,SECTION #a1 ,*APT] #f 
,! ,PROBLEM ( ,REPRODUCTION3 ,5L>G$ ,REPRODUCTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,! %ORTCOM+S ( ! DIAGRAM ( SIMPLE REPRODUCTION >E OBVI\S3 IT EXPLA9S ! LAWS ( A =M ( REPRODUCTION :I* IS POSSIBLE ONLY AS AN OCCASIONAL EXCEPTION 9 A CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,IT IS NOT SIMPLE BUT 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION :I* IS ! RULE 9 EV]Y CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC SY/EM1 EV5 MORE SO ?AN 9 ANY O!R47#a7 

,NEV]!LESS1 ?IS DIAGRAM IS ( REAL SCI5TIFIC IMPORTANCE 9 TWO RESPECTS4 ,9 PRACTICE1 EV5 UND] CONDITIONS ( 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION1 ! GREAT] P>T ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT CAN BE LOOK$ ON AS SIMPLE REPRODUCTION1 :I* =MS ! BROAD BASIS UPON :I* PRODUCTION 9 EV]Y CASE EXP&S BEYOND ITS =M] LIMITS4 ,9 !ORY1 ! ANALYSIS ( SIMPLE REPRODUCTION ALSO PROVIDES ! NECESS>Y />T+ PO9T = ALL SCI5TIFIC EXPOSITION ( 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION4 ,! DIAGRAM ( SIMPLE REPRODUCTION ( ! AGGREGATE SOCIAL CAPITAL !RE=E 9EVITABLY 9TRODUCES ! FUR!R PROBLEM ( ! 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION ( ! TOTAL CAPITAL4 

,WE ALREADY KN[ ! HI/ORICAL PECULI>ITY ( 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION ON A CAPITALI/ BASIS4 ,IT MU/ REPRES5T ITSELF AS ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL1 :I* IS BO? ITS SPECIFIC =M & ITS SPECIFIC CONDITION4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 SOCIAL PRODUCTION AS A :OLE - :I* ON A CAPITALI/ BASIS IS ! PRODUCTION ( SURPLUS VALUE - CAN 9 EV]Y CASE BE EXP&$ ONLY 9 SO F> AS ! SOCIAL CAPITAL ?AT HAS BE5 PREVI\SLY ACTIVE IS N[ AUGM5T$ BY SURPLUS VALUE ( ITS [N CREATION4 ,?IS USE ( P>T ( ! SURPLUS VALUE 7& 9 P>TICUL> ! USE ( AN 9CREAS+ P>T ( IT7 = ! PURPOSE ( PRODUCTION 9/EAD ( P]SONAL CONSUMPTION BY ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 OR ELSE ! 9CREASE ( RES]VES1 IS ! BASIS ( 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION UND] CAPITALI/ CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION4 

,! *>ACT]I/IC FEATURE ( 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION ( ! AGGREGATE SOCIAL CAPITAL - JU/ AS 9 \R PREVI\S ASSUMPTION ( SIMPLE REPRODUCTION - IS ! REPRODUCTION ( 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALS1 S9CE PRODUCTION AS A :OLE1 :E!R REG>D$ AS SIMPLE OR AS 5L>G$ PRODUCTION1 CAN 9 FACT ONLY OCCUR 9 ! =M ( 9NUM]ABLE 9DEP5D5T MOVEM5TS ( REPRODUCTION P]=M$ BY PRIVATE 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALS4 

,! FIR/ COMPREH5SIVE ANALYSIS ( ! ACCUMULATION ( 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALS IS GIV5 9 VOLUME I ( ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL1 SECTION #g1 *APT]S #b#b1 #b#c4 ,H]E ,M>X TREATS ( 7A7 ! DIVISION ( ! SURPLUS VALUE 9TO CAPITAL & REV5UE2 7B7 ! CIRCUM/ANCES :I* DET]M9E ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL AP>T FROM ?IS DIVISION1 SU* AS ! DEGREE ( EXPLOITATION ( LABOR P[] & LABOR PRODUCTIVITY2 7C7 ! GR[? ( FIX$ CAPITAL RELATIVE TO ! CIRCULAT+ CAPITAL AS A FACTOR ( ACCUMULATION2 & 7D7 ! 9CREAS+ DEVELOPM5T ( AN 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY :I* IS AT ! SAME TIME BO? A CONSEQU5CE & A PR]EQUISITE ( ! PROCESS ( ACCUMULATION4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS DISCUSSION1 ,M>X DEALS ) TWO 9SPIR$ NOTIONS ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S ) REG>D TO ACCUMULATION3 ! '!ORY ( AB/95CE' AS HELD BY ! MORE VULG> ECONOMI/S1 :O PROCLAIM ?AT ! DIVISION ( SURPLUS VALUE 9TO CAPITAL1 & ?US ACCUMULATION ITSELF1 IS AN E?ICAL & H]OIC ACT ( ! CAPITALI/S2 & ! FALLACY ( ! CLASSICAL ECONOMI/S1 !IR DOCTR9E ?AT ! 5TIRE CAPITALIZ$ P>T ( ! SURPLUS VALUE IS US$ SOLELY = CONSUMPTION BY ! PRODUCTIVE WORK]S1 ?AT IS TO SAY SP5T ALTOGE!R ON WAGES = ! WORK]S EMPLOY$ YE> BY YE>4 ,?IS ]RONE\S ASSUMPTION1 :I* COMPLETELY OV]LOOKS ! FACT ?AT EV]Y 9CREASE ( PRODUCTION MU/ MANIFE/ ITSELF NOT ONLY 9 ! 9CREAS$ NUMB] ( EMPLOY$ WORK]S BUT ALSO 9 ! 9CREASE ( ! MAT]IAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION 7PREMISES1 TOOLS1 &1 C]TA9LY1 RAW MAT]IALS7 IS OBVI\SLY ROOT$ 9 ?AT 'DOGMA' ( ,ADAM ,SMI? :I* WE HAVE ALREADY DISCUSS$4 ,MOREOV]1 ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! EXP5DITURE ( A GREAT] AM\NT ( CAPITAL ON WAGES IS SUFFICI5T TO EXP& PRODUCTION1 ALSO RESULTS FROM ! MI/AK5 IDEA ?AT ! PRICES ( ALL COMMODITIES >E COMPLETELY RESOLV$ 9TO WAGES & SURPLUS VALUE1 SO ?AT ! CON/ANT CAPITAL IS DISREG>D$ ALTOGE!R4 ,/RANGELY 5\<1 EV5 ,RIC>DO :O WAS1 AT ANY RATE OCCASIONALLY1 AW>E ( ?IS ELEM5T ( ]ROR 9 ,SMI?'S DOCTR9E1 SUBSCRIBES MO/ EMPHATICALLY TO ITS ULTIMATE 9F]5CES1 MI/AK5 ?\< !Y W]E3 

',IT MU/ BE UND]/OOD1 ?AT ALL ! PRODUCTIONS ( A C\NTRY >E CONSUM$2 BUT IT MAKES ! GREATE/ DIFF]5CE IMAG9ABLE :E!R !Y >E CONSUM$ BY ?OSE :O REPRODUCE1 OR BY ?OSE :O DO NOT REPRODUCE ANO!R VALUE4 ,:5 WE SAY ?AT REV5UE IS SAV$1 & ADD$ TO CAPITAL1 :AT WE MEAN IS1 ?AT ! PORTION ( REV5UE1 SO SAID TO BE ADD$ TO CAPITAL1 IS CONSUM$ BY PRODUCTIVE1 9/EAD ( UNPRODUCTIVE LABOR]S47#b7 

,IF ALL ! GOODS PRODUC$ >E ?US SWALL[$ UP BY HUMAN CONSUMPTION1 !RE CAN CLE>LY BE NO ROOM TO SP>E 9 ! TOTAL SOCIAL PRODUCT = SU* UNCONSUMABLE MEANS ( PRODUCTION AS TOOLS & MA*9]Y1 NEW MAT]IALS & BUILD+S1 & CONSEQU5TLY 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION1 TOO1 WILL HAVE TO TAKE A PECULI> C\RSE4 ,:AT HAPP5S - ACCORD+ TO ?IS ODD CONCEPTION - IS SIMPLY ?AT /APLE FOOD/UFFS = NEW WORK]S WILL BE PRODUC$ TO ! AM\NT ( ! CAPITALIZ$ P>T ( SURPLUS VALUE 9/EAD ( ! *OICE DELICACIES PREVI\SLY PROVID$ = ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,! CLASSICAL !ORY ( 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION DOES NOT ADMIT ( ANY V>IATIONS O!R ?AN ?OSE CONNECT$ ) ! PRODUCTION ( CONSUM] GOODS4 ,AFT] \R PREVI\S OBS]VATIONS IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ,M>X C\LD EASILY DISPOSE ( ?IS ELEM5T>Y MI/AKE ( BO? ,RIC>DO & ,SMI?4 ,JU/ AS SIMPLE REPRODUCTION REQUIRES A REGULAT$ R5EWAL ( ! CON/ANT CAPITAL1 ! MAT]IAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 QUITE AP>T FROM ! PRODUCTION ( CONSUM] GOODS 9 ! NECESS>Y QUANTITY = LABOR] & CAPITALI/1 EQUALLY SO 9 ! CASE ( EXP&+ PRODUCTION MU/ P>T ( ! NEW ADDITIONAL CAPITAL BE US$ TO 5L>GE ! CON/ANT CAPITAL1 ?AT IS TO ADD TO ! MAT]IAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,ANO!R LAW1 ,M>X DISCOV]$1 MU/ ALSO BE APPLI$ H]E4 ,! CON/ANT CAPITAL1 CONT9UALLY OV]LOOK$ BY ! CLASSICAL ECONOMI/S1 9CREASES RELATIVE TO ! V>IABLE CAPITAL ?AT IS SP5T ON WAGES4 ,?IS IS M]ELY ! CAPITALI/ EXPRESSION ( ! G5]AL EFFECTS ( 9CREAS+ LABOR PRODUCTIVITY4 ,)1 TE*NICAL PROGRESS1 HUMAN LABOR IS ABLE TO SET 9 MOTION EV] L>G] MASSES ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION & TO CONV]T !M 9TO GOODS4 ,9 CAPITALI/ T]MS1 ?IS MEANS A PROGRESSIVE DECREASE 9 EXP5SES = LIV+ LABOR1 9 WAGES1 RELATIVE TO ! EXP5SES = 9ANIMATE MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,CONTR>Y TO ! ASSUMPTION ( ,ADAM ,SMI? & ,RIC>DO1 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION MU/ NOT ONLY />T ) ! DIVISION ( ! CAPITALIZ$ P>T ( ! SURPLUS VALUE 9TO CON/ANT & V>IABLE CAPITAL1 BUT1 AS ! TE*NIQUE ( PRODUCTION ADVANCES1 IT IS B\ND TO ALLOCATE 9 ?IS DIVISION EV] 9CREAS+ PORTIONS TO ! CON/ANT1 & EV] DIM9I%+ PORTIONS TO ! V>IABLE CAPITAL4 ,?IS CONT9U\S QUALITATIVE *ANGE 9 ! COMPOSITION ( CAPITAL IS ! SPECIFIC MANIFE/ATION ( ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL1 ?AT IS TO SAY ( 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION ON ! BASIS ( CAPITALISM47#c7 

,! O!R SIDE ( ?IS PICTURE ( CONT9UAL *ANGES 9 ! RELATION BETWE5 ! PORTIONS ( CON/ANT & V>IABLE CAPITAL IS ! =MATION ( A RELATIVE SURPLUS POPULATION1 AS ,M>X CALL$ IT1 ?AT IS TO SAY ?AT P>T ( ! WORK+ POPULATION :I* EXCE$S ! AV]AGE NE$S ( CAPITAL1 & ?US BECOMES R$UNDANT4 ,?IS RES]VE ( UNEMPLOYABLE 9DU/RIAL LABOR 7TAK5 H]E 9 A BROAD] S5SE1 & 9CLUD+ A PROLET>IAT ?AT IS DOM9AT$ BY M]*ANT CAPITAL7 IS ALWAYS PRES5T4 ,IT =MS A NECESS>Y PR]EQUISITE ( ! SUDD5 EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION 9 TIMES ( BOOM1 & IS ANO!R SPECIFIC CONDITION ( CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION47#d7 

,FROM ! ACCUMULATION ( 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALS WE CAN !RE=E D$UCE ! FOLL[+ F\R *>ACT]I/IC PH5OM5A ( 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION3 

,! VOLUME ( 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION IS 9DEP5D5T1 )9 C]TA9 LIMITS1 ( ! GR[? ( CAPITAL1 & CAN TRANSC5D IT4 ,! NECESS>Y ME?ODS = A*IEV+ ?IS >E3 9CREAS$ EXPLOITATION ( LABOR & NATURAL =CES1 & 9CREAS$ LABOR PRODUCTIVITY 79CLUD+ 9CREAS$ EFFICI5CY ( ! FIX$ CAPITAL74 

,ALL REAL ACCUMULATION />TS ) ?AT P>T ( ! SURPLUS VALUE :I* IS 9T5D$ = CAPITALIZATION BE+ DIVID$ 9TO CON/ANT & V>IABLE CAPITAL4 

,ACCUMULATION AS A SOCIAL PROCESS IS ACCOMPANI$ BY CONT9U\S *ANGES 9 ! RELATION BETWE5 CON/ANT & V>IABLE CAPITAL1 :]EBY ?AT PORTION ( CAPITAL :I* IS 9VE/$ 9 9ANIMATE MEANS ( PRODUCTION CONT9UALLY 9CREASES AS COMP>$ ) ?AT EXP5D$ ON WAGES4 

,CONCOMITANT ) ! ACCUMULATIVE PROCESS1 & AS A CONDITION ( ! LATT]1 !RE DEVELOPS AN 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY4 

,!SE *>ACT]I/ICS1 D]IV$ FROM ! REPRODUCTIVE PROCESS AS IT IS P]=M$ BY ! 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALS1 REPRES5T AN 5ORM\S /EP =W>D AS COMP>$ ) ! ANALYZES ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S4 ,N[1 H[EV]1 \R PROBLEM IS TO DEMON/RATE ! ACCUMULATION ( ! AGGREGATE CAPITAL :I* ORIG9ATES FROM !SE MOVEM5TS ( 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALS1 & ON ! BASIS ( ! DIAGRAM ( SIMPLE REPRODUCTION TO E/ABLI% ! PRECISE RELATIONS BETWE5 ! ASPECTS ( VALUE PREVAL5T 9 ! PRODUCTION ( SURPLUS VALUE & ! MAT]IAL CONSID]ATIONS 9 ! PRODUCTION ( CONSUM] & PRODUC] GOODS1 ) A VIEW TO ACCUMULATION4 

,! ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION & SIMPLE REPRODUCTION CONSI/S 9 ! FACT ?AT 9 ! LATT] ! CAPITALI/ CLASS & ITS HANG]S-ON CONSUME ! 5TIRE SURPLUS VALUE1 :]EAS 9 ! =M] A P>T ( ! SURPLUS VALUE IS SET ASIDE FROM ! P]SONAL CONSUMPTION ( ITS [N]S1 NOT = ! PURPOSE ( HO>D+1 BUT 9 ORD] TO 9CREASE ! ACTIVE CAPITAL1 I4E4 = CAPITALIZATION4 ,TO MAKE ?IS POSSIBLE1 ! NEW ADDITIONAL CAPITAL MU/ ALSO F9D ! MAT]IAL PR]EQUISITES = ITS ACTIVITY =?COM+4 ,H]E ! CONCRETE COMPOSITION ( ! AGGREGATE SOCIAL PRODUCT BECOMES IMPORTANT4 ,M>X SAYS ALREADY 9 VOLUME I1 :5 HE CONSID]S ! ACCUMULATION ( 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALS3 

',! ANNUAL PRODUCTION MU/ 9 ! FIR/ PLACE FURNI% ALL ?OSE OBJECTS 7USE-VALUES7 FROM :I* ! MAT]IAL COMPON5TS ( CAPITAL1 US$ UP 9 ! C\RSE ( ! YE>1 HAVE TO BE REPLAC$4 ,D$UCT+ !SE !RE REMA9S ! NET OR SURPLUS-PRODUCTS 9 :I* ! SURPLUS VALUE LIES4 ,& ( :AT DOES ?IS SURPLUS PRODUCT CONSI/8 ,ONLY ( ?+S DE/9$ TO SATISFY ! WANTS & DESIRES ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 ?+S :I*1 CONSEQU5TLY1 5T] 9TO ! CONSUMPTION FUND ( ! CAPITALI/S8 ,W]E ?AT ! CASE1 ! CUP ( SURPLUS-VALUE W\LD BE DRA9$ TO ! V]Y DREGS1 & NO?+ BUT SIMPLE REPRODUCTION W\LD EV] TAKE PLACE4 - ,TO ACCUMULATE IT IS NECESS>Y TO CONV]T A PORTION ( ! SURPLUS PRODUCT 9TO CAPITAL4 ,BUT WE CANNOT1 EXCEPT1 BY A MIRACLE1 CONV]T 9TO CAPITAL ANY?+ BUT SU* >TICLES AS CAN BE EMPLOY$ 9 ! LABOR-PROCESS 7I4E4 MEANS ( PRODUCTION71 & SU* FUR!R >TICLES AS >E SUITABLE = ! SU/5ANCE ( ! LABOR]1 7I4E4 MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE74 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 A P>T ( ! ANNUAL SURPLUS-LABOR MU/ HAVE BE5 APPLI$ TO ! PRODUCTION ( ADDITIONAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION & SUBSI/5CE1 OV] & ABOVE ! QUANTITY ( !SE ?+S REQUIR$ TO REPLACE ! CAPITAL ADVANC$4 ,9 ONE WORD1 SURPLUS-VALUE IS CONV]TIBLE 9TO CAPITAL SOLELY BECAUSE ! SURPLUS-PRODUCT1 :OSE VALUE IT IS1 ALREADY COMPRISES ! MAT]IAL ELEM5TS ( NEW CAPITAL4'7#e7 

,ADDITIONAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 H[EV]1 & ADDITIONAL CONSUM] GOODS = ! WORK]S ALONE >E NOT SUFFICI5T2 TO GET 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION REALLY GO+1 ADDITIONAL LABOR IS ALSO REQUIR$4 ,M>X N[ F9DS A SPECIFIC DIFFICULTY 9 ?IS LA/ CONDITION3 

',= ?IS ! ME*ANISM ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION PROVIDES BE=EH&1 BY CONV]T+ ! WORK+ CLASS 9TO A CLASS DEP5D5T ON WAGES1 A CLASS :OSE ORD9>Y WAGES SUFFICE1 NOT ONLY = ITS MA9T5ANCE1 BUT = ITS 9CREASE4 ,IT IS ONLY NECESS>Y = CAPITAL TO 9CORPORATE ?IS ADDITIONAL LABOR-P[]1 ANNUALLY SUPPLI$ BY ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! %APE ( LABOR]S ( ALL AGES1 ) ! SURPLUS MEANS ( PRODUCTION COMPRIS$ 9 ! ANNUAL PRODUCE1 & ! CONV]SION ( SURPLUS-VALUE 9TO CAPITAL IS COMPLETE4'7#f7 

,?IS IS ! FIR/ SOLUTION :I* ,M>X GAVE TO ! PROBLEM ( ! ACCUMULATION ( ! AGGREGATE CAPITAL4 ,HAV+ DWELT ON ?IS ASPECT ( ! QUE/ION ALREADY 9 VOLUME I ( ,CAPITAL1 ,M>X RETURNS TO ! PROBLEM AT ! 5D ( ! SECOND VOLUME ( HIS MA9 WORK :OSE CONCLUD+ #b#a/ *APT] IS DEVOT$ TO ACCUMULATION & 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION ( ! AGGREGATE CAPITAL4 

,LET US EXAM9E ,M>X'S DIAGRAMMATIC EXPOSITION ( ACCUMULATION MORE CLOSELY4 ,ON ! MODEL ( ! DIAGRAM ( SIMPLE REPRODUCTION ) :I* WE >E ALREADY FAMILI>1 HE DEVIS$ A DIAGRAM = 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION1 ! DIFF]5CE APPE>+ MO/ CLE>LY IF WE COMP>E ! TWO4 

,ASSUM+ ?AT SOCIETY'S ANNUAL AGGREGATE PRODUCT CAN BE REPRES5T$ BY AN AM\NT TO ! VALUE ( #i1 7D5OT+ MILLIONS ( WORK+ H\RS1 OR1 9 CAPITALI/ MONET>Y T]MS1 ANY >BITR>Y AM\NT ( MONEY71 ! AGGREGATE PRODUCT IS TO BE DI/RIBUT$ AS FOLL[S3 

,I4 #d1C "4 #a1V "4 #a1S "7 #f1  

,I,I4 #b1C "4    #eV "4    #eS "7 #c1   

,TOTAL3  #i1  

,DEP>TM5T ,I REPRES5TS MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I CONSUM] GOODS4 ,ONE GLANCE AT ! PROPORTION ( ! FIGURES %[S ?AT 9 ?IS CASE SIMPLE REPRODUCTION ALONE IS POSSIBLE4 ,! MEANS ( PRODUCTION MADE 9 ,DEP>TM5T ,I EQUAL ! TOTAL ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION ACTUALLY US$ BY ! TWO DEP>TM5TS4 ,IF !SE >E M]ELY R5EW$1 PRODUCTION CAN BE REPEAT$ ONLY ON ITS PREVI\S SCALE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! AGGREGATE PRODUCT ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I EQUALS ! TOTAL ( WAGES & SURPLUS VALUE 9 BO? DEP>TM5TS4 ,?IS %[S ?AT ! CONSUM] GOODS AVAILABLE P]MIT ONLY ! EMPLOYM5T ( JU/ AS MANY WORK]S AS W]E PREVI\SLY EMPLOY$1 & ?AT ! 5TIRE SURPLUS VALUE IS SIMIL>LY SP5T ON CONSUM] GOODS1 I4E4 ! P]SONAL CONSUMPTION ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 

,N[ LET US TAKE ! SAME AGGREGATE PRODUCT ( #i1 9 ! FOLL[+ EQUATION3 

,I4 #d1C "4 #a1V "4 #a1S "7 #f1  

,I,I4 #a1#eC "4    #g#eV "4    #g#eS "7 #c1   

,TOTAL3  #i1  

,H]E A D\BLE DISPROPORTION CONFRONTS US3 #f1 MEANS ( PRODUCTION >E CREAT$ - MORE ?AN ?OSE :I* >E ACTUALLY US$ BY ! SOCIETY1 I4E4 #d1C "4 #a1#eC2 LEAV+ A SURPLUS ( #e4 ,SIMIL>LY1 LESS CONSUM] GOODS 7#c17 >E PRODUC$ ?AN ! SUM ( :AT IS PAID \T 9 WAGES 7I4E4 #a1V "4 #g#eV1 ! REQUIREM5T ( ! WORK]S71 PLUS ! AGGREGATE ( SURPLUS VALUE ?AT HAS BE5 PRODUC$ 7#a1S "4 #g#eS74 ,?IS RESULTS 9 A DEFICIT ( #e4 ,S9CE \R PREMISES DO NOT ALL[ US TO DECREASE ! NUMB] ( WORK]S EMPLOY$ ! CONSEQU5CE MU/ BE ?AT ! CAPITALI/ CLASS CANNOT CONSUME ! 5TIRE SURPLUS VALUE IT HAS POCKET$4 ,?IS PROVES FULLY CONSI/5T ) ! TWO MAT]IAL PRECONDITIONS ( 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION ON A CAPITALI/ BASIS3 P>T ( ! APPROPRIAT$ SURPLUS VALUE IS NOT TO BE CONSUM$ BUT IS US$ = ! PURPOSES ( PRODUCTION2 & MORE MEANS ( PRODUCTION MU/ BE PRODUC$ SO AS TO 5SURE ! USE ( ! CAPITALIZ$ SURPLUS VALUE = ! ACTUAL EXPANSION ( REPRODUCTION4 

,9 CONSID]+ ! DIAGRAM ( SIMPLE REPRODUCTION1 WE SAW ?AT ITS FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL CONDITIONS >E CONTA9$ 9 ! FOLL[+ EQUATION3 ! AGGREGATE ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION 7! PRODUCT ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I7 MU/ BE EQUIVAL5T TO ! CON/ANT CAPITAL ( BO? DEP>TM5TS1 BUT ! AGGREGATE ( CONSUM] GOODS 7! PRODUCT ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I7 MU/ EQUAL ! SUM ( V>IABLE CAPITALS & SURPLUS VALUES ( ! TWO DEP>TM5TS4 ,AS REG>DS 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION1 WE MU/ N[ 9F] A PRECISE 9V]SE D\BLE RATIO4 ,! G5]AL PRECONDITION ( 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION IS ?AT ! PRODUCT ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I MU/ BE GREAT] 9 VALUE ?AN ! CON/ANT CAPITAL ( BO? DEP>TM5TS TAK5 TOGE!R1 & ?AT ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I MU/ BE SO MU* LESS ?AN ! SUM TOTAL ( BO? ! V>IABLE CAPITAL & ! SURPLUS VALUE 9 ! TWO DEP>TM5TS4 

,?IS1 H[EV]1 BY NO MEANS COMPLETES ! ANALYSIS ( 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION2 RA!R HAS IT L$ US M]ELY TO ! ?RE%OLD ( ! QUE/ION4 ,HAV+ D$UC$ ! PROPORTIONS ( ! DIAGRAM1 WE MU/ N[ PURSUE !IR FUR!R ACTIVITIES1 ! FL[ ( CIRCULATION & ! CONT9UITY ( REPRODUCTION4 ,JU/ AS SIMPLE REPRODUCTION MAY BE COMP>$ TO AN UN*ANG+ CIRCLE1 TO BE REPEAT$ TIME & AGA91 SO 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION1 TO QUOTE ,SISMONDI1 IS COMP>ABLE TO A SPIRAL ) EV] EXP&+ LOOPS4 ,LET US BEG9 BY EXAM9+ ! LOOPS ( ?IS SPIRAL4 ,! FIR/ G5]AL QUE/ION >IS+ 9 ?IS CONNECTION IS H[ ACTUAL ACCUMULATION PROCE$S 9 ! TWO DEP>TM5TS UND] ! CONDITIONS N[ KN[N TO US1 I4E4 H[ ! CAPITALI/S MAY CAPITALIZE P>T ( !IR SURPLUS VALUE1 & AT ! SAME TIME ACQUIRE ! MAT]IAL PR]EQUISITES NECESS>Y = 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION4 

,M>X EXP\NDS ! QUE/ION 9 ! FOLL[+ WAY3 

,LET US ASSUME ?AT HALF ! SURPLUS VALUE ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I IS BE+ ACCUMULAT$4 ,! CAPITALI/S1 !N1 USE #e = !IR CONSUMPTION BUT AUGM5T !IR CAPITAL BY ANO!R #e4 ,9 ORD] TO BECOME ACTIVE1 ?IS ADDITIONAL CAPITAL ( #e MU/ BE DIVID$1 AS WE N[ KN[1 9TO CON/ANT & V>IABLE CAPITAL4 ,ASSUM+ ! RATIO ( #d TO #a REMA9S :AT IT WAS = ! ORIG9AL CAPITAL1 ! CAPITALI/S ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I WILL DIVIDE !IR ADDITIONAL CAPITAL ( #e ?US3 !Y WILL BUY NEW MEANS ( PRODUCTION = #d & NEW LABOR = #a4 ,?IS DOES NOT PRES5T ANY DIFFICULTIES1 S9CE WE KN[ ?AT ,DEP>TM5T ,I HAS ALREADY PRODUC$ A SURPLUS ( #e MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,YET ! CORRESPOND+ 5L>GEM5T ( ! V>IABLE CAPITAL BY #a UNITS ( MONEY IS NOT 5\<1 S9CE ! NEW ADDITIONAL LABOR P[] MU/ ALSO F9D ADEQUATE CONSUM] GOODS :I* CAN ONLY BE SUPPLI$ BY ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I4 ,N[ ! CIRCULATION BETWE5 ! TWO L>GE DEP>TM5TS IS %IFT+4 ,=M]LY1 UND] CONDITIONS ( SIMPLE REPRODUCTION1 ,DEP>TM5T ,I ACQUIR$ #a1 CONSUM] GOODS = ITS [N WORK]S1 & N[ IT MU/ F9D ANO!R #a = ITS NEW WORK]S4 ,DEP>TM5T ,I !RE=E 5GAGES 9 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION AS FOLL[S3 

#d1#dC "4 #a1#aV  

,DEP>TM5T ,I,I1 9 TURN1 AFT] SELL+ !SE CONSUM] GOODS TO ! VALUE ( #a1 IS N[ 9 A POSITION TO ACQUIRE ADDITIONAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION TO ! SAME AM\NT FROM ,DEP>TM5T ,I4 ,& 9 FACT1 ,DEP>TM5T ,I /ILL HAS PRECISELY ONE HUNDR$ ( ITS SURPLUS PRODUCT LEFT OV] :I* N[ F9D !IR WAY 9TO ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I1 5ABL+ ! LATT] TO EXP& ITS [N REPRODUCTION AS WELL4 ,YET H]E1 TOO1 ! ADDITIONAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION ALONE >E NOT MU* USE2 TO MAKE !M OP]ATE1 ADDITIONAL LABOR P[] IS NE$$4 ,ASSUM+ AGA9 ?AT ! PREVI\S COMPOSITION ( CAPITAL HAS BE5 MA9TA9$1 ) A RATIO ( #b TO #a AS REG>DS CON/ANT & V>IABLE CAPITAL1 ADDITIONAL LABOR TO ! TUNE ( #e IS REQUIR$ TO WORK ! ADDITIONAL #a MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,?IS ADDITIONAL LABOR1 H[EV]1 NE$S ADDITIONAL CONSUM] GOODS TO ! AM\NT ( ITS WAGE1 :I* >E 9 FACT SUPPLI$ BY ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I ITSELF4 ,?IS DEP>TM5T MU/ !RE=E PRODUCE1 9 ADDITION TO ! #a ADDITIONAL CONSUM] GOODS = ! NEW WORK]S ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I & ! GOODS = ! CONSUMPTION ( ITS [N WORK]S1 A FUR!R AM\NT ( CONSUM] GOODS TO ! TUNE ( #e AS P>T ( ITS AGGREGATE PRODUCT4 ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I !RE=E />TS ON 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION AT A RATE ( #a1#fC "4 #hV4 

,N[ ! AGGREGATE PRODUCT ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I 7#f17 HAS BE5 ABSORB$ COMPLETELY4 #e1#e W]E NECESS>Y = R5EW+ ! OLD & US$-UP MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9 BO? DEP>TM5TS1 & ! REMA9+ #e = ! EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION3 #d 9 ,DEP>TM5T ,I & #a 9 ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I4 ,AS REG>DS ! AGGREGATE PRODUCT ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I 7#c171 #a1#i HAVE BE5 US$ = ! 9CREAS$ LABOR =CE 9 ! TWO DEP>TM5TS1 & ! #a1#a CONSUM] GOODS :I* REMA9 S]VE ! CAPITALI/S = !IR P]SONAL CONSUMPTION1 ! CONSUMPTION ( !IR SURPLUS VALUE4 #e >E CONSUM$ 9 ,DEP>TM5T ,I1 & #f 9 ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I :]E1 \T ( A SURPLUS VALUE ( #g1 ONLY #ae HAD BE5 CAPITALIZ$ 7#a BE+ EXP5D$ ON MEANS ( PRODUCTION & #e ON WAGES74 

,5L>G$ REPRODUCTION CAN N[ PROCE$ ON ITS C\RSE4 ,IF WE MA9TA9 \R RATE ( EXPLOITATION AT #a P] C5T1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ! ORIG9AL CAPITAL1 ! NEXT P]IOD WILL GIVE ! FOLL[+ RESULTS3 

,I4 #d1#dC "4 #a1#aV "4 #a1#aS "7 #f1#f  

,I,I4 #a1#fC "4    #hV "4    #hS "7 #c1#b   

,TOTAL3  #i1#h  

,! AGGREGATE PRODUCT ( SOCIETY HAS GR[N FROM #i1 TO #i1#h1 ! SURPLUS VALUE ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I FROM #a1 TO #a1#a & ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I FROM #ge TO #h4 ,! OBJECT ( ! CAPITALI/ EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION1 ! 9CREAS$ PRODUCTION ( SURPLUS VALUE1 HAS BE5 GA9$4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! MAT]IAL COMPOSITION ( ! AGGREGATE SOCIAL PRODUCT AGA9 %[S A SURPLUS ( #f AS REG>DS ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 7#f1#f7 OV] & ABOVE ?OSE :I* >E ACTUALLY NE$$ 7#d1#d "4 #a1#f71 & ALSO A DEFICIT 9 CONSUM] GOODS AS AGA9/ ! SUM TOTAL MADE UP BY ! WAGES PREVI\SLY PAID 7#a1#aV "4 #hV7 & ! SURPLUS VALUE ?AT HAS BE5 CREAT$ 7#a1#aS "4 #hS74 ,& ?US WE AGA9 HAVE ! MAT]IAL POSSIBILITY AS WELL AS ! NECESSITY TO USE P>T ( ! SURPLUS VALUE1 NOT = CONSUMPTION BY ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 BUT = A NEW EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION4 

,! SECOND 5L>GEM5T ( PRODUCTION1 & 9CREAS$ PRODUCTION ( SURPLUS VALUE1 ?US FOLL[S FROM ! FIR/ AS A MATT] ( C\RSE & ) MA!MATICAL PRECISION4 ,! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL1 ONCE IT HAS />T$1 AUTOMATICALLY LEADS F>!R & F>!R BEYOND ITSELF4 ,! CIRCLE HAS BECOME A SPIRAL :I* W9DS ITSELF HI<] & HI<] AS IF COMPELL$ BY A NATURAL LAW 9 ! GUISE ( MA!MATICAL T]MS4 ,ASSUM+ ?AT 9 ! FOLL[+ YE>S !RE IS ALWAYS CAPITALIZATION ( HALF ! SURPLUS VALUE1 :ILE ! COMPOSITION ( ! CAPITAL & ! RATE ( EXPLOITATION REMA9 UN*ANG$1 ! REPRODUCTION ( CAPITAL WILL RESULT 9 ! FOLL[+ PROGRESSION3 

  

,?US1 AFT] FIVE YE>S ( ACCUMULATION1 ! AGGREGATE SOCIAL PRODUCT IS F\ND TO HAVE GR[N FROM #i1 TO #a#d1#c#d#h1 ! SOCIAL AGGREGATE CAPITAL FROM 7#e1#eC "4 #a#g#eV "7 #g1#b#e7 TO 7#h1#g#h#dC "4 #b1#g#h#bV "7 #a#a1#e#f#f7 & ! SURPLUS VALUE FROM 7#a1S "4 #eS "7 #a1#e7 TO 7#a1#d#f#dS "4 #a1#f#eS "7 #b1#e#b#i71 :]EBY ! SURPLUS VALUE = P]SONAL CONSUMPTION1 BE+ #a1#e AT ! BEG9N+ ( ACCUMULATION1 HAS GR[N TO #gcb "4 #i#e#h"7#a1#f#i 9 ! LA/ YE>47#g7 ,! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 !N1 HAS CAPITALIZ$ MORE1 IT HAS PRACTIC$ GREAT] AB/95CE1 & YET IT HAS BE5 ABLE TO LIVE BETT]4 ,SOCIETY1 9 A MAT]IAL RESPECT1 HAS BECOME RI*]1 RI*] 9 MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 RI*] 9 CONSUM] GOODS1 & IT HAS EQUALLY BECOME RI*] 9 ! CAPITALI/ S5SE ( ! T]M S9CE IT PRODUCES MORE SURPLUS VALUE4 ,! SOCIAL PRODUCT CIRCULATES 9 TOTO 9 SOCIETY4 ,P>TLY IT S]VES TO 5L>GE REPRODUCTION & P>TLY IT S]VES CONSUMPTION4 ,! REQUIREM5TS ( CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION CORRESPOND TO ! MAT]IAL COMPOSITION ( ! AGGREGATE SOCIAL PRODUCT4 ,:AT ,M>X SAID 9 VOLUME I ( ,CAPITAL IS TRUE3 ! 9CREAS$ SURPLUS VALUE CAN BE ADD$ ON TO CAPITAL BECAUSE ! SOCIAL SURPLUS PRODUCT COMES 9TO ! WORLD FROM ! V]Y FIR/ 9 ! MAT]IAL =M ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 9 A =M 9CAPABLE ( UTILIZATION EXCEPT 9 ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME REPRODUCTION EXP&S 9 /RICT CON=MITY ) ! LAWS ( CIRCULATION3 ! MUTUAL SUPPLY ( ! TWO DEP>TM5TS ( PRODUCTION ) ADDITIONAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION & CONSUM] GOODS PROCE$S AS AN EX*ANGE ( EQUIVAL5TS4 ,IT IS AN EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES 9 ! C\RSE ( :I* ! V]Y ACCUMULATION ( ONE DEP>TM5T IS ! CONDITION ( ACCUMULATION 9 ! O!R & MAKES ?IS POSSIBLE4 ,! COMPLICAT$ PROBLEM ( ACCUMULATION IS ?US CONV]T$ 9TO A DIAGRAMMATIC PROGRESSION ( SURPRIS+ SIMPLICITY4 ,WE MAY CONT9UE ! ABOVE *A9 ( EQUATIONS AD 9F9ITUM SO LONG AS WE OBS]VE ?IS SIMPLE PR9CIPLE3 ?AT A C]TA9 9CREASE 9 ! CON/ANT CAPITAL ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I ALWAYS NECESSITATES A C]TA9 9CREASE 9 ITS V>IABLE CAPITAL1 :I* PR$ET]M9ES BE=EH& ! EXT5T ( ! 9CREASE 9 ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I1 ) :I* AGA9 A CORRESPOND+ 9CREASE 9 ! V>IABLE CAPITAL MU/ BE COORD9AT$4 ,F9ALLY1 IT DEP5DS ON ! EXT5T ( 9CREASE 9 ! V>IABLE CAPITAL 9 BO? DEP>TM5TS1 H[ MU* ( ! TOTAL MAY REMA9 = P]SONAL CONSUMPTION BY ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,! EXT5T ( ?IS 9CREASE WILL ALSO %[ ?AT ?IS AM\NT ( CONSUM] GOODS :I* REMA9S = PRIVATE CONSUMPTION BY ! CAPITALI/ IS EXACTLY EQUIVAL5T TO ?AT P>T ( ! SURPLUS VALUE :I* HAS NOT BE5 CAPITALIZ$ 9 EI!R DEP>TM5T4 

,!RE >E NO LIMITS TO ! CONT9UATION ( ?IS DIAGRAMMATIC DEVELOPM5T ( ACCUMULATION 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! FEW EASY RULES WE HAVE DEMON/RAT$4 ,BUT N[ IT IS TIME TO TAKE C>E LE/ WE %\LD ONLY HAVE A*IEV$ !SE SURPRIS+LY SMOO? RESULTS ?R\< SIMPLY WORK+ \T C]TA9 FOOL-PRO( MA!MATICAL EX]CISES 9 ADDITION & SUBTRACTION1 & WE MU/ FUR!R 9QUIRE :E!R IT IS NOT M]ELY BECAUSE MA!MATICAL EQUATIONS >E EASILY PUT ON PAP] ?AT ACCUMULATION WILL CONT9UE AD 9F9ITUM )\T ANY FRICTION4 

,9 O!R WORDS3 ! TIME HAS COME TO LOOK = ! CONCRETE SOCIAL CONDITIONS ( ACCUMULATION4 

,FOOTNOTES 

7#a7 ',! PREMISE ( SIMPLE REPRODUCTION1 ?AT ,I7V "4 S7 IS EQUAL TO ,I,IC1 IS IRRECONCILABLE ) CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 AL?\< ?IS DOES NOT EXCLUDE ! POSSIBILITY ?AT A C]TA9 YE> 9 AN 9DU/RIAL CYCLE ( T5 OR ELEV5 YE>S MAY NOT %[ A SMALL] TOTAL PRODUCTION ?AN ! PREC$+ YE>1 SO ?AT !RE W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 EV5 A SIMPLE REPRODUCTION1 COMP>$ TO ! PREC$+ YE>4 ,9DE$1 CONSID]+ ! NATURAL GR[? ( POPULATION P] YE>1 SIMPLE REPRODUCTION C\LD TAKE PLACE ONLY 9 SO F> AS A CORRESPOND+LY L>G] NUMB] ( UNPRODUCTIVE S]VANTS W\LD P>TAKE ( ! #a1#e REPRES5T+ ! AGGREGATE SURPLUS-PRODUCT4 ,BUT ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL1 ACTUAL CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES' 7,CAPITAL1 VOL4II1 P4#f#h74 

7#b7 ,RIC>DO1 ,PR9CIPLES1 *AP4VIII1 ,ON ,TAXES4 ,MAC,CULLO*'S $ITION ( ,RIC>DO'S ,WORKS1 P4#h#g1 NOTE4 7,REF]5CE NOT GIV5 9 ORIG9AL7 

7#c7 ',! SPECIFICALLY CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE P[] ( LABOR CORRESPOND+ TO IT1 & ! *ANGE !NCE RESULT+ 9 ! ORGANIC COMPOSITION ( CAPITAL1 DO NOT M]ELY KEEP PACE ) ! ADVANCE ( ACCUMULATION1 OR ) ! GR[? ( SOCIAL WEAL?4 ,!Y DEVELOP AT A MU* QUICK] RATE BECAUSE M]E ACCUMULATION1 ! ABSOLUTE 9CREASE ( ! TOTAL SOCIAL CAPITAL1 IS ACCOMPANI$ BY ! C5TRALIZATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALS ( :I* ?AT TOTAL IS MADE UP2 & BECAUSE ! *ANGE 9 ! TE*NOLOGICAL COMPOSITION ( ! ADDITIONAL CAPITAL GOES H& 9 H& ) A SIMIL> *ANGE 9 ! TE*NOLOGICAL COMPOSITION ( ! ORIG9AL CAPITAL4 ,) ! ADVANCE ( ACCUMULATION1 !RE=E1 ! PROPORTION ( CON/ANT TO V>IABLE CAPITAL *ANGES4 ,IF IT WAS ORIG9ALLY SAY #a3#a1 IT N[ BECOMES SUCCESSIVELY #b3#a1 #c3#a1 #d3#a1 #e3#a1 #g3#a1 ETC41 SO ?AT1 AS ! CAPITAL 9CREASES1 9/EAD ( ITS TOTAL VALUE1 ONLY #a_/#c1 #a_/#d1 #a_/#e1 #a_/#f1 #a_/#h1 ETC41 IS TRANS=M$ 9TO LABOR-P[]1 &1 ON ! O!R H&1 #b_/#c1 #c_/#d1 #d_/#e1 #e_/#f1 #g_/#h 9TO MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,S9CE ! DEM& = LABOR IS DET]M9$ NOT BY ! AM\NT ( CAPITAL AS A :OLE1 BUT BY ITS V>IABLE CON/ITU5T ALONE1 ?AT DEM& FALLS PROGRESSIVELY ) ! 9CREASE ( ! TOTAL CAPITAL1 9/EAD (1 AS PREVI\SLY ASSUM$1 RIS+ 9 PROPORTION TO IT4 ,IT FALLS RELATIVELY TO ! MAGNITUDE ( ! TOTAL CAPITAL1 & AT AN ACCEL]AT$ RATE1 AS ?IS MAGNITUDE 9CREASES4 ,) ! GR[? ( ! TOTAL CAPITAL1 ITS V>IABLE CON/ITU5T OR ! LABOR 9CORPORAT$ 9 IT1 ALSO DOES 9CREASE1 BUT 9 A CON/ANTLY DIM9I%+ PROPORTION4 ,! 9T]M$IATE PAUSES >E %ORT5$1 9 :I* ACCUMULATION WORKS AS SIMPLE EXT5SION ( PRODUCTION1 ON A GIV5 TE*NICAL BASIS4 ,IT IS NOT M]ELY ?AT AN ACCEL]AT$ ACCUMULATION ( TOTAL CAPITAL1 ACCEL]AT$ 9 A CON/ANTLY GR[+ PROGRESSION1 IS NE$$ TO ABSORB AN ADDITIONAL NUMB] ( LABOR]S1 OR EV51 ON ACC\NT ( ! CON/ANT METAMORPHOSIS ( OLD CAPITAL1 TO KEEP EMPLOY$ ?OSE ALREADY FUNCTION+4 ,9 ITS TURN1 ?IS 9CREAS+ ACCUMULATION & C5TRALIZATION BECOMES A S\RCE ( NEW *ANGES 9 ! COMPOSITION ( CAPITAL1 ( A MORE ACCEL]AT$ DIM9UTION ( ITS V>IABLE1 AS COMP>$ ) ITS CON/ANT CON/ITU5T' 7,CAPITAL1 VOL4I1 PP4#f#d#b-#c74 

7#d7 ',! C\RSE *>ACT]I/IC ( MOD]N 9DU/RY1 VIZ41 A DEC5NIAL CYCLE 79T]RUPT$ BY SMALL] OSCILLATIONS71 ( P]IODS ( AV]AGE ACTIVITY1 PRODUCTION AT HI< PRESSURE1 CRISIS & /AGNATION1 DEP5DS ON ! CON/ANT =MATION1 ! GREAT] OR LESS ABSORPTION1 & ! RE-=MATION ( ! 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY OR SURPLUS POPULATION4 ,9 !IR TURN1 ! V>Y+ PHASES ( ! 9DU/RIAL CYCLE RECRUIT ! SURPLUS POPULATION1 & BECOME ONE ( ! MO/ 5]GETIC AG5TS ( ITS REPRODUCTION' 7IBID41 PP4#f#d#f-#g74 

7#e7,CAPITAL1 VOL4I1 PP4#e#i#c-#d7 

7#f7,IBID41 P4#e#i#d4 

7#g7,OP4 CIT41 VOL4II1 PP4#e#i#f-#f#a4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #f1 #bba 3 ,SECTION #a1 ,*APT] #f -- ,ADD$4 
,M>* #f1 #bba 3 ,SECTION #a1 ,*APT] #f -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/