,*APT] #f 
,IMP]IALISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,H[EV] ?AT MAY BE1 WE HAVE AT LA/ >RIV$ AT IMP]IALISM4 ,! CONCLUD+ *APT] ( ,BAU]'S ESSAY IS 5TITL$ ,! ,EXPLANATION ( ,IMP]IALISM4 ,AFT] ?IS1 ! READ] MI<T WELL HOPE F9ALLY TO F9D ONE4 ,AFT] ,BAU] HAD EXPLA9$ ?AT ,I HAD ONLY UNCOV]$ ONE ROOT ( IMP]IALISM1 'BUT NOT ! ONLY ONE'1 ONE C\LD ONLY EXPECT ?AT1 FROM ! /&PO9T ( HIS !ORY1 HE HIMSELF W\LD LAY B>E ! O!R ROOTS4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ?IS WAS NOT ! CASE4 ,TO ! 5D1 ,BAU] FAILS TO GIVE ONE S+LE 9DICATION ( ! O!R ROOTS1 HE KEEPS ! SECRET TO HIMSELF4 ,9 SPITE ( ! CONCLUD+ *APT]'S PROMIS+ TITLE & 9TRODUCTION WE >E /ILL LEFT ) ONLY ! ONE MIS]ABLE 'ROOT' ( IMP]IALISM1 :I* =MS ! 'K]NEL ( TRU?' 9 MY 9CORRECT EXPLANATION4 

,9 DO+ ?IS1 H[EV]1 ,BAU] HAS ALREADY CONC$$ TOO MU* TO ME1 9 ! %APE ( ! 'ONE ROOT' :I* HE K9DLY ACCEPTS AS TRUE'4 ,= H]E TOO IT IS A CASE ( EI!R_/OR1 & ! COMPROMISE :I* ,BAU] TRIES TO MAKE IS BASICALLY AS IMP]MAN5T & E!REAL AS MO/ COMPROMISES4 

,= IF HIS 'POPULATION GR[?' !ORY ( ACCUMULATION W]E CORRECT1 ! 'ROOT' W\LD BE COMPLETELY UNNECESS>Y1 S9CE !N IMP]IALISM W\LD SIMPLY BE IMPOSSIBLE4 

,LET US REM9D \RSELVES :AT ,BAU]'S 'ME*ANISM' CONSI/S (4 ,IT CONSI/S 9 ! FACT ?AT CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION AUTOMATICALLY READJU/S ITSELF TO ! GR[? ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,!N H[ CAN ONE SPEAK ( A 'LIMIT' TO ACCUMULATION8 ,CAPITAL NEI!R NE$S TO NOR CAN IT OV]/EP ?IS LIMIT'4 ,= IF PRODUCTION GR[S FA/] ?AN ! WORK+ CLASS - 9 ,BAU]'S 'OV]-ACCUMULATION' PHASE - IT COMP5SATES = ?IS BY LAGG+ BEH9D ! AVAILABLE WORK+ POPULATION AGA9 9 ! FOLL[+ PHASE ( 'UND]-ACCUMULATION'4 ,9 ?IS WAY !RE IS 9 G5]AL NO SURPLUS CAPITAL 9 ,BAU]'S 'ME*ANISM' :I* C\LD \TGR[ HIS 'LIMIT'4 ,YET = ! SAME REASON ?IS !ORY1 AS WE HAVE SE51 EXCLUDES ! =MATION ( RES]VE CAPITAL & ! ABILITY ( PRODUCTION TO EXP& SUDD5LY4 ,SURPLUS CAPITAL APPE>S AS ONLY A PASS+ PHASE :I* MU/ P]IODICALLY BE REPLAC$ BY ! OPPOSITE EXTREME1 CAPITAL %ORTAGE3 9 ,BAU]'S 'ME*ANISM' BO? PHASES REPLACE EA* O!R ) ! P$ANTIC REGUL>ITY ( NEW MOON & FULL MOON4 ,!RE >E NO MORE 'LIMITS' TO CAPITAL ACCUMULATION ?AN !RE IS A T5D5CY = !SE TO BE EXCE$$2 ,BAU] HIMSELF EXPLICITLY /ATES ?AT ACCUMULATION ALWAYS RETURNS TO ?IS LIMIT ( ITS [N ACCORD1 DUE TO ! 'ME*ANISM ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ITSELF'4.<#a.> ,?US1 !RE IS NO CONFLICT BETWE5 CAPITAL'S ABILITY TO EXP& & AN ALLEG$ LIMITATION4 ,BAU] ONLY TAKES ! TR\BLE TO 9CLUDE !SE CONCEPTS 9 HIS 'ME*ANISM' SO ?AT HE CAN BUILD SOME SORT ( >TIFICIAL BRIDGE BETWE5 IT & IMP]IALISM4 ,! EXPLANATION :I* HE IS COMPELL$ TO GIVE ( IMP]IALISM FROM ! /&PO9T ( HIS !ORY %[S MO/ CLE>LY ?AT ?IS CON/RUCTION IS =C$4 

,S9CE1 ACCORD+ TO ,BAU]1 ! WORK+ CLASS IS ! AXIS >\ND :I* CAPITAL REVOLVES1 EXPANSION ( ! LIMITS TO ACCUMULATION COMES TO MEAN 9CREASE 9 ! POPULATION ( WORK]S6 ,?IS IS D[N 9 BLACK & :ITE 9 ,NEUE ,ZEIT4.<#b.> 

,ACCUMULATION IS AT FIR/ LIMIT$ BY ! GR[? ( ! WORK+ POPULATION4 ,IMP]IALISM 9CREASES ! NUMB] ( WORK]S :O >E =C$ TO SELL !IR LABOR P[] TO CAPITAL4 ,IT ACCOMPLI%ES ?IS BY DE/ROY+ ! OLD MODES ( PRODUCTION 9 COLONIAL >EAS & !REBY =C+ MILLIONS EI!R TO EMIGRATE TO CAPITALI/ >EAS OR TO S]VE ,EUROPEAN OR ,AM]ICAN CAPITAL 9 !IR NATIVE L&1 :]E ! CAPITAL HAS BE5 9VE/$4 ,S9CE ) A GIV5 ORGANIC COMPOSITION ( CAPITAL ! AM\NT ( ACCUMULATION IS DET]M9$ BY ! GR[? 9 ! AVAILABLE WORK+ POPULATION1 IMP]IALISM IS 9 FACT A MEANS TO 5L>GE ! LIMITS ( ACCUMULATION4 

,SO ?IS IS ! MA9 FUNCTION & ! MA9 CONC]N ( IMP]IALISM3 TO 9CREASE 'GREATLY' ! NUMB] ( WORK]S1 EI!R BY IMMIGRATION FROM ! COLONIES OR 9 !IR [N C\NTRY6 ,& ?IS1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ANYONE :O IS 9 FULL POSSESSION ( HIS S5SES IS AW>E1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ( ! CONT9UAL PRES5CE ( A COMPLETE1 CONSOLIDAT$ 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY ( ! PROLET>IAT & UNEMPLOYM5T 9 ! HOME C\NTRIES ( IMP]IALI/ CAPITAL1 9 ! OLD CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 :IL/ 9 ! COLONIES CAPITAL IS ALWAYS COMPLA9+ AB\T LABOR %ORTAGE6 ,?US1 9 ITS URGE = NEW WAGE PROLET>IANS1 IMP]IALI/ CAPITAL ESCAPES FROM ?OSE C\NTRIES :]E RAPID TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS1 ! 5]GETIC PROCESS ( ! PROLET>IANIZATION ( ! 9T]M$IATE /RATA & ! DE/RUCTION ( ! PROLET>IAN FAMILY >E CONT9UALLY REPL5I%+ ! LABOR RES]VE2 IT PREF]S TO FL[ TO ! V]Y P>TS ( ! WORLD 9 :I* RIGID SOCIAL RELATIONS 9 TRADITIONAL =MS ( PROP]TY KEEP ! LABOR =CE 9 SU* /RONG %ACKLES ?AT IT TAKES DECADES ( ! CRU%+ IMPACT ( ! DOM9ATION ( CAPITAL TO PRODUCE1 AS ! F9AL RESULT ( ?IS DOM9ATION1 A SEMI-USABLE PROLET>IAT6 

,BAU] FANTASIZES AB\T A 'GIANT' /REAM ( WORK]S COM+ FROM ! COLONIES TO ! OLD C5T]S ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 :ILE ANYONE ) EYES CAN SEE ?AT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 WORK]S EMIGRATE TO ! COLONIES1 ALONG ) ! EMIGRATION ( CAPITAL FROM ! OLD C5T]S TO ! COLONIES1 :I*1 AS ,M>X SAYS1 '9DE$ ONLY FOLL[S EMIGRAT+ CAPITAL'4 ,9DE$1 LOOK AT ! 'GIANT' /REAM ( PEOPLE FROM ,EUROPE SETTL+ 9 ,NOR? & ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 ,S\? ,AFRICA & ,AU/RALIA 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,LOOK AT ! DIFF]5T MODES ( 'MOD]ATE' SLAV]Y & =C$ LABOR ,EUROPEAN & ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN CAPITAL EMPLOYS TO SECURE ! NECESS>Y M9IMUM ( LABOR 9 ! ,AFRICAN COLONIES1 9 ! ,WE/ ,9DIES1 ,S\? ,AM]ICA & ! ,S\? ,SEAS4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,BAU]1 ,5GLI% CAPITAL F\<T LONG & BLOODY W>S ) ,*9A = HALF A C5TURY TO SECURE A 'GIANT' /REAM ( ,*9ESE COOLIES TO MEET ! DRA/IC LACK ( ,5GLI% WORK]S4 ,! SAME URG5T NE$ MU/ HAVE CAUS$ ! UNIT$ ,EUROPEAN CRUSADE AGA9/ ,*9A AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY4 ,FR5* CAPITAL WAS OBVI\SLY MA9LY AFT] ! ,B]B]S 9 ,MOROCCO TO COMP5SATE = ITS DEFICIT ( ,FR5* PROLET>IANS4 ,NATURALLY1 ,AU/RIAN IMP]IALISM 9 ,S]BIA & ,ALBANIA WAS PRIM>ILY HUNT+ = FRE% LABOR4 ,G]MAN CAPITAL IS N[ SC\R+ ,ASIA ,M9OR & ,MESOPOTAMIA ) A TOR* = ,TURKI% 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 ALL ! MORE AS !RE WAS SU* A %OCK+ LACK ( LABOR 9 ALL SECTORS 9 ,G]MANY BE=E ! ,WORLD ,W>6 ,CLE>LY1 ,OTTO ,BAU]1 'AS A MAN :O SPECULATES'1 HAS YET AGA9 =GOTT5 \R PLA9 E>?4 ,HE COLD-BLOOD$LY 9T]PRETS MOD]N IMP]IALISM AS CAPITALISM 9 SE>* ( NEW LABOR4 ,?IS IS MEANT TO BE ! NUCLEUS1 ! 9N]MO/ PR9CIPLE MOTIVAT+ IMP]IALISM4 ,ONLY AS A MATT] ( SECOND>Y IMPORTANCE DOES HE M5TION ! NE$ = OV]SEAS RAW MAT]IALS1 :I* HAS NO ECONOMIC CONNECTION ) HIS !ORY ( ACCUMULATION1 & COMES LIKE A BOLT FROM ! BLUE4 ,IF ACCUMULATION 9 ! SPECIFIC 'ISOLAT$ CAPITALI/ SOCIETY' CAN FL\RI% AS WELL AS ,BAU] %[S US1 !N IT MU/ HAVE AT H& ALL ! NECESS>Y NATURAL TREASURES & GIFTS FROM HEAV5 ON ! MIRACUL\S ISL& - QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ! MIS]ABLE CAPITALISM ( H>% REALITY1 :I* FROM ITS V]Y 9CEPTION HAS DEP5D$ = ITS EXI/5CE ON ! WORLD'S MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,& F9ALLY1 9 ! ?IRD PLACE1 ,BAU] QUITE CASUALLY M5TIONS 9 TWO S5T5CES ! ACQUISITION ( NEW M>KETS AS A M9OR MOTIVE = IMP]IALISM1 & ONLY AS ANO!R MEANS TO MITIGATE ! CRISES4 ,?IS1 ( C\RSE1 IS ANO!R 'NICE ?+ TO SAY'2 AS IS COMMONLY KN[N ON \R PLANET1 ANY CONSID]ABLE EXPANSION ( ! M>KET IS FOLL[$ BY AN 5ORM\S %>P5+ ( ! CRISES4 

,?IS IS ! 'EXPLANATION ( IMP]IALISM' ,OTTO ,BAU] F9ALLY GIVES3 ',9 \R OP9ION CAPITALISM IS POSSIBLE EV5 )\T EXPANSION4'.<#c.> ,?IS IS ! CULM9ATION ( HIS !ORY ( 'ISOLAT$' ACCUMULATION1 & WE >E LEFT ) ! CONSOL+ ASSURANCE ?AT ONE WAY OR ! O!R1 ') OR )\T EXPANSION CAPITALISM WILL BR+ AB\T ITS [N D[NFALL 444' 

,?AT IS HI/ORICAL MAT]IALI/ RESE>* ME?OD 9 'EXP]T' EXECUTION4 ,SO CAPITALISM IS ALSO CONCEIVABLE EV5 )\T EXPANSION4 ,9DE$1 = ,M>X ! URGE ( CAPITALISM TO EXP& SUDD5LY =MS A VITAL ELEM5T1 ! MO/ \T/&+ FEATURE ( MOD]N DEVELOPM5T2 9DE$1 EXPANSION HAS ACCOMPANI$ ! 5TIRE HI/ORY ( CAPITALISM & 9 ITS PRES5T1 F9AL1 IMP]IALI/ PHASE1 IT HAS ADOPT$ SU* AN UNBRIDL$ *>ACT] ?AT IT PUTS ! :OLE CIVILIZATION ( MANK9D 9 QUE/ION4 ,9DE$1 ?IS UNTAMABLE DRIVE ( CAPITAL TO EXP& HAS GRADUALLY CON/RUCT$ A WORLD M>KET1 CONNECT$ ! MOD]N WORLD ECONOMY & SO LAID ! HI/ORICAL BASIS = SOCIALISM4 ,9DE$1 ! PROLET>IAN ,9T]NATIONAL1 :I* IS TO MAKE AN 5D ( CAPITALISM1 IS ITSELF ONLY A PRODUCT ( ! GLOBAL EXPANSION ( CAPITAL4 ,BUT ALL ?IS IS QUITE UNNECESS>Y1 A DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL C\RSE IS CONCEIVABLE4 ,9DE$1 IS ANY?+ '9CONCEIVABLE' = A P[]FUL ?9K]8 ',9 \R OP9ION CAPITALISM IS CONCEIVABLE EV5 )\T EXPANSION4' ,9 \R OP9ION MOD]N DEVELOPM5T IS CONCEIVABLE EV5 )\T ! DISCOV]Y ( ,AM]ICA & ! CIRCUMNAVIGATION ( ,AFRICA4 ,IF ONE ?9KS AB\T IT = LONG 5\< ONE CAN EV5 CONCEIVE ( MAN'S HI/ORY )\T CAPITALISM4 ,F9ALLY1 ! SOL> SY/EM IS CONCEIVABLE )\T \R E>?4 ,G]MAN PHILOSOPHY IS P]HAPS CONCEIVABLE )\T ITS 'METAPHYSICAL CLUMS9ESS'4 ,ONLY ONE ?+ SEEMS TO US TO BE QUITE 9CONCEIVABLE3 ?AT AN (FICIAL ,M>XISM :I* ?9KS 9 ?IS WAY C\LD1 AS ! 9TELLECTUAL AVANT G>DE ( ! ,LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ! PHASE ( IMP]IALISM1 HAVE RESULT$ 9 SOME?+ O!R ?AN ! MIS]ABLE FIASCO ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY :I* WE HAVE TO WITNESS TODAY 9 ! ,WORLD ,W>4 

,( C\RSE1 TACTICS & /RATEGY 9 ! PRACTICAL /RUGGLE >E NOT DIRECTLY DEP5D5T ON :E!R ONE CONSID]S ! SECOND VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL TO BE A F9I%$ WORK OR JU/ A FRAGM5T1 :E!R ONE BELIEVES 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( ACCUMULATION 9 AN 'ISOLAT$' CAPITALI/ SOCIETY OR NOT1 :E!R ONE 9T]PRETS ,M>X'S MODELS ( REPRODUCTION ONE WAY OR ! O!R4 ,?\S&S ( PROLET>IANS >E GOOD & BRAVE FI<T]S = ! AIMS ( SOCIALISM )\T KN[+ AB\T !SE !ORETICAL PROBLEMS 4 = ! REASONS ( A COMMON BASIC UND]/&+ ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 AN 9CORRUPTIBLE CLASS 9/9CT & ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITIONS ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,BUT !RE IS ! CLOSE/ CONNECTION BETWE5 ! UND]/&+ & TREATM5T ( !ORETICAL PROBLEMS & ! PRACTICE ( POLITICAL P>TIES OV] LONG P]IODS4 ,9 ! DECADE BE=E ! ,WORLD ,W>1 ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 AS ! 9T]NATIONAL METROPOLIS ( PROLET>IAN 9TELLECTUAL LIFE1 DISPLAY$ TOTAL H>MONY 9 !ORETICAL AS WELL AS PRACTICAL >EAS2 9 BO? >EAS ! SAME 9DECISION & OSSIFICATION APPE>$1 & IT WAS ! SAME IMP]IALISM AS ! OV]:ELM+LY DOM9ANT MANIFE/ATION ( PUBLIC LIFE :I* DEFEAT$ ! !ORETICAL AS WELL AS ! POLITICAL G5]AL /AFF ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,! PR\D MONOLI?IC $IFICE ( (FICIAL ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY WAS REVEAL$ AT ITS FIR/ HI/ORICAL TRIAL TO BE A ,POTEMK9 VILLAGE4.<#d.> ,SIMIL>LY1 ! APP>5T !ORETICAL 'EXP]T KN[L$GE' & 9FALLIBILITY ( (FICIAL ,M>XISM1 :I* BLESS$ EV]Y PRACTICE ( ! MOVEM5T1 TURN$ \T TO BE A GR&IOSE FACADE HID+ ITS 9N] 9SECURITY & 9ABILITY TO ACT BEH9D 9TOL]ANT & 9SOL5T DOGMATISM4 ,! SAD R\T9E MOV+ ALONG ! OLD TRACKS ( ! 'TRI$ & TE/$ TACTICS'1 I4E4 NO?+ BUT P>LIAM5T>IANISM1 CORRESPOND$ TO ! !ORETICAL EPIGONS :O CLUNG TO ! MA/]'S =MULA :IL/ R5\NC+ ! LIV+ SPIRIT ( HIS TEA*+S4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY NOT$ 9 PASS+ SOME PRO( ( ?IS ?\<TLESSNESS 9 ! 'SUPREME C\RT' ( 'EXP]TS'4 

,BUT ! CONNECTION ) PRACTICE IS 9 \R CASE EV5 MORE OBVI\S ?AN IT MAY SEEM AT FIR/ SI<T4 ,IT BASICALLY MEANS TWO DIFF]5T ME?ODS ( FI<T+ IMP]IALISM4 

,M>X'S ANALYSIS ( ACCUMULATION WAS DEVELOP$ AT A TIME :5 IMP]IALISM HAD NOT YET 5T]$ ON TO ! WORLD /AGE4 ,! F9AL & ABSOLUTE RULE ( CAPITAL OV] ! WORLD - ! PRECONDITION ON :I* ,M>X BASES HIS ANALYSIS - 5TAILS ! A PRIORI EXCLUSION ( ! PROCESS ( IMP]IALISM4 ,BUT - & H]E LIES ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ]RORS ( A ,M>X & ! CRASS BLUND]S ( HIS EPIGONS - 9 ?IS CASE EV5 ! ]ROR LEADS ON TO SOME?+ FRUITFUL4 ,! PROBLEM POS$ & LEFT UNANSW]$ 9 ! SECOND VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL - TO %[ H[ ACCUMULATION TAKES PLACE UND] ! EXCLUSIVE RULE ( CAPITALISM - IS 9SOLUBLE4 ,ACCUMULATION IS SIMPLY IMPOSSIBLE UND] !SE CONDITIONS4 ,?IS APP>5TLY RIGID !ORETICAL CONTRADICTION HAS ONLY TO BE TRANSLAT$ 9TO HI/ORICAL DIALECTICS1 9 ?AT IT CON=MS TO ! SPIRIT ( ! 5TIRE ,M>XI/ TEA*+ & WAY ( ?9K+1 & ! CONTRADICTION 9 ,M>X'S MODEL BECOMES ! LIV+ MIRROR ( ! GLOBAL C>E] ( CAPITALISM1 ( ITS =TUNE & FALL4 

,ACCUMULATION IS IMPOSSIBLE 9 AN EXCLUSIVELY CAPITALI/ 5VIRONM5T4 ,!RE=E1 WE F9D ?AT CAPITAL HAS BE5 DRIV5 S9CE ITS V]Y 9CEPTION TO EXP& 9TO NON-CAPITALI/ /RATA & NATIONS1 RU9 >TISANS & PEASANTRY1 PROLET>IANIZE ! 9T]M$IATE /RATA1 ! POLITICS ( COLONIALISM1 ! POLITICS ( 'OP5+-UP' & ! EXPORT ( CAPITAL4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM HAS BE5 POSSIBLE ONLY ?R\< CON/ANT EXPANSION 9TO NEW DOMA9S ( PRODUCTION & NEW C\NTRIES4 ,BUT ! GLOBAL DRIVE TO EXP& LEADS TO A COLLISION BETWE5 CAPITAL & PRE-CAPITALI/ =MS ( SOCIETY1 RESULT+ 9 VIOL5CE1 W>1 REVOLUTION3 9 BRIEF1 CATA/ROPHES FROM />T TO F9I%1 ! VITAL ELEM5T ( CAPITALISM4 

,CAPITAL ACCUMULATION PROGRESSES & EXP&S AT ! EXP5SE ( NON-CAPITALI/ /RATA & C\NTRIES1 SQUEEZ+ !M \T AT AN EV] FA/] RATE4 ,! G5]AL T5D5CY & F9AL RESULT ( ?IS PROCESS IS ! EXCLUSIVE WORLD RULE ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,ONCE ?IS IS REA*$1 ,M>X'S MODEL BECOMES VALID3 ACCUMULATION1 I4E4 FUR!R EXPANSION ( CAPITAL1 BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE4 ,CAPITALISM COMES TO A DEAD 5D1 IT CANNOT FUNCTION ANY MORE AS ! HI/ORICAL VEHICLE = ! UNFOLD+ ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES1 IT REA*ES ITS OBJECTIVE ECONOMIC LIMIT4 ,! CONTRADICTION 9 ,M>X'S MODEL ( ACCUMULATION IS1 SE5 DIALECTICALLY1 ONLY ! LIV+ CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! B\NDLESS EXPANSIONI/ DRIVE & ! LIMIT CAPITAL CREATES = ITSELF ?R\< PROGRESSIVE DE/RUCTION ( ALL O!R =MS ( PRODUCTION2 IT IS ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! HUGE PRODUCTIVE =CES :I* IT AWAK5S ?R\<\T ! WORLD DUR+ ! PROCESS ( ACCUMULATION & ! N>R[ BASIS TO :I* IT IS CONF9$ BY ! LAWS ( ACCUMULATION4 ,M>X'S MODEL ( ACCUMULATION - :5 PROP]LY UND]/OOD - IS PRECISELY 9 ITS 9SOLUBILITY ! EXACT PROGNOSIS ( ! ECONOMICALLY UNAVOIDABLE D[NFALL ( CAPITALISM AS A RESULT ( ! IMP]IALI/ PROCESS ( EXPANSION :OSE SPECIFIC TASK IT IS TO REALIZE ,M>X'S ASSUMPTION3 ! G5]AL & UNDIVID$ RULE ( CAPITAL4 

,CAN ?IS EV] REALLY HAPP58 ,?AT IS1 ( C\RSE1 !ORETICAL FICTION1 PRECISELY BECAUSE CAPITAL ACCUMULATION IS NOT JU/ AN ECONOMIC BUT ALSO A POLITICAL PROCESS4 

,IMP]IALISM IS AS MU* A HI/ORICAL ME?OD = PROLONG+ CAPITAL'S EXI/5CE AS IT IS ! SURE/ WAY ( SETT+ AN OBJECTIVE LIMIT TO ITS EXI/5CE AS FA/ AS POSSIBLE4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ! F9AL PO9T NE$ ACTUALLY BE ATTA9$4 ,! V]Y T5D5CY ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T T[>DS ?IS 5D IS EXPRESS$ 9 =MS :I* MAKE ! CONCLUD+ PHASE ( CAPITALISM A P]IOD ( CATA/ROPHES4.<#e.> 

,! MORE RU?LESSLY CAPITAL USES MILIT>ISM TO PUT AN 5D TO NON-CAPITALI/ /RATA 9 ! \TSIDE WORLD & AT HOME1 ! MORE IT DEPRESSES ! CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE ( ALL WORK+ /RATA1 ! MORE ! DAY-TO-DAY HI/ORY ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION ON ! WORLD /AGE *ANGES 9TO AN 5DLESS *A9 ( POLITICAL & SOCIAL CATA/ROPHES & CONVULSIONS2 !SE LATT]1 TOGE!R ) ! P]IODIC ECONOMIC CATA/ROPHES 9 ! %APE ( CRISES1 MAKE CONT9U$ ACCUMULATION IMPOSSIBLE & ! REBELLION ( ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK+ CLASS AGA9/ ! RULE ( CAPITAL NECESS>Y1 EV5 BE=E IT HAS ECONOMICALLY REA*$ ! LIMITS IT SET = ITSELF4.<#f.> 

,H]E1 AS ELSE:]E 9 HI/ORY1 !ORY IS P]=M+ ITS DUTY IF IT %[S US ! T5D5CY ( DEVELOPM5T1 ! LOGICAL CONCLUSION TO :I* IT IS OBJECTIVELY HEAD+4 ,!RE IS AS LITTLE *ANCE ( ?IS CONCLUSION BE+ REA*$ AS !RE WAS = ANY O!R PREVI\S P]IOD ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T TO UNFOLD ITSELF COMPLETELY4 ,! NE$ = IT TO BE REA*$ BECOMES LESS AS SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS1 EMBODI$ ?IS TIME 9 ! SOCIALI/ PROLET>IAT1 BECOMES MORE 9VOLV$ AS AN ACTIVE FACTOR 9 ! BL9D GAME ( =CES4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 TOO1 A CORRECT CONCEPTION ( ,M>X'S !ORY (F]S ! MO/ FRUITFUL SUGGE/IONS & ! MO/ P[]FUL /IMULUS = ?IS CONSCI\SNESS4 

,MOD]N IMP]IALISM IS NOT ! PRELUDE TO ! EXPANSION ( CAPITAL1 AS 9 ,BAU]'S MODEL2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS ONLY ! LA/ *APT] ( ITS HI/ORICAL PROCESS ( EXPANSION3 IT IS ! P]IOD ( UNIV]SALLY %>P5$ WORLD COMPETITION BETWE5 ! CAPITALI/ /ATES = ! LA/ REMA9+ NON-CAPITALI/ >EAS ON E>?4 ,9 ?IS F9AL PHASE1 ECONOMIC & POLITICAL CATA/ROPHE IS JU/ AS MU* ! 9TR9SIC1 NORMAL MODE ( EXI/5CE = CAPITAL AS IT WAS 9 ! 'PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION' ( ITS DEVELOPM5T PHASE4 ,! DISCOV]Y ( ,AM]ICA & ! SEA R\TE TO ,9DIA W]E NOT JU/ ,PROME!AN A*IEVEM5TS ( ! HUMAN M9D & CIVILIZATION BUT ALSO1 & 9SEP>ABLY1 A S]IES ( MASS MURD]S ( PRIMITIVE PEOPLES 9 ! ,NEW ,WORLD & L>GE-SCALE SLAVE TRAD+ ) ! PEOPLES ( ,AFRICA & ,ASIA4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! ECONOMIC EXPANSION ( CAPITAL 9 ITS IMP]IALI/ F9AL PHASE IS 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! S]IES ( COLONIAL CONQUE/S & ,WORLD ,W>S :I* WE >E N[ EXP]I5C+4 ,:AT DI/+UI%ES IMP]IALISM AS ! LA/ /RUGGLE = CAPITALI/ WORLD DOM9ATION IS NOT SIMPLY ! REM>KABLE 5]GY & UNIV]SALITY ( EXPANSION BUT - & ?IS IS ! SPECIFIC SIGN ?AT ! CIRCLE ( DEVELOPM5T IS BEG9N+ TO CLOSE - ! RETURN ( ! DECISIVE /RUGGLE = EXPANSION FROM ?OSE >EAS :I* >E BE+ F\<T OV] BACK TO ITS HOME C\NTRIES4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 IMP]IALISM BR+S CATA/ROPHE AS A MODE ( EXI/5CE BACK FROM ! P]IPH]Y ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T TO ITS PO9T ( DEP>TURE4 ,! EXPANSION ( CAPITAL1 :I* = F\R C5TURIES HAD GIV5 ! EXI/5CE & CIVILIZATION ( ALL NON-CAPITALI/ PEOPLES 9 ,ASIA1 ,AFRICA1 ,AM]ICA & ,AU/RALIA OV] TO CEASELESS CONVULSIONS & G5]AL & COMPLETE DECL9E1 IS N[ PLUNG+ ! CIVILIZ$ PEOPLES ( ,EUROPE ITSELF 9TO A S]IES ( CATA/ROPHES :OSE F9AL RESULT CAN ONLY BE ! DECL9E ( CIVILIZATION OR ! TRANSITION TO ! SOCIALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,SE5 9 ?IS LI<T1 ! POSITION ( ! PROLET>IAT ) REG>D TO IMP]IALISM LEADS TO A G5]AL CONFRONTATION ) ! RULE ( CAPITAL4 ,! SPECIFIC RULES ( ITS CONDUCT >E GIV5 BY ?AT HI/ORICAL ALT]NATIVE4 

,ACCORD+ TO (FICIAL 'EXP]T' ,M>XISM1 ! RULES >E QUITE DIFF]5T4 ,! BELIEF 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( ACCUMULATION 9 AN 'ISOLAT$ CAPITALI/ SOCIETY'1 ! BELIEF ?AT CAPITALISM IS CONCEIVABLE EV5 )\T EXPANSION1 IS ! !ORETICAL =MULA ( A QUITE DI/9CT TACTICAL T5D5CY4 ,! LOGICAL CONCLUSION ( ?IS IDEA IS TO LOOK ON ! PHASE ( IMP]IALISM NOT AS A HI/ORICAL NECESSITY1 AS ! DECISIVE CONFLICT = SOCIALISM1 BUT AS ! WICK$ 9V5TION ( A SMALL GR\P ( PEOPLE :O PR(IT FROM IT4 ,?IS LEADS TO CONV9C+ ! B\RGEOISIE ?AT1 EV5 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( !IR CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S1 IMP]IALISM & MILIT>ISM >E H>MFUL1 ?US ISOLAT+ ! ALLEG$ SMALL GR\P ( B5EFICI>IES ( ?IS IMP]IALISM & =M+ A BLOC ( ! PROLET>IAT ) BROAD SECTIONS ( ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ORD] TO 'MOD]ATE' IMP]IALISM1 />VE IT \T BY 'P>TIAL DIS>MAM5T' & 'DRAW ITS CLAWS'6 ,JU/ AS LIB]ALISM 9 ! P]IOD ( ITS DECL9E APPEALS = A WELL-9=M$ AS AGA9/ AN ILL-9=M$ MON>*Y1 ! ',M>XI/ C5T]' APPEALS = ! B\RGEOISIE IT WILL $UCATE AS AGA9/ ! ILL-ADVIS$ ONE1 = 9T]NATIONAL DIS>MAM5T TREATIES AS AGA9/ ! DISA/] C\RSE ( IMP]IALISM1 = ! PEACEFUL F$]ATION ( DEMOCRATIC.- NATION /ATES AS AGA9/ ! /RUGGLE ( ! GREAT P[]S = >M$ WORLD DOM9ATION4 ,! F9AL CONFRONTATION BETWE5 PROLET>IAT & CAPITAL TO SETTLE !IR WORLD-HI/ORICAL CONTRADICTION IS CONV]T$ 9TO ! UTOPIA ( A HI/ORICAL COMPROMISE BETWE5 PROLET>IAT & B\RGEOISIE TO 'MOD]ATE' ! IMP]IALI/ CONTRADICTIONS BETWE5 CAPITALI/ /ATES4.<#g.> 

,OTTO ,BAU] CONCLUDES HIS CRITICISM ( MY BOOK ) ! FOLL[+ WORDS3 

,CAPITALISM WILL NOT COLLAPSE FROM ! ME*ANICAL IMPOSSIBILITY ( REALIZ+ SURPLUS VALUE4 ,IT WILL BE DEFEAT$ BY ! REBELLION TO :I* IT DRIVES ! MASSES4 ,NOT ONLY !N1 :5 ! LA/ PEASANT & ! LA/ PETTY-B\RGEOIS *ANGE 9TO WAGE-WORK]S1 ?US NO LONG] PROVID+ A SURPLUS M>KET1 WILL CAPITALISM DIS9TEGRATE3 IT WILL BE CUT D[N MU* E>LI] BY ! GR[+ REBELLION ( ! EV]-RIS+ WORK+ CLASS1 $UCAT$1 UNIT$ & ORGANIZ$ BY ! ME*ANISM ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION ITSELF4 

,9 ORD] TO DIRECT ?IS ADVICE TO ME SPECIFICALLY1 ,BAU]1 A MA/] ( AB/RACTION1 HAD TO AB/RACT NOT ONLY FROM ! 5TIRE MEAN+ & DIRECTION ( MY CONCEPTION ( ACCUMULATION1 BUT ALSO FROM ! CLE> TEXT ( MY /ATEM5TS4 ,HIS [N BRAVE WORDS1 H[EV]1 CAN ONCE AGA9 ONLY BE CON/RU$ AS A TYPICAL AB/RACTION ( 'EXP]T' ,M>XISM1 I4E4 AS ! H>MLESS BUT %ORT-LIV$ FLICK]+ ( 'PURE ?\<T'4 ,?IS IS DEMON/RAT$ BY ! POSITION ( ?IS GR\P ( !ORETICIANS T[>DS ! \TBREAK ( ! ,WORLD ,W>4 ,! REBELLION ( ! EV]-RIS+1 $UCAT$ & ORGANIZ$ WORK+ CLASS SUDD5LY *ANG$ 9TO ! POLICY ( 'AB/5TION' ON EPO*-MAK+ DECISIONS ( WORLD HI/ORY & 'SIL5CE' UNTIL ! BELLS ( PEACE R+ \T4 ',! ROAD TO P[]'1 BRILLIANTLY ILLU/RAT$ D[N TO ! LA/ DETAIL 9 A P]IOD ( S]5E PEACE1 :5 !RE WAS /ILL NOT A S\ND 9 ! TREETOPS1.<#h.> *ANG$ C\RSE /RAI<T TO ! 'ROAD TO IMPOT5CE' AT ! FIR/ GU/ ( REALITY4 ,! EPIGONS :O HELD ! (FICIAL !ORETICAL LEAD]%IP ( ! ,LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ! LA/ DECADE BANKRUPT$ !MSELVES AT ! FIR/ \TBREAK ( ! WORLD CRISIS & H&$ LEAD]%IP OV] TO IMP]IALISM4 ,A CLE> UND]/&+ ( !SE CONNECTIONS IS ONE ( ! ESS5TIAL CONDITIONS = ! RECON/RUCTION ( A PROLET>IAN POLICY :I* W\LD MEASURE UP TO ITS HI/ORICAL TASKS 9 ! P]IOD ( IMP]IALISM4 

,ONCE AGA91 ! SELF-PITY+ WILL BEWAIL ! FACT ?AT ',M>XI/S >E >GU+ AMONG !MSELVES'1 ?AT TRI$ & TE/$ 'AU?ORITIES' >E BE+ CONTE/$4 ,BUT ,M>XISM IS NOT A DOZ5 PEOPLE :O ASCRIBE ! RI<T TO 'EXP]T KN[L$GE' TO EA* O!R & BE=E :OM ! MASS ( FAI?FUL ,MOSLEMS MU/ PRO/RATE !MSELVES 9 BL9D TRU/4 

,M>XISM IS A REVOLUTION>Y WORLD \TLOOK :I* MU/ ALWAYS /RIVE = NEW DISCOV]IES1 :I* COMPLETELY DESPISES RIGIDITY 9 ONCE-VALID !SES1 & :OSE LIV+ =CE IS BE/ PRES]V$ 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL CLA% ( SELF-CRITICISM & ! R\< & TUMBLE ( HI/ORY4 ,?US1 ,I AGREE ) ,LESS+1 :O WROTE TO ! Y\NG ,REIM>US3 

',BUT :AT CAN ONE DO6 ,LET EA* MAN SAY :AT HE ?9KS TO BE ! TRU?1 & LEAVE TRU? ITSELF TO ,GOD4' 

,FOOTNOTES 

.<#a.>,NEUE ,ZEIT1 #a#i#a#c1 ,NO4#b#d1 P4#h#g#c4 _<P4#a#h_> 

.<#b.>LOC4 CIT4 _<P4#a#i_> 

.<#c.>LOC4 CIT41 P4#h#g#d4 _<P4#a#i_> 

.<#d.> .<,POTEMK9 VILLAGES4 ,GREGORY ,ALEX&ROVI* ,POTEMK9 7#a#g#b#d-#i#a71 ! MO/ \T/&+ P]SONALITY ( ! TIME ( ,CA!R9E ! ,GREAT1 & SAID TO HAVE BE5 ,CA!R9E'S LOV]1 WAS AU?ORIZ$ BY ! ,EMPRESS TO ORGANIZE ',NEW ,RUSSIA' 9 ! ,S\?4 ,HE BR\<T OLD PORTS UP TO DATE1 SET UP NEW VILLAGES & F\ND$ ,EKAT]9ISLAV 7,CA!R9E'S ,GLORY74 ,HIS CRITICS ALLEG$ ?AT HIS VILLAGES W]E C>DBO>D FRONTS1 BUILT TO DECEIVE ! ,EMPRESS :5 %E T\R$ ! >EA4.> 

.<#e.> ,LUXEMBURG1 ,! ,ACCUMULATION ( ,CAPITAL1 P4#d#b#e4 .<,SEE P4#d#d#f1 ,LONDON $N4.> 

.<#f.>IBID41 P4#d#d#e4 .<P4#d#f#f1 ,LONDON $N4.> 

.<#g.> ,ECK/E91 :O D5\NC$ ME = ! 'CATA/ROPHE !ORY' 9 HIS REVIEW 9 ,VORW>TS ( ,JANU>Y #aiac BY SIMPLY BORR[+ FROM ! VOCABUL>Y ( ,KOLB-,HE9E-,DAVID3 7',! PRACTICAL CONCLUSION :I* ,COMRADE ,LUXEMBURG CON/RUCTS ON ! !ORY ( NECESSITY ( NON-CAPITALI/ CONSUM]S1 ESPECIALLY ! CATA/ROPHE !ORY1 FALLS ) ! !ORETICAL ASSUMPTION'7 - IS D5\NC+ ME N[1 S9CE ! SWAMP !ORETICIANS HAVE TAK5 A 'LEFT' TURN1 = ! OPPOSITE CRIME ( AID+ & ABETT+ ! RI<T-W+ ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,HE PO9TS \T EAG]LY ?AT ,L5S*1 ! SAME ,L5S* :O GRAVITAT$ TO ,KOLB-,HE9E-,DAVID 9 ! ,WORLD ,W>1 APPROV$ ( MY BOOK & REVIEW$ IT FAVORABLY 9 ! ,LEIPZIG] ,VOLKSZEITUNG4 ,IS ! CONNECTION NOT OBVI\S8 ,SUSPICI\S1 HI<LY SUSPICI\S6 ',= ?AT V]Y REASON' ,ECK/E9 HAD FELT HIMSELF OBLIG$ TO DE/ROY MY BOOK SO ?OR\<LY 9 ,VORW>TS4 ,BUT ! V]Y SAME ,L5S* APPROV$ ( ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL EV5 MORE - BE=E ! W>4 ,YES1 & A MAN CALL$ ,MAX ,GRUNWALD WAS = YE>S AN 5?USIA/IC 9T]PRET] ( ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL AT ! ,B]L9 ,WORK]S' ,$UCATION ,S*OOL4 ,IS ?AT NOT CONV9C+ PRO( ?AT ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL DIRECTLY LEADS ONE TO *E] = ,5GL&'S DE/RUCTION & WRITE BIR?DAY >TICLES = ,H9D5BURG8 ,BUT ?AT SORT ( BLUND] HAPP5S TO ,ECK/E91 RU9+ HIS 9T5TIONS4 ,AS IS WELL KN[N1 ALREADY ,BISM>CK COMPLA9$ (T5 AB\T ! BL9D EAG]NESS ( HIS J\RNALI/IC REPTILES4 

.<#h.> .<',9 ALL5 ,WIPFELN ,RUH' - QUOTATION FROM ,GOE! - ,TRANS4.> 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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