCT ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I EQUALS ! SUM ( V>IABLE CAPITAL & SURPLUS VALUE 9 BO? DEP>TM5TS - A NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE ( 7A7 & 7B74 ,!SE EQUATIONS CORRESPOND TO ! CONDITIONS ( CAPITALI/ COMMODITY PRODUCTION 7AT ! RE/RICT$ LEVEL ( SIMPLE REPRODUCTION1 H[EV]74 ,EQUATION 7B71 = 9/ANCE1 IS A RESULT ( ! PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES1 5TAIL$ BY ! FACT1 9 O!R WORDS1 ?AT ! 5TREPR5EURS ( EI!R DEP>TM5T CAN ONLY OBTA9 ! PRODUCTS ( ! O!R BY AN EX*ANGE ( EQUIVAL5TS4 ,V>IABLE CAPITAL & SURPLUS VALUE 9 ,DEP>TM5T ,I TOGE!R REPRES5T ! DEM& ( ?IS DEP>TM5T = CONSUM] GOODS4 ,! PRODUCT ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I MU/ PROVIDE = ! SATISFACTION ( ?IS DEM&1 BUT CONSUM] GOODS CAN ONLY BE OBTA9$ 9 EX*ANGE = AN EQUIVAL5T P>T ( ! PRODUCT ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I1 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,!SE EQUIVAL5TS1 USELESS TO ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I 9 !IR NATURAL =M IF NOT EMPLOY$ AS CON/ANT CAPITAL 9 ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION1 WILL ?US DET]M9E H[ MU* CON/ANT3 CAPITAL !RE IS TO BE 9 ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I4 ,IF ?IS PROPORTION W]E NOT ADH]$ TO1 IF1 E4G41 ! CON/ANT CAPITAL ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I 7AS A QUANTITY ( VALUE7 W]E L>G] ?AN ,I 7V "4 S71 !N IT C\LD NOT BE COMPLETELY TRANS=M$ 9TO MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 S9CE ! DEM& ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I = CONSUM] GOODS W\LD BE TOO SMALL2 IF ! CON/ANT CAPITAL 7,I,I7 W]E SMALL] ?AN ,I7V "4 S4C71 EI!R ! PREVI\S QUANTITY ( LABOR P[] C\LD NOT BE EMPLOY$ 9 ?IS DEP>TM5T1 OR ! CAPITALI/S C\LD NOT CONSUME ! :OLE ( !IR SURPLUS VALUE4 ,9 ALL !SE CASES1 ! PREMISES ( SIMPLE REPRODUCTION W\LD BE VIOLAT$4 ,!SE EQUATIONS1 H[EV]1 >E NOT JU/ AN EX]CISE 9 MA!MATICS1 NOR DO !Y M]ELY RESULT FROM ! SY/EM ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION4 ,TO CONV9CE US ( ?IS FACT1 !RE IS A SIMPLE MEANS AT H&4 ,LET US IMAG9E = A MOM5T ?AT1 9/EAD ( A CAPITALI/ ME?OD ( PRODUCTION1 WE HAVE A SOCIALI/1 I4E4 A PLANN$ SOCIETY 9 :I* ! SOCIAL DIVISION ( LABOR HAS COME TO REPLACE EX*ANGE4 ,?IS SOCIETY ALSO WILL DIVIDE ITS LABOR P[] 9TO PRODUC]S ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION & PRODUC]S ( MEANS ( CONSUMPTION4 ,LET US FUR!R IMAG9E ! TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T ( LABOR TO BE SU* ?AT TWO-?IRDS ( SOCIAL LABOR >E EMPLOY$ 9 ! MANUFACTURE ( PRODUC] GOODS & ONE ?IRD 9 ! MANUFACTURE ( CONSUM] GOODS4 ,SUPPOSE ?AT UND] !SE CONDITIONS #a1#e UNITS 7RECKON$ ON A DAILY1 MON?LY1 OR YE>LY BASIS7 SUFFICE TO MA9TA9 ! :OLE WORK+ POPULATION ( ! SOCIETY1 ONE ?\S& ( !SE BE+ EMPLOY$1 ACCORD+ TO \R PREMISE1 9 ,DEP>TM5T SOC4 ,I 7MAK+ MEANS ( PRODUCTION71 & FIVE HUNDR$ 9 ,DEP>TM5T SOC4 ,I,I 7MAK+ CONSUM] GOODS71 & ?AT ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION DAT+ FROM PREVI\S LABOR P]IODS & US$ UP DUR+ ONE YE>'S LABOR1 REPRES5T #c1 LABOR UNITS4 ,?IS LABOR PROGRAM1 H[EV]1 W\LD NOT BE ADEQUATE = ! SOCIETY1 S9CE CONSID]ABLY MORE LABOR WILL BE NE$$ TO MA9TA9 ALL ?OSE ( ITS MEMB]S :O DO NOT WORK 9 ! MAT]IAL1 ! PRODUCTIVE S5SE ( ! T]M3 ! *ILD1 ! OLD & SICK1 ! CIVIL S]VANT1 ! >TI/ & ! SCI5TI/4 ,MOREOV]1 EV]Y SOCIETY NE$S C]TA9 RES]VES AGA9/ A RA9Y DAY1 AS A PROTECTION AGA9/ NATURAL CALAMITIES4 ,TAK+ IT ?AT PRECISELY ! SAME QUANTITY ( LABOR &1 SIMIL>LY1 ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION AS ?AT REQUIR$ = ! WORK]S' [N MA9T5ANCE IS NE$$ TO MA9TA9 ALL ! NON-WORK]S & TO BUILD UP ! RES]VES1 !N1 FROM ! FIGURES PREVI\SLY ASSUM$1 WE %\LD GET ! FOLL[+ DIAGRAM = A REGULAT$ PRODUCTION3 ,I4 #d1C "4 #a1V "4 #a1S "7 #f1 MEANS ( PRODUCTION ,I,I4 #b1C "4 #eV "4 #eS "7 #c1 MEANS ( CONSUMPTION ,H]E C /&S = ! MAT]IAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION ?AT HAVE BE5 US$1 EXPRESS$ 9 T]MS ( SOCIAL LABOR TIME2 V /&S = ! SOCIAL LABOR TIME NECESS>Y TO MA9TA9 ! WORK]S !MSELVES & S = ?AT NE$$ TO MA9TA9 ?OSE :O DO NOT WORK & TO BUILD UP ! RES]VES4 ,IF WE *ECK UP ON ! PROPORTIONS ( ?IS DIAGRAM1 WE OBTA9 ! FOLL[+ RESULT3 !RE IS NEI!R COMMODITY PRODUCTION NOR EX*ANGE1 BUT 9 TRU? A SOCIAL DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,! PRODUCTS ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I >E ASSIGN$ TO ! WORK]S ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I 9 ! REQUISITE QUANTITIES1 & ! PRODUCTS ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I >E APPORTION$ TO EV]YONE1 WORK] OR NO1 9 BO? DEP>TM5TS1 & ALSO TO ! RES]VE-FUND2 ALL ?IS BE+ ! \TCOME NOT ( AN EX*ANGE ( EQUIVAL5TS BUT ( A SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ?AT PLANS & DIRECTS ! PROCESS AS A :OLE - BECAUSE EXI/+ DEM&S MU/ BE SATISFI$ & PRODUCTION KN[S NO O!R 5D BUT TO SATISFY ! DEM&S ( SOCIETY4 ,YET ALL ?AT DOES NOT DETRACT FROM ! VALIDITY ( ! EQUATIONS4 ,! PRODUCT ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I MU/ EQUAL ,IC "4 ,I,IC3 ?IS MEANS SIMPLY ?AT ,DEP>TM5T ,I MU/ ANNUALLY R5EW ALL ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION :I* SOCIETY HAS US$ UP DUR+ ONE YE>'S LABOR4 ,! PRODUCT ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I MU/ EQUAL ! SUM ( ,I7V "4 S7 "4 ,I,I7V "4 S73 ?IS MEANS ?AT SOCIETY MU/ EA* YE> PRODUCE AS MANY CONSUM] GOODS AS >E REQUIR$ BY ALL ITS MEMB]S1 :E!R !Y WORK OR NOT1 PLUS A QUOTA = ! RES]VE FUND4 ,! PROPORTIONS ( ! DIAGRAM >E AS NATURAL & AS 9EVITABLE = A PLANN$ ECONOMY AS !Y >E = A CAPITALI/ ECONOMY BAS$ UPON AN>*Y & ! EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES4 ,?IS PROVES ! DIAGRAM TO HAVE OBJECTIVE SOCIAL VALIDITY1 EV5 IF1 JU/ BECAUSE IT CONC]NS SIMPLE REPRODUCTION1 IT HAS H>DLY MORE ?AN !ORETICAL 9T]E/ = EI!R A CAPITALI/ OR A PLANN$ ECONOMY1 F9D+ PRACTICAL APPLICATION ONLY 9 ! R>E/ ( CASES4 ,! SAME SORT ( SCRUT9Y MU/ N[ BE TURN$ ON ! DIAGRAM ( 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION4 ,TAK+ ,M>X'S SECOND EXAMPLE AS ! BASIS = \R TE/1 LET US AGA9 IMAG9E A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( A REGULAT$ SOCIETY WE %ALL1 ( C\RSE1 HAVE TO />T ) ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I1 NOT ) ,DEP>TM5T ,I4 ,ASSUM+ ?IS SOCIETY TO GR[ RAPIDLY1 ! RESULT WILL BE AN 9CREAS+ DEM& = PROVISIONS BY ITS MEMB]S1 :E!R !Y WORK OR NOT4 ,?IS DEM& IS GR[+ SO QUICKLY ?AT A CON/ANTLY 9CREAS+ QUANTITY ( LABOR - DISREG>D+ = ! MOM5T ! PROGRESS ( LABOR PRODUCTIVITY - WILL BE NE$$ = ! PRODUCTION ( CONSUM] GOODS4 ,!1 QUANTITIES REQUIR$1 EXPRESS$ 9 T]MS ( SOCIAL LABOR 9CORPORAT$ 9 !M1 9CREASE FROM YE> TO YE> 9 A PROGRESSION (1 SAY1 #b1 3 #b1#b#a#e 3 #b1#c#i#i 3 #b1#f & SO ON4 ,LET US FUR!R ASSUME ?AT TE*NICAL CONDITIONS DEM& AN 9CREAS+ AM\NT ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION = PRODUC+ ?IS GR[+ QUANTITY ( PROVISIONS1 :I*1 AGA9 MEASUR$ 9 T]MS ( SOCIAL LABOR1 M\NTS FROM YE> TO YE> 9 ! FOLL[+ PROGRESSION3 #g1 3 #g1#e#h#c 3 #h1#b#a#e 3 #h1#i & SO ON4 ,TO A*IEVE ?IS 5L>GEM5T ( PRODUCTION1 WE MU/ FUR!R HAVE A GR[? 9 ! LABOR P]=M$ P] ANNUM ACCORD+ TO ! FOLL[+ PROGRESSION3 #b1#e#g 3 #b1#g#i#h 3 #c1#c 3 #c1#b#h#d4 .<,! FIGURES CORRESPOND TO ! RESPECTIVE AM\NTS ( ,I7V "4 S7 "4 ,I,I7V "4 S74.> ,F9ALLY1 ! LABOR P]=M$ ANNUALLY MU/ BE SO DI/RIBUT$ ?AT ONE-HALF IS ALWAYS US$ = MA9TA9+ ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 A QU>T] = MA9TA9+ ?OSE :O DO NOT WORK1 & ! LA/ QU>T] = ! PURPOSE ( 5L>G+ PRODUCTION 9 ! FOLL[+ YE>4 ,?US WE OBTA9 ! PROPORTIONS ( ,M>X'S SECOND DIAGRAM ( 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION = A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,9 FACT1 ?REE CONDITIONS >E 9DISP5SABLE IF PRODUCTION IS TO BE 5L>G$ 9 ANY SOCIETY1 EV5 9 A PLANN$ ECONOMY3 ! SOCIETY MU/ HAVE AN 9CREAS+ QUANTITY ( LABOR P[] AT ITS DISPOSAL2 9 EV]Y WORK+ P]IOD1 ! IMM$IATE NE$S ( SOCIETY MU/ NOT CLAIM ! :OLE ( ITS WORK+ TIME1 SO ?AT P>T ( ! TIME CAN BE DEVOT$ TO MAK+ PROVISION = ! FUTURE & ITS GR[+ DEM&S2 MEANS ( PRODUCTION MU/ BE TURN$ \T YE> AFT] YE> 9 SUFFICI5TLY GR[+ QUANTITIES - )\T :I* PRODUCTION CANNOT BE 5L>G$ ON A RIS+ SCALE4 ,9 RESPECT ( ALL !SE G5]AL PO9TS1 ,M>X'S DIAGRAM ( 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION HAS OBJECTIVE VALIDITY - MUTATIS MUT&IS - = A PLANN$ SOCIETY4 ,IT REMA9S TO TE/ :E!R IT IS ALSO VALID = A CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,H]E WE MU/ ASK FIR/ ( ALL3 :AT IS ! />T+ PO9T ( ACCUMULATION8 ,?AT IS ! APPROA* ON :I* WE HAVE TO 9VE/IGATE ! MUTUAL DEP5D5CE ( ! ACCUMULATIVE PROCESS 9 ! TWO DEP>TM5TS ( PRODUCTION4 ,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT UND] CAPITALI/ CONDITIONS ,DEP>TM5T HIS DEP5D5T UPON ,DEP>TM5T ,I 9 SO F> AS ITS ACCUMULATION IS DET]M9$ BY ! ADDITIONAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION AVAILABLE4 ,CONV]SELY1 ! ACCUMULATION 9 ,DEP>TM5T ,I DEP5DS UPON A CORRESPOND+ QUANTITY ( ADDITIONAL CONSUM] GOODS BE+ AVAILABLE = ITS ADDITIONAL LABOR P[]4 ,IT DOES NOT FOLL[1 H[EV]1 ?AT SO LONG AS BO? !SE CONDITIONS >E OBS]V$1 ACCUMULATION 9 BO? DEP>TM5TS IS B\ND1 AS ,M>X'S DIAGRAM MAKES IT APPE>1 TO GO ON AUTOMATICALLY YE> AFT] YE>4 ,! CONDITIONS ( ACCUMULATION WE HAVE 5UM]AT$ >E NO MORE ?AN ?OSE )\T :I* !RE CAN BE NO ACCUMULATION4 ,!RE MAY EV5 BE A DESIRE TO ACCUMULATE 9 BO? DEP>TM5TS1 YET ! DESIRE TO ACCUMULATE PLUS ! TE*NICAL PR]EQUISITES ( ACCUMULATION IS NOT 5\< 9 A CAPITALI/ ECONOMY ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION4 ,A FUR!R CONDITION IS REQUIR$ TO 5SURE ?AT ACCUMULATION CAN 9 FACT PROCE$ & PRODUCTION EXP&3 ! EFFECTIVE DEM& = COMMODITIES MU/ ALSO 9CREASE4 ,:]E IS ?IS CONT9UALLY 9CREAS+ DEM& TO COME FROM1 :I* 9 ,M>X'S DIAGRAM =MS ! BASIS ( REPRODUCTION ON AN EV] RIS+ SCALE8 ,IT CANNOT POSSIBLY COME FROM ! CAPITALI/S ( ,DEP>TM5TS ,I & ,I,I !MSELVES - SO MU* IS C]TA9 RIISE \T ( !IR P]SONAL CONSUMPTION4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS ! V]Y ESS5CE ( ACCUMULATION ?AT ! CAPITALI/S REFRA9 FROM CONSUM+ P>T ( !IR SURPLUS VALUE :I* MU/ BE EV] 9CREAS+ - AT LEA/ AS F> AS ABSOLUTE FIGURES >E CONC]N$ - ?AT !Y USE IT 9/EAD TO MAKE GOODS = ! USE ( O!R PEOPLE4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ) ACCUMULATION ! P]SONAL CONSUMPTION ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS WILL GR[ & ?AT !RE MAY EV5 BE AN 9CREASE 9 ! TOTAL VALUE CONSUM$2 NEV]!LESS IT WILL /ILL BE NO MORE ?AN A P>T ( ! SURPLUS VALUE ?AT IS US$ = ! CAPITALI/S' CONSUMPTION4 ,?AT 9DE$ IS ! F\NDATION ( ACCUMULATION3 ! CAPITALI/S' AB/5TION FROM CONSUM+ ! :OLE ( !IR SURPLUS VALUE4 ,BUT :AT ( ! REMA9+ SURPLUS VALUE1 ! P>T ?AT IS ACCUMULAT$8 ,= :OM CAN IT BE DE/9$8 ,ACCORD+ TO ,M>K'S DIAGRAM1 ,DEP>TM5T ,I HAS ! 9ITIATIVE3 ! PROCESS />TS ) ! PRODUCTION ( PRODUC] GOODS4 ,& :O REQUIRES !SE ADDITIONAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION8 ,! DIAGRAM ANSW]S ?AT ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I NE$S !M 9 ORD] TO PRODUCE MEANS ( CONSUMPTION 9 9CREAS$ QUANTITIES4 ,WELL !N1 :O REQUIRES !SE ADDITIONAL CONSUM] GOODS8 ,DEP>TM5T ,I1 ( C\RSE - REPLIES ! DIAGRAM - BECAUSE IT N[ EMPLOYS A GREAT] NUMB] ( WORK]S4 ,WE >E PLA9LY RUNN+ 9 CIRCLES4 @>,FROM ! CAPITALI/ PO9T ( VIEW IT IS ABSURD TO PRODUCE MORE CONSUM] GOODS M]ELY 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 MORE WORK]S1 & TO1 TURN \T MORE MEANS ( PRODUCTION M]ELY TO KEEP ?IS SURPLUS ( WORK]S OCCUPI$4 ,ADMITT$LY1 AS F> AS ! 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/ IS CONC]N$1 ! WORK] IS JU/ AS GOOD A CONSUM]1 I4E4 PUR*AS] ( HIS COMMODITY1 AS ANO!R CAPITALI/ OR ANYONE ELSE1 PROVID$ ?AT HE CAN PAY4 ,EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/ REALIZES HIS SURPLUS VALUE 9 ! PRICE ( HIS COMMODITY1 :E!R HE SELLS IT TO ! WORK] OR TO SOME O!R BUY]4 ,BUT ?IS DOES NOT HOLD TRUE FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS AS A :OLE4 ,! WORK+ CLASS 9 G5]AL RECEIVES FROM ! CAPITALI/ CLASS NO MORE ?AN AN ASSIGNM5T TO A DET]M9ATE P>T ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT1 PRECISELY TO ! EXT5T ( ! V>IABLE CAPITAL4 ,! WORK]S BUY+ CONSUM] GOODS !RE=E M]ELY REFUND TO ! CAPITALI/ CLASS ! AM\NT ( ! WAGES !Y HAVE RECEIV$1 !IR1 ASSIGNM5T TO ! EXT5T ( ! V>IABLE CAPITAL4 ,!Y CANNOT RETURN A GROAT MORE ?AN ?AT2 & IF !Y >E 9 A POSITION TO SAVE 9 ORD] TO MAKE !MSELVES 9DEP5D5T AS SMALL 5TREPR5EURS1 !Y MAY EV5 RETURN LESS1 ?\< ?IS IS ! EXCEPTION4 ,P>T ( ! SURPLUS VALUE IS CONSUM$ BY ! CAPITALI/ CLASS ITSELF 9 =M ( CONSUM] GOODS1 ! MONEY EX*ANG$ = !SE BE+ RETA9$ 9 ! CAPITALI/S' POCKETS4 ,BUT :O CAN BUY ! PRODUCTS 9CORPORAT+ ! O!R1 ! CAPITALIZ$ P>T ( ! SURPLUS VALUE8 ,P>TLY ! CAPITALI/S !MSELVES - ! DIAGRAM ANSW]S - :O NE$ NEW MEANS ( PRODUCTION = ! PURPOSE ( EXP&+ PRODUCTION1 & P>TLY ! NEW WORK]S :O WILL BE NE$$ TO WORK !SE NEW MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,BUT ?AT IMPLIES A PREVI\S CAPITALI/ 9C5TIVE TO 5L>GE PRODUCTION2 IF NEW WORK]S >E SET TO WORK ) NEW MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 !RE MU/ HAVE BE5 A NEW DEM& = ! PRODUCTS :I* >E TO BE TURN$ \T4 ,P]HAPS ! ANSW] IS ?AT ! NATURAL 9CREASE ( ! POPULATION CREATES ?IS GR[+ DEM&4 ,9 FACT1 ! GR[? ( ! POPULATION & ITS NE$S PROVID$ ! />T+ PO9T = \R EXAM9ATION ( 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION 9 AN HYPO!TICAL SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,!RE ! REQUIREM5TS ( SOCIETY C\LD S]VE AS AN ADEQUATE BASIS1 S9CE ! ONLY PURPOSE ( PRODUCTION WAS ! SATISFACTION ( WANTS4 ,9 A CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 H[EV]1 ! MATT] IS RA!R DIFF]5T4 ,:AT K9D ( PEOPLE >E WE ?9K+ ( :5 WE SPEAK ( AN 9CREASE 9 ! POPULATION8 ,!RE >E ONLY TWO CLASSES ( ! POPULATION ACCORD+ TO ,M>X'S DIAGRAM1 ! CAPITALI/S & ! WORK]S4 ,! NATURAL 9CREASE ( ! =M] IS ALREADY CAT]$ = BY ?AT P>T ( ! SURPLUS VALUE :I* IS CONSUM$ 9ASMU* AS IT 9CREASES 9 ABSOLUTE QUANTITY4 ,9 ANY CASE1 IT CANNOT BE ! CAPITALI/S :O CONSUME ! REMA9D]1 S9CE CAPITALI/ CONSUMPTION ( ! 5TIRE SURPLUS VALUE W\LD MEAN A REV]SION TO SIMPLE REPRODUCTION4 ,?AT LEAVES ! WORK]S1 !IR CLASS ALSO GR[+ BY NATURAL 9CREASE4 ,YET A CAPITALI/ ECONOMY IS NOT 9T]E/$ 9 ?IS 9CREASE = ITS [N SAKE1 AS A />T+ PO9T ( GR[+ NE$S4 ,! PRODUCTION ( CONSUM] GOODS = ,IV & ,I,IV IS NOT AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 AS IT W\LD BE 9 A SOCIETY :]E ! ECONOMIC SY/EM IS %AP$ = ! WORK]S & ! SATISFACTION ( !IR WANTS4 ,9 A CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I DOES NOT PRODUCE MEANS ( CONSUMPTION 9 L>GE QUANTITIES SIMPLY TO KEEP ! WORK]S ( ,DEP>TM5TS ,I & ,I,I4 ,QUITE ! CONTR>Y3 A C]TA9 NUMB] ( WORK]S 9 ,DEP>TM5TS ,I & ,I,I CAN SUPPORT !MSELVES 9 EV]Y CASE BECAUSE !IR LABOR P[] IS USEFUL UND] ! OBTA9+ CONDITIONS ( SUPPLY & DEM&4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT ! />T+ PO9T ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION IS NOT A GIV5 NUMB] ( WORK]S & !IR DEM&S1 BUT ?AT !SE FACTORS !MSELVES >E CON/ANTLY FLUCTUAT+1 'DEP5D5T' V>IABLES ( ! CAPITALI/ EXPECTATIONS ( PR(IT4 ,! QUE/ION IS !RE=E :E!R ! NATURAL 9CREASE ( ! WORK+ CLASS ALSO 5TAILS A GR[+ EFFECTIVE DEM& OV] & ABOVE ! V>IABLE CAPITAL4 ,& ?AT IS QUITE IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! ONLY S\RCE ( MONEY = ! WORK+ CLASS 9 \R DIAGRAM IS ! V>IABLE CAPITAL :I* MU/ !RE=E PROVIDE 9 ADVANCE = ! NATURAL 9CREASE ( ! WORK]S4 ,ONE WAY OR ! O!R3 EI!R ! OLD] G5]ATION MU/ E>N 5\< TO KEEP !IR (FSPR+ - :O CANNOT1 !N1 C\NT AS ADDITIONAL CONSUM]S2 OR1 FAIL+ ?AT1 ! NEXT G5]ATION1 ! Y\NG WORK]S1 MU/ TURN TO WORK 9 ORD] TO OBTA9 WAGES & MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE = !MSELVES - 9 :I* CASE ! NEW WORK+ G5]ATION IS ALREADY 9CLUD$ 9 ! NUMB] ( WORK]S EMPLOY$4 ,ON ?IS C\NT1 ! PROCESS ( ACCUMULATION 9 ,M>X'S DIAGRAM CANNOT BE EXPLA9$ BY ! NATURAL 9CREASE ( ! POPULATION4 ,BUT WAIT6 ,EV5 UND] ! SWAY ( CAPITALISM1 SOCIETY DOES NOT CONSI/ EXCLUSIVELY ( CAPITALI/S & WAGE LABOR]S4 ,AP>T FROM !SE TWO CLASSES1 !RE >E A HO/ ( O!R PEOPLE3 ! L&[N]S1 ! SAL>I$ EMPLOYES1 ! LIB]AL PR(ESSIONS SU* AS DOCTORS1 LAWY]S1 >TI/S & SCI5TI/S4 ,MOREOV]1 !RE IS ! ,*UR* & ITS S]VANTS1 ! ,CL]GY1 & F9ALLY ! ,/ATE ) ITS (FICIALS & >M$ =CES4 ,ALL !SE /RATA ( ! POPULATION CAN BE C\NT$1 /RICTLY SPEAK+1 NEI!R AMONG ! CAPITALI/ NOR AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,YET SOCIETY HAS TO FE$ & SUPPORT !M4 ,P]HAPS IT IS !Y1 !SE /RATA AP>T FROM ! CAPITALI/S & WAGE LABOR]S1 :O CALL =? 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION BY !IR DEM&4 ,BUT ?IS SEEM+ SOLUTION CANNOT /& UP TO A CLOS] SCRUT9Y4 ,! L&[N]S MU/ AS CONSUM]S ( R5T1 I4E4 ( P>T ( ! SURPLUS VALUE1 QUITE OBVI\SLY BE NUMB]$ AMONG ! CAPITALI/ CLASS2 S9CE WE >E H]E CONC]N$ ) ! SURPLUS VALUE 9 ITS UNDIVID$1 PRIM>Y =M1 !IR CONSUMPTION IS ALREADY ALL[$ = 9 ! CONSUMPTION ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,! LIB]AL PR(ESSIONS 9 MO/ CASES OBTA9 !IR MONEY1 I4E4 ! ASSIGNM5T TO P>T ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT1 DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY FROM ! CAPITALI/ CLASS :O PAY !M ) BITS ( !IR [N SURPLUS VALUE4 ,& ! SAME APPLIES TO ! ,CL]GY1 ) ! DIFF]5CE ONLY ?AT ITS MEMB]S ALSO OBTA9 !IR PUR*AS+ P[] 9 P>T FROM ! WORK]S1 I4E FROM WAGES4 ,! UPKEEP ( ! ,/ATE1 LA/LY1 ) ITS (FIC]S & >M$ =CES IS BORNE BY ! RATES & TAXES1 :I* >E 9 !IR TURN LEVI$ UPON EI!R ! SURPLUS VALUE OR ! WAGES4 ,)9 ! LIMITS ( ,M>X'S DIAGRAM !RE >E 9 FACT ONLY ! TWO S\RCES ( 9COME 9 A SOCIETY3 ! LABOR]S' WAGES & ! SURPLUS VALUE4 ,ALL ! /RATA ( ! POPULATION WE HAVE M5TION$ AS AP>T FROM ! CAPITALI/S & ! WORK]S1 >E ?US TO BE TAK5 ONLY = JO9T CONSUM]S ( !SE TWO K9DS ( 9COME4 ,M>X HIMSELF REJECTS ANY SUGGE/ION ?AT !SE '?IRD P]SONS' >E MORE ?AN A SUBT]FUGE3 ',ALL MEMB]S ( SOCIETY NOT DIRECTLY 5GAG$ 9 REPRODUCTION1 ) OR )\T LABOR1 CAN OBTA9 !IR %>E ( ! ANNUAL PRODUCE ( COMMODITIES - 9 O!R WORDS1 !IR >TICLES ( CONSUMPTION 444 ONLY \T ( ! H&S ( ?OSE CLASSES :O >E ! FIR/ TO H&LE ! PRODUCT1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 PRODUCTIVE LABOR]S1 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/S1 & REAL E/ATE [N]S4 ,TO ?AT EXT5T !IR REV5UES >E SUB/ANTIALLY D]IV$ FROM WAGES 7( ! PRODUCTIVE LABOR]S71 PR(IT & GR\ND R5T1 & APPE> AS 9DIRECT D]IVATIONS :5 COMP>$ TO !SE PRIM>Y S\RCES ( REV5UE4 ,BUT1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! RECIPI5TS ( !SE REV5UES1 ?US 9DIRECTLY D]IV$1 DRAW !M BY GRACE ( !IR SOCIAL FUNCTIONS1 = 9/ANCE ?AT ( A K+1 PRIE/1 PR(ESSOR1 PRO/ITUTE1 SOLDI]1 ETC41 & !Y MAY REG>D !SE FUNCTIONS AS ! PRIM>Y S\RCES ( !IR REV5UE4'7#e7 ,& AB\T ! CONSUM]S ( 9T]E/ & GR\ND R5T AS BUY]S1 ,M>X SAYS3 ',N[1 IF ?AT PORTION ( ! SURPLUS-VALUE ( COMMODITIES1 :I* ! 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/ YIELDS 9 ! =M ( GR\ND R5T OR 9T]E/ TO O!R %>EHOLD]S 9 ! SURPLUS VALUE1 CANNOT BE 9 ! LONG RUN CONV]T$ 9TO MONEY BY ! SALE ( ! COMMODITIES1 !N !RE IS AN 5D TO ! PAYM5T ( R5T & 9T]E/1 & ! L&[N]S OR RECIPI5TS ( 9T]E/ CAN NO LONG] S]VE 9 ! ROLE ( MIRACUL\S 9T]LOP]S1 :O CONV]T ALIQUOT PORTIONS ( ! ANNUAL REPRODUCTION 9TO MONEY BY SP5D+ !IR REV5UE4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( ! EXP5DITURE ( ALL SO-CALL$ UNPRODUCTIVE LABOR]S1 ,/ATE (FICIALS1 PHYSICIANS1 LAWY]S1 ETC41 & O!RS :O S]VE ECONOMI/S AS AN EXCUSE = EXPLA9+ 9EXPLICABLE ?+S1 9 ! ROLE ( ! 0G5]AL PUBLIC04'7#f7 ,SEE+ ?AT WE CANNOT DISCOV] )9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY ANY BUY]S :ATEV] = ! COMMODITIES 9 :I* ! ACCUMULAT$ P>T ( ! SURPLUS VALUE IS EMBODI$1 ONLY ONE ?+ IS LEFT3 =EIGN TRADE4 ,BUT !RE >E A GREAT MANY OBJECTIONS TO A ME?OD ?AT CONCEIVES ( =EIGN TRADE AS A CONV5I5T DUMP+ GR\ND = COMMODITIES :I* CANNOT BE F\ND ANY PROP] PLACE 9 ! REPRODUCTIVE PROCESS4 ,REC\RSE TO =EIGN TRADE REALLY BEGS ! QUE/ION3 ! DIFFICULTIES IMPLICIT 9 ! ANALYSIS >E SIMPLY %IFT$ - QUITE UNRESOLV$ - FROM ONE C\NTRY TO ANO!R4 ,YET IF ! ANALYSIS ( ! REPRODUCTIVE PROCESS ACTUALLY 9T5DS NOT ANY S+LE CAPITALI/ C\NTRY BUT ! CAPITALI/ WORLD M>KET1 !RE CAN BE NO =EIGN TRADE3 ALL C\NTRIES >E 'HOME'4 ,?IS PO9T IS MADE BY ,M>X ALREADY 9 ! FIR/ VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL1 9 CONNECTION ) ACCUMULATION3 ',WE H]E TAKE NO ACC\NT ( EXPORT TRADE1 BY MEANS ( :I* A NATION CAN *ANGE >TICLES ( LUXURY EI!R 9TO MEANS ( PRODUCTION OR MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 & VICE V]SA4 ,9 ORD] TO EXAM9E ! OBJECT ( \R 9VE/IGATION 9 ITS 9TEGRITY1 FREE FROM ALL DI/URB+ SUBSIDI>Y CIRCUM/ANCES1 WE MU/ TREAT ! :OLE WORLD AS ONE NATION & ASSUME ?AT CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION IS EV]Y:]E E/ABLI%$ & HAS POSSESS$ ITSELF ( EV]Y BRAN* ( 9DU/RY4'7#g7 ,! SAME DIFFICULTY PRES5TS ITSELF IF WE CONSID] ! MATT] FROM YET ANO!R ASPECT4 ,9 ,M>X'S DIAGRAM ( ACCUMULATION WE ASSUM$ ?AT ! PORTION ( ! SOCIAL SURPLUS VALUE 9T5D$ = ACCUMULATION EXI/S FROM ! FIR/ 9 A NATURAL =M :I* DEM&S IT TO BE US$ = CAPITALIZATION4 ',9 ONE WORD1 SURPLUS-VALUE IS CONV]TIBLE 9TO CAPITAL SOLELY BECAUSE ! SURPLUS-PRODUCT1 :OSE VALUE IT IS1 ALREADY1 COMPRISES ! MAT]IAL ELEM5T ( NEW CAPITAL4'7#h7 ,9 ! FIGURES ( \R DIAGRAM3 ,I4 #e1C "4 #a1V "4 #a1S "7 #g1 MEANS ( PRODUCTION ,I,I4 #a1#d#cC "4 #b#h#eV "4 #b#h#eS "7 #b1 MEANS ( CONSUMPTION ,H]E1 A SURPLUS VALUE ( #e#gS CAN BE CAPITALIZ$ BECAUSE FROM ! V]Y \TSET IT CONSI/S 9 MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,TO ?IS QUANTITY ( PRODUC] GOODS !RE CORRESPOND BESIDES ADDITIONAL CONSUM] GOODS TO ! AM\NT ( #a#dS ?AT #f#h#dS CAN BE CAPITALIZ$ 9 ALL4 ,BUT ! PROCESS H]E ASSUM$ ( SIMPLY TRANSF]R+ MEANS ( PRODUCTION TO CON/ANT CAPITAL ON ! ONE H&1 CONSUM] GOODS TO V>IABLE CAPITAL ON ! O!R1 9 COMM5SURATE QUANTITIES1 IS 9 CONTRADICTION ) ! V]Y /RUCTURE ( CAPITALI/ COMMODITY PRODUCTION4 ,:ATEV] NATURAL =M ! SURPLUS VALUE MAY HAVE1 !RE CAN BE NO IMM$IATE TRANSF] TO ! PLACE ( PRODUCTION = ! PURPOSE ( ACCUMULATION4 ,IT MU/ FIR/ BE REALIZ$1 IT MU/ BE TURN$ 9TO H>D CA%47#i7 ,( ! SURPLUS VALUE 9 ,DEP>TM5T ,I1 #e >E FIT TO BE CAPITALIZ$1 BUT NOT UNTIL !Y HAVE FIR/ BE5 REALIZ$2 ! SURPLUS VALUE HAS TO %$ ITS NATURAL =M & ASSUME ! =M ( PURE VALUE BE=E IT CAN BE ADD$ TO PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL4 ,?IS IS TRUE = EA* 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/ & ALSO = ! AGGREGATE CAPITALI/ ( SOCIETY1 IT BE+ A PRIME CONDITION = CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ?AT ! SURPLUS VALUE MU/ BE REALIZ$ 9 ! =M ( PURE VALUE4 ,ACCORD+LY1 REG>D+ REPRODUCTION FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE - ',WE MU/ NOT FOLL[ ! MANN] COPI$ BY ,PR\DHON FROM B\RGEOIS ECONOMY1 :I* LOOKS UPON ?IS MATT] AS ?\< A SOCIETY ) A CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION W\LD LOSE ITS SPECIFIC HI/ORICAL & ECONOMIC *>ACT]I/ICS BY BE+ TAK5 AS A UNIT4 ,NOT AT ALL4 ,WE HAVE1 9 ?AT CASE1 TO DEAL ) ! AGGREGATE CAPITALI/4'7#a7 ,! SURPLUS VALUE MU/ !RE=E %$ ITS =M AS SURPLUS PRODUCT BE=E IT CAN RE-ASSUME IT = ! PURPOSE ( ACCUMULATION2 BY SOME MEANS OR O!R IT MU/ FIR/ PASS ?R\< ! MONEY /AGE4 ,SO ! SURPLUS PRODUCT ( ,DEP>TM5TS ,I & ,I,I MU/ BE B\TM5TS1 JU/ SO ?AT ! SURPLUS PRODUCT CAN BE TURN$ TO CA%4 ,EV5 !N1 WE %\LD ONLY HAVE GOT TO ! /AGE :]E ! SURPLUS VALUE HAS BECOME MONEY4 ,IF ?IS REALIZ$ SURPLUS VALUE IS FUR!R TO BE EMPLOY$ 9 ! PROCESS ( 5L>G+ REPRODUCTION1 9 ACCUMULATION1 AN EV5 L>G] DEM& MU/ BE EXPECT$ = ! FUTURE1 A DEM& :I* IS AGA9 TO COME FROM \TSIDE ! TWO DEP>TM5TS4 ,EI!R ! DEM& = ! SURPLUS PRODUCT WILL !RE=E HAVE TO 9CREASE ANNUALLY 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! RATE ( 9CREASE ( ! ACCUMULAT$ SURPLUS VALUE1 OR - VICE V]SA - ACCUMULATION CAN ONLY PROCE$ PRECISELY 9 SO F> AS ! DEM& \TSIDE ,I & ,I,I IS RIS+4 ,FOOTNOTES 7#a7,CAPITAL1 VOL4II1 PP4#e#i#h-#i4 7#b7,IBID41 P4#e#i#i4 7#c7,IBID41 PP4#f-#a4 7#d7 ,SURPLUS CONSUMPTION4 7#e7,CAPITAL1 VOL4II1 P4#d#b#i4 7#f7 ,IBID41 PP4#e#c#a-#e#c#b4 7#g7,OP4 CIT41 VOL4I1 P4#e#i#d1 NOTE #a4 7#h7,IBID41 P4#e#i#d4 7#i7 ,H]E WE CAN LEAVE \T ( ACC\NT 9/ANCES ( PRODUCTS CAPABLE 9 P>T ( 5T]+ ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION )\T ANY EX*ANGE1 SU* AS COAL 9 ! M9ES4 ,)9 CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION AS A :OLE SU* CASES >E R>E 7CF4 ,M>X1 ,!ORI5 4441 VOL4II1 P>T #b1 PP4#b#e#eFF47 7#a7,CAPITAL1 VOL4I1 P4#e#c4 ,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,M>* #f1 #bba 3 ,SECTION #a1 ,*APT] #g -- ,ADD$4 ,M>* #f1 #bba 3 ,SECTION #a1 ,*APT] #g -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/