,DAY #c1 ,AFT]NOON ,SESSION 
,?URSDAY1 ,JUNE #bi 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7,I,W,W7 

,TEXT 3 

,C,O,N,V,5,T,I,O,N 

,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 
,?,I,R,D ,D,A,Y 
,?URSDAY1 ,JUNE #bi 
,A,F,T,],N,O,O,N ,S,E,S,S,I,O,N 

,*AIRMAN ,HAYWOOD CALL$ ! CONV5TION TO ORD] AB\T ONE O'CLOCK4 

,! ,*,A,I,R,M,A,N3 ,:5 ! CONV5TION ADJ\RN$ WE W]E UND] ! HEAD ( DISCUSSION ( ! REASON = ! ,MANIFE/O4 

,S,P,E,E,* ,( ,A4 ,K,L,E,M,5,S,I,C1 ,P,U,E,B,L,O4 

,D,E,L4 ,K,L,E,M,5,S,I,C3 ,BRO!R ,*AIRMAN1 ,BRO!R ,DELEGATES & ,SI/] ,DELEGATES3 ,AS ,I UND]/& ! CONDITIONS 9 ?IS C\NTRY S9CE ,I L&$ ON !SE %ORES FIFTE5 YE>S AGO1 9 #a#h#i1 ,I HAVE SE5 ?AT !RE IS A BOTTOM1 A MA9 PHILOSOPHY TO BE F\ND AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS :I* =M ! P$E/AL TO ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,! PREVAIL+ PHILOSOPHY IS ?IS3 0,GET RI* QUICK2 HONE/LY IF Y\ CAN1 BUT GET RI* ANYH[40 ,& ?IS 0GET RI* QUICK ANYH[0 BR+S US TO ! /&>D1 TO ! CONDITIONS ?AT ,COMRADE ,TRAUTMANN WAS 9DICT+1 ! MA9 FEATURE ( ! TRADE ORGANIZATIONS AS !Y EXI/ UND] ! W+ ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR4 ,N[1 ,I W\LD LIKE TO CALL ATT5TION TO ?IS FACT3 ?AT ! ORGANIZATIONS W]E ORGANIZ$ UND] ?IS MA9 BOTTOM PHILOSOPHY1 0,GET RI* QUICK 2 GET RI* ANYH[ 2 HONE/LY IF Y\ CAN1 BUT MAKE MONEY IF Y\ CAN40 ,N[1 !N1 UND] ?AT PHILOSOPHY1 CAN Y\ BLAME ! LABOR FAKIR IF HE PREYS ON Y\ OR O!RWISE GETS RI*1 IF HE C>RIES \T Y\R [N PHILOSOPHY8 

,D,E,L4 ,S,U,N,A,G,E,L3 ,MR4 ,*AIRMAN-- 

,D,E,L4 ,K,L,E,M,5,S,I,C3 ,SIT D[N4 ,Y\ WILL GET Y\R TURN4 

,D,E,L4 ,S,U,N,A,G,E,L3 ,I 9SI/ ?AT ! DELEGATE %ALL SPEAK UPON SOME?+ ?AT ! *AIR HAS ANN\NC$ AS PROP] = DISCUSSION4 

,! ,*,A,I,R,M,A,N3 ,DELEGATE ,SUNAGEL4 P]MIT ! *AIR TO SAY ?AT IF Y\ CONT9UE TO 9T]RUPT ?IS CONV5TION IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO REMOVE Y\ FROM ! HALL4 ,BRO!R ,KLEM5SIC WILL CONT9UE4 7,APPLAUSE47 

,D,E,L4 ,K,L,E,M,5,S,I,C3 ,N[1 TAK+ ?IS AS ! MA9 PHILOSOPHY ON :I* ! TRADE UNIONS W]E ORGANIZ$1 Y\ MU/ UND]/& ?AT IF ! ORGANIZ]S & MEMB]S ( ! TRADE ORGANIZATIONS HAD UND]/OOD FROM ! />T ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 ALL ?OSE /RUGGLES NEV] W\LD HAVE COME UP1 & ! CONDITION :]EBY ! CAPTA9 ( 9DU/RY CONTROLS ! MANAGEM5T ( LABOR ORGANIZATIONS & SECURES H>MONY BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR & ALL WORK = ! AGGR&IZEM5T ( ! CAPITALI/IC PLUTOCRACY W\LD NEV] HAVE COME TO PASS4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y = US TO UND]/& CLE>LY & PLA9LY ! CONDITIONS4 ,9 #ahi ! CLASS /RUGGLE WAS AT A V]Y L[ EBB1 & ?OSE ( US :O HAVE BE5 WAT*+ CONDITIONS 9 ?IS C\NTRY = ! LA/ TW5TY YE>S KN[ ! REASON :Y4 ,Y\ KN[ ?AT 9 ?IS C\NTRY !RE W]E 9DU/RIAL /RIKES BEGUN 9 #ahhd & #ahhe & #a#h#h#f1 & Y\ KN[ :AT ! RESULT WAS4 ,! PLUTOCRACY WANT$ VICTIMS1 & !Y GOT !IR VICTIMS4 ,I HAVE SE5 M5 HANG$ = ! TRU? 9 ?IS CITY1 9 ?IS V]Y PLACE4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,9DU/RIAL UNIONISM AT ?AT TIME HAD BEGUN TO %AKE CAPITALISM TO ITS V]Y F\NDATION1 & ! JUDGES & PLUTOCRATS 9 ?IS C\NTRY DECID$ TO HANG ! M5 ) ! HOPE ( HANG+ 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM AT ! SAME TIME4 ,BUT LET ME TELL Y\ ?AT 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM IS H]E 9 ?IS V]Y CITY AGA9 TO DECL>E ITS RI<T & DEM& ITS RI<T4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,! VOICES ?AT PLUTOCRACY ?\<T TO SIL5CE :5 IT TRI$ TO HANG UNIONISM >E HE>D AGA91 & WE >E H]E TO-DAY TO REORGANIZE ?AT V]Y WORK ?AT WAS />T$ TW5TY YE>S AGO4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,! CONDITIONS ?AT W]E BR\<T =W>D ) ! REORGANIZ$ ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR W]E !SE3 ?AT ! WORKMAN IS WILL+ TO BE A SLAVE2 HE WANTS TO BE A SLAVE1 & HE PRAISES ! LORD & MA/] = HIS K9DNESS 9 GIV+ HIM A JOB4 ,HE WILL KICK AGA9/ GETT+ @s#b4#e = A DAY'S WORK ( EI<T OR N9E H\RS1 BUT HE WILL LICK ! BOOTS ( ! MA/] IF HE CAN GET @s#c A DAY4 ,N[1 ?R\< ?IS SY/EM !Y HAVE BE5 ABLE TO ORGANIZE AN 9DU/RIAL >I/OCRACY AS ,BRO!R ,TRAUTMANN V]Y WELL EXPLA9$ ?IS MORN+4 ,BY MEANS ( ?IS SY/EM !RE >E SOME FEW PRIVILEG$ M5 :O1 ?R\< !IR P[] ) LABOR ORGANIZATIONS & ?R\< FRAT]NIZ+ ) ! CAPITALI/S1 >E MAK+ GOOD WAGES2 !Y HAVE GOT SOME /&+ 9 SOCIETY & !Y >E V]Y RESPECTABLE CITIZ5S1 & !RE=E ANY ONE ?AT WILL REBEL AGA9/ G5]AL CONDITIONS IS TO BE AN \TCA/ FROM SOCIETY4 ,?AT WAS ! CONDITION ?AT WAS BR\<T AB\T AFT] ! RE-ORGANIZATION1 AFT] ! TR\BLES H]E 9 ,*ICAGO & 9 O!R PLACES4 

,N[1 !N1 ! $UCATION W5T ON AFT] ! HANG+ ( ! M5 H]E 9 ,*ICAGO4 ,! CLASS /RUGGLE IS MORE & MORE PROM95T4 ,BRO!R ,TRAUTMANN EXPLA9$ V]Y PLA9LY H[ ! CORRUPTION IS GO+ DO 9 TRADE UNIONS4 ,ALL ?OSE ?AT HAVE BE5 WAT*+ ! MOVEM5T 9 ! DIFF]5T ,SOCIALI/ P>TIES1 ,DEMOCRATIC P>TY & ,REPUBLICAN P>TY1 KN[ ( ! CORRUPTION ?AT HAS BE5 GO+ ON 9 ?OSE PLACES4 ,N[1 WE KN[ ?AT IT MATT]S NOT :AT POLITICAL P>TY ! WORK+MAN TRU/S 91 HE HAS BE5 BETRAY$ 9 EV]Y POLITICAL P>TY1 & HE IS GO+ TO BE BETRAY$ BY EV]Y POLITICAL P>TY 9 :I* HE IS GO+ TO TRU/4 ,!RE=E IT WAS SE5 ?AT !RE WAS A NECESSITY = A NEW DECL>ATION ( PR9CIPLES & A NEW RE-ORGANIZATION ( ! LABOR =CES4 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y = ! WORK+MAN TO SEE ?AT HIS SALVATION LIES 9 DIRECT ACTION1 ?AT IS1 9 ACTION DIRECTLY TO WRE/ FROM ! CAPITALI/ HIS MEANS ( OPPRESSION & CONTROLL+ HIS BREAD2 & :5 HE SEES ?IS HE WILL TAKE ?IS IF HE CAN1 EI!R DIRECTLY BY VIOL5CE1 OR ?R\< COOP]ATION1 OR O!RWISE1 ACCORD+ AS ! WORK+ PEOPLE >E ABLE TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES & F9D A MEANS TO SOLVE ?IS PROBLEM4 

,N[1 WE DO NOT OV]LOOK ! FACT ?AT ! SALVATION ( ! WORK]1 ! POSSIBILITY ( ! MAN TO CONTROL HIS [N DE/9Y1 LIES AMONG ! WORK]S !MSELVES 2 & 9 ! MEMB]%IP 9 ?IS CONV5TION WE HAVE M5 & WOM5 ?AT WILL TAKE !IR [N DE/9Y 9TO !IR [N H&S4 ,WE DO NOT EXPECT ANY ,MESSIAH 2 WE DO NOT EXPECT IT TO COME ?R\< ANY MAN ( GREAT AU?ORITY OR GREAT KN[L$GE1 BUT ?AT EV]YBODY %ALL FEEL 9 HIMSELF1 9 HIS [N SELF1 ?AT HE IS ABLE TO DIRECT HIS [N =CES1 & %ALL HAVE NO P>TICUL> DESIRE TO DIRECT ! =CE ( O!R PEOPLE & O!R 9DIVIDUALS4 ,N[1 ,I ?9K ?AT WE1 ! PEOPLE H]E1 HAVE \TGR[N ! IDEA ?AT WE >E NOT ABLE TO DIRECT \RSELVES1 & :AT WE WANT TO DO IS TO LET O!R PEOPLE & O!R 9DIVIDUALS DO ! SAME ?+1 & SO WE MAY GO H& 9 H& & WORK DIRECTLY = ! CONQUE/ ( \R NECESSITIES :I* WE >E N[ PRODUC+ = ! O!R FELL[4 

,N[1 ! QUE/ION IS (T5 ASK$3 ,H[ CAN IT BE DONE1 :O IS GO+ TO RUN ! RAILROADS & SO ON--:O IS DO+ ! WORK TODAY8 ,>5'T WE DO+ ! WORK TO-DAY8 ,WE >E DO+ ! WORK TODAY = ! MA/]1 BECAUSE WE >E ORGANIZ$ ON ! BASIS ( BE+ SLAVES1 & ) NO HOPES--& ?IS IS ! *]I%$ IDEA ( ! LEAD]S ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR1 ?AT WE %ALL REMA9 SLAVES --) NO HOPES & NO >RANGEM5T :ATSOEV] = BETT] CONDITIONS4 ,N[ADAYS WE KN[ ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RY HAS GONE ON TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT !RE >E A LOT ( PEOPLE1 A LOT ( 9DIVIDUALS1 ?AT >E CONSCI\S ( !IR RI<TS AS WELL AS ! RI<TS ( !IR BRO!RS & SI/]S1 & !Y DO NOT SP5D !IR TIME SPECULAT+ H[ TO CRU% D[N O!R 9DIVIDUALS 9 ORD] TO GET RI* QUICK & 9 ANY WAY OR =M4 ,!Y >E WORK+ & PRODUC+1 & !Y DEM& !IR %>E 9 ! B5EFITS ( PROGRESS & DEVELOPM5T & ! POSSIBILITIES 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 & !Y >E SATISFI$ ) ?AT4 ,BUT :AT WE DO IS TO 9SI/ ?AT WE %ALL GET \R %>E ?AT WE >E PRODUC+1 & WE /& ON ! MOTTO ( ! COMRADES ( ! ,WE/]N ,F$]ATION ( ,M9]S ?AT !Y RETA9 9 !IR MAGAZ9E & ON !IR EMBLEM1 ?AT 0,ALL WEAL? IS PRODUC$ BY LABOR1 & IT BELONGS TO ! PRODUC] !RE(40 ,?AT IS ! PROGRAM ?AT WE WANT1 & ?AT IS ! PROGRAM ?AT WE WILL /ICK TO & ?AT WE WILL C>RY \T TO ! LETT]4 ,& ?AT IS ! REASON = ! CALL ( ! ,MANIFE/O1 AS ,I UND]/& IT4 ,I ?ANK Y\ = Y\R K9D ATT5TION4 7,APPLAUSE47 

,D,E,L4 ,M,U,R,T,A,U,<3 ,IS ! T5-M9UTE RULE 9 EFFECT8 ,! ,*AIRMAN3 ,YES4 

,S,P,E,E,* ,( ,J,A,M,E,S ,M,U,R,T,A,U,<1 ,/4 ,L,\,I,S4 

,D,E,L4 ,M,U,R,T,A,U,<3 ,I DESIRE TO SAY1 ,MR4 ,PRESID5T1 ?AT IF ! T5 M9UTE RULE IS 9 EFFECT ,I DO NOT WI% TO SAY ANY?+4 ,I MAY BE ABLE TO COMPLETE MY REM>KS 9 T5 M9UTES1 & MAY NOT4 ,AS ! C\RTESY WAS EXT5D$ TO ! BRO!R :O OP5$ UP ! DISCUSSION ( ! REASONS = ISSU+ ! ,MANIFE/O TO GRANT HIM ALL ! TIME HE DESIR$1 ,I HOPE ?AT 9 ?IS 9/ANCE IT WILL BE GRANT$ TO ME4 ,N[1 ,I MAY BE ABLE TO F9I% 9 T5 M9UTES4 ,I AM NOT A LONG TALK]1 BUT ,I %\LD NOT LIKE TO BE 9T]RUPT$4 

,MR4 ,PRESID5T & ,BRO!R ,DELEGATES3 ,! DELEGATE :O HAS JU/ SPOK5 9 P>APHRAS+ ,%AKESPE>E REM9D$ ME ( ANO!R QUOTATION FROM ,%AKESPE>E1 & ?AT IS ?IS3 

0,SPEAK ( ME AS ,I AM1 NO?+ EXT5UATE1  

,NOR AU<T SET D[N 9 MALICE40 

,I HAVE LI/5$ AS C>EFULLY & AS PATI5TLY AS ,I KN[ H[ TO ! V]Y--,I DO NOT KN[ :AT LANGUAGE TO USE TO EXPRESS IT1 BUT ! 9DICTM5T & ! DIFF]5T C\NTS ( ! 9DICTM5T AGA9/ ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR4 ,I WANT TO SAY ?AT ! DELEGATES MU/ REMEMB] ?IS ONE PO9T1 ?AT BE=E ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR WAS1 TRADES UNIONISM WAS2 ?AT ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR--& ,I WI% TO (F] ABSOLUTELY NO EXCUSE = ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR AS IT IS1 BUT SIMPLY TO SAY ?IS--?AT ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR IS ! RESULT ( ! GROP+S 9 ! D>K ( ! TRADES UNIONI/S ( ?IS C\NTRY TO BR+ AB\T SOME?+ BETT] ?AN !Y HAD4 

,N[1 ,MR4 ,PRESID5T1 WE HAVE GOT CONV5$ 9 ?IS ASSEMBLY A GREAT MANY DISCORDANT ELEM5TS ) ! 0LID0 ON4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( MY REM>KS ?IS MORN+ ,I ?\<T IT NECESS>Y TO CONFESS ! FACT ?AT ,I WAS BUS9ESS AG5T = ONE ( ! CONS]VATIVE LABOR ORGANIZATIONS4 ,I DID ?AT = ! REASON ?AT1 UND]/&+ ! TACTICS ( SOME ( ! ELEM5TS 9 ?IS CONV5TION1 ! DISCOV]Y W\LD HAVE BE5 MADE & CAPITAL MADE ( IT4 ,I HAVE ALL MY LIFE 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T OCCUPI$ A SOME:AT ANOMAL\S POSITION4 ,I HAVE BE5 A RADICAL AMONG CONS]VATIVES & A CONS]VATIVE AMONG RADICALS4 7,LAU<T]74 ,& SO H]E TO-DAY :5 ?IS T]RIBLE 9DICTM5T WAS READ AGA9/ ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR--NOT WI%+ TO SAY ANY?+ :ATEV] AGA9/ ANY C\NT 9 ?AT 9DICTM5T1 BUT ,I W\LD LIKE TO RELATE A LITTLE /ORY4 ,9 ! OLD DAYS ,DANIEL ,O',CONNELL WAS *ALL5G$ TO FI<T A DUEL1 & HE ACCEPT$ ! *ALL5GE4 ,HIS OPPON5T WAS GO+ >\ND ! C\NTRY %OOT+ ! HEADS (F' FROM ! ROO/]S4 ,O',CONNELL'S FRI5DS CAME TO HIM & REPORT$ ?IS FACT TO HIM1 SAY+ ?AT HIS LIFE WAS 9 JEOP>DY ON ACC\NT ( ! M>KSMAN%IP ( HIS OPPON5T4 ,O',CONNELL SAID1 0,HAVE ! ROO/]S GOT PI/OLS TO %OOT BACK )80 ,N[1 ,MR4 ,*AIRMAN1 ! MORAL ( ?AT /ORY IS 9 ! APPLICATION ( IT4 ,I DO NOT WI% TO /IR UP ANY /RIFE--/RIFE ?AT ,I SEE IS 9EVITABLE ) ! DISCORDANT ELEM5TS GA!R$ TOGE!R H]E 9 ?IS CONV5TION4 ,I DO NOT WI% TO BE ! ONE TO /IR ?AT /RIFE UP4 ,I DO NOT WANT TO PO9T \T ANY P>TICUL> ELEM5T ?AT IS GO+ TO BE ! /RIFEMAK]S 9 ?IS ASSEMBLY4 ,BUT ?OSE ( US :O HAVE BE5 9 ! MOVEM5T AS LONG AS ,I HAVE1 ?OSE ( US :O HAVE /UCK ?R\< ?ICK & ?91 :O >E NOT AFRAID--NOT A BIT AFRAID--( P]SONAL ANIMADV]SIONS :I* MAY BE CA/ UPON US BY ANY P>TICUL> ELEM5T 9 ?IS CONV5TION1 WE KN[ ?AT !RE IS AN ELEM5T 9 ?IS CONV5TION ?AT IS MORE M]CILESS EV5 ?AN ! ,LORD4 ,IT WAS DISPLAY$ H]E YE/]DAY 9 REFUS+ TO SEAT A MAN :OM Y\1 P]HAPS1 ALL BELIEV$ WAS A FRI5D TO ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 SIMPLY BECAUSE HE WAS AN ATTORNEY4 7,LAU<T]47 

,! ,*AIRMAN3 ,BRO!R ,MURTAU<1 DO Y\ BELIEVE ?AT Y\ >E DISCUSS+ ! REASON = ! ,MANIFE/O8 

,A ,D,E,L,E,G,A,T,E3 ,NO1 SIR4 

,D,E,L4 ,M,U,R,T,A,U,<3 ,I ?9K ,I WAS GETT+ >\ND TO IT1 IF Y\ P]MIT ME4 ,MR4 ,*AIRMAN1 ,I WANT TO SAY ?AT IF ANYBODY OBJECTS TO ANY?+ ,I AM /AT+1 ?AT ,I AM READY TO SIT D[N 9 A MOM5T4 

,! ,*,A,I,R,M,A,N3 ,JU/ DISCUSS ! REASON ( ! ,MANIFE/O4 

,D,E,L4 ,M,U,R,T,A,U,<3 ,SIMPLY ! REASON ( ! ,MANIFE/O2 ,I WAS GETT+ >\ND TO ?AT4 

,D,E,L4 ,W,I,L,K,E3 ,DID HE SAY ?AT IF ANY ONE OBJECTS TO ?IS L9E ( TALK HE W\LD SIT D[N8 ,I AS A DELEGATE FROM ! ,SOCIALI/ ,TRADE @& ,LABOR ,ALLIANCE BELIEVE ?AT HE IS ONE ( ! MO/ DISCORDANT FACTORS1 & HE IS TRY+ TO 9ITIATE DISCORDANCE1 & = ?AT REASON ,I ASK HIM TO RETIRE4 7,APPLAUSE47 

,D,E,L4 ,M,U,R,T,A,U,<3 ,MR4 ,*AIRMAN-- 

,! ,*,A,I,R,M,A,N3 ,BRO!R ,MURTAU< WILL PROCE$ ON ! REASON = ISSU+ ! ,MANIFE/O4 

,D,E,L4 ,M,U,R,T,A,U,<3 ,MR4 ,*AIRMAN1 ,I 9T5D$ TO COME >\ND TO ?AT 9 MY [N WAY4 ,I WANT TO SAY ?AT ! REASON1 9 MY M9D1 = ! ,MANIFE/O IS PLA91 & ?AT IS ?IS3 ! IMP]FECTION ( \R PRES5T LABOR ORGANIZATIONS4 ,?AT IS UND]/OOD ,I BELIEVE BY EV]Y ONE :O HAS BE5 9 ! MOVEM5T1 :O HAS F\<T & SUFF]$ AS A GREAT MANY ( US HAVE 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ?IS C\NTRY4 ,BUT !RE SEEMS TO BE AN IDEA PREVAL5T H]E ?AT SOME?+ NEW HAS BE5 F\ND2 ?AT ?IS CLASS CONSCI\S /RUGGLE UPON :I* SO MU* /RESS IS LAID IS SOME?+ NEW1 SOME?+ UNTRI$2 ?AT !RE IS A POSSIBILITY ( ! MILL5NIUM BE+ U%]$ 9 BY ?IS CONV5TION4 ,I WANT TO TELL Y\1 ,MR4 ,PRESID5T4 ?AT ! WORK]S ( ?IS C\NTRY HAVE BE5 ?R\< ?AT MOVEM5T4 ,I WAS A MEMB] ( ! ,KNI<TS ( ,LABOR-- 

,A ,D,E,L,E,G,A,T,E3 ,:AT >E Y\ DO+ H]E !N8 

,D,E,L4 ,M,U,R,T,A,U,<3 ,I AM TALK+4 

,! ,D,E,L,E,G,A,T,E3 ,YES1 & ?AT IS ALL Y\ >E DO+4 

,D,E,L4 ,M,U,R,T,A,U,<3 ,I HAVE HE>D A GREAT DEAL FROM Y\1 & NO?+ SAID1 EI!R4 ,MR4 ,PRESID5T1 ,I WI% TO SAY ?IS3 ?AT CLASS CONSCI\SNESS 9 ! ,K4 ( ,L4 WAS JU/ AS /RONG AS IT EV] WAS 9 ANY ELEM5T ( ! SOCIALI/IC MOVEM5T4 ,IT MAY NOT HAVE BE5 EXPRESS$ 9 WORDS1 BUT ! ?+ ITSELF WAS !RE4 ,?AT WAS ! ?+ ?AT BR\<T ! WORK]S ( ?IS C\NTRY 9TO ?AT GREAT LABOR ORGANIZATION1 ! ,KNI<TS ( ,LABOR4 ,:ILE ,I WAS A MEMB] ( ! ,KNI<TS ( ,LABOR ,I WAS /ILL A MEMB] ( MY UNION1 & ,I HAVE BE5 ALL ! TIME4 ,FUR!R ON ! ,AM]ICAN ,RAILWAY ,UNION CAME UP4 ,AT ! TIME ,I HAPP5$ TO BE WORK+ = ! ,L @& ,N4 ,RAILROAD ,COMPANY4 

,A ,D,E,L,E,G,A,T,E3 ,W]E Y\ A LABOR]8 

,D,E,L4 ,M,U,R,T,A,<3 ,I WAS A MOLD]4 ,A FEW ( US1 CLASS-CONSCI\S1 BELIEV+ 9 ! NECESSITY ( 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION1 HAPP5$ TO BE WORK+ AT ,NEW ,DECATUR1 ,ALABAMA1 9 ! %OPS ( ! ,L4 @& ,N4 ,RAILROAD1 & WE DECID$ TO ATTEMPT TO 9/ALL ! ,AM]ICAN ,RAILWAY ,UNION UND] V]Y GREAT ODDS1 & IF Y\ D\BT MY WORD1 ,BRO!R ,C4 ,O4 ,%]MAN1 SITT+ BACK !RE1 WAS ! ORGANIZ] ?AT ORGANIZ$ US1 & ,I WAS MADE ! PRESID5T ( ! ORGANIZATION UND] CIRCUM/ANCES 9 :I* WE HAD TO EMPLOY ! GREATE/ SECRECY1 BECAUSE ! ,L4 @& ,N4 ,RAILROAD ,COMPANY WAS NOT AFRAID ( ANY TRADES UNIONS1 BUT !Y W]E AFRAID ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,RAILWAY ,UNION1 & !Y W]E GO+ TO PREV5T ALL ( ITS EMPLOYES FROM GO+ 9TO ! ,AM]ICAN ,RAILWAY ,UNION IF POSSIBLE4 ,EV5 !N ,I REMA9$ TRUE & LOYAL TO MY TRADE UNION BECAUSE ,I HAD TO BE4 ,& :Y8 ,:ILE WE W]E 9 ?AT P>TICUL> 9/ANCE WORK+ = A RAILROAD COMPANY1 ABSOLUTELY IMPOT5T TO BR+ AB\T BETT] CONDITIONS = \R CRAFT1 YET ! MAJORITY ( US WORK+ 9 F\NDRIES ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY W]E ABLE TO BETT] \R CONDITIONS AS CRAFTSM5 9 ?OSE F\NDRIES4 

,! ,*,A,I,R,M,A,N3 ,Y\R TIME HAS EXPIR$4 

,D,E,L4 ,M,U,R,T,A,U,<3 ,V]Y WELL1 ,MR4 ,PRESID5T1 ,I WILL /OP4 7,APPLAUSE47 

,DEL4 ,S*ATZKE SUGGE/$ ?AT SPEAK]S :OSE TIME WAS AB\T EXPIR$ %\LD BE GIV5 SUFFICI5T W>N+ ( ! FACT4 

,S,P,E,E,* ,( ,P,A,T ,O',N,E,I,L1 ,>,K,A,N,S,A,S 

,D,E,L4 ,P,A,T ,O',N,E,I,L3 ,MR4 ,PRESID5T & ,FELL[ ,DELEGATES3 ,\T ( ! PA/ COMES EXP]I5CE1 & FROM EXP]I5CE SOMETIMES ?\<T SPR\TS2 NOT ALWAYS1 = A GREAT MANY M5 F9D IT H>D TO ?9K4 ,EXP]I5CE HAS TAU<T ME1 & ,I HAVE DONE A LITTLE ?9K+4 ,ON ! FIF? DAY ( ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#h#d#h1 ,I HELP$ TO F\ND A LABOR ORGANIZATION 9 ! CITY ( ,HONGKONG1 9 ,*9A4 ,I WAS A *>T] MEMB] ( ! FIR/ ,SAILORS' ,UNION 9 ,*9A1 & ,I HAVE BE5 A MEMB] ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T FROM ?AT TIME UNTIL ?IS1 & 9 ?AT TIME1 ,I ?ANK Y\1 ,I HAVE HAD SOME EXP]I5CE1 & SOME ( A K9D ?AT ,I HOPE NOT TO GO ?R\< AGA91 & ?AT ,I W\LD NOT WI% MY WOR/ 5EMY TO HAVE4 

,I AGREE ) ,COMRADE ,MURTAU< ?AT 9 ! PA/ WE HAVE HAD ORGANIZATIONS ?AT W]E BAS$ UPON CLASS CONSCI\SNESS4 ,BUT ! GREAT MASS ( ! MEMB]%IP W]E NOT ABLE TO APPRECIATE IT TO BE ! TRU?4 ,& TO-DAY Y\ >E LIKELY TO 5C\NT] IGNORANCE EV5 AS WE DID !N1 AL?\< WE HAVE GOT A FEW HOLES PUN*$ N[ & ! LI<T BEG9S TO %9E ?R\<1 & IT MAKES ! OLD MAN FEEL ?AT :ILE ,I MAY NOT BE AT MANY MORE ( !SE CONV5TIONS1 ,I WANT Y\ FELL[S TO TAKE UP ! WORK :]E ,I LAY IT D[N4 ,CAN Y\ DO ?AT8 

,D,E,L,E,G,A,T,E,S3 ,SURE2 WE >E WILL+ TO4 

,D,E,L4 ,O',N,E,I,L3 ,& ,I WANT TO PAY MY RESPECTS TO A MAN4 ,I DO NOT KN[ :O ! MAN WAS1 & ,I W\LD NOT KN[ HIM IF ,I SAW HIM N[1 BUT ,I HE>D A MAN SAY YE/]DAY AT NOON ?AT HE DID NOT KN[ :E!R HE C\LD SUPPORT ?IS ORGANIZATION :5 IT WAS =M$ OR NOT4 ,I WANT TO SAY TO ?AT MAN & ALL ! RE/ ?AT FEEL LIKE HIM1 AFT] N9E YE>S ( ! H>DE/ K9D ( MILIT>Y S]VICE & ) OV] FIFTY YE>S ( S]VICE 9 ! LABOR UNIONS1 0,Y\ GO BACK & SIT D[N \T ( SI<T LIKE ! SUTL]S1 & WE WILL FI<T Y\R FI<T = Y\40 7,APPLAUSE47 

,I CAME H]E JU/ AS AN 9DIVIDUAL1 ?AT WAS ALL4 ,I HAVE BE5 PLEAS$ TO SEE ?AT !RE W]E M5 H]E ) HUNDR$S & EV5 ?\S&S ( VOTES BEH9D !M4 ,:Y8 ,BECAUSE ,I SAW ?AT ! GREAT MASS ( ! PEOPLE W]E READY TO RECOGNIZE :AT ?IS ,MANIFE/O MEANT1 & :5EV] ?AT IS ! CASE ?AT IS REASON SUFFICI5T = ! ,MANIFE/O4 7,APPLAUSE47 

,N[1 !N1 WE SEE ! ,UNIT$ ,M9E ,WORK]S' ,UNION GO ON /RIKE1 & UNION RAILROAD M5 HAUL SCAB M9]S 9 & HAUL SCAB COAL \T4 ,BY ! GODS1 W\LDN'T ?AT MAKE A CALF LEAVE ITS MO!R8 7,LAU<T] & APPLAUSE47 

,N[1 MY EXP]I5CE 9 ! PA/ HAS TAU<T ME SEV]AL PECULI> ?+S1 & ONE ( !M IS ?IS3 ,SUPPOSE A MAN HAD HIS H& JU/ 9 ?AT POSITION ) EA* F+] /ICK+ \T BY ITSELF 7ILLU/RAT+71 W\LD IT BE ( MU* B5EFIT TO HIM8 ,POSSIBLY HE C\LD KEEP ! FLIES (F IF HE TRI$1 BUT ?AT IS ALL4 ,WELL1 N[1 H]E1 TAKE ! H& ( LABOR TO-DAY4 ,TO-DAY H]E WE HAVE GOT ! BLACKSMI? F+]1 H]E WE HAVE GOT ! C>P5T] F+]1 H]E WE HAVE GOT ! M9]'S F+]1 & OV] H]E WE HAVE GOT ! RAILROAD F+]2 & ALL ?AT ?AT H& ( LABOR HAS EV] DONE HAS BE5 TO KEEP ! FLIES (F ( ! FACE ( ! CAPITALI/1 :ILE HE 5JOY$ Y\R PRODUCT4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,N[1 !N1 9/EAD ( HAV+ ?IS H& DI/ORT$ & P>ALYZ$ 9 ITS TRADE AUTONOMY1 ,I WANT IT SO ?AT ,I CAN BR+ ?OSE F+]S UP & CLOSE !M 9TO A GRIP & MAKE ! H& A WEAPON ( (F5SE & ( DEF5SE2 & ?AT1 ,MR4 ,*AIRMAN1 IS MY REASON = ISSU+ ! ,MANIFE/O4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,I WANT IT SO ?AT EV]Y ONE ( ?OSE F+]S CAN RELY UPON ! F+] NEXT TO IT & ! F+] FUR!/ FROM IT4 ,AS IT /&S TO-DAY1 ! CAPITALI/ %E>S COME ALONG & CLIP ?AT \T & !N ?IS & ! O!RS1 ?R\< ! OPPORTUNITY ?AT Y\ GIVE CAPITAL4 ,I WANT ?AT OPPORTUNITY ( CAPITAL REMOV$4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,I WANT ! TEE? ( ! ANIMAL REMOV$1 & ! ONLY WAY ,I CAN SEE H[ TO PULL !M IS TO CLOSE ?AT H&4 7,APPLAUSE47 

,N[1 CAN Y\ NOT UND]/& ?AT :5 Y\ ATTACK ONE BRAN* ( ! LABOR+ CLASS1 ?AT Y\ HAVE ATTACK$ ALL8 ,CAN Y\ NOT UND]/& ?AT AN 9JURY TO ONE IS AN 9JURY TO EV]Y ONE8 ,A MAN SAID TO ME A FEW DAYS AGO1 0,:Y1 ,O',NEIL1 Y\ >E ! CRAZIE/ MAN ,I EV] SAW4 ,Y\ >E HOP+ !Y WILL HAVE A REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA40 ,I SAID1 0,YES1 ,I AM1 & ,I WILL TELL Y\ :Y4 ,A *A9 IS ONLY AS /RONG AS ! WEAKE/ L9K4 ,A C\NTRY1 AS ,ABRAHAM ,L9COLN SAID1 CANNOT EXI/ HALF SLAVE & HALF FREE40 ,&1 MY FRI5DS1 NEI!R CAN ! WORLD4 ,AS SOON AS Y\ HAVE ABSOLUTE OPPRESSION & TYRANNY 9 ,RUSSIA Y\ CAN LOOK = A GREAT PORTION ( IT H]E4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,IF Y\ DON'T BELIEVE ?AT1 MOVE \T TO ,COLORADO = A :ILE4 7,LAU<T]47 

,I ?ANK$ MY ,MAK] :5 ,I READ 9 ! PAP] ?IS MORN+ ?AT ! REVOLUTION HAD />T$ 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,:Y8 ,NOT ?AT ,I WANT TO SEE BLOOD%$1 NOT ?AT ,I WANT TO SEE CRIME1 BUT ,I DO WANT TO SEE BETT] CONDITIONS = ?IS *ILD ( M9E ?AT IS COM+ AFT] ME4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,! HI/ORY ( MANK9D HAS TAU<T US ?AT ONLY BLOOD IS ! ?+ ?AT WILL MAKE ! RUNG ( ! LADD] ( PROGRESS FIT = MANK9D TO TRAMP UPON4 ,WE KN[ ?AT IS TRUE1 = WE HAVE SP5T \R BLOOD H]E4 ,:5 ! \TLAWS ( ! SUPREME C\RT ( ! ,/ATE ( ,ILL9OIS DECL>$ ?AT M5 :O W]E NOT GUILTY %\LD BE PUNI%$ = !IR QUE] OP9IONS1 WE SPILL$ ! BLOOD ?AT WAS NECESS>Y ?AT ?IS C\NTRY MI<T BE FREE4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,BUT ,I WANT Y\ TO UND]/& ?AT :ILE ,I AM A ,SOCIALI/ CLE> TO ! BONE & AN 9* 9TO ! M>R[1 ,I WANT MY ,SOCIALISM TO HAVE WORK+ DAY CLO!S AS WELL AS TO GO 9TO ! BALLOT BOX4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,I DO NOT BELIEVE 9 BE+ AN ORGANIZ$ BODY ( LABOR+ M5 #cfd DAYS 9 ! YE>1 ,MR4 ,PRESID5T1 & !N BE+ AT ! COMM& ( MY MA/] ON ! O!R DAY4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,& IT IS = !SE REASONS ?AT ,I SEE 9 ! ,MANIFE/O A %9+ LI<T = ! ADVANCEM5T ( ALL ( US2 & = !SE REASONS1 TO MY 9TELLECT & TO MY UND]/&+1 WAS ! ,MANIFE/O ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y4 ,I ?ANK Y\4 7,APPLAUSE47 

,S,P,E,E,* ,( ,D,U,N,C,A,N ,MC,E,A,*,R,54 

,D,E,L4 ,M,C,E,A,*,R,53 ,AS A MEMB] ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 AS A J\RNEYMAN PAP] HANG]1 AS A /UD5T1 IF Y\ PLEASE' ,I COME TO ADDRESS ?IS BODY4 ,I SEE NO REASON :Y WE %\LD NOT BECOME UNIT$1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ON ! OP5+ ( ?IS CONV5TION WE W]E DISCORDANT ELEM5TS4 ,I HAVE TAK5 ! TIME & ! PATI5CE TO =MULATE 9 MANUSCRIPT =M A /ATEM5T ( ! POLICY & A CRITICISM ( PRES5T 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATIONS & TRADE UNIONS1 & IF Y\ HAVE ! PATI5CE & K9DNESS ,I W\LD LIKE TO READ ?AT PAP] ON ?AT SUBJECT4 ,IT WILL TAKE ME MORE ?AN T5 M9UTES1 & ,I PLEAD = AN EXT5SION ( TIME UPON ! SAME GR\ND AS ,BRO!R ,TRAUTMANN4 

,D,E,L4 ,T4 ,J4 ,H,A,G,],T,Y3 ,I MOVE ?AT WE SET ASIDE ! RULES = ?AT PURPOSE1 & ?AT ! DELEGATE BE GIV5 TIME PROP]LY1 TO READ HIS PAP]4 7,MOTION SECOND$ & C>RI$47 

,DELEGATE ,MC,EA*R5 !N READ ! FOLL[+ ADDRESS 9 MANUSCRIPT3 

,! PRES5CE ( SU* A L>GE DELEGATION1 COM+ AS Y\ DO FROM ALL OV] ?IS C\NTRY1 IMPLIES AT LEA/ ?AT ! CONDITION WE HAVE TO DEAL ) IS ONE ( A G5]AL RA!R ?AN LOCAL *>ACT]4 ,BUT BE ?IS AS IT MAY1 ! QUE/IONS WE HAVE TO DEAL ) >E ASSOCIAT$1 AS WE KN[1 & RAMIFY ?R\<\T \R DAILY LIVES1 & EMBRACE NOT ONLY ?IS L& BUT ALL O!R L&S :]EV] CAPITALISM EMBRYONIC OR FULLFL$G$ MA9TA9S4 ,IF IT IS NOT PRESUMPTU\S TO SUGGE/1 ,I W\LD SAY ?AT WE MU/1 9 ORD] TO EFFECT A *ANGE1 BE COGNIZANT ( ALL1 OR AT LEA/ ! PR9CIPAL FACTS :I* >E FAC+ US1 LEAV+ ASIDE = ! TIME BE+1 ALL ! F9E SPUN !ORIZ+ & IDEALIZ+1 :I* HAS H]ET(ORE *>ACT]IZ$ ?OSE ORGANIZATIONS :I* HAVE ADDRESS$ !MSELVES EI!R FLIPPANTLY OR S]I\SLY T[>DS ?IS GREAT PROBLEM ( LABOR4 ,IT IS NE$LESS TO /ATE P]HAPS TO MO/ ( Y\1 ?AT ! LABOR PROBLEM ( TO-DAY IS NOT ! LABOR PROBLEM ( ANCI5T ,GREECE1 ( FEUDAL ,5GL&1 OR EV5 ?AT ( COLONIAL ,AM]ICA2 YET ,I BELIEVE ?AT ! CONFUSION :I* IS EV]Y:]E PREVAL5T 9 LABOR CIRCLES IS DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY CONNECT$ ) ?IS ME?OD ( ANALYSIS1 & AS A NATURAL RESULT ! SYN!SIS :I* IS SO DEPLORABLY 9ADEQUATE IS UNHI/ORIC & UNS\ND4 

,IT W\LD BE WELL P]HAPS TO =GET \R ISMS AS A PRELIM9>Y TO ?IS DISCUSSION1 & BASE \R CONCLUSIONS1 IF POSSIBLE1 UPON ! FACTS REVEAL$4 ,FIR/1 AS WORK+M5 & WOM5 WE >E CONFRONT$ ) A SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T BAS$ 9 ITS 5TIRETY UPON ! MO/ EFFICI5T ME?OD ( PRODUCTION ?IS WORLD HAS YET KN[N1 ALL ( :I* IS WELL1 & 9 ! WORDS ( ,%AKESPE>E 0IS A CONSUMMATION DEV\TLY TO BE WI%$40 ,RUNN+ CONCURR5TLY ) ?IS DEVELOPM5T >E ! FACTORS 9 ! =M ( M5 & WOM5 :I* HAVE MADE IT POSSIBLE1 & !IR SOCIAL DIVISIONS1 TWO GR& DIVISIONS ( :I* 9T]E/ US 9 ?IS DISCUSSION1 NAMELY1 LABOR]S & CAPITALI/S4 ,& UPON ! GR\NDS :I* HAVE MADE US LABOR]S & ! O!RS CAPITALI/S1 OR UPON ! CONT9UATION ( ?OSE GR\NDS 7AS WE CANNOT UNDO ! PA/71 ,I COME1 & WE ALL COME1 AS CONSCI\S OR UNCONSCI\S PROTE/ANTS4 ,Y\ >E AW>E ?AT ! B5EFICI>IES ( ! PRES5T SY/EM1 NAMELY1 ! CAPITALI/S1 >E NUM]ICALLY FEW]1 >E PHYSICALLY WEAK]1 & >E M5TALLY UNEQUAL EI!R COLLECTIVELY OR 9DIVIDUALLY1 TO ! LABOR]S2 IF Y\ HAVE ANY D\BTS ON ?IS SCORE !N Y\ FAIL TO COMPREH5D ! FUNDAM5TAL REQUISITES UPON :I* A SOCIAL REVOLUTION IS GR\ND$1 & :I* HAVE MADE !M NECESS>Y ANY:]E OR AT ANY TIME4 

,! AUTOMATIC WORK+ ( 9DU/RY UPON ITS PRODUCTIVE SIDE1 ! CON/ANT IT]ATION1 & REIT]ATION1 FROM ALL ! F\NTS ( KN[L$GE :I* ASSOCIATE ?IS ACTIVITY ) ONE MAN OR A GR\P ( M5 CALL$ CAPITALI/S1 & ! ACQUIESC5CE BY MANY ( ! WORK+-CLASS MISLEAD]S 9 ?IS FALSE & P]NICI\S POSITION HAS1 NO D\BT1 9FLU5C$ Y\ 9TO BELIEV+ ?AT SU* ?+S >E PRO( ( Y\R 9COMPET5CY OR ! O!R SIDE'S COMPET5CY4 ,BUT ! CONT9UATION ( 9DU/RY :5 ! 9DIVIDUAL HAS DI$ OR DISAPPE>$ FROM ! SC5E BREAKS D[N ALL SU* CONCLUSIONS NO MATT] FROM :AT S\RCE ! ]ROR HAS BE5 SANCTIFI$4 ,!RE >E C]TA9 DEFECTS1 NEV]!LESS1 9 ! RANKS ( LABOR :I* ANNUL ALL ( !IR NUM]ICAL1 PHYSICAL & M5TAL SUP]IORITY & ! RECOGNITION ( ?IS1 MORE OR LESS CLE>LY1 WAS ! GREATE/ FACTOR 9DUC+ ?IS CONV5TION2 ,I REF] MA9LY TO ?OSE ( ORGANIZATION & TACTICS2 & ! SUP]IORITY 9 ?IS IS & MU/ BE MANIFE/$ BE=E ?OSE O!R QUALITIES CAN HE EX]CIS$4 ,TO *ANGE !SE WEAKNESSES 9TO WEAPONS ( /R5G? IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO EXAM9E ! ORGANIZATION & TACTICS ( ! OPPOS+ =CE2 IMPROVE UPON :]E POSSIBLE OR AT LEA/ APPROXIMATE ?OSE PR9CIPLES :I* HAVE PROV5 VALUABLE :5 US$ AGA9/ US4 

,WE %\LD1 ,I BELIEVE1 VIEW ?IS QUE/ION AS ONE ( W> 9 :I* M]E BULK IS AT A DISC\NT1 UNLESS GUID$ BY SUP]IOR KN[L$GE ( ! SITUATION4 ,:AT >E SOME ( !SE LESSONS8 ,& >E !Y APPLICABLE1 IS ! NEXT QUE/ION4 ,ON ! ONE SIDE WE SEE1 AS Y\ KN[1 9DU/RY ORGANIZ$ 9TO A VA/1 COMPOSITE ORGANIZATION EMBRAC+ NOT ONLY ONE FIELD1 BUT MANY1 & GR\P$ NOT NATIONALLY BUT 9T]NATIONALLY1 = 9/ANCE3 LET US EXAM9E ?AT MO/ FAMILI> OBJECT1 NAMELY1 ! ,/&>D ,OIL ,COMPANY1 ! NAME W\LD & G5]ALLY DOES CONVEY ! IMPRESSION ?AT ?IS IS AN 9DU/RY CONNECT$ ) PETROLEUM ONLY1 AS A MATT] ( FACT1 ?IS WAS ITS ORIG9AL FIELD ( ACTIVITY2 IT HAS LONG AGO \TGR[N ITS SWADDL+ CLO!S & EMBRACES ! FIELD ( REF9+ & ! MANUFACTURE ( ALL ?OSE NUM]\S COAL-T> D]IVATIVES :I* >E US$ 9 !RAPEUTICS & :I* >E ALMO/ UNLIMIT$ 9 NUMB]4 ,BEYOND ALL ?IS IT IS CONNECT$ ) & CONTROLS SU* 9/ITUTIONS AS LIFE 9SURANCE COMPANIES1 NUM]\S NATIONAL BANKS1 MUNICIPAL GAS & /REET C> COMPANIES1 M9+ 9T]E/S1 SU* AS COAL & COPP]1 RAILROADS1 /EAM%IPS & ANY 9DU/RY :I* PRES5TS ITSELF IF YIELD+ SUFFICI5T RETURNS WILL AS A NATURAL LAW COME )9 ITS JURISDICTION4 ,:AT CONCLUSION CAN WE DRAW FROM ?IS8 ,EXCEPT ?AT ! SAME LAW :I* HAS FUZ$ !SE V>I\S 9DU/RIES APPLIES TO ! WORK]S )9 ?OSE 9DU/RIES4 ,AN 9T]PRETATION ( ?IS FACT IS C]TA9LY NOT EVID5C$ 9 PRES5T WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! WORK]S >E1 TO A GREAT EXT5T1 ORGANIZ$ ON A BASIS ?AT REPRES5TS ! 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T ( HALF OR EV5 A C5TURY AGO4 ,BEYOND ?IS WEAKNESS ( ORGANIZATION & OV]%AD[+1 IF POSSIBLE1 ! BANEFUL RESULTS ( SAME IS ! TACIT & IMPLI$ ADMISSION ?AT LABOR IS A COMMODITY ?AT ! LABOR UNION IS ORGANIZ$ TO CONTROL ?AT COMMODITY & ?AT ! LABOR M]*ANT1 O!RWISE ! LABOR FAKIR CAN MAKE T]MS ) ! PUR*AS]1 = ! COLLECTIVE LABOR P[] ( HIS UNION1 AS IS WITNESS$ BY ! SIGN+ ( AGREEM5TS1 ETC4 ,& NOT CONT5T ) ?IS ASS5T TO ! EXPLOITATION ( LABOR !Y GO F>!R & ADV]TISE 9 /REET C>S1 ON BUILD+S1 & O!R PUBLIC PLACES TO /IMULATE A DEM& = !IR COMMODITY & 9CID5TALLY ADV]TISE !IR EMPLOY]S1 ACCEPT+ 9 ALL ( ?IS ! CONCLUSION ?AT !Y BELIEVE 9 ! WAGE LABOR S*EME ( SOCIETY2 ?AT !Y HAVE COMPETITORS1 NAMELY1 NONUNION M5 :OM !Y MU/ DISPLACE & AT ! SAME TIME CONFESS+ !IR 9ABILITY TO MONOPOLIZE !IR P]I%ABLE COMMODITY ( LABOR P[]1 CONC5TRAT$1 AS IT IS1 9 ! =M ( AN 9DIVIDUAL :O HAS A GA/RO-9TE/9AL TRACT TO ANNOY HIM4 

,! :OLE S*EME ( PRES5T TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION1 EV5 IF IT WAS C>RI$ TO ITS ULTIMATE1 W\LD SIMPLY MEAN AN 5DLESS R\NDELAY ( WAGE SLAV]Y1 A VICI\S CIRCLE )\T A BREAK 9 ITS CONT9UITY EXCEPT SU* AS OCCUR FROM TIME TO TIME DUE TO PANICS & :I* W\LD S9K ITS MEMB]S 9TO EXTREME POV]TY & DEGRADATION4 ,IT MI<T WELL BE WRITT5 OV] & ABOVE ALL AS A MOTTO3 0,P]I% ALL HOPE YE :O 5T] H]E40 

,! LONG] ,I LOOK AT ?IS PRES5T TRADE UNION POSITION ! MORE FIRMLY CONV9C$ AM ,I ?AT IT IS AN ABORTION & AN ANA*RONISM S5T 9TO ! WORLD ( LABOR )\T REF]5CE TO TIME1 PLACE1 & 9DU/RIAL PROCESSES G5]ALLY2 TO BE HELD AS A FETI% BE=E ! EYES ( LABOR :I* /IFLES ANY REVOLUTION>Y OR CON/RUCTIVE ACTION ON !IR P>T4 

,ON ! O!R H& IT S]VES ! RUL+ CLASSES AS ALL ! O!R 9/ITUTIONS1 GOOD OR EVIL1 :I* >E 9 EXI/5CE TO-DAY2 & CAN WELL BE L9$ UP ) ! *UR* & ! BRO!L1 ! POLICE P[]S & ! PEACE P[]S2 9 FACT1 ALL ( ?OSE ?+S :I* WE LOOK UPON AS NECESS>Y = PRES5T CAPITALI/ /ABILITY4 

,Y\ MAY ?9K MY CRITICISM H>% & UNFAIR1 BUT1 RA!R ?AN 9DULGE 9 ANY BOMBA/ AB\T ! UNION C>D OR ! 0GLORY & MAJE/Y0 ( LABOR1 ,I W\LD GO TO ! O!R EXTREME TO1 IF POSSIBLE1 9CULCATE SU* IDEAS1 :I*1 IF ACT$ UPON W\LD MAKE = ! GLORY & MAJE/Y ( ?AT PORTION ( SOCIETY :I* IS DE/9$ TO SOON] OR LAT] MAKE CIVILIZATION A REALITY1 RA!R ?AN :AT IT IS TO-DAY3 ! SY/EMATIC P]V]SION ( ALL ?AT MAKES LIFE WOR? LIV+4 

,IT IS POSSIBLE1 AL?\< ,I BELIEVE UNNECESS>Y1 TO HOLD UP 9DIVIDUAL LEAD]S ( ! PRES5T LABOR ORGANIZATION TO ALL ! CONTUMELY :I* IS !IRS1 BUT ?IS UN=TUNATELY OBSCURES ! ISSUE1 :I* IS NOT ONE ( 9DIVIDUALS AT ALL1 BUT ONE ( FUNDAM5TAL WEAKNESS 9 ORGANIZATION1 ! 9DIVIDUAL SIMPLY TYPIFY+ ?AT 9 ! SAME MANN] ?AT ANY O!R PA?OLOGIC CONDITION MANIFE/S ITSELF1 AS AN EXUDATES ( PUS FOLL[S ! 9OCULATION ( PUS BACT]IA4 ,WE MAY CRITICIZE ! PUS = ITS F\L ODOR & G5]AL DISAGREEABLE SEQUELLAE1 BUT ?IS IS AN IMPOT5T PROC$URE 9 AFFECT+ A CURE4 ,WE NE$ A CAU/IC RA!R TO /IMULATE NEW TISSUE GR[? & REPAIR4 ,Y\ WILL EXCUSE ! ANALOGY = ITS OBJECTIONABLE FEATURES1 BUT WE HAVE TO DEAL ) A CONDITION :I* IS A %AME ON ALL \R HEADS4 

,I AM NOT ONE :O BELIEVES 9 CRITICISM = M5TAL DIV]SION & DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT ,SOCIALI/ OR ANY O!R DEF9ITE ?\<T ON ! LABOR PROBLEM EXHAU/S ITSELF BY PO9T+ AT RESULTS4 ,WE >E H]E TO =MULATE & USE SOME ( \R CON/RUCTIVE ABILITY1 %[ TO ! WORK]S ( ! WORLD ! POSSIBILITIES ( AN ORGANIZATION F\ND$ ON DEF9ITE PLANS & = DEF9ITE PURPOSES1 ANTICIPAT+ = ! FUTURE ONLY ?AT :I* ! MA*9]Y ( PRODUCTION W>RANTS & MAKES POSSIBLE4 ,= ?IS PURPOSE WE %\LD HAVE AN ORGANIZATION :I* HAS ! COLLECTIVE 9TELLIG5CE TO APPO9T A COMMISSION & MAKE ITSELF A COMMISSION TO 9VE/IGATE ALL ! ACTIVE POT5TIAL OR LAT5T =CES 9 PRES5T DAY MA*9]Y1 FIR/ 9 ORD] TO KN[ ! REQUIR$ AM\NT ( LABOR NECESS>Y TO FE$1 CLO!1 & H\SE ! WORLD2 ! AM\NT ( TIME REQUIR$ & ALL ! NECESS>Y DATA TO 9SURE ! SUCCESS ( ANY PLAN :I* IS UND]TAK51 :E!R IT IS A /RIKE = %ORT] H\RS OR = ! TAK+ OV] ( 9DU/RY4 ,Y\ CAN READILY SEE ?AT AN ORGANIZATION ( ?IS NATURE W\LD HAVE ! MO/ PR(\ND RESPECT ( ITS MEMB]S & W\LD 5LI/ !IR ACTIVE SUPPORT & SYMPA?Y4 ,IT MI<T BE MISUND]/OOD2 ?IS IS TRUE ( ANY MOVEM5T ?AT DEM&S REASON = ITS GUIDE RA!R ?AN /UPID APPEALS TO S5TIM5T4 

,9 PASS+1 LET ME SAY ?AT A /RIKE CONDUCT$ BL9DLY1 OR 9/ITUT$ = ! PURPOSE ( PLACAT+ ! W\ND$ VANITY ( A LABOR LEAD] OR TO AID HIS F9ANCIAL EXTORTION IS NOT MY CONCEPT ( A LABOR ORGANIZATION'S ACTIVITY2 & ?IS HAS BE5 AB\T ! EXT5T ( PA/ CONTE/S ) CAPITAL4 ,ANO!R FATAL WEAKNESS :I* ,I W\LD HAVE LABOR GU>D AGA9/ IS ! NOTION ?AT IMMIGRATION %\LD SWAMP !M4 ,MO/ ( ! CONCLUSIONS DRAWN AB\T IMMIGRATION >E ]RONE\S1 EV5 :5 CONSID]$ FROM A CAPITALI/ /&PO9T & H[ MU* MORE ]RONE\S >E !Y :5 VIEW$ FROM ! /&PO9T :I* 9CLUDES ! FREE USE & [N]%IP ( SOCIAL PRODUCTIVE =CES4 ,NOT ! FEEBLE/1 DI/ORT$ & BLASPHEM$ SPECIM5 ( MANK9D :I* HAS REA*$ A WORK+ AGE IS UNABLE TO PRODUCE ! REQUISITES = HIS [N %ELT]1 FOOD & WELF>E4 

,H[1 !N1 EV5 CONSID]$ FROM ! UTILIT>IAN /&PO9T1 CAN HE BE A M5ACE TO ANY WORK+ CLASS8 ,! PRES5CE ( A FAMILY ( PAMP]$ DRONES 9 Y\R MID/ UND] CAPITALISM1 ! AM\NT ( HUMAN +5UITY1 LABOR & USEFULNESS NECESS>Y TO MA9TA9 !M 9 !IR IMMORAL & USELESS PURSUIT ( PLEASURE IS A GREAT] DRA9 ON WORK+ CLASS RES\RCES ?AN ONE HUNDR$ ?\S& ,*9AM5 UNABLE TO WORK AT ALL1 ) !IR MEAG] /&>D & REQUIREM5T = LIFE4 ,?IS ONLY FROM ONE VIEWPO9T ( HUMAN ECONOMY & +5UITY WA/$4 ,?IS IS NOT HALF1 NOT EV5 ONE-T5? ! DRA9 :I* A P>ASITE 9 ! =M ( A CAPITALI/ EX]CISES1 I4 E41 HIS P[] TO CLOSE D[N A S+LE PLANT SU* AS ! ,PULLMAN ,C> ,WORKS = A S+LE DAY OR CLOSE D[N A KNITT+ MILL 9 ,NEW ,5GL&1 :5 PEOPLE >E ANXI\S & WILL+ TO CREATE & USE ! PRODUCT CREAT$1 IS1 AS Y\ CAN READILY SEE1 MU* MORE DISA/R\S TO ! :OLE ( WORK+ CLASS SOCIETY ?AN HIS M]E CAPACITY TO GORM&IZE OR DE/ROY4 ,NATURE SOON CUTS %ORT ?IS P>T ( HIS C>E]4 

,NO1 WORK+M5 & WOM51 !RE >E NO RACE OR NATIONAL B\ND>IES TO ?IS QUE/ION1 EV5 UND] CAPITALISM4 ,Y\ C\LD NOT & %\LD NOT BY ANY PROCESS ( EXCLUSION EXALT Y\RSELVES ABOVE ! WORK+ CLASS ( ! MO/ M$IEVAL PROV9CE 9 ,*9A4 ,Y\R WORLD MU/ REA* A LEVEL :5 MEASUR$ EV5 BY A CAPITALI/ GAUGE1 OR ! CAPITALI/ W\LD OP]ATE HIS FACTORY 9 ,*9A OR ELSE:]E1 IF IT W]E *EAP]4 ,!RE=E1 Y\R ORGANIZATION MU/ BE 9T]NATIONAL 9 *>ACT]1 UNIV]SAL 9 ITS SYMPA?IES & ONE 9 ITS OBJECTS4 

,! TRADE AUTONOMY FEATURE :I* IS SO PROM95T 9 PRES5T DAY ORGANIZATIONS IS SO OBVI\SLY \T ( H>MONY ) PRES5T DAY 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5TS ?AT ONE IS AT A LOSS TO COMPREH5D ITS REASON = EXI/5CE EXCEPT ! DESIRE ( CREAT+ A B]? = A L>G] NUMB] ( (FICIALS :OSE ABILITIES >E ( A K9D ?AT UND] ORD9>Y CIRCUM/ANCES W\LD SECURE !M A PLACE AS BRUIS]S 9 SALOONS OR CONVICTS 9 A P5IT5TI>Y4 ,?IS IS A FACTOR :I* WE CANNOT1 AS WORK+M51 NO MATT] H[ MU* WE DESIRE1 OV]LOOK4 ,& C\PL$ ) ?IS CLASS1 YET ( A MORE DESPICABLE & DANG]\S TYPE >E ?OSE :OSE MANIFE/ DE/9Y & PURPOSE IS TO CONFUSE ! WORK]S BY SAY+ PEACE1 PEACE1 :]E NONE EXI/S4 ,MORE DESPICABLE & DANG]\S >E !SE1 ,I SAY1 = ! REASON ?AT !IR TREA*]Y 9VOLVES !IR :OLE ORGANIZATION & !IR CONSPICU\S SELF-CONCEIT DOES NOT LEAD !M 9TO A VIOLATION ( ! ORD9>Y PHYSIOLOGICAL LAWS ( LIFE & !Y ?US E>N ! TITLE ( RESPECTABLE1 :I* IS A P[]FUL HYPNOTIC TO ! UN9ITIAT$ WORK] :O HAS NO TIME TO BURR[ 9TO ! HI/ORY & SANCTION ( MORALS4 ,! O!R MAN ]RS ON ?IS SCORE & DIES1 AS ,SAM ,P>KS1 A TUB]CUL> & 9 JAIL HIS FRAILTY ONLY AFFECTS HIS IMM$IATE RELATIVES1 ! O!R DOES NOT ]R 9 ?IS RESPECT & HIS SUCCESS BLI<TS ! PA?WAY OV] :I* ?IS WE>Y PROLET>IAN >MY MU/ M>* TO ?AT GOAL ( ECONOMIC FRE$OM :I* ! POOR ,ROMAN SLAVE SAW :5 HE FIR/ VIEW$ ! W9D MILL 9 OP]ATION & CONCEIV$ ! IDEA ?AT HE HAD N[ TIME TO RE/4 ,! W9D W\LD DO HIS DRAW+ ( WAT] IF NOT HIS HEW+ ( WOOD4 

,! TRADE AUTONOMY IDEA1 :I* WAS BORN 9 A H&ICRAFT /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT IS P[]LESS TO AID ! WORK]S IS A VALUABLE ADJUNCT TO CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION1 KEEP+1 AS IT DOES1 A HOPELESS DIVISION ( =CES & PREV5T+ CONC]T ACTION4 ,! ATTEMPTS ( PRES5T DAY TRADE UNIONS TO 5=CE LAWS PREV5T+ ! EMPLOYM5T ( CONVICTS PROVES AGA9 !IR P[]LESSNESS & MAKES !M ACCESSORY TO ! CRIME ( CAPITALISM1 HEAP+ 9SULT UPON 9JURY4 

,*ILD LABOR LEGISLATION IS G5]ALLY CONC$$ TO BE A FAILURE4 ,NO EFFECTIVE MEANS >E AT H& TO 5=CE IT UND] A PURE & SIMPLE S*EME ( ORGANIZATION4 ,! 9SUR+ ( MEMB]S & ! FRAT]NAL FEATURES ( MO/ ORGANIZATIONS :I* >E US$ AGA9/ SICKNESS1 DEA? & O!R COMPLICATIONS1 :I* GO ) !IR EMPLOYM5T1 PLACE ! DEP5D5CE UPON !IR ALREADY BURD5$ %\LD]S & RELIEVES !IR EXPLOIT] FROM ANY & ALL RESPONSIBILITY AFT] HE HAS SQUEEZ$ !IR VITALITY 9TO PRODUCTS & DISMISS$ !M AS UNFIT TO BECOME 9MATES ( CASUAL W>DS1 ALM%\SES &1 ICONOCLA/IC AS IT MAY SEEM1 ?OSE MISNOM]S CALL$ 0HOMES0 = TRADE UNIONI/S1 DOM9AT$ BY ?AT SAME SPECIES ! LABOR LEAD] :O HAS BE5 PU%$ SLI<TLY 9 ! BACKGR\ND4 

,ALL ( ! WEAKNESSES :I* ,I HAVE 5UM]AT$ Y\ CAN READILY SEE >E NOT BASIC & ORGANIC 9 K9D2 !Y >E EXCRESC5CES :I* MU/ BE REMOV$ AS ! B>NACLES :I* IMP$E ! %IP'S PROGRESS2 A %ORT SOJ\RN 9 FRE% WAT] WILL DO OR ELSE ! PROCESS ( SCRAP+4 ,I BELIEVE 9 ! FRE% WAT] ME?OD1 :I* IS ANALOG\S TO Y\R ACTION 9 CALL+ ?IS CONV5TION & IS AK9 TO ! POSITION ( ?AT ORGANIZATION :I* ,I AM PLEAS$ TO REPRES5T4 ,! SCRAP+ ME?OD IS SL[ & T$I\S2 IT AFFECTS SOME:AT ! /RUCTURE ( ! %IP & ! SURFACE IS LEFT 9 SU* A CONDITION ?AT NEW B>NACLES MAY EASILY F9D LODGM5T1 GR[ & P]PETUATE !IR SPECIES4 ,?IS IS ! BOR+ FROM )9 ME?OD4 ,Y\ HAVE *OS5 CORRECTLY1 ,I BELIEVE4 

,TO RECAPITULATE ALL ?AT HAS BE5 SAID 9 A FEW WORDS4 ,! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR DOES NOT TYPIFY ! PRES5T MODE ( 9DU/RY4 ,IT HAS BECOME A USEFUL TOOL 9 ! H&S ( ! EXPLOIT]S BECAUSE ( ?IS4 ,! PRES5CE ( ! LABOR LEAD] IS G5]ALLY CON/RU$ TO MEAN ! SURR5D] & CAPITULATION ( WORK+M5 ON /RIKE PROV+ HIS USEFULNESS TO ! CAPITALI/ AN 9/ANCE ( :I* MAY BE CIT$4 ,! PRES5CE ( ,MR4 ,GOMP]S 9 ,*ICAGO DUR+ ?IS PRES5T LABOR DIFFICULTY WAS H]ALD$ AS SU* F> & WIDE4 ,! LABOR]S DO NOT NE$ LEAD]S BUT !Y DO NE$ REPRES5TATIVES ( !IR 9T]E/S4 ,SOME IDEAS :I* ,I HAVE BELIEV$ TO BE ]RONE\S W]E M5TION$ BECAUSE !Y L$ TO WRONG CONCLUSIONS4 ,! 9EFFECTIVE 5=CEM5T ( LABOR'S DEM&S & A FEW WORDS AB\T ORGANIZATION4 ,FROM ?IS LET ME CONT9UE & SUMM>IZE AS WE PROCE$4 

,! ME?OD ( ORGANIZATION2 :ILE ,I AM NOT PREP>$ TO :OLLY CONDEMN ANY =M ,I AM NOT PREP>$ TO ELABORATE ANY PLAN :I* W\LD MEET ALL ( Y\R APPROVALS4 ,WE KN[ ?AT M5 5GAG$ 9 SOME TE*NICAL CALL+ >E BETT] ABLE TO PASS JUDGM5T UPON !IR RESPECTIVE NE$S & GRIEVANCES4 ,?IS ,I BELIEVE TO BE ! G]M ( TRU? 9 TRADE AUTONOMY4 ,BUT WE MU/ REMEMB] ?AT NE>LY F\R-FIF?S ( ! WORK]S >E NOT SO SITUAT$4 ,ANY SEP>ATE ORGANIZATION UPON SUP]FICIAL L9ES AS RAILROAD FIREM5 & RAILROAD 5G9E]S IS ABSURD & *ILDI% OR AS SWIT*M5 & BRAKEM54 ,M5 :O CAN 9T]*ANGE POSITIONS OR M5 5GAG$ 9 AN 9DU/RY :I* IS CONSOLIDAT$ %\LD ORGANIZE LIKEWISE4 ,! SMALL DEGREE ( TE*NIQUE :I* SEP>ATES MO/ M5 ?US EMPLOY$ IS & MU/ APPEAL TO Y\ AS A POOR JU/IFICATION = TWO ORGANIZATIONS R5D]+1 AS IT DOES1 ! MEMB]S UNABLE TO L9E UP 9 ANY EFFECTIVE OR CONC5TRAT$ ACTION :5 ! TIME COMES TO ACT4 ,! ORGANIZ+ ( LABOR & PUTT+ SU* OB/RUCTIONS AS HI< 9ITIATION1 L>GE DUES1 OR ANY O!R PROHIBITIVE MEASURE IS AN IDEA FIT ONLY = ?OSE :O BELIEVE IT IS POSSIBLE TO BECOME LABOR M]*ANTS & MONOPOLI/S & EXCLUDE AT ! SAME TIME ?OSE :OM IT IS \R DESIRE TO ORGANIZE4 ,! PREV5T+ ( M5 :O DO NOT BELONG TO ANY P>TICUL> CRAFT FROM WORK+ AT ?AT OCCUPATION :ILE FULLY COMPET5T TO DO ! WORK & BELONG+ TO ANY TRADE UNION1 9 ANY C\NTRY1 IS AN ABOM9ATION & AN 9SULT4 ,F9ALLY1 :E!R Y\ %\LD PRON\NCE Y\RSELVES 9 FAVOR ( ?IS OR ?AT POLITICAL P>TY4 ,ON ?IS LA/ PROPOSITION ,I W\LD SAY NO & YES4 ,I W\LD SAY NO TO ANY POLITICAL P>TY :I* Y\R ORGANIZATION DUES NOT ACTIVELY CONTROL & W\LD SAY YES TO ?AT ORGANIZATION :I* IS P>T & P>CEL ( Y\R ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION4 ,?IS W\LD PRESUME ?AT SU* IS POSSIBLE & NECESS>Y TO :I* ,I SAY YES4 ,AS LONG AS WE CONC$E ! NECESSITY ( GOV]NM5T & ?IS WILL BE AS LONG AS WE NE$ \R ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ACTIVE P>TICIPATION 9 LEGISLATION IS 9CUMB5T UPON US4 ,Y\ CANNOT SEP>ATE ! DO+ ( AN ACTION & ITS RESULTS4 ,LEGISLATION & GOV]NM5T >E RESULTS4 ,! PRECEPT ( NO POLITICS 9 ! UNIONS1 TO MY M9D1 ORIG9AT$ 9 A C\NTRY & AT A TIME :5 ! SUFFRAGE WAS LIMIT$ BY PROP]TY OR O!R QUALIFICATIONS :I* PREV5T$ MANY :O W]E TRADE UNIONI/S FROM EX]CIS+ IT4 ,A DISCUSSION ( POLITICS UND] ?OSE CIRCUM/ANCES BY ! TRADE UNIONI/ WAS ALMO/ AS IRRELEVANT TO HIM & HIS ORGANIZATION AS RELIGION1 LIT]ATURE1 SCI5CE OR ANY?+ ELSE :I* HAD ONLY AN IDEOLOGICAL VALUE4 ,?IS IS TRUE TO A GREAT EXT5T TO-DAY & APPLIES TO ANY POLITICS OR POLITICAL P>TY :I* IS NOT GR\ND$ ON ! SAME ECONOMIC NE$S :I* BR+ 9TO BE+ Y\R 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,POLITICS 9 ANY S5SE1 O!R ?AN ! POLITICS :I* REFLECT ! ECONOMIC /R5G? ( ! WORK+ CLASS & TO ! EXT5T ?AT ?IS WORK+ CLASS CONTROL ?IS REFLECTION1 IS VA9 & FUTILE & IS ! ]ROR ?AT ALL EXI/+ POLITICAL P>TIES HAVE MADE ) ONE EXCEPTION4 ,WE %\LD REMEMB] ?AT ! POLITICAL /R5G? ( ANY CLASS IS 9 DIRECT PROPORTION TO ITS ECONOMIC /R5G?2 NO MORE & NO LESS4 ,N[ ! ECONOMIC /R5G? ( ! WORK+ CLASS MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 ITS ABILITY TO CONDUCT A /RIKE1 ITS ME?OD ( ORGANIZATION & ALL ( ?OSE 9TIMATELY ASSOCIAT$ RULES & REGULATIONS :I* >E CALL$ BY-LAWS & CON/ITUTIONS4 ,I CAN SEE :Y POLITICS 9 ! ORD9>Y ACCEPTANCE ( ! WORD %\LD BE ES*EW$1 BUT POLITICS & POLITICAL ACTIVITY :I* Y\ 9AUGURATE AS WORK+M5 IS AS NECESS>Y AS ! P[] ( ?\<T NE$S ! SPOK5 OR WRITT5 WORD TO EXPRESS IT4 

,! BELIEF ?AT RETIR+ FROM ! WORLD & BY SOME DEEP1 D>K & MY/]I\S PROCESS TO ORGANIZE A REVOLUTION :I* %ALL SPR+ LIKE ,M9]VA FROM ! BR[ ( ,JOVE IS BORN ( A CONCEPT :I* SAVORS A GREAT DEAL ( ,UTOPIA ) A L>GE DEGREE ( ! SUSPICI\SNESS & FALSE PREMISES ( ! AN>*I/4 ,I AM 9 HOPES ?AT Y\ WILL =M AN ORGANIZATION :I* WILL EMBODY BO? POLITICAL & ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AS ITS FIELD ( OP]ATION4 ,Y\ WILL MEET OPPOSITION 9 ?IS1 PROBABLY FROM TWO S\RCES1 FIR/1 ?OSE PSEUDO-,SOCIALI/S :O CONFUSE ,SOCIALISM ) POLITICAL REVOLUTION & NOT 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION--:O PUT ! %AD[ BE=E ! SUB/ANCE4 ,SECONDLY FROM ?OSE :O EI!R FROM A LACK ( OBS]VATION OR A SUP]FICIAL OBS]VATION1 CANNOT DRAW ! L9E ( DEM>CATION BETWE5 (FICE GETT+ ON ! P>T ( 9DIVIDUALS & (FICE TAK+ ON ! P>T ( WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS1 !REBY US+ SU* (FICES = !IR COLLECTIVE WELF>E4 ,9 CONCLUSION1 LET ME SAY ?AT IF ! ORGANIZATION F\ND$ H]E AT ?IS CONV5TION WILL REMA9 SATISFI$ ) *ANG+ EXT]NAL APPE>ANCES SU* AS (FICIALS1 )\T *ANG+ ! CONDITIONS :I* BRE$ SU* (FICIALS1 IT WILL AGA9 & AGA9 REPEAT ?IS PROCESS & F9ALLY1 ,I BELIEVE1 ADOPT ! PLAN :I* UND]LIES ! ,SOCIALI/ ,TRADE @& ,LABOR ,ALLIANCE4 ,IF WE >E EV] TO REALIZE ?OSE CONDITIONS :I* WILL MAKE WANT & ! FE> ( WANT DISAPPE> ALONG ) ITS EVIL CONCOMITANTS1 WORK+M5 ALONE CAN & MU/ TAKE UPON !MSELVES SU* A TASK4 ,! ROAD IS NO D\BT LONG & WE>Y1 MANY C5TURIES HAVE PASS$ BE=E US2 ,C5TURIES ( SLAV]Y1 DEGRADATION1 MIS]Y & DISEASE4 ,NEV] BE=E HAVE ALL ! =CES BE5 PRES5T & ALL ! MAT]IALS AT H& TO RELEASE ! WORLD FROM ECONOMIC SLAV]Y4 ,?IS IS QUITE POSSIBLE TODAY & %\LD BE ! AIM & OBJECTIVE PO9T ( EV]Y ORGANIZATION ( WORK]S ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,:5 SU* A TRANS=MATION HAS OCCURR$ RESULTS :I* W\LD BE CONSID]$ BY ! E>LY ,UTOPIANS AS WILD & *IM]ICAL WILL BE REALIZ$4 ,RESULTS NOT ONLY ( 9CREAS$ VISIBLE WEAL?1 BUT 9CREAS$ M5TAL WEAL? :I* WILL TRANS=M ! MAN ) ! HOE & ! BRO!R TO ! OX 9 ! S5SE UND]/OOD BY ,M>KHAM 9TO ! MAN :O WILL USE /EAM = CULTIVATION &1 9/EAD ( BE+ A BRO!R 9 EXT]NAL APPE>ANCES1 HE WILL UND]/& ! CONNECTION :I* SCI5CE1 AID$ BY EVOLUTION1 HAS DEMON/RAT$1 & WILL UND]/& HIM 9 ! POETIC S5SE & FELL[%IP1 :I* L$ ,:ITMAN TO EXCLAIM3 0,I BELIEVE ,I C\LD GO & LIVE ) ! ANIMALS2 !Y >E SO PLACID & SELF-CONTA9$2 !Y DO NOT MAKE ME SICK DISCUSS+ !IR DUTY T[>DS ,GOD2 !RE IS NOT ONE EXALT$ ABOVE ! O!R1 ! :OLE E>? OV]1 ALL1 ALL >E EQUALS40 7,APPLAUSE47 

,S,P,E,E,* ,( ,E,U,G,5,E ,V4 ,D,E,B,S 

,EUG5E ,V4 ,DEBS BE+ CALL$ BY ! CONV5TION SAID3 

,FELL[ ,DELEGATES & ,COMRADES3 ,AS ! PRELIM9>IES 9 ORGANIZ+ ! CONV5TION HAVE BE5 DISPOS$ (1 WE WILL GET D[N TO ! REAL WORK BE=E ?IS BODY4 ,WE >E H]E TO P]=M A TASK SO GREAT ?AT IT APPEALS TO \R BE/ ?\<T1 \R UNIT$ 5]GIES1 & WILL 5LI/ \R MO/ LOYAL SUPPORT2 A TASK 9 ! PRES5CE ( :I* WEAK M5 MI<T FALT] & DESPAIR1 BUT FROM :I* IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO %R9K )\T BETRAY+ ! WORK+ CLASS4 7,APPLAUSE47 

,I AM MU* IMPRESS$ BY ?IS PROLET>IAN GA!R+4 ,I REALIZE ?AT ,I /& 9 ! PRES5CE ( ?OSE :O 9 ! PA/ HAVE F\<T1 >E FI<T+1 & WILL CONT9UE TO FI<T ! BATTLES ( ! WORK+ CLASS ECONOMICALLY & POLITICALLY 7APPLAUSE71 UNTIL ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM IS OV]?R[N & ! WORK+ CLASS >E EMANCIPAT$ FROM ALL ( ! DEGRAD+ ?RALLDOM ( ! AGES4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,9 ?IS GREAT /RUGGLE ! WORK+ CLASS >E (T5 DEFEAT$1 BUT NEV] VANQUI%$4 ,EV5 ! DEFEATS1 IF WE >E WISE 5\< TO PR(IT BY !M1 BUT HA/5 ! DAY ( ! F9AL VICTORY4 

,9 TAK+ A SURVEY ( ! 9DU/RIAL FIELD ( TO-DAY1 WE >E AT ONCE IMPRESS$ ) ! TOTAL 9ADEQUACY ( WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATION1 ) ! LACK ( SOLID>ITY1 ) ! WIDESPREAD DEMORALIZATION WE SEE1 & WE >E B\ND TO CONCLUDE ?AT ! OLD =M ( PURE & SIMPLE UNIONISM HAS LONG S9CE \TGR[N ITS USEFULNESS 7APPLAUSE72 ?AT IT IS N[ NOT ONLY 9 ! WAY ( PROGRESS1 BUT ?AT IT HAS BECOME POSITIVELY REACTION>Y1 A ?+ ?AT IS BUT AN AUXILI>Y ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,!Y *>GE US ) BE+ ASSEMBL$ H]E = ! PURPOSE ( DISRUPT+ ! UNION MOVEM5T4 ,IT IS ALREADY DISRUPT$1 & IF IT W]E NOT DISRUPT$ WE W\LD NOT BEHOLD ! SPECTACLE H]E 9 ?IS V]Y CITY ( A :ITE POLICEMAN GU>D+ A BLACK SCAB1 & A BLACK POLICEMAN GU>D+ A :ITE SCAB 7APPLAUSE71 :ILE ! TRADE UNIONS /& BY ) !IR H&S 9 !IR POCKETS WOND]+ :AT IS ! MATT] ) UNION LABOR 9 ,AM]ICA4 ,WE >E H]E TO-DAY = ! PURPOSE ( UNIT+ ! WORK+ CLASS1 = ! PURPOSE ( ELIM9AT+ ?AT =M ( UNIONISM :I* IS RESPONSIBLE = ! CONDITIONS AS !Y EXI/ TO-DAY4 

,! TRADES UNION MOVEM5T IS TO-DAY UND] ! CONTROL ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,IT IS PREA*+ CAPITALI/ ECONOMICS4 ,IT IS S]V+ CAPITALI/ PURPOSES4 ,PRO( ( IT1 POSITIVE & OV]:ELM+1 APPE>S ON EV]Y H&4 ,ALL ( ! IMPORTANT /RIKES DUR+ ! PA/ TWO OR ?REE YE>S HAVE BE5 LO/4 ,! GREAT /RIKE ( ! TEXTILE WORK]S AT ,FALL ,RIV]1 ?AT PROV$ SO DISA/R\S TO ?OSE :O 5GAG$ 9 IT2 ! /RIKE ( ! SUBWAY EMPLOYES 9 ! ,CITY ( ,NEW ,YORK1 :]E UND] ! PRES5T =M ( ORGANIZATION ! LOCAL LEAD]S REPUDIAT$ ! NATIONAL LEAD]S1 ! NATIONAL LEAD]S REPUDIAT$ ! LOCAL LEAD]S & W]E 9 ALLIANCE ) ! CAPITALI/ CLASS TO CRU% !IR [N FOLL[]S2 ! /RIKE ( ! /OCKY>D'S EMPLOYES H]E 9 ,*ICAGO2 ! /RIKE ( ! TEAM/]S N[ 9 PROGRESS--ALL1 ALL ( !M BE> TE/IMONY TO ! FACT ?AT ! PURE & SIMPLE =M ( UNIONISM HAS FULFILL$ ITS MISSION1 :ATEV] ?AT MAY HAVE BE51 & ?AT ! TIME HAS COME = IT TO GO4 7,GREAT APPLAUSE47 

,! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR HAS NUMB]S1 BUT ! CAPITALI/ CLASS DO NOT FE> ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR2 QUITE ! CONTR>Y4 ,! CAPITALI/ PAP]S H]E 9 ?IS V]Y CITY AT ?IS V]Y TIME >E *AMPION+ ! CAUSE ( PURE & SIMPLE UNIONISM4 ,S9CE ?IS CONV5TION MET !RE HAS BE5 NO?+ 9 !SE PAP]S BUT A S]IES ( MISREPRES5TATIONS4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,IF WE HAD MET 9/EAD 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR !SE PAP]S1 !SE CAPITALI/ PAP]S1 W\LD HAVE HAD !IR COLUMNS FILL$ ) >TICLES COMM5D+ ! WORK ?AT IS BE+ DONE H]E4 ,!RE IS C]TA9LY SOME?+ WRONG ) ?AT =M ( UNIONISM :I* HAS ITS *IEF SUPPORT 9 ! PRESS ?AT REPRES5TS CAPITALISM2 SOME?+ WRONG 9 ?AT =M ( UNIONISM :OSE LEAD]S >E ! LIEUT5ANTS ( CAPITALISM2 SOME?+ WRONG ) ?AT =M ( UNIONISM ?AT =MS AN ALLIANCE ) SU* A CAPITALI/ COMB9ATION AS ! ,CIVIC ,F$]ATION1 :OSE SOLE PURPOSE IT IS TO *LOR(ORM ! WORK+ CLASS :ILE ! CAPITALI/ CLASS GO ?R\< !IR POCKETS4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,!RE >E ?OSE :O BELIEVE ?AT ?IS =M ( UNIONISM CAN BE *ANG$ FROM )94 ,!Y >E V]Y GREATLY MI/AK54 ,WE MI<T AS WELL HAVE REMA9$ 9 ! ,REPUBLICAN & ,DEMOCRATIC P>TIES & HAVE EXPECT$ TO EFFECT C]TA9 *ANGES FROM )91 9/EAD ( )DRAW+ FROM ?OSE P>TIES & ORGANIZ+ A P>TY ?AT REPRES5T$ ! EXPLOIT$ WORK+ CLASS4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,!RE IS BUT ONE WAY TO EFFECT ?IS GREAT *ANGE1 & ?AT IS = ! WORK+MAN TO SEV] HIS RELATIONS ) ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION & JO9 ! UNION ?AT PROPOSES UPON ! ECONOMIC FIELD TO REPRES5T HIS CLASS 7APPLAUSE71 & WE >E H]E TO-DAY = ! PURPOSE ( ORGANIZ+ ?AT UNION4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT WE >E CAPABLE ( PR(IT+ BY ! EXP]I5CES ( ! PA/4 ,I BELIEVE IT IS POSSIBLE = ! DELEGATES H]E ASSEMBL$ TO =M A GREAT1 S\ND1 ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS BAS$ UPON ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 ?AT %ALL BE BROAD 5\< TO EMBRACE EV]Y HONE/ WORK]1 YET N>R[ 5\< TO EXCLUDE EV]Y FAKIR4 7,APPLAUSE47 

,N[1 LET ME SAY TO ?OSE DELEGATES :O >E H]E REPRES5T+ ! ,SOCIALI/ ,TRADE & ,LABOR ,ALLIANCE1 ?AT ,I HAVE NOT 9 ! PA/ AGRE$ ) !IR TACTICS4 ,I CONC$E ?AT !IR !ORY IS RI<T1 ?AT !IR PR9CIPLES >E S\ND2 ,I ADMIT & *E]FULLY ADMIT ! HONE/Y ( !IR MEMB]%IP4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,BUT !RE MU/ C]TA9LY BE SOME?+ WRONG ) !IR TACTICS OR !IR ME?ODS ( PROPAG&A IF 9 !SE YE>S !Y HAVE NOT DEVELOP$ A L>G] MEMB]%IP ?AN !Y HAVE TO !IR CR$IT4 ,LET ME SAY 9 ?IS CONNECTION1 ,I AM NOT ( ?OSE :O SCORN Y\ BECAUSE ( Y\R SMALL NUMB]S4 ,I HAVE BE5 TAU<T BY EXP]I5CE ?AT NUMB]S DO NOT REPRES5T /R5G?4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,I WILL CONC$E ?AT ! CAPITALI/ CLASS DO NOT FE> ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR BECAUSE ( !IR NUMB]S4 ,LET ME ADD ?AT ! CAPITALI/ CLASS DO NOT FE> Y\R ,SOCIALI/ ,TRADE @& ,LABOR ,ALLIANCE4 ,! ONE >E TOO NUM]\S & ! O!R >E NOT SUFFICI5TLY NUM]\S4 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR IS NOT S\ND 9 ITS ECONOMICS4 ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,TRADE @& ,LABOR ,ALLIANCE IS S\ND 9 ITS ECONOMICS1 BUT 9 MY JUDGM5T IT DOES NOT APPEAL TO ! ,AM]ICAN WORK+ CLASS 9 ! RI<T SPIRIT4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,UPON MY LIPS !RE HAS NEV] BE5 A SNE] = ! ,SOCIALI/ ,TRADE @& ,LABOR ,ALLIANCE ON ACC\NT ( ! SMALLNESS ( ITS NUMB]S4 ,I HAVE BE5 QUITE CAPABLE ( APPLAUD+ ! PLUCK1 ( ADMIR+ ! C\RAGE ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,TRADE @& ,LABOR ,ALLIANCE1 = ?\< FEW 9 NUMB]S1 !Y /AY BY !IR COLORS4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,I WI%1 IF ,I CAN1 TO PO9T \T :AT ,I CONCEIVE TO BE ! ]ROR 9 !IR ME?OD ( PROPAG&A4 ,SPEAK+ ( ! MEMB]S AS ,I HAVE MET !M1 IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT !Y >E TOO PRONE TO LOOK UPON A MAN AS A FAKIR :O HAPP5S TO DISAGREE ) !M4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,N[1 ,I ?9K !RE IS NO DELEGATE 9 ?IS CONV5TION :O IS MORE SET AGA9/ ! REAL FAKIR ?AN ,I AM4 ,BUT ,I BELIEVE IT IS POSSIBLE = A WORK+MAN :O HAS BE5 ! VICTIM ( FAKIRISM TO BECOME SO AL]T1 TO SO /RA9 HIS VISION LOOK+ = ! FAKIR ?AT HE SEES ! FAKIR :]E ! FAKIR IS NOT4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,I W\LD HAVE Y\ UND]/& ?AT ,I AM OPPOS$ TO ! FAKIR1 & ,I AM ALSO OPPOS$ TO ! FANATIC4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,& FANATICISM IS AS FATAL TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T AS IS FAKIRISM4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,ADMITT+ ?AT ! PR9CIPLE IS S\ND1 ?AT ! !ORY ( Y\R ORGANIZATION IS RI<T--& ,I CONC$E BO?--:AT GOOD AVAILS IT1 :AT REAL PURPOSE IS ACCOMPLI%$ IF Y\ CANNOT DEVELOP /R5G? SUFFICI5T TO C>RY \T ! DECL>$ PURPOSE ( Y\R ORGANIZATION8 

,N[1 ,I BELIEVE ?AT !RE IS A MIDDLE GR\ND ?AT CAN BE OCCUPI$ )\T ! SLI<TE/ CONCESSION ( PR9CIPLE4 ,I BELIEVE IT IS POSSIBLE = SU* AN ORGANIZATION AS ! ,WE/]N ,F$]ATION ( ,M9]S TO BE BR\<T 9TO H>MONI\S RELATION ) ! ,SOCIALI/ ,TRADE @& ,LABOR ,ALLIANCE4 ,I BELIEVE IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT ?AT ELEM5T ( ! ORGANIZATIONS REPRES5T$ H]E HAVE ! CONVICTION1 BORN ( EXP]I5CE1 OBS]VATION & /UDY1 ?AT ! TIME HAS COME TO ORGANIZE A NEW UNION1 & ,I BELIEVE IT IS POSSIBLE = !SE ELEM5TS TO M+LE1 TO COMB9E H]E1 & TO AT LEA/ BEG9 ! WORK ( =M+ A GREAT ECONOMIC OR REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS SO SORELY NE$$ 9 ! /RUGGLE = !IR EMANCIPATION4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,! SUPREME NE$ ( ! H\R1 AS ! SPEAK] :O PREC$$ ME SO CLE>LY EXPRESS$ IT 9 HIS C>EFULLY & CLE>LY ?\<T ADDRESS--! SUPREME NE$ ( ! H\R IS A S\ND1 REVOLUTION>Y WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATION4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,& :ILE ,I AM NOT FOOLI% 5\< TO IMAG9E ?AT WE CAN COMPLETE ?IS GREAT WORK 9 A S+LE CONV5TION ( A FEW DAYS DURATION1 ,I DO BELIEVE IT IS POSSIBLE = US TO 9ITIATE ?IS WORK1 TO BEG9 IT 9 A WAY = ! GREATE/ PROMISE1 ) ! ASSURANCE ?AT ITS WORK WILL BE COMPLET$ 9 A WAY ?AT WILL APPEAL ) 9CREAS+ =CE TO ! WORK+ CLASS ( ! C\NTRY4 ,I AM SATISFI$ ?AT ! GREAT BODY ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ?IS C\NTRY >E PREP>$ = JU/ SU* AN ORGANIZATION4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,I KN[1 !IR LEAD]S KN[1 ?AT IF ?IS CONV5TION IS SUCCESSFUL !IR DOOM IS SEAL$4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,!Y CAN ALREADY SEE ! H&WRIT+ UPON ! WALL1 & SO !Y >E SEEK+ BY ALL ( ! P[] AT !IR COMM& TO DISCR$IT ?IS CONV5TION1 & 9 ALLIANCE ) ! COHORTS ( CAPITALISM !Y >E DO+ :AT !Y CAN TO DEFEAT ?IS CONV5TION4 ,IT MAY FAIL 9 ITS MISSION1 = !Y MAY CONT9UE TO MISREPRES5T1 DECEIVE & BETRAY ! WORK+ CLASS & KEEP !M 9 ! CLUT*ES ( !IR CAPITALI/ MA/]S & EXPLOIT]S4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,!Y >E HOP+ ?AT WE WILL FAIL TO GET TOGE!R4 ,!Y >E HOP+1 AS !Y HAVE ALREADY EXPRESS$ IT1 ?AT ?IS CONV5TION WILL CONSI/ ( A PROLONG$ WRANGLE2 ?AT SU* IS \R FEEL+ & RELATIONS T[>D EA* O!R ?AT IT WILL BE IMPOSSIBLE = US TO AGREE UPON ANY VITAL PROPOSITION2 ?AT WE WILL FI<T EA* O!R UPON EV]Y PO9T1 & ?AT :5 WE HAVE CONCLUD$ \R LABORS WE WILL LEAVE ?+S 9 A WORSE CONDITION ?AN !Y W]E BE=E4 ,IF WE >E TRUE TO \RSELVES WE WILL UNDECEIVE ?OSE G5TLEM54 ,WE WILL GIVE !M TO UND]/& ?AT WE >E ANIMAT$ BY MOTIVES TOO L(TY = !M 9 !IR BAS5ESS & SORDIDNESS TO COMPREH5D4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,WE WILL GIVE !M TO UND]/& ?AT ! MOTIVE H]E IS NOT TO USE UNIONISM AS A MEANS ( S]V+ ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 BUT ?AT ! MOTIVES ( ! M5 & WOM5 ASSEMBL$ H]E IS TO S]VE ! WORK+ CLASS BY SO ORGANIZ+ ?AT CLASS AS TO MAKE !IR ORGANIZATION ! PROMISE ( ! COM+ TRIUMPH UPON ! ECONOMIC FIELD AN ! POLITICAL FIELD & ! ULTIMATE EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 7,APPLAUSE47 

,LET ME SAY ?AT ,I AGREE ) ,COMRADE ,DE ,LEON UPON ONE V]Y VITAL PO9T AT LEA/4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,WE HAVE NOT BE5 ! BE/ ( FRI5DS 9 ! PA/ 7LAU<T]71 BUT ! :IRLIGIG ( TIME BR+S AB\T SOME WOND]FUL *ANGES4 ,I F9D MYSELF BREAK+ AWAY FROM SOME M5 ,I HAVE BE5 9 V]Y CLOSE T\* )1 & GETT+ 9 CLOSE T\* ) SOME M5 FROM :OM ,I HAVE BE5 V]Y WIDELY SEP>AT$4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,BUT NO MATT]4 ,I HAVE LONG S9CE MADE UP MY M9D TO PURSUE ! /RAI<T L9E AS ,I SEE IT4 ,A MAN IS NOT WOR?Y1 9 MY JUDDGM5T1 TO 5LI/ 9 ! S]VICES ( ! WORK+ CLASS UNLESS HE HAS ! MORAL /AM9A1 IF NE$ BE1 TO BREAK ASUND] ALL P]SONAL RELATIONS TO S]VE ?AT CLASS AS HE UND]/&S HIS DUTY TO ?AT CLASS4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,I HAVE NOT ! SLI<TE/ FEEL+ AGA9/ ?OSE :O 9 ! PA/ HAVE SE5 FIT TO CALL ME A FAKIR4 7,LAU<T]74 ,I CAN AF=D TO WAIT4 ,I HAVE WAIT$1 & ,I N[ /& READY TO TAKE BY ! H& EV]Y MAN1 EV]Y WOMAN ?AT COMES H]E1 TOTALLY REG>DLESS ( PA/ AFFILIATIONS1 :OSE PURPOSE IT IS TO ORGANIZE ! WORK+ CLASS UPON ! ECONOMIC FIELD1 TO LAUN* ?AT ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ?AT %ALL BE ! EXPRESSION ( ! ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AS !Y EXI/ TO-DAY2 ?AT ORGANIZATION = :I* ! WORK+ CLASS >E PREP>$2 ?AT ORGANIZATION :I* WE %ALL AT LEA/ BEG9 BE=E WE HAVE 5D$ \R LABORS1 UNLESS WE %ALL PROVE FALSE TO ! OBJECT = :I* WE HAVE ASSEMBL$ H]E4 

,N[1 ,I AM NOT GO+ TO TAKE ! TIME TO UND]TAKE TO \TL9E ! =M ( ?IS ORGANIZATION4 ,NOR %\LD ,I UND]TAKE TO TAX Y\R PATI5CE BY ATTEMPT+ TO ELABORATE ! PLAN ( ORGANIZATION4 ,BUT LET ME SUGGE/1 9 A FEW WORDS1 ?AT TO ACCOMPLI% ITS PURPOSE ?IS ORGANIZATION MU/ NOT ONLY BE BAS$ UPON ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 BUT MU/ EXPRESS ! ECONOMIC CONDITION ( ?IS TIME4 ,WE MU/ HAVE ONE ORGANIZATION ?AT EMBRACES ! WORK]S 9 EV]Y DEP>TM5T ( 9DU/RIAL ACTIVITY4 ,IT MU/ EXPRESS ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,IT MU/ RECOGNIZE ! CLASS L9ES4 ,IT MU/ ( C\RSE BE CLASS-CONSCI\S4 ,IT MU/ BE TOTALLY UNCOMPROMIS+4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,IT MU/ BE AN ORGANIZATION ( ! RANK & FILE4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,IT MU/ BE SO ORGANIZ$ & SO GUID$ AS TO APPEAL TO ! 9TELLIG5CE ( ! WORK]S ( ! C\NTRY EV]Y:]E4 ,& IF WE SUCCE$1 AS ,I BELIEVE WE WILL1 9 =M+ SU* AN ORGANIZATION1 ITS SUCCESS IS A =EGONE CONCLUSION4 ,I HAVE ALREADY SAID ! WORK+ CLASS >E READY = IT4 ,!RE >E MULTIPLI$ ?\S&S 9 READ9ESS TO JO9 IT1 WAIT+ ONLY TO SEE IF ! ORGANIZATION IS RI<TLY GR\ND$ & PROP]LY =M$2 & ?IS DONE !RE WILL BE NO TR\BLE AB\T ITS DEVELOPM5T1 & ITS DEVELOPM5T WILL TAKE PROP] =M & EXP& TO ITS TRUE PROPORTIONS4 ,IF ?IS WORK IS PROP]LY BEGUN1 IT WILL MEAN 9 TIME1 & NOT A LONG TIME AT ?AT1 A S+LE UNION UPON ! ECONOMIC FIELD4 ,IT WILL MEAN MORE ?AN ?AT2 IT WILL MEAN A S+LE P>TY UPON ! POLITICAL FIELD 7GREAT APPLAUSE72 ! ONE ! ECONOMIC EXPRESSION1 ! O!R ! POLITICAL EXPRESSION ( ! WORK+ CLASS2 ! TWO HALVES ?AT REPRES5T ! ORGANIC :OLE ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 

 ,N[1 LET ME SAY 9 CLOS+1 COMRADES--& ,I HAVE TRI$ TO COND5SE1 NOT WI%+ TO TAX Y\R PATI5CE OR TO TAKE ! TIME ( O!RS1 = ,I BELIEVE ?AT 9 SU* CONV5TIONS AS ?IS IT IS MORE IMPORTANT ?AT WE %ALL P]=M ?AN ?AT WE %ALL MAKE SPEE*ES--LET ME SAY 9 CLOS+ ?AT Y\ & ,I & ALL ( US :O >E H]E TO 5LI/ 9 ! S]VICE ( ! WORK+ CLASS NE$ TO HAVE FAI? 9 EA* O!R 7APPLAUSE71 NOT ! FAI? BORN ( IGNORANCE & /UPIDITY1 BUT ! 5LI<T5$ FAI? ( SELF-9T]E/4 ,WE >E 9 PRECISELY ! SAME POSITION2 WE DEP5D ABSOLUTELY UPON EA* O!R4 ,WE MU/ GET CLOSE TOGE!R & /& %\LD] TO %\LD]4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,WE KN[ ?AT )\T SOLID>ITY NO?+ IS POSSIBLE1 ?AT ) IT NO?+ IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,& SO WE MU/ DISPEL ! PETTY PREJUDICES ?AT >E BORN ( ! DIFF]5CES ( ! PA/1 & ,I AM ( ?OSE :O BELIEVE ?AT1 IF WE GET TOGE!R 9 ! TRUE WORK+ CLASS SPIRIT1 MO/ ( !SE DIFF]5CES WILL DISAPPE>1 & IF ?OSE ( US :O HAVE DIFF]$ 9 ! PA/ >E WILL+ TO ACCORD TO EA* O!R ?AT DEGREE ( CONCILIATION ?AT WE \RSELVES FEEL ?AT WE >E 5TITL$ TO1 ?AT WE WILL =GET !SE DIFF]5CES1 WE WILL APPROA* ALL ( ! PROBLEMS ?AT CONFRONT US1 ) \R 9TELLIG5CE COMB9$1 ACT+ TOGE!R 9 CONC]T1 ALL ANIMAT$ BY ! SAME HI< RESOLVE TO =M ?AT GREAT UNION1 SO NECESS>Y TO ! WORK+ CLASS1 )\T :I* !IR CONDITION REMA9S AS IT IS1 & ) :I*1 :5 MADE PRACTICAL & VITALIZ$ & R5EW$1 ! WORK+ CLASS IS P]MEAT$ ) ! CONQU]+ SPIRIT ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 & AS IF BY MAGIC ! 5TIRE MOVEM5T IS VITALIZ$1 & SIDE BY SIDE & %\LD] TO %\LD] 9 A CLASS-CONSCI\S PHALANX WE MOVE =W>D TO C]TA9 & COMPLETE VICTORY4 7,APPLAUSE47 

,S,P,E,E,* ,( ,D,A,N,I,E,L ,D,E ,L,E,O,N 

,DANIEL ,DE ,LEON BE+ CALL$ BY ! CONV5TION SAID3 

,FELL[ ,DELEGATES3 ,FROM ! TIME ! ,MANIFE/O WAS ISSU$1 IT WAS CLE> TO ME ?AT ! MISSION ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,TRADE @& ,LABOR ,ALLIANCE WAS AB\T TO BE DONE4 ,! ELOQU5T SPEE* WE JU/ HE>D PROVES IT4 ,:5 ,I CAME TO ,*ICAGO TO ?IS CONV5TION ,I CAME ABSOLUTELY )\T ANY PRIVATE AX TO GR9D OR ANY PRIVATE GRUDGE TO GRATIFY4 ,9 FACT1 DUR+ MY :OLE ACTIVITY 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T ,I HAVE HAD BUT ONE FOE--& ,I ?9K ?AT MY WOR/ 5EMY WILL NOT D5Y MY /ATEM5T--& ?AT FOE IS ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,NOT A L9E ?AT ,I HAVE EV] WRITT51 EI!R ON ! POLITICAL OR ! ECONOMIC L9E1 BUT WAS GUID$ BY ?AT />1 PROCE$+ FROM ! PR9CIPLE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE2 PROCE$+ FROM ! CONVICTION ?AT ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS NOT ONLY MU/ BE !IR [N WORK1 BUT--:AT IS ( 9F9ITELY MORE IMPORTANCE--IS POSSIBLE4 ,9 HAV+ ?IS CONV5TION COME TOGE!R H]E1 WE1 ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,TRADE @& ,LABOR ,ALLIANCE1 9DULGE 9 ! VA+LORI\S BELIEF ?AT WE HAVE CONTRIBUT$ \R %>E2 & ,BRO!R ,DEBS WILL1 ,I ?9K--,I AM SURE ( IT--ADMIT ?AT \R LIT]ATURE HAS CONTRIBUT$ T[>DS ?AT 5D4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,I AM NOT GO+ TO 5T] 9TO A DISCUSSION OR SPEAK ( ?AT ONE FEATURE :I* HE SAID WAS ! BAD FEATURE ( ! ,ALLIANCE4 ,I %ALL SIMPLY MAKE ! PROPHECY TO HIM & TO Y\1 ?AT1 /&+ N[ :]E ! ,ALLIANCE /OOD1 HE WILL ALSO BECOME :AT ! FOE SAYS ,I WAS--A FANATIC2 ?AT AS HE SEES ! ?+ CLE>] TO-DAY ?AN HE SAW IT :5 ! ,AM]ICAN ,RAILWAY ,UNION WAS ORGANIZ$1 HE WILL F9D IT CLE>] ALSO :O ! FOES ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T >E4 ,I %ALL NOT GO 9TO ?AT4 ,ALL ,I WI% TO SAY1 ALL ,I WI% TO GO ON RECORD AS SAY+1 IS ?IS3 ,I CAN IMAG9E NO?+ MORE WEAK1 MORE PITIABLE FROM A MAN'S /&PO9T ?AN TO ASPIRE AT AN IDEAL ?AT IS UNREALIZABLE1 & ,I HAVE OV]HAUL$ MY POSITION AGA9 & AGA9 ANSW]+ ?IS QUE/ION3 0,IS ?IS PROBLEM ?AT Y\ HAVE UND]TAK5 AS ONE ( SO MANY--IS IT A PROBLEM ?AT IS SOLVABLE80 ,& ,I HAVE CONCLUD$ ?AT ,I,T ,I,S4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,I DREW A L9E1 & ON ! O!R SIDE ( ?AT L9E ,I PLAC$ ! FAKIR & ?OSE M5 :O ASSUME & :O D5Y ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS CAN EMANCIPATE !MSELVES1 & :O CONSEQU5TLY PROPOSE TO FOLL[ !IR [N 9T]E/S TO ! BE/ ( !IR ABILITY & OPPORTUNITY4 

,:5 ?REE YE>S AGO ! M9]S' /RIKE TOOK PLACE1 IT WAS1 AS F> AS ,I WAS CONC]N$ 9DIVIDUALLY1 AN EPO* 9 MY EXI/5CE4 ,BE=E ?AT ,I WAS C]TA9 ?AT ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS C\LD NOT COME BUT ?R\< !M2 ,I WAS ALSO C]TA9 ?AT IT WAS A POSSIBILITY2 BUT ,I DID NOT KN[ H[ F> REMOV$ ! L& BEYOND !M MI<T LIE4 ,I KNEW ?AT ,COLUMBUS UPON /RICTLY SCI5TIFIC GR\ND SAID3 0,! WORLD BE+ R\ND1 IF ,I TRAVEL WE/W>D ,I MU/ /RIKE L&40 ,BUT HE KNEW NOT H[ LONG HE W\LD HAVE TO TRAVEL BE=E HE /RUCK L&4 ,HIS SCI5TIFIC PREMISES C\LD NOT 9VOLVE 9=MATION ALSO UPON ?AT SUBJECT2 & AS HE TRAVEL$--Y\ KN[ ! /ORY1 H[ ! WEAK & ! UN9=M$ FELL OV] HIM & CALL$ HIM NAMES1 & H[ HE HAD TO DECEIVE !M BY TELL+ !M TO KEEP ON & KEEP ON2 & HAD L& LA9 A FEW DAYS FUR!R WE/1 ,AM]ICA W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 DISCOV]$ ON ! #a#b? ( ,OCTOB]1 #a#d#i#b4 ,! QUE/ION = ME1 ! REALLY IMPORTANT QUE/ION1 ! QUE/ION ( IMM$IATE IMPORTANCE1 WAS1 0,H[ F> WE/ DOES ! L& LIE8 ,H[ F> AWAY IS ! DAY :5 ! WORK+ CLASS WILL NOT ONLY HAVE SUFFICI5T 9=MATION NOT TO BE HUMBUGG$1 BUT :5 !IR HE>TS WILL BEAT ) ?AT S\ND IMPULSE UND] :I* !Y WILL D>E /& UPON !IR FEET & CLAIM ?AT !Y AS CITIZ5S ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY >E 5TITL$ TO ALL ?AT !Y PRODUCE & NOT A S+LE C5T LESS8 ,H[ F> DOES ?AT LIE80 ,& ?AT COAL M9]S' /RIKE GAVE ME 9=MATION UPON ?AT QUE/ION4 ,:5 ?AT /RIKE WAS 9 PROGRESS = EI<T MON?S1 HAD ?IS ORGANIZATION ?AT WE HOPE WILL BE LAUN*$ H]E 9 ,*ICAGO BE5 9 EXI/5CE1 ! REVOLUTION W\LD HAVE BE5 ACCOMPLI%$ 9 #a#i#c4 ,! WORK+MAN'S PULSE BEAT HI<4 ,! CLASS 9/9CT WAS !RE2 ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT WAS !RE2 BUT ! >MY ( LABOR1 LIKE ! ,CZ>'S >MY1 :I* ALSO CONSI/S ( WORK+M51 WAS CAPTA9$ BY ! LIEUT5ANTS ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,WE !N CALL$ ,MIT*ELL A FAKIR1 & ,I AM GLAD ?AT !RE >E ?OSE TO-DAY 9 ?IS CONV5TION :O F\ND FAULT ) ME !N1 BUT :O WILL AGREE ) ME TO-DAY ?AT HE WAS ONE4 7,APPLAUSE47 

,\T ( ?IS BODY1 \T ( ?IS CONV5TION1 A NEW ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION OR UNION WILL RISE1 & :E!R ! ,SOCIALI/ ,TRADE @& ,LABOR ,ALLIANCE WAS PREMATURE1 :E!R 9DE$ IT HAD ?IS OR ?AT OR ! O!R DEFECT1 IT IS UNNECESS>Y = ME H]E TO GO 9TO2 ,I C\LD ALSO GO 9TO SOME O!R ORGANIZATIONS ?AT />T$1 & HAVE TO-DAY EV5 FEW] MEMB]S4 ,BUT ! TIMES >E RIPE4 ,G5]AL 9=MATION IS EXT5D$1 & DUR+ ?IS PROCESS ( P\ND+ ONE ANO!R WE HAVE BO? LE>N$2 BO? SIDES HAVE LE>N$1 & ,I HOPE & BELIEVE ?AT ?IS CONV5TION WILL BR+ TOGE!R ?OSE :O WILL PLANT !MSELVES SQU>ELY UPON ! CLASS /RUGGLE & WILL RECOGNIZE ! FACT ?AT ! POLITICAL EXPRESSION ( LABOR IS BUT ! %AD[ ( ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,I BELIEVE--,I KN[--?AT HE :O WILL NOT VOTE RI<T WILL DO EV]Y?+ ELSE WRONG4 ,BUT ,I ALSO BELIEVE & ,I KN[ ,?AT !RE IS NO?+ MORE SILLY ?AN ,RI<T )\T ,MI<T TO BACK IT UP4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,& ! BALLOT BOX1 ?\< IT IS A CIVILIZ$ ME?OD ( DISCUSSION1 ?\< IT IS P[]FUL 9 ITS WAY AS A HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T1 ?AT BALLOT IS ! WEAKE/ ( ?+S1 IS ! HUGE/ FRAUD ON E>? IF IT IS NOT BACK$ BY ! ,MI<T TO 5=CE IT4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,DO \R B\RGEOIS CAPITALI/ RUL]S PROCE$ UPON A DIFF]5T PR9CIPLE8 ,LOOK AT !IR LAW LIBR>IES4 ,I DO NOT BELIEVE ! LAW BOOKS 9 ?OSE LIBR>IES >E B\ND 9 CALF OR %EEPSK9 BY ACCID5T4 ,H[ 9NOC5T ?OSE BOOKS LOOK4 ,! %EEPSK9 9 :I* !Y >E B\ND IS AN EMBLEM ( 9NOC5CE1 ( ! WEAKNESS ( ! LAW )\T ,MI<T TO 5=CE IT4 ,& !Y GA!R !IR ,MI<T 9 !IR WAY2 WE GA!R IT 9 \R WAY2 & ! ,MI<T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/ BALLOT CONSI/S 9 ! ?OR\< 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION ( ! PRODUCTIVE WORK]S1 ORGANIZ$ 9 SU* A WAY ?AT :5 ?AT BALLOT IS CA/ ! CAPITALI/ CLASS MAY KN[ ?AT BEH9D IT IS ! ,MI<T TO 5=CE IT4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,I HAVE MYSELF /AT$ AGA9 & AGA91 9 WRIT+ & BY WORD ( M\?1 ?AT ! CAPITALI/ CLASS IS ! ONE ?AT C\NTS ! BALLOTS1 & CONSEQU5TLY IT IS ABSURD TO EXPECT ?AT !IR ELECTION 9SPECTORS WILL C\NT US 9 7APPLAUSE7--AS ABSURD AS IT W\LD BE = ! ,JAPANESE 9 ,MAN*URIA TO EXPECT ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN SOLDI]S W\LD PULL ! TRIGG]S = ! ,JAPANESE MA/]S4 ,I RECOGNIZE ?AT1 BUT NO CONCLUSION ( IMPORTANCE CAN FL[ FROM ONE FACT4 ,ALL SAFE CONCLUSIONS FL[ FROM A NUMB] ( FACTS ?AT HAVE TO BE CONSID]$ TOGE!R4 ,! CAPITALI/ CLASS MAY MONKEY ) ! BALLOT ALL !Y LIKE1 BUT = ! SAME REASON ?AT A MAN CAN MONKEY ) A !RMOMET] )\T EV] *ANG+ ! TEMP]ATURE1 A H&FUL ( CAPITALI/S MAY DO !IR BALLOT-MONKEY+1 BUT !Y CANNOT *ANGE ! POLITICAL TEMP]ATURE4 ,Y\ CAN PUT A PIECE ( ICE TO ! QUICKSILV] 9 A !RMOMET] 9 ! HEAT ( SUMM]1 & ?AT QUICKSILV] WILL S9K BEL[ Z]O1 WILL S9K TO A ,DAKOTAN COLDNESS2 ?AT DOES NOT *ANGE ! TEMP]ATURE4 ,Y\ MAY 9 W9T] PUT A BURN+ COAL TO ! QUICKSILV] & RAISE IT TO SUMM] HEAT1 BUT ?AT DOES NOT MAKE IT SUMM]4 ,! CAPITALI/ MAY C\NT US \T4 ,HE MAY L[] ?IS !RMOMET] ( ! BALLOT1 BUT HE CANNOT *ANGE ! TEMP]ATURE4 ,HIS ELECTION 9SPECTORS WILL TELL HIM H[ ! SITUATION /&S2 HE WILL KN[ H[ ?AT VOTE IS2 HE WILL KN[ ! MAKEUP & ALL ( IT2 HE WILL UND]/& ! NATURE ( \R ORGANIZATION--& ?AT BR+S ME RI<T SMACK AGA9/ A QUE/ION1 ! QUE/ION ?AT ,I W\LD LIKE TO HAVE 9F9ITELY MORE TIME TO H&LE ?AN ,I %ALL CONSUME 9 ?IS HALL4 ,BUT ,I %ALL COND5SE4 

,:5 SPEAK+ TO ,BRO!R ,DEBS A FEW DAYS AGO1 :5 WE %OOK H&S OV] ! BLOODY *ASM 7LAU<T]71 ,I SAID TO HIM ?AT ,I GREATLY ADMIR$ ! SPIRIT ( A C]TA9 S5T5CE UTT]$ BY HIM1 ?\< NOT ! APPLICATION ( IT4 ,I %ALL LEAVE ASIDE ! APPLICATION ( IT SO AS TO REMOVE FRICTION4 ,! SUB/ANCE ( HIS S5T5CE WAS3 0,WE >E H]E 9 ,AM]ICA UND] SPECIAL ,AM]ICAN CONDITIONS1 & WE MU/ HAVE \R [N EXPRESSION ( ! ,AM]ICAN LABOR MOVEM5T40 ,ADMIRABLE4 ,!RE IS AN 9/9CT BO? AMONG ! FOES & ! UNWISE FRI5DS ( ! MOVEM5T TO HOLD ,AM]ICA D[N TO ! ,EUROPEAN LEVEL4 ,I WAS !RE LA/ YE>1 AT ! ,AM/]DAM ,CONGRESS1 & ,I CAN ASSURE Y\ ?AT ,I PITI$ FROM ! BOTTOM ( MY HE>T ! M5 :OM ,I CONSID]$ ,SOCIALI/S1 BECAUSE1 ,SOCIALI/S ?\< !Y >E1 !Y >E UND] FEUDAL CONDITIONS & !Y >E WORN \T ) FEUDAL ISSUES4 ,!IR EF=TS >E NEUTRALIZ$2 !Y CANNOT HAVE A MOVEM5T SU* AS WE CAN HAVE 9 ,AM]ICA1 :]E CAPITALISM IS FULL-GR[N1 :]E HEAD & %\LD]S IT IS ABOVE ALL O!R NATIONS ( ! WORLD1 :]E1 NOT ONLY ECONOMICALLY BUT POLITICALLY & SOCIALLY1 WE HAVE ! MO/ ADVANC$ CAPITALISM 9 EXI/5CE2 NO LONG] ,5GL&1 BUT ,AM]ICA1 HAS ?AT DI/9CTION4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,N[1 !N1 ! ,AM]ICAN CAPITALI/ CLASS IS A DIFF]5T ?+ FROM ! ,EUROPEAN CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,! ,EUROPEAN CAPITALI/ CLASS IS FEUDAL4 ,I WAS READ+ QUITE REC5TLY A ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC >TICLE FROM ,G]MANY 9 :I* ! WRIT] CORRECTLY /AT$ ?AT ! CAPITALI/ CLASS IS FEUDALIZ$1 0,V]JUNK]T10 & ! FEATURE ( FEUDALISM IS TO DEVELOP ONE VIRTUE1 & ?AT VIRTUE IS VALOR4 ,TAKE = 9/ANCE ?IS HALF CRAZY1 HALF CRIPPL$ EMP]OR ( ,G]MANY1 HE HAS ALL ! VICES ( ! CATALOG EXCEPT ONE1 & ?AT VICE :I* HE HAS NOT IS C[>DICE4 ,HE IS A BRAVE MAN4 ,?AT IS ! ONE VIRTUE ?AT FEUDALISM DEVELOPS4 ,SO ?AT ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ( ,G]MANY--& :5 ,I SAY ,G]MANY ,I MEAN ! :OLE ( ,EUROPE1 BECAUSE !Y >E SO 9TIMATELY DOVETAIL$ ?AT NONE ( ! ,EUROPEAN /ATES CAN GO IT ALONE--:5 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ( ,G]MANY %ALL HAVE REA*$ FIVE MILLIONS1 ?AT EMP]OR WILL ) A H&FUL ( M5 ATTEMPT TO OV]?R[ IT4 ,HE WILL FAIL4 ,BLOOD WILL FL[1 WORK+M5'S BLOOD & RUL]'S BLOOD4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 A PHYSICAL CONFLICT IS 9EVITABLE2 9EVITABLE ON ACC\NT ( ?AT PSY*OLOGY ?AT HAS DEVELOP$1 FROM ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( ?AT RULE1 ! SPIRIT ( ! ,EUROPEAN CAPITALI/ CLASS1 NAMELY1 BRAV]Y4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 DO WE F9D ?AT SPIRIT 9 ! RUL]S ( ,AM]ICA8 ,HAVE \R RUL]S BE5 BR\<T UP 9 ! CRADLE ( FEUDALISM8 ,HAVE !Y REA*$ !IR POSITION ?R\< ANY ACT ( BRAV]Y8 ,HAVE SONGS ( BRAV]Y BE5 ! SONGS ?AT ROCK$ !IR CRADLES8 ,NO2 !Y CAME TO !IR POSITION ( RUL]S BY PUTT+ S& 9TO Y\R SUG>1 BY PUTT+ WAT] 9TO Y\R MOLASSES1 BY PUTT+ %ODDY 9TO Y\R CLO!S1 BY FRAUDUL5T FAILURES1 BY FRAUDUL5T FIRES4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 !Y HAVE REA*$ !IR POSITION ?R\< FRAUD1 ?R\< SW9DLE4 ,N[1 ! SW9DL] IS A C[>D4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,BE+ A C[>D1 ! SW9DL] WILL SWAGG] LIKE A BULLY :5 ! ADV]S>Y IS WEAK4 ,:AT DO WE SEE ! CAPITALI/ CLASS DO 9 ,AM]ICA TO-DAY8 ,IT HAS ONE SET ( WORK+M5 9 ONE BODY1 & ) ! O!R IT IS CLUBB+ !M1 %OOT+ !M D[N ) GATL+ GUNS4 ,IT IS SIMPLY A RESULT1 NOT ( ANY BRAV]Y 9 ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 BUT ( ! WEAK CONDITION ( ! ,GIANT ,LABOR1 :I* LIES FETT]$ BY ! LIEUT5ANTS ( CAPITALISM4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,:5 ! CAPITALI/ CLASS F9DS \T :AT IS GO+ ON 9 \R ,ORGANIZATION1 :5 IT F9DS ?AT WE >E WELL ORGANIZ$1 :5 ITS LIEUT5ANTS & ITS 9SPECTORS REPORT TO IT ! ACTUAL VOTE ?AT Y\ WILL CA/1 H[EV] LITTLE !Y MAY REGI/] 9 ! (FICIAL RETURNS1 :5 !Y REPORT ! FACTS1 ! CAPITALI/ RUL] ,I BELIEVE WILL NOT D>E TO FI<T2 ! CAPITALI/ RUL] WILL TREMBLE 9 HIS /OL5 BOOTS & BE GRATEFUL TO BE GIV5 A *ANCE TO E>N AN HONE/ LIV+4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,BUT !Y WILL NEV] YIELD UNLESS !Y REALIZE ?AT BEH9D ?AT BALLOT LIES AN ORGANIZ$ MOVEM5T1 WELL ORGANIZ$1 WELL DISCIPL9$ & 5TIRELY AWAK5$ TO ! PRES5T CONDITION2 NAMELY1 ) ! 9DU/RIAL TRADES ALL 9 ONE ORGANIZATION1 SO ?AT ONE WORK+MAN WILL NOT SCAB IT UPON ANO!R4 ,!N 9 CASE ( A /RIKE 9 ONE PLACE ! LOCOMOTIVE 5G9E]S WILL NOT TRANSPORT ! MILITIA1 & UNION M51 SO-CALL$1 WILL NOT1 AS REC5TLY HAPP5$ 9 ,COLORADO1 C>RY UNION C>DS 9 !IR POCKETS :ILE !Y W]E AIM+ !IR GUNS AT ! M9]S ON /RIKE4 ,:5 ! CAPITALI/S KN[ ?AT !IR LABOR LIEUT5ANTS CAN NO LONG] PROTECT !M1 ! LATT] WILL F9D ?AT !IR OCCUPATION1 LIKE ,O!LLO'S1 WILL BE GONE2 ! CAPITALI/S WILL REALIZE ?AT !RE IS ,M,I,<,T BEH9D ! ,R,I,<,T ( ! BALLOT1 & !Y WILL B[ TO ! TRU?4 ,BUT %\LD !Y BE /UPID 5\< NOT TO B[1 WE WILL !N BE READY & ABLE TO TAKE UP ! CONFLICT4 ,& ON ?IS PO9T--& ?AT IS ! SIGNIFICANT POSITION ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,TRADE @& ,LABOR ,ALLIANCE--IF ,I W]E TO BE ASK$3 ,:AT DIFF]5CE W\LD Y\ PO9T \T1 MORE BASIC ?AN ANY O!R1 BETWE5 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,TRADE @& ,LABOR ,ALLIANCE & ANY O!R ( ! NUM]\S ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS ?AT >E />T$ ) GOOD PURPOSES8 ,I %\LD SAY ?IS3 

,?AT ! ,SOCIALI/ ,TRADE @& ,LABOR ,ALLIANCE /AT$ :AT IT WAS !RE =1 & /AT$ IT FRANKLY4 ,IT HAS PROCE$$ UPON ! PR9CIPLE ?AT Y\ CANNOT CONCEAL Y\R PURPOSE FROM ! 5EMY4 ,! 5EMY'S 9/9CTS WILL TELL !M :AT Y\ >E AFT]1 :E!R Y\ HIDE IT OR NOT4 ,BUT IF Y\ HIDE Y\R POLICY1 IF Y\ HIDE Y\R AIMS1 IF Y\ CONCEAL :AT Y\ MEAN TO DO1 !N1 :ILE Y\ CANNOT DECEIVE ! 5EMY--HE WILL BE AS /RONGLY AGA9/ Y\ AS IF Y\ /AT$ CLE>LY :AT Y\ WANT$--Y\ WILL DEPRIVE Y\RSELF ( ! SUPPORT ( ! ORGANIZATIONS ?AT W\LD /& BEH9D Y\ IF !Y KNEW :AT Y\ WANT$4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,TRADE @& ,LABOR ,ALLIANCE WAS ! FIR/ LABOR ORGANIZATION 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 S9CE ! E>LY LABOR ORGANIZATIONS :O ALSO BEGAN S\NDLY1 ?AT FRANKLY & FULLY /AT$ TO ! WORK+ CLASS ( ,AM]ICA ?AT !Y HAD TO CAPTURE ! PUBLIC P[]S4 ,!IR BELIEF IS ?IS3 ,?AT Y\ C\LD NOT FIR/ TAKE ! M5 9TO ! UNION UND] ! FALSE PRET5SE ?AT Y\ W]E GO+ TO RAISE !IR WAGES1 & AFT]W>DS 9DOCTR9ATE !M4 ,NO1 Y\ HAD TO 9DOCTR9ATE !M FIR/1 & !N BR+ !M 94 ,IF ! ,S4 ,T4 @& ,L4 ,A4 HAS MADE ANY MI/AKES AT ALL1 IT W\LD BE TO IMAG9E T5 YE>S AGO ?AT !RE W]E !N 5\< SU* M5 9 EXI/5CE TO JO9 \R RANKS4 

,BUT ,I MU/ CLOSE4 ,! HEAT IS OPPRESSIVE2 ,I HAVE NEV] BE5 ON GOOD T]MS ) ! HEAT4 ,MOREOV]1 ,I AGREE ) ,BRO!R ,DEBS ?AT ?IS IS NOT ! OCCASION = SPEE*-MAK+1 & ?AT WE HAVE AN >DU\S WORK TO P]=M4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ,I RECOGNIZE ! C\RTESY ( ?OSE :O HAVE CALL$ UPON ME AFT] ,BRO!R ,DEBS'S SPEE*1 & ,I WI% H]E SOLEMNLY TO /ATE ?AT :OEV] /&S FRANKLY & OP5LY ) HIS FACE TURN$ AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 :OEV] /&S 9 SU* A WAY ?AT HIS ASSOCIATES >E NOT DIFF]5T FROM HIS PURPOSE1 :OEV] BREAKS ) ! FOE & PUTS HIMSELF1 TO USE A POPULI/IC EXPRESSION1 09 ! MIDDLE ( ! ROAD0--?AT MAN WILL F9D NO?+ BUT FRAT]NAL GREET+ FROM ME AS AN 9DIVIDUAL1 & FROM ! ORGANIZATION :I* ,I REPRES5T H]E1 & :I* ,I HOPE WILL VANI% ! SAME AS ! ,A4 ,L4 ,U4 & O!R MIX$ ORGANIZATIONS WILL VANI% :5 ?IS CONV5TION ADJ\RNS4 7,APPLAUSE47 

,I WI% TO CLOSE ) :AT ,I BEGAN )4 ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,TRADE @& ,LABOR ,ALLIANCE1 ! SAME AS ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LABOR ,P>TY1 HAS BUT ONE IDEAL4 ,! IDEAL IS ! OV]?R[ ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,WE RECOGNIZE ?AT M5 MAY HAVE MADE MI/AKES4 ,WE KN[ WE MAKE !M \RSELVES1 & WE >E GO+1 JU/ AS SOON AS ! MI/AKES >E RECTIFI$1 TO TURN A NEW LEAF & LOOK AT ! FUTURE RA!R ?AN AT ! PA/4 ,! M5 ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,TRADE @& ,LABOR ,ALLIANCE /& UPON ! ELEVATION ( N9ETE5 C5TURIES ( CIVILIZATION4 ,WE /& UPON ! 5LI<T5$ 9T]E/ ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,WE KN[ ?AT \R SONS & DAU<T]S MU/ M>RY O!R M5'S SONS & DAU<T]S4 ,WE WANT ! FUTURE IMPROVEM5T = \R DESC5DANTS1 & HE :O WANTS TO IMPROVE ! CONDITIONS ( HIS [N SONS & DAU<T]S MU/ P]=CE WANT IMPROV$ CONDITIONS = ! SONS & DAU<T]S ( ALL O!R PEOPLE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 WE REALIZE ! NECESSITY ( UNIT$ WORK4 ,WE REALIZE ! NECESSITY ( A UNIT$ ORGANIZ$ MOVEM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 & ) \R EYES /EADY UPON ?AT GOAL WE HAVE F\<T 9 ! PA/ & WILL BE F\ND FI<T+ 9 ! FUTURE4 ,T5 YE>S AGO ,MR4 ,GOMP]S SAID--& Y\ REMEMB] ?AT PASSAGE ?AT ,BRO!R ,TRAUTMANN READ TO-DAY1 :]E ,GOMP]S BR+S 9TO SU* MAGNIFIC5T JUXTAPOSITION ! ,S4 ,T4 @& ,L4 ,A4 & ! GREAT ,DEB'S /RIKE--IT MAKES US FRAT]NAL ALREADY--,GOMP]S SAID3 0,I KN[ ! ,S4 ,L4 ,P4 M54 ,I KN[ :AT !Y >E AIM+ AT1 BUT :5 ?AT DAY COMES !Y WILL F9D ME ) A GUN TO FI<T !M40 ,& MY ANSW] WAS !N 9 ,! ,PEOPLE1 AS IT IS N[ ON ! FLOOR ( ?IS CONV5TION3 0,YES1 ,GOMP]S2 WE KN[ WE %ALL F9D Y\ !RE1 UNMASK$2 BUT Y\ WILL NOT ON ?AT DAY F9D ! ,S4 ,L4 ,P4 M5 A SMALL BODY2 Y\ WILL F9D ! ,AM]ICAN WORK+ CLASS >RAY$ AGA9/ Y\--AGA9/ Y\ ALONG ) ! RE/ ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 :OM Y\ 9 FACT REPRES5T40 7,APPLAUSE47 

,S,P,E,E,* ,( ,?,O,M,A,S ,J4 ,H,A,G,],T,Y 

,?OMAS ,J4 ,HAG]TY1 BE+ CALL$ BY ! CONV5TION1 SAID3 

,MR4 ,*AIRMAN & ,FELL[ ,DELEGATES3 ,!RE >E SOME ?+S UPON :I* ALL WORK+M5 >E AGRE$4 ,LIFE1 FOOD1 %ELT]--!RE CANNOT BE ANY DISPUTE AB\T !SE ?+S4 ,!RE CAN BE & ALWAYS WILL BE DISAGREEM5T AB\T ANY?+ ?AT IS )9 ! REGION ( METAPHYSICS1 = LACK ( A BETT] T]M1 & 9 ! REGION ( POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,AS ,I UND]/& ?IS CONV5TION1 IT IS CALL$ & IS TO GO ON RECORD AS NOT HAV+ ANY?+ TO DO ) POLITICAL P>TIES1 OR AS 5DORS+ POLITICAL P>TIES 9 ANY WAY 7APPLAUSE72 AS A CLEAN-CUT1 PURELY ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 BROAD 5\< TO TAKE 9 M5 :O DO NOT BELONG TO ANY POLITICAL P>TY AT ALL4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,& ,I P]SONALLY AM OPPOS$ TO ANY SET ( M5 CON/ITUT+ !MSELVES AS ! 9T]PRET]S ( ! 5TIRE WORK+ CLASS ( ! ,WORLD1 & AS SAY+ 9 ! NAME ( ! :OLE WORK+ CLASS ( ! WORLD ?AT ?IS CONV5TION GOES ON RECORD AS REPRES5T+ ?AT WORK+ CLASS & AS 9SI/+ ?AT ?AT WORK+ CLASS NE$S A P>TICUL> P>TY TO A*IEVE ITS FRE$OM4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,! BALLOT BOX IS SIMPLY A CAPITALI/ CONCESSION4 ,DROPP+ PIECES ( PAP] 9TO A HOLE 9 A BOX NEV] DID A*IEVE EMANCIPATION = ! WORK+ CLASS1 & TO MY ?9K+ IT NEV] WILL A*IEVE IT4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,& ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S' ,CLUB1 ( :I* ,I AM A DELEGATE1 9/RUCTS ME TO OPPOSE ANY?+ ON ?IS FLOOR :I* PUTS ?IS CONV5TION ON RECORD AS 9 FAVOR ( A POLITICAL P>TY4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,POLITICS IS QUITE A DIFF]5T ?+1 ( C\RSE1 FROM A POLITICAL P>TY4 ,\R ,RUSSIAN COMRADES >E 5GAG$ 9 POLITICS ( A V]Y VIGOR\S K9D1 ACCORD+ TO ! MORN+ PAP]S4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 5GAG$ 9 POLITICS = SOME TIME1 ALMO/ EV] S9CE ! \TBREAK ( ! ,JAPANESE-,RUSSIAN W>4 ,BUT ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S' ,CLUB LOOKS UPON ! BALLOT BOX AS A CAPITALI/ CONCESSION ) A /R+ AT ! O!R 5D ( IT1 BY :I* ! CAPITALI/ IS CON/ANTLY PULL+ IT BACK FROM ! WORK]S4 ,!Y >E DISFRAN*IZ+ ! WORK]S FA/ 9 ?IS SO-CALL$ GLORI\S C\NTRY4 ,Y\ HAVE A PROP]TY QUALIFICATION 9 ,RHODE ,ISL&2 Y\ HAVE IT 9 ,ALABAMA2 Y\ HAVE IT 9 MANY ( ! S\!RN /ATES4 ,!Y >E CON/ANTLY 9CREAS+ ! PROP]TY QUALIFICATION4 ,! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS MU/ COME FROM ! WORK]S' CLASS CONSCI\S VOTE & NOT FROM SOME POLITICAL POPGUN ?AT ! CAPITALI/ CLASS LETS Y\ PLAY ) ONE DAY 9 ! YE> AT ! BALLOT BOX4 ,N[1 ,I AM SAY+ ?IS1 SIMPLY UND] MY  9/RUCTIONS FROM ! ,9DU/RIAL  ,WORK]S' ,CLUB1 & ,I AM SAY+ IT BECAUSE REVOLUTION>Y WORK+MAN TO COME 9TO ! PROPOS$ ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION4 ,IT CANNOT DO SO IF IT B9DS ?AT MAN BY VIRTUE ( .<WORDS MISS+ FROM TRANSCRIPT - $ITORS.> ?IS CONV5TION \<T TO BE BROAD 5\< TO ALL[ EV]Y K9D ( A .<WORDS MISS+ FROM TRANSCRIPT - $ITORS.> ITS CON/ITUTION TO ! PR9CIPLE ( ! NECESSITY ( SOME P>TICUL> POLITICAL P>TY1 & ,I ?9K ?AT IF ONE IS RI<TLY TO TAKE ! S5SE ( ,COMRADE ,DE ,LEON'S EXPLANATION1 A POLITICAL P>TY CAN NEV] BE ANY?+ ELSE BUT A %AD[2 & :ILE %AD[S WILL DO OCCASIONALLY 9 VAUDEVILLE %[S & PROJECT$ AGA9/ :ITE CANVASES1 !Y WILL NEV] SECURE ! 5DS ?AT WE >E AFT]4 ,WE >E AFT] ! SUB/ANCE & WILL LET ! %AD[S TAKE C>E ( !MSELVES4 ,! SUB/ANCE1 ! :OLE ?+1 ! ?+ ?AT WE >E AFT]1 IS ! TOOLS4 ,WE WANT TO GET ! :OLE ?+1 NOT ANY %AD[S2 NOT ANY REFLECTION 9 POLITICAL MIRRORS1 BUT WE WANT TO CAPTURE ! TOOLS ( 9DU/RY & ! MA*9]Y ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,WE WANT ?+S1 NOT %AD[S4 ,WE WANT SUB/ANCE4 ,WE HAVE A RI<T TO LIFE & ! ?+S ?AT MAKE ?AT RI<T WOR? :ILE1 & WE >E H]E1 AS ,I UND]/& ! ,MANIFE/O1 TO GO ON RECORD SIMPLY & SOLELY AS AN ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 )\T ANY AFFILIATION ) ANY POLITICAL P>TY4 ,! PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIAN 9 ,*ICAGO OR ELSE:]E1 NO MATT] ) :AT NAME1 :E!R IT BE ,DEMOCRATIC OR ,REPUBLICAN1 OR :E!R IT BE ANY ( ! DIFF]5T ACC5TUATIONS ( ,SICIALI/ OR ,SOCIALI/ OR ,SL[CIALI/ 7APPLAUSE7 IS OPPOS$ TO ?IS CONV5TION4 ,! PLA91 COMMON1 ORD9>Y WORK+MAN IS 9VIT$ TO ?IS4 ,HE WANTS TO SEE HIS CLASS UNIT$ ALL ! DAYS 9 ! YE>1 & :5 !Y >E UNIT$ ALL ! DAYS 9 YE>1 & EV]Y H\R ( EV]Y DAY1 !Y WILL CA/ ! PROP] %AD[S AT ! PROP] TIME4 7,APPLAUSE74 

,S,P,E,E,* ,( ,W,I,L,L,I,A,M ,D4 ,H,A,Y,W,O,O,D 

,WILLIAM ,D4 ,HAYWOOD BE+ CALL$ BY ! CONV5TION SAID3 

,IT HAS BE5 SAID ?AT ?IS CONV5TION WAS TO =M AN ORGANIZATION RIVAL TO ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR4 ,?AT IS A MI/AKE4 ,WE >E H]E = ! PURPOSE ( ORGANIZ+ A ,L,A,B,O,R ,O,R,G,A,N,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N 7LAU<T] & APPLAUSE72 AN ORGANIZATION BROAD 5\< TO TAKE 9 ALL ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR IS NOT ?AT K9D ( AN ORGANIZATION1 9ASMU* AS !RE IS A NUMB] ( ! 9T]NATIONAL BODIES AFFILIAT$ ) IT ?AT ABSOLUTELY REFUSE TO TAKE 9 ANY MORE M54 ,:5 ?IS ORGANIZATION IS PROP]LY LAUN*$ !RE WILL BE A PLACE = EV]Y MAN ?AT HAS BE5 REFUS$4 ,!Y MAY PLACE US ON RECORD AS BE+ DUAL1 BUT REMEMB] ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,WORK]S ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,UNION WILL RECOGNIZE ?OSE M5 AS UNION M54 ,!RE WILL BE A LABEL ADOPT$ BY ?IS CONV5TION1 & IT WILL BE ! DUTY ( EV]Y MEMB] ( ?IS ORGANIZATION TO PATRONIZE ?AT LABEL 9 PREF]5CE TO ANY O!R LABEL4 7,APPLAUSE47 

,WE RECOGNIZE ?AT ?IS IS A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 & ?AT ! CAPITALI/S >E NOT ! ONLY FOES ?AT Y\ >E TO FI<T1 BUT ! MO/ >D5T 5EMY WILL BE ! PURE & SIMPLE TRADES UNIONI/4 ,BUT !RE IS ONLY A FEW ( HIM4 ,HE IS NOT V]Y WELL ORGANIZ$4 ,Y\ HAVE GOT A TREM5D\S FIELD TO WORK 94 ,!RE >E AT LEA/ TW5TY MILLION UNORGANIZ$ WAGE WORK]S 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA1 TO SAY NO?+ ( ,CANADA4 ,?IS 9DU/RIAL UNION MOVEM5T IS BROAD 5\< TO TAKE 9 ALL ( !M1 & WE >E H]E = ! PURPOSE ( LAUN*+ ?AT UNION ?AT WILL OP5 WIDE ITS DOORS TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,I C>E NOT = ! SKILL$ ME*ANIC P>TICUL>LY1 ! PURE & SIMPLE TRADES UNIONI/ :O 5=CES AN APPR5TICE%IP = ! B5EFIT ( ! MAN ?AT WILL CLOSE D[N ! FACTORY OR ! M9E AT A MOM5T'S NOTICE & ?R[ \T ! M5 :O HAVE DEVOT$ !IR TIME TO BECOME SKILL$ = HIS ESPECIAL B5EFIT4 ,:AT ,I WANT TO SEE COME FROM ?IS ORGANIZATION IS AN UPLIFT+ ( ! FELL[ ?AT IS D[N 9 ! GUTT]4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,& !RE MU/ BE >RANGEM5TS MADE = O!RS ?AN WAGE E>N]S4 ,N[1 DON'T MISUND]/& ME4 ,I MEAN1 = ! UNEMPLOY$1 ! MAN ?AT W\LD LIKE TO BE A WAGE E>N] 7APPLAUSE71 & ! PURPOSE ( ?IS ORGANIZATION WILL BE TO R$UCE H\RS SUFFICI5TLY TO GIVE ?AT FELL[ AN OPPORTUNITY TO WORK4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,!RE WILL BE NO MAXIMUM SCALE ( WAGES1 ,I TAKE IT1 E/ABLI%$ BY ?IS ORGANIZATION4 ,!RE WILL BE NO AGREEM5T ?AT WILL TIE Y\ UP OV] NI<T4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,I VOICE !SE S5TIM5TS BECAUSE ,I AM IMBU$ ) !M1 BE+ A MEMB] ( ! ,WE/]N ,F$]ATION ( ,M9]S1 A REVOLUTION>Y 9DU/RIAL LABOR ORGANIZATION4 ,WE HAVE NOT GOT AN AGREEM5T EXI/+ ) ANY M9E MANAG]1 SUP]9T5D5T OR OP]ATOR AT ! PRES5T TIME4 ,WE HAVE GOT A M9IMUM SCALE ( WAGES4 ,! ,WE/]N ,F$]ATION ( ,M9]S HAS E/ABLI%$ 9 NE>LY ALL ! CITIES ?R\<\T ! ,WE/ & ! 5TIRE ,PROV9CE ( ,BRITI% ,COLUMBIA ! EI<T-H\R DAY1 & WE DID NOT HAVE A LEGISLATIVE LOBBY TO ACCOMPLI% IT4 7,LAU<T] & APPLAUSE47 

,N[1 ,I W\LD SUGGE/ ?IS CONUNDRUM3 ,IF ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR SP5DS @s#e1 A YE> MA9TA9+ A LEGISLATIVE LOBBY & GETS ?R\< ABSOLUTELY NONE ( ! MEASURES ?AT !Y ADVOCATE1 H[ LONG WILL IT TAKE ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR TO BR+ ! WORK+ CLASS TO ! FULL PRODUCT ( !IR TOIL8 7,LAU<T]74 ,N[1 IT IS NOT ! PURPOSE ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR TO BR+ AB\T SU* A CONDITION4 ,AS ,MR4 ,GOMP]S HAS SAID ON A NUMB] ( OCCASIONS1 0,WE WANT A LITTLE MORE1 UNTIL WE GET :AT BELONGS TO US40 ,BUT HE HAS NEV] GONE ON RECORD AS SAY+ :AT BELONGS TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,HE %\LD KN[--HE IS A ,REPUBLICAN--?AT ONE ( ! GREATE/ ,REPUBLICANS 9 ?IS C\NTRY SAID ?AT 9ASMU* AS LABOR PRODUCES NE>LY ALL ( ! GOOD ?+S ( LIFE1 ! DUTY ( ! GOV]NM5T & ITS GREATE/ AIM %\LD BE TO SEE ?AT ! PRODUC]S ( ?AT WEAL? OR ( ?OSE ?+S %ALL 5JOY ! FULL PRODUCT ( !IR LABOR4 ,?AT WAS ,ABRAHAM ,L9COLN2 NOT QUITE CORRECTLY QUOT$1 BUT NE>LY SO4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,GOMP]S DOES NOT SEEM TO RECOGNIZE ?AT LABOR PRODUCES ALL WEAL?1 & IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 SOME:AT ( A M>VEL TO ME ?AT !Y %\LD BE CONT9UALLY *AS+ AFT] ! ,WE/]N ,F$]ATION ( ,M9]S TO REAFFILIATE ) !M1 BECAUSE 9SCRIB$ ON ! *>T] ( ! ,WE/]N ,F$]ATION ( ,M9]S IS ! MOTTO1 0,LABOR PRODUCES ALL WEAL?2 WEAL? BELONGS TO ! PRODUC] !RE(40 7,APPLAUSE74 ,& WE >E /RIV+ TO C>RY ?AT MOTTO 9TO ITS FULFILLM5T4 ,?AT IS ! REASON ?AT WE HAVE COME \T ( ! ,WE/ & COME TO ,*ICAGO TO MEET 9 CONV5TION ) \R BRO!RS & SI/]S1 REALIZ+ ?AT WE MU/ ALL BE UPLIFT$ AT ! SAME TIME 7APPLAUSE71 ?AT SOCIETY CAN BE NO BETT] ?AN ITS MO/ MIS]ABLE4 ,IF Y\ WILL ASSI/ US 9 E/ABLI%+ A PLANE ( LIV+ = ! WORK+ CLASS :]EBY EV]Y MAN & WOMAN WILL 5JOY A DEC5T LIVELIHOOD1 WE WILL AT LEA/ HAVE !1 SATISFACTION ( KN[+ ?AT \R *ILDR5 WILL NEV] GET BEL[ ?AT CONDITION4 ,IT IS WOR? MAK+ AN EF=T =1 DELEGATES1 & ,I BELIEVE ?AT Y\R MO/ E>NE/ CONSID]ATION WILL BE DIRECT$ T[>D ?AT 5D2 & IF IT IS SO DIRECT$ Y\ WILL HAVE ! E>NE/ & HE>TY SUPPORT ( ! ,WE/]N ,F$]ATION ( ,M9]S4 7,APPLAUSE47 

,AS ! DELEGATES ?AT HAVE PREVI\SLY SPOK5 REM>K$1 /R5G? DOES NOT ALWAYS COME FROM NUMB]S4 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR IS TWO MILLIONS /RONG4 

,A ,D,E,L,E,G,A,T,E3 ,NO6 NO66 

,D,E,L4 ,H,A,Y,W,O,O,D3 ,NE>LY SO4 

,! ,D,E,L,E,G,A,T,E3 ,SIX HUNDR$ ?\S&4 

,D,E,L4 ,H,A,Y,W,O,O,D3 ,WELL1 TWO MILLION MAY BE TOO MANY = ANY ONE TO GRASP ! MEAN+ (4 ,IT MAY BE ONLY ONE MILLION4 ,SAY IT IS ONE MILLION4 ,! ,WE/]N ,F$]ATION ( ,M9]S COMES 9 H]E ) TW5TY-SEV5 ?\S&4 ,! CAPITALI/ CLASS ( ?IS C\NTRY FE> ! ,WE/]N ,F$]ATION ( ,M9]S MORE ?AN !Y DO ALL ! RE/ ( ! LABOR ORGANIZATIONS 9 ?IS C\NTRY4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,& WE HAVE GIV5 !M A BETT] RUN = !IR MONEY 7APPLAUSE71 & EV]Y TIME ?AT IT BECOMES NECESS>Y = US TO MAKE A /& AGA9/ ?AT CLASS !Y BEG9 TO CLEAN \T !IR CANNONS & BURNI% UP !IR BAYONETS4 ,!RE HAS NOT BE5 A /RIKE 9 ! M9ES BY ! ,WE/]N ,F$]ATION ( ,M9]S BUT :AT WE HAVE BE5 CONFRONT$ ) ! MILITIA1 ! JUDICI>Y1 ! C\NTY & ! /ATE & MUNICIPAL (FIC]S4 ,9 #ahib 9 ! ,COEUR D',AL5E !Y HAD \T ! 5TIRE MILITIA ( ! ,/ATE4 ,9 #ahid 9 ! ,CRIPPLE ,CREEK DI/RICT !Y HAD \T ! 5TIRE MILITIA1 BUT = ONCE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T IT WAS ON ! WORK+MAN'S SIDE4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,9 #a#h#i#f1 9 ,LEADVILLE1 AS ,DELEGATE ,O',NEIL WILL BE> ME \T1 ! MEMB]S ( ?AT ORGANIZATION HAD TO LIVE ON BACON & BEANS OR BEANS /RAI<T = A NUMB] ( DAYS4 ,9 #ahii AGA91 9 ! ,COEUR D' ,AL5E1 !Y HAD \T ! MILITIA4 ,& Y\ KN[ SOME?+ AB\T ! REC5T /RIKE 9 ,COLORADO4 ,SO ?AT ! HI/ORY ( ! ,WE/]N ,F$]ATION ( ,M9]S HAS BE5 A MILITANT ONE4 ,WE >E KN[N AS A PROGRESSIVE & AN AGGRESSIVE ORGANIZATION1 SUFFICI5TLY AGGRESSIVE TO KEEP ! O!R FELL[S BUSY ALL ! TIME4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,& DUR+ ! BRIEF P]IOD ( \R EXI/5CE WE HAVE IMPROV$ ! CONDITIONS ( \R MEMB]%IP4 ,WE HAVE LESS5$ !IR H\RS TO A GREAT] EXT5T ?AN ANY O!R LABOR ORGANIZATION1 & DUR+ ! LA/ TWO YE>S1 AL?\< IT WAS ! SET PURPOSE & 9T5TION ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS ( ! 5TIRE ,WE/--!Y W]E ALL 9 HE>TY ACCORD--TO DEFEAT & ANNIHILATE ! ,WE/]N ,F$]ATION ( ,M9]S1 WE W5T 9TO \R LA/ CONV5TION ?REE ?\S& /RONG] ?AN WE W]E AT ! PREVI\S CONV5TION4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,& WE >E CONT9U+ TO GR[4 ,WE WANT Y\ TO JO9 H&S ) US1 /& %\LD] TO %\LD] ) US & SEE IF WE WILL NOT BE ABLE TO 9FUSE 9 ! WORK+ CLASS ( ?IS C\NTRY ! SAME MILITANT SPIRIT ) :I* ! ,WE/]N ,F$]ATION ( ,M9]S IS IMBU$4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,I WANT TO SAY ?AT IF ?AT IS ACCOMPLI%$1 NOT ONLY ,GOMP]S BUT ! CAPITALI/S WILL BEG9 TO TREMBLE4 ,MR4 ,GOMP]S 9 A REC5T $ITORIAL ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATIONI/1 REF]R$ TO ?IS1 ! !N COM+ CONV5TION AS ! COM+ 0GABFE/40 ,!RE HAS BE5 SOME TALK+ DONE H]E 9 ?IS CONV5TION1 BUT !RE HAS NOT BE5 A DELEGATE ?AT TOOK ! FLOOR BUT SAID SOME?+1 & ?AT SOME?+ MEANT SOME?+2 IT MEANT SOME?+ = ! WORK+ CLASS1 & IT MEANT ! DOOM & ! BURIAL ( SU* FAKIRS AS ,SAMUEL ,GOMP]S4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,!RE IS NOT A MAN 9 ! RANKS ( LABOR 9 ?IS C\NTRY :O IS NOT DOM9AT$ BY A PAID AG5T1 BUT IS 9 HE>TY ACCORD ) ?IS MOVEM5T2 NOT ONE MEMB] ( ! RANK & FILE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 !RE IS NOT A SAL>I$ (FIC]1 PRESID5T OR SECRET>Y-TREASUR] ( ANY ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS :O HAS A S(T SNAP LIKE ,I HAVE GOT1 BUT IS OPPOS$ TO ?IS MOVEM5T1 BECAUSE HE KN[S ?AT IT IS GO+ TO TAKE AWAY HIS JOB1 OR A NUMB] ( !M WILL LOSE !IR JOBS4 ,!RE >E 9 ! METAL 9DU/RY A NUMB] ( DIFF]5T ORGANIZATIONS ?AT HAVE TWO OR ?REE MEMB]S 9 AN ,9T]NATIONAL1 JU/ SUFFICI5T MEMB]%IP TO MAKE A GOOD LIV+ = ! (FIC]S AT HEADQU>T]S4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,!RE IS GO+ TO BE A COM+ TOGE!R ( ?OSE ,9T]NATIONALS4 ,!RE >E 9 ! M9+ 9DU/RY 9 ?IS C\NTRY AT LEA/ F\R OR FIVE ,9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,I WANT TO PR$ICT ?AT ! COAL1 ! METAL 9T]E/S1 ! SALT & ! SMELT+ & MILL+ ,9T]NATIONALS >E COM+ TOGE!R1 & !RE >E SOME ( US FELL[S ?AT >E GO+ TO LOSE \R JOBS1 BUT IF 9 ! UPLIFT+ ( ! :OLE ?AT CAN BE ACCOMPLI%$ ,I WON'T HAVE TO WORK ANY H>D] ?AN ,I DO N[1 & ,I HOPE TO GET BETT] PAID4 7,LAU<T] & APPLAUSE47 

,! 9DICTM5TS ?AT HAVE BE5 PRES5T$ AGA9/ ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,UNIONS & ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR >E NOT NE>LY AS /RONG AS !Y C\LD HAVE BE5 MADE1 BUT ,I ?9K ?AT !Y >E SUFFICI5T = ! OCCASION4 ,EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL DELEGATE ON ?IS FLOOR KN[S ! T]RIBLE CORRUPTION ?AT EXI/S 9 MANY ( !SE ,9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS2 & RI<T H]E 9 ! CITY ( ,*ICAGO1 IF ! TRU? BE TOLD1 ! TEAM/]S :O >E 5DEAVOR+ TO WAGE A FI<T AGA9/ ! M]CANTILE 9/ITUTIONS HAVE BE5 SOLD \T BY !IR LEAD]S A NUMB] ( TIMES4 ,I AM NOT MAK+ ?IS ASS]TION & SAY+ ?AT IT IS TRUE1 BUT IT HAS BE5 ASS]T$ & NEV] CONTRADICT$4 ,IT IS ! DUTY ( ?OSE TEAM/]S TO DIG D[N DEEP & SEE IF !RE IS ANY FIRE FROM :5CE COMES ?IS SMOKE4 

,I DO NOT DESIRE TO TAKE UP ! TIME ( ! CONV5TION4 ,I JU/ WANT TO REIT]ATE ?AT 9 COM+ H]E WE COME 9 GOOD FAI?4 ,WE >E PREP>$ TO 9/ALL ! ,WE/]N ,F$]ATION ( ,M9]S 9 ?IS NEW 9DU/RIAL MOVEM5T4 ,I AM DELI<T$ TO SEE ! EXTREME POLITICAL =CES JO9+ H&S ON ?IS ECONOMIC MIDDLE-GR\ND4 ,?IS IS :AT ,I REG>D AS ! BASIS ( ALL POLITICAL P>TIES1 A SOLID F\NDATION FROM :5CE AN ORGANIZATION CAN BE BUILT :]E ! WORK]S CAN COME 9TO A SOLID & GR& =MATION1 & JU/ AS SURELY AS ! SUN RISES1 :5 Y\ GET ! WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZ$ ECONOMICALLY IT WILL F9D ITS PROP] REFLECTION AT ! POLLS4 ,LET ?IS MOVEM5T BE NOT = POLITICAL PURPOSES1 BUT BE> ?IS WELL 9 M9D ?AT IT IS = ! PURPOSE ( SUP]VIS+2 ?AT IT IS = ! PURPOSE ( SAY+ TO ! OP]ATORS ( ,ILL9OIS ?AT 0Y\ CANNOT CLOSE D[N ! M9ES1 = ! WORK ?AT WE DO 9 !SE COAL M9ES MEANS BREAD & BUTT] TO \R WIVES & \R FAMILIES1 & :5 Y\ TAKE AWAY FROM US ! MEANS ( LIFE Y\ >E MURD]+ US1 & WE >E NOT GO+ TO TOL]ATE IT ANY LONG]40 7,APPLAUSE74 ,Y\ HAVE SE5 /ALW>T M5 RI<T H]E 9 ! CITY ( ,*ICAGO1 & Y\ WILL F9D MANY ( !M1 ) !IR EMACIAT$ WIVES & !IR BABIES DY+ ON DRI$-UP BREA/S1 & !SE M5 HAV5'T GOT N]VE 5\< TO GO \T & /EAL4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,! PURPOSE ( ?IS ORGANIZATION IS TO GIVE EV]Y MAN AN OPPORTUNITY TO WORK4 ,?AT IS NOT ASK+ V]Y MU*1 JU/ ! OPPORTUNITY TO WORK4 ,! O!R FELL[ DON'T WANT TO WORK4 ,WE WANT TO WORK1 & WE WANT TO MAKE IT IMPOSSIBLE = ! OP]ATORS TO CLOSE D[N A COAL M9E :5 ?AT M9E IS READY = OP]ATION1 & WE WANT IT TO BE OP]AT$ = ! B5EFIT ( ! PEOPLE4 ,WE WANT TO MAKE IT IMPOSSIBLE = !M TO CLOSE D[N ! FACTORIES :5 !RE >E PEOPLE NE$+ CLO!S4 ,WE WANT TO 9SI/ ?AT PRODUCTION %ALL BE C>RI$ ON = ! B5EFIT ( ALL ( ! PEOPLE ALL ( ! TIME1 & TO GIVE ALL ( ! PEOPLE WORK :5EV] !Y WANT IT & NE$ IT4 7,APPLAUSE47 

,S,P,E,E,* ,( ,J4 ,M4 ,O',N,E,I,L 

,MR4 ,*AIRMAN & ,DELEGATES3 ,I PRESUME ?AT ! MAJORITY ( ! DELEGATES1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE :O HAVE SIGN$ ! ,MANIFE/O1 WILL BE EXPECT$ TO SAY SOME?+ CONC]N+ ! MISSION ?AT HAS BR\<T US TO ,*ICAGO4 ,SO F> AS ,I AM P]SONALLY CONC]N$ ,I FEEL A RELUCTANCE TO MAK+ A SPEE*1 [+ TO ! FACT ?AT ,I HAVE NEV] BE5 ABLE TO /ORE UP ANY?+ ( VALUE 9 MY M5TAL W>EH\SE BY LI/5+ TO MYSELF TALK4 ,I HAVE LE>N$ FROM EXP]I5CE ?AT ! MAN :O IS A GOOD & ATT5TIVE LI/5] CAN GA!R KN[L$GE F> MORE RAPIDLY ?AN ! 9DIVIDUAL :OSE AMBITION SO>S TO OCCUPY ?OSE L(TY & 5VIABLE HEI<TS OCCUPI$ BY A ,CIC]O OR A ,DEMOS!NES 9 ! REALMS ( ORATORY4 ,I BELIEVE1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! TIME HAS COME 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T ( ?IS C\NTRY & ( ! WORLD :5 ! TOIL+ MILLIONS %\LD BREAK = ONCE & =EV] ! %ACKLES ( TRADE & CRAFT AUTONOMY--& COME TOGE!R 9 A SOLID COMPACT BODY 5LI/$ UND] ! FLAG ( 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,! HI/ORY ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T = ! PA/ FEW YE>S HAS DEMON/RAT$ AS NEV] BE=E ?AT CRAFT & TRADE ORGANIZATIONS >E AS HELPLESS UPON ! ECONOMIC BATTLE FIELD 9 MEASUR+ /EEL ) ,EMPLOY]S' ,ASSOCIATIONS AS ! 9DIVIDUAL MIDGET 9 A CONTE/ ) A BRAWNY ,H]CULES4 ,DEFEAT AFT] DEFEAT HAS BE5 WRITT5 BY ! VANQUI%$ ON ! PAGES ( LABOR HI/ORY1 & YET ! *AMPIONS & ADVOCATES ( CRAFT AUTONOMY >E /ILL APPEAL+ TO ! MAIM$ & CRIPPL$ & BLACKLI/$ VICTIMS ( MANY BATTLES TO USE ! SAME OLD WEAPONS ?AT BELONG TO ! DAYS ( ! /AGE COA* & ! OX C>T4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,! GREAT ,NAPOLEON ( TRADE AUTONOMY ( ?IS C\NTRY HAS PROCLAIM$ ?AT ! TRADE UNION IS AFT] 0MORE & MORE & MORE40 ,MORE :AT8 ,I PRESUME MORE PROSP]ITY LIKE ! TEXTILE WORK]S GOT 9 ,MASSA*USETTS 7APPLAUSE72 MORE TREASON LIKE ! SUBWAY /RIK]S GOT 9 ,NEW ,YORK2 MORE BANQUETS LIKE ! ,CIVIC ,F$]ATION T5D]S TO ! H>MONY-&-ID5TITY-(-9T]E/ PROMOT]S :O >E /RUGGL+ TO BR+ AB\T ! BRO!RHOOD ( LABOR & CAPITAL2 & MORE 9JUNCTIONS FROM ! JUDICIAL FACTORIES ( ! ,F$]AL ,C\RTS4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,?IS IS ! K9D ( 0MORE & MORE & MORE0 ?AT ,*RI/ GOT :5 CRAFT TREA*]Y CULM9AT$ 9 HIS CRUCIFIXION ON ,CALV>Y4 7,APPLAUSE47 

,S9CE COM+ TO ,*ICAGO ,I HAVE SE5 ! 9JUNCTIONS ( ! C\RTS P$DL$ UPON ! WAGONS4 ,M5 ( ,*ICAGO HAVE SE5 9 ! PA/ FEW MON?S ! FRUIT ?AT GR[S ON ! JUDICIAL TREE4 ,!Y HAVE HE>D ! M&ATES ?AT COME FROM ! LIPS ( ! JUDICIAL ,CES>4 ,!Y HAVE REALIZ$ AS NEV] BE=E ?AT ! GR& S5TIM5TS ?AT ONCE FELL FROM ! LIPS ( AN ,ABRAHAM ,L9COLN1 ?AT ?IS IS A GOV]NM5T ( ! PEOPLE1 BY ! PEOPLE1 & = ! PEOPLE1 HAS BE5 SUB/ITUT$ ) A GOV]NM5T BY 9JUNCTION4 ,:5 CONFLICTS N[ADAYS >ISE BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR ! MAGNATES ( WEAL?1 ?R\< ,EMPLOY]S' ,ASSOCIATIONS1 9VADE ! SANCTU>Y ( ! C\RTS1 & FROM !SE TRIBUNALS ( JU/ICE--( SO-CALL$ JU/ICE--COMES =? A WEAPON ?AT ANNULS ! DECL>ATION ( 9DEP5D5CE & MAKES ! ,CON/ITUTION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES LOOK LIKE ?IRTY C5TS4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,GOV]NM5T BY 9JUNCTION TODAY ROBS FROM LABOR EV]Y JEWEL ?AT CR[NS ! BR[ ( LIB]TY2 YEA1 MORE1 DISGRACES ! MEMORY ( EV]Y PATRIOT :OSE VALOR WAS CONSECRAT$ 9 DEF5SE ( HUMAN RI<TS4 ,!RE IS NO 9JUNCTION AGA9/ ! WID[S' TE>S4 ,!RE IS NO 9JUNCTION AGA9/ ! ORPHAN'S GRIEF1 :OSE P>5T FELL BY ! BULLET ( ! HIR$ ASSASS94 ,!RE IS NO 9JUNCTION AGA9/ ! DE/9Y ?AT /EALS FROM ! *EEK ( VIRTUE ! ROSY FLU% ( %AME1 ! PRICELESS *>M ( WOMANHOOD4 ,!RE IS NO 9JUNCTION AGA9/ ! WAGE SLAVE LIFT+ HIS EYES T[>DS ! DOME ( ,HEAV5 & PRAY+ TO ! RUL] ( HUMAN DE/9IES TO TAKE AWAY ! TIR$ & WE>Y S\L FROM ITS CASEM5T ( CLAY4 ,NO4 ,LET PLUTOCRACY BEW>E4 ,O!R ,JEFF]SONS TO-DAY >E WRIT+ ,DECL>ATIONS ( ,9DEP5D5CE ?AT >E K9DL+ 9 ! HE>TS ( MILLIONS ! SMOLD]+ EMB]S ( HUMAN LIB]TY4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,YEA1 MORE2 9 ! YE>S ?AT >E TO COME 9 ! NE> FUTURE A NEW ,L9COLN WILL COME FROM ! LO9S ( ?IS REPUBLIC TO /RIKE FROM ! LIMBS ( ,AM]ICAN MANHOOD ! *A9S & %ACKLES ( CORPORATE BONDAGE4 ,A FEW MORE 9JUNCTIONS2 A FEW MORE BULL P5S 9 ! ,COEUR D',AL5E & ,COLORADO2 A FEW MORE B>RICADES AT ,VIRD51 ,ILL9OIS2 A FEW MORE WAILS ( MIS]Y FROM HUNGRY & FAMI%+ LIPS2 A FEW MORE MURD]S & A FEW MORE TE>S AS ! ANNUAL TRIBUTE :I* LABOR PAYS TO CORPORATE GRE$1 & !RE WILL >ISE FROM ! BRA9 & ! MUSCLE ( ?IS NATION AN >MY ( H]OES BREA?+ ! SPIRIT ( '#g#f1 :O WILL W5D !IR WAY TO ! BALLOT BOX ON ! DAY ( ELECTION & !RE DEPOSIT A VOTE :OSE VOICE WILL %AKE FROM C5T] TO CIRCUMF]5CE EV]Y PROP & PILL> UPON :I* IS RE>$ ! HAT$ /RUCTURE ( PRIVATE GRE$4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,IF ?AT BALLOT FAILS1 IF ! PEOPLE >E DISFRAN*IZ$1 !N ! SCATT]$ MILLIONS ( WORK+ PEOPLE WILL COME TOGE!R & W5D !IR WAY T[>D ! BANKS ( ! ,POTOMAC1 NOT BE>+ A :ITE BANN] ) ! IMAGE ( ,*RI/ 5GRAV$ !REON AS DID ,COXEY'S >MY 9 #a#h#i#d2 NO1 BUT HOLD+ AL(T ! EMBLEM ( ?IS NATION'S LIB]TY1 ?AT PRODUCT ( ! SOIL ( ! ?IRTE5 COLONIES2 & :5 !Y /& B5EA? ! DOME ( ! NATION'S CAPITOL PROCLAIM+ 9 ! LANGUAGE ( HIM :O LIFT$ ! LAMP UP TO ! TREMBL+ MILLIONS 9 #a#h#f#a1 ?AT ?IS IS A GOV]NM5T ( ! PEOPLE1 BY ! PEOPLE & = ! PEOPLE1 !N ! BRASS-BUTTON$1 BLUE-COAT$ W>RIORS 9 ! %APE ( POLICEM5 WILL NOT BE ABLE TO KEEP !M (F ! GRASS4 7,APPLAUSE47 

  

,DELEGATE ,MOY] WAS CALL$ =4 

,! ,*,A,I,R,M,A,N3 ,BRO!R ,MOY]1 LET ME READ ?IS 

0,MR4 ,*AIRMAN1 AS WE HAVE HE>D ! H]O ( ,WOOD/OCK JAIL1 ,BRO!R ,DEBS1 WE W\LD ALSO LIKE TO HE> ! H]O ( ! BULL P5 ( ,COLORADO1 ,BRO!R ,MOY]40 

,S,P,E,E,* ,( ,*,>,L,E,S ,H4 ,M,O,Y,] 

,D,E,L4 ,M,O,Y,]3 ,:ILE ,I ASSURE Y\ ?AT ,I APPRECIATE ! ACTION ( ! DELEGATE OR :OEV] MI<T HAVE (F]$ ! 9VITATION READ BY ! ,*AIRMAN1 ,I AM GO+ TO DISAPPO9T ! DELEGATES AT ?IS TIME1 IF IT MI<T BE A DISAPPO9TM5T1 AS F> AS ,I AM CONC]N$1 9 REG>D TO MAK+ A SPEE*4 ,I AM NOT GO+ TO MAKE A SPEE* AT ?IS TIME4 ,I HAVE BE5 APPO9T$ BY ! DELEGATES REPRES5T+ MY ORGANIZATION AS ONE ( ! ,COMMITTEE ON ,CON/ITUTION1 TO DRAW UP A ,CON/ITUTION ?AT MAY GOV]N ! ORGANIZATION EXPECT$ TO BE LAUN*$ BY ! DELEGATES 9 ?IS CONV5TION4 ,:5 ?AT ,COMMITTEE ( :I* ,I HAVE BE5 HONOR$ BY APPO9TM5T AS A MEMB] SUBMITS ITS REPORT TO ?IS CONV5TION1 ,I EXPECT TO TAKE UP CONSID]ABLE ( ! TIME ( ?IS CONV5TION 9 DISCUSS+ ?AT ,CON/ITUTION1 OR RA!R ! WORK ( ?AT COMMITTEE :I* HAS BE5 APPO9T$ TO DRAFT A ,CON/ITUTION TO GOV]N ! PROPOS$ ORGANIZATION4 ,= ?AT REASON ,I FEEL ?AT IT IS UNNECESS>Y AT ?IS TIME = ME TO TAKE UP ! TIME ( ! CONV5TION4 ,I MI<T SAY1 ?\<1 9 ! T5 M9UTES ?AT HAS BE5 ALLOTT$ TO DELEGATES TO ADDRESS ! CONV5TION1 ?AT ,I COME H]E TO-DAY = ! PURPOSE ( ASSI/+ 9 9AUGURAT+ AN 9DU/RIAL UNION MOVEM5T2 A MOVEM5T ?AT IS 9T5D$ = ! WORK+ CLASS1 A MOVEM5T ?AT WILL EMBODY 9 ITS MEMB]%IP NOT ONLY A C]TA9 CLASS ( WAGE WORK]S1 BUT EV]Y MAN1 WOMAN & *ILD :O UND] ! PRES5T SY/EM >E COMPELL$ TO WORK = A DAY'S WAGES4 ,& 9 ! REPORT ?AT ,I MAY MAKE AS A MEMB] ( Y\R ,CON/ITUTION ,COMMITTEE ,I HOPE TO MAKE IT BROAD 5\< TO COV] ?AT ( :I* ,I HAVE JU/ SPOK54 ,Y\R ,*AIRMAN1 REPRES5T+ ! ,WE/]N ,F$]ATION ( ,M9]S1 HAS EXPRESS$ TO Y\ 9 WORDS AS PLA9 AS ,I C\LD ! S5TIM5TS ( ! ORGANIZATION :I* WE REPRES5T4 ,I C\LD ADD NO?+ TO :AT HE HAS ALREADY SAID TO ! DELEGATES 9 ?IS CONV5TION4 ,I FEEL ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y = ! DELEGATES 9 ?IS CONV5TION ON ! DIFF]5T COMMITTEES ?AT HAVE BE5 APPO9T$1 TO GET D[N TO WORK & DRAW UP SOME?+ TANGIBLE = ?IS BODY ( WORK+ PEOPLE TO WORK UPON1 & = ?AT REASON ,I DESIRE TO DEF] :ATEV] REM>KS ,I MAY MAKE TO ?IS CONV5TION UNTIL AFT] ! COMMITTEE ON :I* ,I HAVE BE5 APPO9T$ SUBMIT !IR WORK TO ?IS CONV5TION1 :5 ,I ASSURE Y\ ?AT Y\ WILL HE> SOME?+ FROM ME AS ONE ( ! SIGN]S ( ! ,MANIFE/O :I* IS RESPONSIBLE = ?IS GA!R+ H]E AT ! PRES5T TIME4 ,I ?ANK Y\ = Y\R ATT5TION4 7,APPLAUSE47 

,S,P,E,E,* ,( ,D4 ,C4 ,C,O,A,T,E,S 

,D,E,L4 ,C,O,A,T,E,S3 ,FELL[ ,DELEGATES3 ,I REALLY DID NOT 9T5D UPON ?IS OCCASION TO SAY A S+LE1 SOLIT>Y WORD TO ?IS CONV5TION4 ,I HAD HOP$ ?AT 9 ! GREAT MASS ( ! ORATORS BE=E ?IS CONV5TION :O HAVE PREC$$ !Y W\LD T\* MORE FULLY UPON A PRACTICAL 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,I WANT TO SAY ?AT ,I DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT !RE HAS BE5 A S+LE1 SOLIT>Y WORD UTT]$ H]E TO-DAY BUT :AT ,I CAN FULLY 5DORSE4 ,I1 TOO1 WANT A F9AL CONDITION ?AT WILL BR+ ! FULL FRUITION ( TOIL TO ! TOIL]S4 ,I1 TOO1 WANT ?IS ORGANIZATION BAS$ SOLELY & :OLLY UPON ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,AS ,I SAID BE=E1 ,I CAN 5DORSE PRACTICALLY EV]Y?+ ?AT HAS BE5 SAID UPON ?OSE L9ES AS TO ! CONDITIONS ?AT HAVE MADE ?IS GA!R+ NECESS>Y1 & IT IS NOT NECESS>Y = ME TO GO AGA9 OV] ?AT GR\ND4 ,BUT1 MY FRI5DS1 DUR+ ?IS TALK ,I WANT TO TRY TO IMPRESS ?IS AUDI5CE1 IF ,I CAN1 ) ! IDEA ?AT TO BR+ 9TO FRUITION ! DESIRES ( ?IS CONV5TION1 ! DESIRES ( ! WAGE WORK+ M5 & WOM5 ( ?IS C\NTRY1 A PRACTICAL1 EV]YDAY 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION1 WE MU/ NOT BE C>RI$ AWAY 9 ! DELIB]ATIONS ( ?IS CONV5TION ) A PURELY IDEALI/IC CONDITION4 ,I DO NOT MEAN IDEALI/IC 9 ! S5SE ?AT SOME MEAN IT4 ,I MEAN ?AT WE DO NOT WANT TO GO AWAY ) ! IDEA ?AT WE HAVE FIX$ \R EYES UPON A CONDITION ?AT WILL COME P]HAPS TW5TY-FIVE OR FIFTY OR A HUNDR$ YE>S FROM N[4 ,I WANT ?IS CONV5TION1 :5 IT HAS CEAS$ ITS LABORS AS A CONV5TION1 TO GIVE US AN ORGANIZATION ?AT WILL />T ITS :EELS ( MA*9]Y ! MOM5T WE QUIT H]E2 ?AT WILL BR+ 9TO L9E & 9TO A L9E ( SOLID>ITY EV]Y MAN & WOMAN :O TOIL = A LIV+ 9 ?IS NATION4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,I DON'T WANT TO GO \T ( ?IS CONV5TION SIMPLY TELL+ \R FELL[ WORK]S ?AT 0Y\ >E 5TITL$ TO ! FULL PRODUCT ( Y\R LABOR40 ,I WANT TO TELL HIM SOME?+ ) ?AT S5TIM5T4 ,I WANT TO TELL HIM SOME?+ ?AT IS GO+ TO GIVE HIM SOME C\RAGE & SOME HOPE TO BATTLE = ! FULL FRUIT ( HIS TOIL4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,I WANT TO GIVE HIM A PRACTICAL BASIS = ! FULLE/ ORGANIZATION UND] ! WAGE SY/EM ?AT WILL GIVE HIM ! OPPORTUNITY TO LIVE & LABOR UNTIL HE GETS ! FULL PRODUCT ( HIS TOIL4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,I WANT TO GO =? FROM ?IS CONV5TION ) A MESSAGE TO EV]Y WAGE WORK] ( ! NATION1 ?AT IF !Y WILL GET 9TO AN ORGANIZATION SU* AS WE HOPE TO P]FECT !RE WILL BE NO LONG] SU* SC5ES AS WE SEE H]E UPON ! /REETS ( ,*ICAGO TO-DAY4 ,I DO NOT WANT TO TELL HIM ?AT 9 #be OR SOME O!R DI/ANT DATE POV]TY WILL BE ABOLI%$ BY ! TOTAL 5JOYM5T ( \R LABOR1 BUT ,I WANT TO TELL HIM ?AT H]E & N[1 TO-DAY1 ! 5TIRE P>ALYZATION ( 9DU/RY 9 ?IS CITY W\LD REMOVE ! DAMNABLE CONDITIONS ?AT WE HAVE H]E & N[1 TO-DAY4 ,I WANT TO BR+ HIM ?IS N[1 )9 A V]Y FEW %ORT MON?S2 TO BR+ HIM 9TO A P]FECT WORK+ ORGANIZATION ( LABOR ?AT WILL :EEL 9TO L9E AS FA/ AS ! NECESSITY ( ! OCCASION ADMITS UNTIL WE HAVE L9$ UP %\LD] TO %\LD] EV]Y WAGE WORK] 9 ! /RUGGLE = ! LEA/ ( !SE4 ,MY FRI5DS1 ! CONDITIONS ?AT HAVE %[N US ! FAILURE ( ! ORD9>Y TRADES UNION TO-DAY >E ! ?+S ?AT WE MU/ TAKE ADVANTAGE ( TO-DAY4 ,IT MU/ LEAD US TO BUILD AN ORGANIZATION TO-DAY ?AT WILL AVOID !SE MI/AKES & GIVE US SOME 5C\RAGEM5T TO GO BE=E ! GREAT >MY ( LABOR ( ?IS C\NTRY & SEEK ITS ALLIANCE ) ?IS ORGANIZATION4 ,I WANT A PRACTICAL ORGANIZATION ?AT WILL ALIGN ALL ! =CES ( LABOR 9 ?IS C\NTRY 9 EV]Y L9E ( 9DU/RY4 ,I WANT ! TEAM/]'S CAUSE TO BE ! CAUSE ( ! PR9T]4 ,I WANT ! PR9T]'S CAUSE TO BE ! CAUSE ( ! LABOR] UPON ! /REET4 ,I WANT ! CAUSE ( EV]Y WAGE WORK] TO BE ! CAUSE ( EV]Y O!R WAGE WORK]1 RI<T N[1 TO-MORR[1 BATTL+ = ! BREAD & BUTT] ( !IR FAMILIES4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,& :ILE ,I AGREE ) :AT ! O!R PREC$+ SPEAK]S HAVE BELIEV$ WILL BE ! F9AL RESULT ( ?IS GA!R+1 ( ?IS CONV5TION1 ,I WANT Y\ NOT TO BE C>RI$ AWAY SOLELY ) ! F9AL FRUITION ( ?IS WORK4 ,I WANT Y\ TO COME D[N H]E SO ?AT WE CAN BEG9 & P]FECT ?IS ORGANIZATION ?R\< ITS CON/ITUTION1 & />T A MOVEM5T ?AT WILL BEG9 TO-MORR[ MORN+ & ALIGN !SE =CES ABSOLUTELY 9 ONE SOLIT>Y1 S+LE1 ALL-P[]FUL ORGANIZATION4 7,APPLAUSE47 

,& N[ ,I WANT TO SAY ?AT DUR+ ! SPEE*ES UPON ?IS FLOOR ,I HAVE BE5 IMPRESS$ ) ! IDEA ?AT !RE >E TWO DANG]S TO ! GR[? ( ?IS ORGANIZATION4 ,I BELIEVE ! FIR/ DANG] IS A TOO IDEALI/IC CONDITION1 OR ORGANIZATION RA!R4 ,I HAVE T\*$ ON ?AT SOME:AT1 & IT IS NOT NECESS>Y = ME TO REPEAT IT4 ,! O!R DANG] IS ! TOO 5?USIA/IC AMBITIONS ( NOT ONLY ! DELEGATES H]E UPON ?IS FLOOR1 BUT ( ! M5 & WOM5 :O AGREE ) !M 9 !IR S5TIM5TS4 ,I WANT TO W>N ?IS ORGANIZATION N[ ?AT !Y MU/ DECIDE NOT ONLY ON A PLAN ( EV]YDAY1 PRACTICAL WORK+ ORGANIZATION1 BUT !Y MU/ TOO DECIDE ON ! LEVEL-HEAD$ MANAGEM5T ( M5 :O WILL NOT BE SWAY$ ALTOGE!R ) ! IDEA ?AT WE >E SIMPLY /RIV+ = ?AT ONE F>-(F />4 ,I DO NOT WANT ! 5?USIASM ?AT WILL GO BEH9D ?IS MOVEM5T :5 WE GET ?R\<1 TO LEAD IT 9TO A SITUATION ?AT WILL MEAN \R E>LY DE/RUCTION4 ,I BELIEVE TO-DAY1 FELL[ DELEGATES1 ?AT IF IT HAD NOT BE5 = ! TOO 5?USIA/IC WORK ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,RAILWAY ,UNION IT W\LD HAVE /OOD TO-DAY ! GREATE/ ORGANIZATION ( LABOR ?AT ?IS C\NTRY HAS EV] KN[N4 7,GREAT APPLAUSE47 ,BUT IT WAS ?AT V]Y ?+ ?AT ,I WANT TO CALL ! ATT5TION ( ! DELEGATES TO :I* ,I BELIEVE ,COMRADE ,DEBS CAN TELL Y\ PUT ! ,A4 ,R4 ,U4 \T ( BUS9ESS4 ,WE WANT TO BE C>EFUL ALONG ?OSE L9ES4 ,WE WANT TO GET A GOOD1 PRACTICAL ORGANIZATION--?AT IS ALL ,I AM ASK+ Y\ =--& A GOOD1 PRACTICAL1 LEVEL-HEAD$ MANAGEM5T & MEMB]%IP ( ?AT ORGANIZATION ?AT W\LD CONT9UE ON = A FEW YE>S TO BE> ! BURD5 ( BATTLE AS Y\ HAVE BORNE IT = A NUMB] ( YE>S1 UNTIL WE CAN MASS BEH9D ?IS MOVEM5T A GREAT >MY ?AT CAN NO LONG] BE DEFEAT$ UPON ! ECONOMIC FIELD4 ,I ?ANK Y\ V]Y MU*4 7,APPLAUSE47 

,S,P,E,E,* ,( ,A4 ,M4 ,S,I,M,O,N,S 

,D,E,L4 ,S,I,M,O,N,S3 ,I WAS ONE ( ?OSE :O W]E PRES5T AT ! ,MANIFE/O MEET+4 ,I %ALL TAKE BUT A FEW MOM5TS ( Y\R TIME1 BUT !RE >E A FEW ?+S ?AT CAME TO ME :ILE *>M$ 9 LI/5+ H]E4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT SOMEH[ IT IS TYPICAL1 IF NOT FITT+1 ?AT ?IS MOVEM5T %\LD SPR+ FROM ?IS CITY1 ! CITY 9 :I* WAS F\<T ! BATTLE ?AT ,I BELIEVE1 H[E'] IT MAY BE WRIT D[N 9 \R HI/ORY1 WAS ! GREATE/ VICTORY ?AT ! ,AM]ICAN LABOR MOVEM5T HAS EV] F\<T--A VICTORY ?AT WAS GA9$ BECAUSE IT PLAC$ ?IS 5TIRE C\NTRY ON AN ALIGNM5T BETWE5 PLUTOCRACY & DEMOCRACY2 A BATTLE ?AT 9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT IT APP>5TLY 5D$ 9 ,WOOD/OCK JAIL1 IS NOT 5D$ YET1 BUT IS GO+ ON TO-DAY4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,& ALL >\ND ME H]E ,I FEEL1 & KN[ ?AT ! =CES ?AT CALL$ = ! P[] ( ! ,PRESID5T & ?AT CALL$ = ALL ! /R5G? ?AT PLUTOCRACY C\LD MU/] AT ! H&S ( ! G5]AL GOV]NM5T1 ?AT P>ALYZ$ ! AFFAIRS ( ?IS NATION ! MO/ ?OR\<LY !Y W]E EV] P>ALYZ$--,I FEEL ?AT ?OSE SAME =CES :I* ?AT FI<T BR\<T \T 9 ,PULLMAN T[N >E TO-DAY AGA9 RALLY+ = A VICTORY MORE P[]FUL ?AN EV] DREAM$ ( BE=E4 7,APPLAUSE47 

,M51 WE HAVE SE5 H]E 9 ,AM]ICA ! RISE & FALL ( LABOR ORGANIZATION AFT] LABOR ORGANIZATION4 ,WE SAW ! RISE BE=E ! ,CIVIL ,W> ( ?AT FIR/ ORGANIZATION1 ! ,NATIONAL ,LABOR ,UNION4 ,IT GREW1 DEVELOP$ & W5T D[N1 TO RISE AGA9 9 ! ,K4 ( ,L41 TAK+ TO ITSELF SOME O!R & BETT] =CE4 ,?AT AGA9 W5T D[N :5 ?AT F\ND ITSELF UNABLE TO COPE ) ! 9DU/RIAL RELATIONS EXI/+4 ,WE HAVE SE5 ! RISE MORE REC5TLY ( ! ,A4 ,F4 ( ,L42 & M>K Y\ ?IS1 ?AT :5 IT HELD ITS T5? CONV5TION IT HAD ONE-?IRD ! DELEGATES ?AT >E SEAT$ 9 ?IS BALL TO-DAY4 ,BUT IT CAME AS ! REPRES5TATIVE ( A C]TA9 SET ( 9DU/RIAL CONDITIONS4 ,IT >OSE \T ( A PROLET>IAT ?AT DID NOT UND]/& ?AT CLASS CONSCI\SNESS IS AN ABSOLUTE NECESSITY UPON :I* TO BUILD = VICTORY & = C]TA9TY4 ,IT >OSE \T ( ! COMPETITIVE P]IOD1 ! P]IOD ( LITTLE 9DU/RIES4 ,?AT P]IOD IS GONE1 & ! WORK+ CLASS ( TO-DAY CAN NO MORE FI<T !IR BATTLE ) WEAPONS DRAWN FROM ?AT AGE ?AN Y\ CAN FI<T ON ! MILIT>Y FIELD ) ! FL9T-LOCK & ! MUSKET ( ! ,REVOLUTION OR ( '#f#e4 ,TO-DAY NEW CONDITIONS HAVE BR\<T =? A NEW ORGANIZATION4 ,?AT ORGANIZATION1 BECAUSE IT DOES CORRESPOND TO ! 9DU/RIAL FACTS FROM :I* IT IS SPRUNG1 IS B\ND TO GO ON TO VICTORY4 

,BUT :ILE WE >E CAU<T ) ?IS 5?USIASM LET ME SAY TO Y\1 COMRADES1 BRO!RS & SI/]S1 DO NOT1 AS ! LA/ SPEAK] SAID1 LET Y\R 5?USIASM C>RY Y\ AWAY ) ! IDEA ?AT WE >E NOT GO+ TO FI<T4 ,IF ?IS ORGANIZATION IS F\ND$1 AS IT WILL BE H]E1 F\ND$ FIRMLY1 IT MEANS ! FIR/ OR GA!R+ NUCLEUS ( ! >MY ?AT %ALL OV]?R[ PLUTOCRACY2 & DON'T =GET ?AT PLUTOCRACY WILL RECOGNIZE ! FACT4 ,& AGA9/ ?OSE :O >E H]E & :O TAKE UPON !MSELVES ?IS BATTLE WILL BE TURN$ ALL ! COHORTS ( HELL & CAPITALISM ?AT CAN BE TURN$ AGA9/ US4 ,AGA9/ US WILL BE TURN$ ! P[]S ( A PRO/ITUT$ PRESS4 ,AGA9/ US WILL BE TURN$ ALL ! =CES ?AT CAN BE M>%AL$ ON ! FIELD ( 9TELLECT1 :E!R POLITICAL1 SOCIAL1 OR 9DU/RIAL4 ,AGA9/ US WILL BE TURN$ ?OSE ?AT TURN FROM \R [N RANKS AS TRAITORS1 MAK+ !MSELVES MISLEAD]S ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,AGA9/ ?OSE =CES WE HAVE GOT TO FI<T1 & ,I APPEAL TO ANY ONE H]E ?AT IS NOT READY TO GO 9TO ?AT FI<T1 ?AT IS NOT READY TO TAKE UP ?AT BURD5DON'T ATTEMPT TO COME 9TO ?IS ORGANIZATION2 DON'T LAY Y\R H&S TO ! PL[ IF Y\ 9T5D TO TURN BACK :5 ! BATTLE GR[S FI]CE1 :5 ! FI<T GR[S H>D4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,MOREOV]1 LET US LAY NO WEAPON ASIDE4 ,SOME HAVE SAID TO ME1 0,:AT PLACE HAVE Y\ 9 A LABOR ORGANIZATION80 ,& ,I MU/ SAY ?AT ,I RECOGNIZE ?AT MY PLACE IS SMALL4 ,?IS CONV5TION1 ?IS FI<T1 IS ONE ?AT ,I CANNOT DO MU* 91 BUT :AT LITTLE ,I CAN ,I WILL DO4 ,I KN[ IT IS LITTLE1 FROM ! V]Y FACT ?AT Y\ JU/LY REG>D ME AS ONE :O IS SOME H[ %UT \T FROM Y\R CLASS--YET ,HEAV5 KN[S ,I WORK H>D 5\< = LITTLE 5\< WAGES4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ?\< ,I REALIZE ?AT ,I CANNOT LEAD Y\ ! /R5G? ?AT ,I %\LD GIVE TO Y\ W]E ,I 9 ANO!R POSITION1 YET ,I SAY TO Y\ ?AT ! REASON ,I COME 9TO ?IS FI<T IS BECAUSE ,I AM 5LI/$ = LIFE 9 ! BATTLE = ! BETT]M5T ( MYSELF1 MY FAMILY1 MY *ILDR51 & BECAUSE ,I KN[ ?AT ,I CANNOT GET FREE UNTIL Y\ ALL >E FREE1 & SO ,I WANT TO FI<T ) Y\ = BETT] ?+S = HUMANITY4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,SO ,I SAY ?AT ,I COME 9TO ?IS BECAUSE ,I WANT NO WEAPON LEFT UNT\*$ 9 ?IS BATTLE1 ! GREATE/ BATTLE ! AGE HAS EV] KN[N4 ,:5 ,I SAY ?AT ON ! POLITICAL FIELD WE WILL FI<T1 ,I DO NOT SAY ?AT :5 WE DROP ?OSE BALLOTS 9TO ! BOX ?AT ,I KN[ !Y WILL BE C\NT$1 BUT ,I KN[ WE WILL GO ON TO VICTORY4 ,I WANT TO SEE ?AT ! PROLET>IAT ( ,AM]ICA HAS LEFT NO WEAPON \T ( ITS REA* 9 ! >MORY2 ?AT IT /&S READY TO GRASP ! BALLOT1 ! /RIKE1 ! BULLET IF IT %\LD BE ?AT WE >E DRIV5 TO IT4 7,APPLAUSE47 

,!Y TOLD US ! O!R DAY 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATIONI/ ?AT ?IS IS TREASON MEET+ H]E41 ,TREASON8 ,BRO!RS & SI/]S1 TO :OM8 ,TREASON TO :OM8 ,IT IS NOT WE :O HAVE BANQUET$ ) ! EMISS>IES ( CAPITALISM2 IT IS NOT WE :O HAVE %AK5 H&S ACROSS ! *ASM ?AT NO HUMAN BE+ CAN BRIDGE--! *ASM ?AT LIES BETWE5 ROBB] & ROBB$1 BETWE5 ! EXPLOIT] & ! EXPLOIT$4 ,IT IS NOT WE :O HAVE SIGN$ AWAY \R BIR?RI<T OV] ! W9E TABLE ( \R OPPRESSOR4 ,NO4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,\R TREASON1 IF TREASON IT BE1 IS TREASON ONLY TO ! RUL]S :O HAVE PLAC$ !IR P[] ABOVE US BY VIRTUE ( FRAUD & =CE1 & NO O!R4 7,APPLAUSE47 

,& SO ,I SAY WE WELCOME Y\ ALL1 NOT TO A BEAUTIFUL VISION ( ! ,COOP]ATIVE ,COMMONWEAL?2 NOT TO ! MILL5NIUM1 BUT TO A H>D1 BITT]1 DESP]ATE FI<T ?AT MAY LA/ \T Y\R LIVES4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,BUT LET ME ASK ( Y\ TO REMEMB] ?AT 9 ?AT FI<T AFT] ALL1 ! /RONGE/ FI<T ?AT Y\ CAN MAKE IS A CON/RUCTIVE1 SANE & DELIB]ATE FI<T4 ,! M]E OP]ATION ( PICK+ \T & PA9T+ 9 LURID COLORS ! DESPICABLE TRAITORS ?AT HAVE BETRAY$ \R CLASS MAY GRATIFY \R V9DICTIV5ESS2 BETT] ?AN ?AT1 IT MAY GRATIFY AN \TRAG$ & BETRAY$ & RI<TE\S 9DIGNATION4 ,BUT AFT] ALL1 ! WEAPON ?AT WILL /RIKE ! H>DE/1 ! BL[ ?AT WILL L& ! HEAVIE/1 ! %OT ?AT WILL S5D ! FUR!/ & F9ALLY DA% ! TEMPLE TO ! GR\ND1 >E ?+S ?AT BELONG TO ! CAPITALI/S & CAPITALISM ITSELF4 

,& N[ ,I WANT JU/ SIMPLY TO SAY ?AT ,I HOPE ?AT 9 ?IS ORGANIZATION :I* IS TO BE F\ND$1 ?AT :5 WE COME TOGE!R 9 \R DELIB]ATIONS WE MAY REALIZE ?AT WE HAVE TO BUILD UP2 ?AT WE HAVE TO LAY F\NDATION /ONES & ?AT WE HAVE TO BUILD ) HUMAN BE+S & NOT ) M]E BLOCKS ( WOOD ?AT CAN BE FITT$ AS Y\ LIKE2 ?AT WE MAY HAVE \R PLAN ( ORGANIZATION F\ND$ UPON ABSOLUTELY ET]NAL PR9CIPLES & ADAPT$ & ADJU/$ TO ! =CES ?AT WE MU/ USE 9 ! BATTLE ?AT WE MU/ WAGE1 TO ! 9DU/RIAL CONDITIONS \T ( :I* IT SPR+S4 ,IF WE DO ?AT1 IF WE WORK WISELY1 =GETT+ ! PA/1--,I C>E NOT :AT A MAN HAS BE5 7APPLAUSE7--,I SAY1 =GETT+ ! PA/ 9 ?IS FI<T ?AT IS H]E--NO MATT] :AT M5 MAY HAVE DONE OR MAY NOT HAVE DONE1 ?OSE BATTLES MU/ BE F\<T \TSIDE ( ?IS ORGANIZATION2 ?IS MU/ NOT BE ! PLACE TO FI<T !M \T4 ,H]E 9 ?IS ORGANIZATION WE HAVE A PURPOSE ON :I* WE >E UNIT$1 & NO MAN CAN MAKE HIMSELF MY 5EMY )9 ?AT ORGANIZATION UNTIL HE BETRAYS ! PURPOSES ( ?AT ORGANIZATION4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,& ,I BELIEVE ?AT ON ?AT BASIS1 ON ?AT F\NDATION1 WE HAVE BE=E US AN OPPORTUNITY SU* AS IS (F]$ TO NO O!R WORK+ CLASS 9 ! WORLD4 

,OV] 9 ,RUSSIA !Y >E BATT]+ D[N ! REMNANTS ( AN OLD FEUDALISM4 ,!Y >E FI<T+ !RE1 %$D+ !IR BLOOD 9 ORD] TO ADVANCE SOCIETY P]HAPS ONLY TO ANO!R B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 ,WE HOPE NOT4 ,H]E ?AT GR\ND IS CLE>$ = US4 ,WE HAVE NO >I/OCRACY BUT PLUTOCRACY1 NO DIVISION EXCEPT+ ! CLASS L9E1 A P]FECT CONC5TRATION ( 9DU/RY & A COMPLETE PROLET>IZATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! L9ES >E CLE>4 ,! FI<T IS PLA94 ,!RE IS NO?+ TO B$IM \R EYES1 NO?+ TO BEFOG ! ISSUE SAVE DIFF]5CES ?AT \R [N IGNORANCE >\SES4 ,LET US CLE> !M UP4 ,LET US M>%AL TOGE!R1 LET US /& TOGE!R1 KN[+ ?AT WE >E RI<T1 FI<T+ ON1 H>D & /RONG1 DET]M9$1 UNDISC\RAG$ NO MATT] :AT MAY COME1 TO ! VICTORY ?AT WE KN[ IS !RE1 BECAUSE IT IS A P>T ( ! V]Y ESS5CE ( ?+S1 & CANNOT BE D5I$ US :5 WE >E READY TO TAKE IT4 7,APPLAUSE47 

,S,P,E,E,* ,( ,T4 ,W4 ,R,[,E 

,D,E,L4 ,R,[,E3--,MR4 ,*AIRMAN & ,DELEGATES3 ,I AM PLAC$ 9 RA!R A PECULI> POSITION BY ?IS CONV5TION1 BECAUSE ,I DO NOT KN[ :E!R OR NOT ! ,AM]ICAN ,FL9T ,GLASS ,WORK]S' ,UNION WILL DECIDE TO AFFILIATE ) ?IS NEW 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION OR NOT4 ,I KN[ ?AT ! MEMB]%IP ( ?IS ORGANIZATION ?AT ,I REPRES5T1 BY A REF]5DUM VOTE ( OV] TWO TO ONE1 VOT$ TO S5D REPRES5TATIVES TO ?IS CONV5TION4 ,I KN[ ?AT !Y >E SYMPA!TIC ) ! ,MANIFE/O ISSU$ CALL+ = ?IS CONV5TION4 ,I KN[1 TOO1 ?AT WE HAVE SOME ( ! BRI<TE/ TRADES UNIONI/S 9 \R ORGANIZATION ?AT ,I BELIEVE >E TO BE F\ND AMONG ANY ( ! LABOR ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA4 ,BUT NO?)/&+ MY PECULI> POSITION AT ?IS TIME1 ,I FEEL ?AT ,I W\LD BE UNTRUE TO MYSELF IF ,I REFUS$ TO EXPRESS A FEW WORDS TO Y\ PEOPLE ASSEMBL$ H]E ?IS AFT]NOON4 ,P]SONALLY ,I FEEL ?AT !RE CANNOT BE ANY?+ BUT GOOD COME FROM ?IS CONV5TION4 7,APPLAUSE47 ,:5 ,I SEE SU* 9TELLECTUAL GIANTS FROM ! ,EA/ AS ,DE ,LEON1 FROM ! ,WE/ AS ,HAYWOOD1 ,MOY]1 ,O',NEIL & O!R SPEAK]S1 & FROM ! ,C5TRAL ,WE/ AS ,DEBS & ,SIMONS & O!RS 7APPLAUSE71 ! RESULTS ( ?IS CONV5TION MU/ HAVE A GRATIFY+ & 9SPIR+ EFFECT UPON ! WORK]S ( ! WORLD4 7,APPLAUSE47 

,\R ORGANIZATION IS AT LOGG]HEADS ) ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR4 ,WE CANNOT AGREE ) ?AT CONT5T$ SPIRIT ( APA?Y ?AT IS N[ PREVAIL+ AMONG ! LEAD]S ( ?AT ORGANIZATION4 ,WE CANNOT UND]/& H[ ! WORK]S ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES CAN BE CONT5T$ TO LIVE 9 BACK ALLEYS1 LIV+ 9 HUTS1 :ILE ! PEOPLE ?AT PRODUCE NO WEAL? >E LIV+ 9 PALACES & >E GORG$ ) WEAL? & LUXURY4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,! LEAD]S ( LABOR :O PREA* CONT5TM5T TO ?OSE PEOPLE >E MISLEAD]S2 !Y >E NOT TRY+ TO GIVE !M ! TRUE LI<T4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,I BELIEVE ?AT FROM ?IS CONV5TION WILL SPR+ ! 9T]NATIONAL EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,! NEWS ?AT WE HAVE HE>D 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 AB\T ! ,AM]ICAN ,RAILWAY ,UNION /RIKE1 ! /RIKES ( ! ,WE/]N ,F$]ATION ( ,M9]S1 ! COAL M9ES :]E WORK+M5 W]E %OT TO DEA? 9 ,P5NSYLVANIA & O!R ,/ATES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA1 IS NO DIFF]5T FROM ! NEWS ?AT WE GET FROM O!R C\NTRIES4 ,IF Y\ HAVE WAT*$ 9DU/RIAL AFFAIRS 9 =EIGN C\NTRIES 9 ! LA/ TWO YE>S ,I AM SURE Y\ HAVE READ ( ! BREAD RIOTS 9 ,ITALY1 ! /RIKES & RIOTS 9 ,B>CELONA1 ,SPA91 9 ,BUDA ,PE/H1 9 ,BRUSSELS1 ,BELGIUM1 & 9 ,P>IS4 ,N[1 ?IS WAGE MOVEM5T1 ?IS 9DU/RIAL EMANCIPATION1 IS 5CIRCL+ ! GLOBE1 & ! MO/ HOPEFUL SIGN ?AT ,I CAN DISC]N ( ?IS MOVEM5T IS ?AT IT IS 9T]NATIONAL1 ?AT ! WORK+ PEOPLE ( ALL L&S & CLIMES >E GO+ TO CLASP !IR H&S & COME TOGE!R 9 ONE SOLID PHALANX UNTIL !Y 5CIRCLE ! 5TIRE WORLD4 7,APPLAUSE47 ,9 ! WORDS ( ,K>L ,M>X1 0,WORK]S ( ! WORLD UNITE2 Y\ HAVE NO?+ TO LOSE BUT Y\R *A9S40 7,APPLAUSE74 ,?IS IS ! MOVEM5T ?AT IS GO+ TO =GE ! ,AM]ICAN L9K TO ?AT 9T]NATIONAL *A9 ( 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM ?AT IS GO+ TO FREE ! WORK+M5 & WORK+WOM54 ,!RE HAS BE5 MU* SAID AB\T :AT ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR HAS DONE TO C]TA9 ORGANIZATIONS4 ,I WANT TO TELL Y\ ( ONE P>TICUL> H>M !Y HAVE DONE TO ! ,AM]ICAN ,FL9T ,GLASS ,WORK]S' ,UNION4 ,:5 WE HAD A /RIKE 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 ! SIX? VICE-PRESID5T ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR S5T AN EXECUTIVE HEAD TO ,WA%+TON1 ,PA41 :]E A NONUNION GLASS FACTORY EXI/S1 & HE ADMITT$ TO MEMB]%IP 9 ! ,GLASS ,BOTTLE ,BL[]S' ,ASSOCIATION A CREW ( NONUNIONI/S & S5T !M TO ,NEW ,YORK TO TAKE ! PLACES ( ! /RIK+ M5 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,FL9T ,GLASS ,WORK]S' ,UNION4 ,WE PREF]R$ *>GES AGA9/ ?AT (FIC]4 ,WE PROCE$$ TO ,WA%+TON & PROSECUT$ HIM1 & ?IS IS ! DECISION ?AT WAS R5D]$ BY ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR EXECUTIVE C\NCIL3 0,WE F9D ! SIX? VICE-PRESID5T NOT GUILTY ( ! *>GE4 ,HE SIMPLY W5T TO ONE LOCALITY & CONV]T$ A CREW ( NONUNION M5 9TO UNION M5 & TRANSF]R$ !M TO ANO!R LOCALITY TO FULFILL ! COMPLEM5T ( M5 REQUIR$ 9 ?AT 9DU/RY40 ,DID Y\ EV] HE> ( SU* A DECISION AS ?AT8 

,A ,D,E,L,E,G,A,T,E3 ,YES1 !RE >E LOTS ( !M4 

,D,E,L4 ,R,[,E3 ,WE )DREW FROM ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR1 & WE HAVE BE5 ON ! \TS ) !M EV] S9CE4 ,BUT WE WANT$ AN OPPORTUNITY ( %[+ ! DELEGATES TO ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR CONV5TION H[ WE W]E TREAT$ BY ?AT EXECUTIVE C\NCIL1 & AT \R LA/ CONV5TION TWO DELEGATES W]E ELECT$ ) ME TO PROCE$ TO ! ,SAN ,FRANCISCO CONV5TION ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR TO TELL ?AT CONV5TION H[ WE HAD BE5 TREAT$ BY !IR EXECUTIVE C\NCIL & (FICIALS4 ,WE REQUE/$ ! EXECUTIVE C\NCIL & NATIONAL (FIC]S TO GIVE US AN AUDI5CE BE=E ! ,SAN ,FRANCISCO CONV5TION ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR1 & !Y TOLD US ?AT WE C\LD NOT BE HE>D4 ,!Y WON'T GIVE ! RANK & FILE ( !IR ORGANIZATION A *ANCE TO SEE :AT ?AT EXECUTIVE C\NCIL IS DO+4 ,EV]YBODY :O HAS WAT*$ ! JURISDICTION DECISIONS R5D]$ BY ! EXECUTIVE C\NCIL ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR WILL AGREE ) ME ?AT IT IS NO?+ BUT A B>GA9 C\NT] EXECUTIVE C\NCIL4 

,WE DELEGATES N[ COME TO ?IS CONV5TION1 & ,I WANT TO SAY TO Y\ ?AT ,I AM A ,SOCIALI/1 & ,I HAVE BE5 AN ACTIVE ,SOCIALI/ 9 ! ,SOCIALI/ P>TY & ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>TY = A NUMB] ( YE>S1 AS CAN BE TE/IFI$ BY PEOPLE 9 ?IS CONV5TION 7APPLAUSE71 BUT WE HAVE A L>GE NUMB] ( MEMB]S 9 \R ORGANIZATION :O DO NOT BELIEVE 9 ,SOCIALISM4 ,!RE >E O!R ORGANIZATIONS 9 ?IS CONV5TION1 ONE 9 P>TICUL>1 ?AT ,I BELIEVE HAS AB\T #g#e1,O,O MEMB]S4 ,IF ?IS CONV5TION WILL ACT WISELY1 ACCORD+ TO MY VIEW WE >E GO+ TO =M A TRADE UNION 9DU/RIAL LABOR ORGANIZATION & DEP5D UPON ! $UCATIONAL 9FLU5CE ( ! 9TELLECTUAL LEAD]S ( ?IS ORGANIZATION TO 5LI<T5 ! PEOPLE ON ?AT SECOND>Y CONSID]ATION4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,I BELIEVE ?AT \R MOVEM5T H]E %\LD BE ?IS3 TO =M A BONA FIDE LABOR ORGANIZATION2 A TRADES UNION ?AT IS CLASS CONSCI\S ) REF]5CE TO ! WAGE WORK]'S 9T]E/4 ,:5 WE HAVE DONE ?AT1 WE WILL HAVE PL5TY ( TIME 9 ! FUTURE TO P]=M ?AT SECOND>Y WORK TO ?IS MOVEM5T4 

,I WANT TO MAKE ANO!R SUGGE/ION4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT ?IS ORGANIZATION %\LD DECIDE TO HOLD ANO!R NATIONAL CONV5TION AB\T ! MON? ( ,NOVEMB] OR SOME TIME LAT] ?IS SEASON1 BECAUSE IF Y\ DO ?AT1 ! DELEGATES :O >E AT ?IS CONV5TION LIKE MYSELF & COLLEAGUES & A NUMB] ( O!R DELEGATES TO ?IS CONV5TION :O >E NOT H]E ) FULL P[] TO ACT1 WILL HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY TO REPORT TO !IR RESPECTIVE CON/ITU5CIES1 & IT WILL GIVE !M AN OPPORTUNITY ( S5D+ REPRES5TATIVES BACK TO ! SECOND CONV5TION & />T ?IS MOVEM5T AS SPE$ILY AS WE CAN DO IT ) WISDOM1 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! PEOPLE WE REPRES5T4 7,APPLAUSE47 

,N[1 ,I HAVE 5JOY$ LI/5+ TO ! SPEAK]S H]E ?IS AFT]NOON4 ,IT HAS HAD A V]Y $IFY+ EFFECT UPON ME1 & ,I AM SURE IT HAS HAD A SIMIL> EFFECT UPON MANY O!R MEMB]S 9 ATT5DANCE AT ?IS CONV5TION4 ,& ,I AM GLAD TO SEE ?AT !RE IS LITTLE 9 ! WAY ( P]SONAL ANIMOSITIES1 & ?AT !SE LITTLE FEEL+S ?AT HAVE EXI/$ BE=E ?IS CONV5TION ASSEMBL$ HAVE EVAPORAT$1 & ALL !SE TRUE LEAD]S 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T GET TOGE!R 9 ONE TRUE SPIRIT ( H>MONY1 PL$G$ TO ONE SOLID PURPOSE1 & ?AT IS ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 7,APPLAUSE47 

,A ,W,O,R,D ,A,B,\,T ,! ,P,R,E,S,S 

,! ,*,A,I,R,M,A,N3 ,I WANT TO TAKE ?IS OPPORTUNITY ( TELL+ ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PRESS ?AT >E H]E1 & O!RS ?AT MAY BE 9 ! AUDI5CE1 ?AT ! LEA/ ?AT ?IS CONV5TION EXPECTS FROM ! PRESS IS ! TRU?4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,& ALSO ?AT ?IS CONV5TION WILL NOT TOL]ATE ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PRESS IF !Y MISREPRES5T1 & ?AT :5 ! REPORT] 9 ! ,TRIBUNE SAID ?AT MANY BOTTLES OR GLASSES ( BE] HAD BE5 BR\<T UP H]E FROM ! SALOON BEL[1 ?AT HE KNEW HE WAS WRIT+ A CONTEMPTIBLE LIE4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,IT ONLY ADDS PRO( ( A PURPOSE TO MISREPRES5T4 

,S,P,E,E,* ,( ,L,U,C,Y ,E4 ,P,>,S,O,N,S 

,D,E,L4 ,L,U,C,Y ,E4 ,P,>,S,O,N,S3 ,I CAN ASSURE Y\ ?AT AFT] ! 9TELLECTUAL FEA/ ?AT ,I HAVE 5JOY$ IMM5SELY ?IS AFT]NOON1 ,I FEEL =TUNATE TO APPE> BE=E Y\ N[ 9 RESPONSE TO Y\R CALL4 ,I DO NOT WI% Y\ TO ?9K ?AT ,I AM H]E TO PLAY UPON WORDS :5 ,I TELL Y\ ?AT ,I /& BE=E Y\ & FEEL MU* LIKE A PYGMY BE=E 9TELLECTUAL GIANTS1 BUT ?AT IS ONLY ! FACT4 ,I WI% TO /ATE TO Y\ ?AT ,I HAVE TAK5 ! FLOOR BECAUSE NO O!R WOMAN HAS RESPOND$1 & ,I FEEL ?AT IT W\LD NOT BE \T ( PLACE = ME TO SAY 9 MY POOR WAY A FEW WORDS AB\T ?IS MOVEM5T4 

,WE1 ! WOM5 ( ?IS C\NTRY1 HAVE NO BALLOT EV5 IF WE WI%$ TO USE IT1 & ! ONLY WAY ?AT WE CAN BE REPRES5T$ IS TO TAKE A MAN TO REPRES5T US4 ,Y\ M5 HAVE MADE SU* A MESS ( IT 9 REPRES5T+ US ?AT WE HAVE NOT MU* CONFID5CE 9 ASK+ Y\2 & ,I = ONE FEEL V]Y BACKW>D 9 ASK+ ! M5 TO REPRES5T ME4 ,WE HAVE NO BALLOT1 BUT WE HAVE \R LABOR4 ,I ?9K IT IS ,AUGU/ ,BEBEL1 9 HIS 0,WOMAN 9 ! ,PA/1 ,PRES5T & ,FUTURE0--A BOOK ?AT %\LD BE READ BY EV]Y WOMAN ?AT WORKS = WAGES--,I ?9K IT IS ,BEBEL ?AT SAYS ?AT M5 HAVE BE5 SLAVES ?R\<-\T ALL ! AGES1 BUT ?AT WOMAN'S CONDITION HAS BE5 WORSE1 = %E HAS BE5 ! SLAVE ( A SLAVE4 ,I ?9K !RE WAS NEV] A GREAT] TRU? UTT]$4 ,WE >E ! SLAVES ( ! SLAVES4 ,WE >E EXPLOIT$ MORE RU?LESSLY ?AN M54 ,:]EV] WAGES >E TO BE R$UC$ ! CAPITALI/ CLASS USE WOM5 TO R$UCE !M1 & IF !RE IS ANY?+ ?AT Y\ M5 %\LD DO 9 ! FUTURE IT IS TO ORGANIZE ! WOM54 

,& ,I TELL Y\ ?AT IF ! WOM5 HAD 9AUGURAT$ A BOYCOTT ( ! ,/ATE /REET /ORES S9CE ! TEAM/]S' /RIKE !Y W\LD HAVE SURR5D]$ LONG AGO4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,I DO NOT /RIKE BE=E Y\ TO BRAG4 ,I HAD NO MAN CONNECT$ ) ?AT /RIKE TO MAKE IT ( 9T]E/ TO ME TO BOYCOTT ! /ORES1 BUT ,I HAVE NOT B\<T ONE P5NY'S WOR? !RE S9CE ?AT /RIKE WAS 9AUGURAT$4 ,I 9T5D$ TO BOYCOTT ALL ( !M AS ONE 9DIVIDUAL AT LEA/1 SO IT IS IMPORTANT TO $UCATE ! WOM54 ,N[ ,I WI% TO %[ MY SI/]S H]E ?AT WE FA/5 ! *A9S ( SLAV]Y UPON \R SI/]S1 SOMETIMES UNWITT+LY1 :5 WE GO D[N TO ! DEP>TM5T /ORE & LOOK >\ND = *EAP B>GA9S & GO HOME & EXHIBIT :AT WE HAVE GOT SO *EAP4 ,:5 WE COME TO REFLECT IT SIMPLY MEANS ! ROBB]Y ( \R SI/]S1 = WE KN[ ?AT ! ?+S CANNOT BE MADE = SU* PRICES & GIVE ! WOM5 :O MADE !M FAIR WAGES4 

,I WI% TO SAY ?AT ,I HAVE ATT5D$ MANY CONV5TIONS 9 ! TW5TY-SEV5 YE>S S9CE ,I CAME H]E TO ,*ICAGO' A Y\NG GIRL1 SO FULL ( LIFE & ANIMATION & HOPE4 ,IT IS TO Y\? ?AT HOPE COMES2 IT IS TO AGE ?AT REFLECTION COMES4 ,I HAVE ATT5D$ CONV5TIONS FROM ?AT DAY TO ?IS ( ONE K9D & ANO!R & TAK5 P>T 9 !M4 ,I HAVE TAK5 P>T 9 SOME 9 :I* \R ,COMRADE ,DEBS HAD A P>T4 ,I WAS AT ! ORGANIZATION ?AT HE ORGANIZ$ 9 ?IS CITY SOME EI<T OR T5 YE>S AGO4 ,N[1 ! PO9T ,I WANT TO MAKE IS ?AT !SE CONV5TIONS >E FULL ( 5?USIASM4 ,& ?AT IS RI<T2 WE %\LD SOMETIMES MIX S5TIM5T ) SOB]NESS2 IT IS A P>T ( LIFE4 ,BUT1 AS ,I KN[ FROM EXP]I5CE1 !RE >E SOB] MOM5TS AHEAD ( US1 & :5 Y\ GO \T ( ?IS HALL1 :5 Y\ HAVE LAID ASIDE Y\R 5?USIASM1 !N COMES SOLID WORK4 ,>E Y\ GO+ \T ) ! REFLECTION ?AT Y\ APPRECIATE & GRASP ! SITUATION ?AT Y\ >E TO TACKLE8 ,>E Y\ GO+ \T ( H]E ) Y\R M9DS MADE UP ?AT ! CLASS 9 :I* WE CALL \RSELVES1 REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/S SO-CALL$--?AT ?AT CLASS IS ORGANIZ$ TO MEET ORGANIZ$ CAPITAL ) ! MILLIONS AT ITS COMM&8 ,IT HAS MANY WEAPONS TO FI<T 4US4 ,FIR/ IT HAS MONEY4 ,!N IT HAS LEGISLATIVE TOOLS4 ,!N IT HAS ITS JUDICI>Y2 IT HAS ITS >MY & ITS NAVY2 IT HAS ITS GUNS2 IT HAS >MORIES2 & LA/1 IT HAS ! GALL[S4 ,WE CALL \RSELVES REVOLUTIONI/S4 ,DO Y\ KN[ :AT ! CAPITALI/S MEAN TO DO TO Y\ REVOLUTIONI/S8 ,I SIMPLY ?R[ !SE H9TS \T ?AT Y\ Y\NG PEOPLE MAY BECOME REFLECTIVE & KN[ :AT Y\ HAVE TO FACE AT ! FIR/' & !N IT WILL GIVE Y\ /R5G?4 ,I AM NOT H]E TO CAUSE ANY DISC\RAGEM5T1 BUT SIMPLY TO 5C\RAGE Y\ TO GO ON 9 Y\R GR& WORK4 

,N[1 ?AT IS ! SOLID F\NDATION ?AT ,I HOPE ?IS ORGANIZATION WILL BE BUILT ON2 ?AT IT MAY BE BUILT NOT LIKE A H\SE UPON ! S&1 ?AT :5 ! WAVES ( ADV]SITY COME IT MAY GO OV] 9TO ! OCEAN ( OBLIVION2 BUT ?AT IT %ALL BE BUILT UPON A /RONG1 GRANITE1 H>D F\NDATION2 A F\NDATION MADE UP ( ! HE>TS1 & ASPIRATIONS ( ! M5 & WOM5 ( ?IS TW5TIE? C5TURY :O HAVE SET !IR M9DS1 !IR B&S1 !IR HE>TS & !IR HEADS AGA9/ ! PA/ ) ALL ITS MIS]ABLE POV]TY1 ) ITS WAGE SLAV]Y1 ) ITS *ILDR5 GR\ND 9TO DIVID5DS1 ) ITS M9]S AWAY D[N UND] ! E>? & ) NEV] ! LI<T ( SUN%9E1 & ) ITS WOM5 SELL+ ! HOLY NAME ( WOMANHOOD = A DAY'S BO>D4 ,I HOPE WE UND]/& ?AT ?IS ORGANIZATION HAS SET ITS FACE AGA9/ ?AT 9IQUITY1 & ?AT IT HAS SET ITS EYES TO ! RIS+ /> ( LIB]TY1 ?AT MEANS FRAT]NITY1 SOLID>ITY1 ! UNIV]SAL BRO!RHOOD ( MAN4 ,I HOPE ?AT :ILE POLITICS HAVE BE5 M5TION$ H]E ,I AM NOT ONE ( ?OSE :O1 BECAUSE A MAN OR WOMAN DISAGREES ) ME1 CANNOT ACT ) !M--,I AM GLAD & PR\D TO SAY ,I AM TOO BROAD-M9D$ TO SAY !Y >E A FAKIR OR FOOL OR A FRAUD BECAUSE !Y DISAGREE ) ME4 ,MY VIEW MAY BE N>R[ & !IRS MAY BE BROAD2 BUT ,I DO SAY TO ?OSE :O HAVE 9TIMAT$ POLITICS H]E AS BE+ NECESS>Y OR A P>T ( ?IS ORGANIZATION1 ?AT ,I DO NOT IMPUTE TO !M DI%ONE/Y OR IMPURE MOTIVES4 ,BUT AS ,I UND]/& ! CALL = ?IS CONV5TION1 POLITICS HAD NO PLACE H]E2 IT WAS SIMPLY TO BE AN ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION1 & ,I HOPE = ! GOOD ( ?IS ORGANIZATION ?AT :5 WE GO AWAY FROM ?IS HALL1 & \R COMRADES GO SOME TO ! WE/1 SOME TO ! EA/1 SOME TO ! NOR? & SOME TO ! S\?1 :ILE SOME REMA9 9 ,*ICAGO1 & ALL SPREAD ?IS LI<T OV] ?IS BROAD L& & C>RY ! MESSAGE ( :AT ?IS CONV5TION HAS DONE1 ?AT !RE WILL BE NO ROOM = POLITICS AT ALL4 ,!RE MAY BE ROOM = POLITICS2 ,I HAVE NO?+ TO SAY AB\T ?AT2 BUT IT IS A BREAD & BUTT] QUE/ION1 AN ECONOMIC ISSUE1 UPON :I* ! FI<T MU/ BE MADE4   

,N[1 :AT DO WE MEAN :5 WE SAY REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/8 ,WE MEAN ?AT ! L& %ALL BELONG TO ! L&LESS1 ! TOOLS TO ! TOIL]1 & ! PRODUCTS TO ! PRODUC]S4 7,APPLAUSE47 ,N[1 LET US ANALYZE ?AT = JU/ A MOM5T1 BE=E Y\ APPLAUD ME4 ,FIR/1 ! L& BELONGS TO ! L&LESS4 ,IS !RE A S+LE L& [N] 9 ?IS C\NTRY :O [NS HIS L& BY ! CON/ITUTIONAL RI<TS GIV5 BY ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES :O WILL ALL[ Y\ TO VOTE IT AWAY FROM HIM8 ,I AM NOT SU* A FOOL AS TO BELIEVE IT4 ,WE SAY1 0,! TOOLS BELONG TO ! TOIL]40 ,!Y >E [N$ BY ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,DO Y\ BELIEVE !Y WILL ALL[ Y\ TO GO 9TO ! HALLS ( ! LEGISLATURE & SIMPLY SAY1 0,BE IT 5ACT$ ?AT ON & AFT] A C]TA9 DAY ! CAPITALI/ %ALL NO LONG] [N ! TOOLS & ! FACTORIES & ! PLACES ( 9DU/RY1 ! %IPS ?AT PL[ ! OCEAN & \R LAKES80 ,DO Y\ BELIEVE ?AT !Y WILL SUBMIT8 ,I DO NOT4 ,WE SAY1 0,! PRODUCTS BELONG TO ! PRODUC]S40 ,IT BELONGS TO ! CAPITALI/ CLASS AS !IR LEGAL PROP]TY4 ,DO Y\ ?9K ?AT !Y WILL ALL[ Y\ TO VOTE !M AWAY FROM !M BY PASS+ A LAW & SAY+1 0,BE IT 5ACT$ ?AT ON & AFT] A C]TA9 DAY ,MR4 ,CAPITALI/ %ALL BE DISPOSSESS$80 ,Y\ MAY1 BUT ,I DO NOT BELIEVE IT4 ,H5CE1 :5 Y\ ROLL UND] Y\R TONGUE ! EXPRESSION ?AT Y\ >E REVOLUTIONI/S1 REMEMB] :AT ?AT WORD MEANS4 ,IT MEANS A REVOLUTION ?AT %ALL TURN ALL !SE ?+S OV] :]E !Y BELONG TO ! WEAL? PRODUC]S4 ,N[1 H[ %ALL ! WEAL? PRODUC]S COME 9TO POSSESSION ( !M8 ,I BELIEVE ?AT IF EV]Y MAN & EV]Y WOMAN :O WORKS1 OR :O TOILS 9 ! M9ES1 ! MILLS1 ! WORK%OPS1 ! FIELDS1 ! FACTORIES & ! F>MS 9 \R BROAD ,AM]ICA %\LD DECIDE 9 !IR M9DS ?AT !Y %ALL HAVE ?AT :I* ( RI<T BELONGS TO !M1 & ?AT NO IDL] %ALL LIVE UPON !IR TOIL1 & :5 Y\R NEW ORGANIZATION1 Y\R ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION1 %ALL DECL>E AS MAN TO MAN & WOM5 TO WOMAN1 AS BRO!RS & SI/]S1 ?AT Y\ >E DET]M9$ ?AT Y\ WILL POSSESS !SE ?+S1 !N !RE IS NO >MY ?AT IS L>GE 5\< TO OV]COME Y\1 = Y\ Y\RSELVES CON/ITUTE ! >MY4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,N[1 :5 Y\ HAVE DECID$ ?AT Y\ WILL TAKE POSSESSION ( !SE ?+S1 !RE WILL NOT NE$ TO BE ONE GUN FIR$ OR ONE SCAFFOLD ]ECT$4 ,Y\ WILL SIMPLY COME 9TO Y\R [N1 BY Y\R [N 9DEP5D5CE & Y\R [N MANHOOD1 & BY ASS]T+ Y\R [N 9DIVIDUALITY1 & NOT S5D+ ANY MAN TO ANY LEGISLATURE 9 ANY ,/ATE ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,UNION TO 5ACT A LAW ?AT Y\ %ALL HAVE :AT IS Y\R [N2 Y\RS BY NATURE & BY Y\R MANHOOD & BY Y\R V]Y PRES5CE UPON ?IS E>?4 

,NATURE HAS BE5 LAVI% TO H] *ILDR54 ,%E HAS PLAC$ 9 ?IS E>? ALL ! MAT]IAL ( WEAL? ?AT IS NECESS>Y TO MAKE M5 & WOM5 HAPPY4 ,%E HAS GIV5 US BRA9S TO GO 9TO H] /ORE H\SE & BR+ FROM ITS RECESSES ALL ?AT IS NECESS>Y4 ,%E HAS GIV5 US !SE TWO H&S & !SE BRA9S TO MANUFACTURE !M SUIT$ TO ! WANTS ( M5 & WOM54 ,\R CIVILIZATION /&S ON A P>ALLEL ) ALL O!R CIVILIZATIONS4 ,!RE IS JU/ ONE ?+ WE LACK1 & WE HAVE ONLY \RSELVES TO BLAME IF WE DO NOT BECOME FREE4 ,WE SIMPLY LACK ! 9TELLIG5CE TO TAKE POSSESSION ( ?AT :I* WE HAVE PRODUC$4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,& ,I BELIEVE & ,I HOPE & ,I FEEL ?AT ! M5 & WOM5 :O CON/ITUTE A CONV5TION LIKE ?IS CAN COME TOGE!R & ORGANIZE ?AT 9TELLIG5CE4 ,I MU/ SAY ?AT ,I DO NOT KN[ :E!R ,I AM SAY+ ANY?+ ?AT 9T]E/S Y\ OR NOT1 BUT ,I FEEL SO DELI<T$ ?AT ,I AM TALK+ TO Y\R HEADS & NOT TO Y\R H&S & FEET ?IS AFT]NOON4 ,I FEEL ?AT Y\ WILL AT LEA/ LI/5 TO ME1 & MAYBE Y\ WILL DISAGREE ) ME1 BUT ,I C>E NOT2 ,I SIMPLY WANT TO %$ ! LI<T AS ,I SEE IT4 ,I WI% TO SAY ?AT MY CONCEPTION ( ! FUTURE ME?OD ( TAK+ POSSESSION ( ?IS IS ?AT ( ! G5]AL /RIKE3 ?AT IS MY CONCEPTION ( IT4 ,! TR\BLE ) ALL ! /RIKES 9 ! PA/ HAS BE5 ?IS3 ! WORK+M5 LIKE ! TEAM/]S 9 \R CITIES1 !SE H>D-WORK+ TEAM/]S1 /RIKE & GO \T & />VE4 ,!IR *ILDR5 />VE4 ,!IR WIVES GET DISC\RAG$4 ,SOME FEEL ?AT !Y HAVE TO GO \T & BEG = RELIEF1 & TO GET A LITTLE COAL TO KEEP ! *ILDR5 W>M1 OR A LITTLE BREAD TO KEEP ! WIFE FROM />V+1 OR A LITTLE SOME?+ TO KEEP ! SP>K ( LIFE 9 !M SO ?AT !Y CAN REMA9 WAGE SLAVES4 ,?AT IS ! WAY ) ! /RIKES 9 ! PA/4 ,MY CONCEPTION ( ! /RIKE ( ! FUTURE IS NOT TO /RIKE & GO \T & />VE1 BUT TO /RIKE & REMA9 9 & TAKE POSSESSION ( ! NECESS>Y PROP]TY ( PRODUCTION4 ,IF ANY ONE IS TO />VE--,I DO NOT SAY IT IS NECESS>Y--LET IT BE ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,!Y HAVE />V$ US LONG 5\<1 :ILE !Y HAVE HAD WEAL? & LUXURY & ALL ?AT IS NECESS>Y4 ,Y\ M5 & WOM5 %\LD BE IMBU$ ) ! SPIRIT ?AT IS N[ DISPLAY$ 9 F>-(F ,RUSSIA & F>-(F ,SIB]IA :]E WE ?\<T ! SP>K ( MANHOOD & WOMANHOOD HAD BE5 CRU%$ \T ( !M4 ,LET US TAKE EXAMPLE FROM !M4 ,WE SEE ! CAPITALI/ CLASS =TIFY+ !MSELVES TO-DAY BEH9D !IR ,CITIZ5S' ,ASSOCIATIONS & ,EMPLOY]S' ,ASSOCIATIONS 9 ORD] ?AT !Y MAY CRU% ! ,AM]ICAN LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,LET US CA/ \R EYES OV] TO F>-(F ,RUSSIA & TAKE HE>T & C\RAGE FROM ?OSE :O >E FI<T+ ! BATTLE !RE1 & FROM ! FUR!R FACT %[N 9 ! DISPAT*ES ?AT APPE> ?IS MORN+ 9 ! NEWS ?AT C>RIES ! GREATE/ T]ROR TO ! CAPITALI/ CLASS ?R\<\T ALL ! WORLD--! EMBLEM ?AT HAS BE5 ! T]ROR ( ALL TYRANTS ?R\< ALL ! AGES1 & !RE Y\ WILL SEE ?AT ! R$ FLAG HAS BE5 RAIS$4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,TRIBUNE1 ! GREATE/ T]ROR IS EV9C$ 9 ,ODESSA & ALL ?R\< ,RUSSIA BECAUSE ! R$ FLAG HAS BE5 RAIS$4 ,!Y KN[ ?AT :]E ! R$ FLAG HAS BE5 RAIS$ :OEV] 5ROLL !MSELVES B5EA? ?AT FLAG RECOGNIZE ! UNIV]SAL BRO!RHOOD ( MAN2 !Y RECOGNIZE ?AT ! R$ CURR5T ?AT FL[S ?R\< ! VE9S ( ALL HUMANITY IS ID5TICAL1 ?AT ! IDEAS ( ALL HUMANITY >E ID5TICAL2 ?AT ?OSE :O RAISE ! R$ FLAG1 IT MATT]S NOT :]E1 :E!R ON ! SUNNY PLA9S ( ,*9A1 OR ON ! SUN-BEAT5 HILLS ( ,AFRICA1 OR ON ! F>-(F SN[-CAPP$ %ORES ( ! NOR?1 OR 9 ,RUSSIA OR 9 ,AM]ICA--?AT !Y ALL BELONG TO ! HUMAN FAMILY & HAVE AN ID5TITY ( 9T]E/4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,?AT IS :AT !Y KN[4 

,SO :5 WE COME TO DECIDE1 LET US S9K SU* DIFF]5CES AS NATIONALITY1 RELIGION1 POLITICS1 & SET \R EYES ET]NALLY & =EV] T[>DS ! RIS+ /> ( ! 9DU/RIAL REPUBLIC ( LABOR2 REMEMB]+ ?AT WE HAVE LEFT ! OLD BEH9D & HAVE SET \R FACES T[>D ! FUTURE4 ,!RE IS NO P[] ON E>? ?AT CAN /OP M5 & WOM5 :O >E DET]M9$ TO BE FREE AT ALL HAZ>DS4 ,!RE IS NO P[] ON E>? SO GREAT AS ! P[] ( 9TELLECT4 ,IT MOVES ! WORLD & IT MOVES ! E>?4 

,N[1 9 CONCLUSION1 ,I WI% TO SAY TO Y\--& Y\ WILL EXCUSE ME BECAUSE ( :AT ,I AM GO+ TO SAY & ONLY ATTRIBUTE IT TO MY 9T]E/ 9 HUMANITY4 ,I WI% TO SAY ?AT N9ETE5 YE>S AGO ON ! F\R? ( ,MAY ( ?IS YE>1 ,I WAS ONE ( ?OSE AT A MEET+ AT ! ,HAYM>KET 9 ?IS CITY TO PROTE/ AGA9/ ELEV5 WORK+M5 BE+ %OT TO PIECES AT A FACTORY 9 ! S\!A/]N P>T ( ?IS CITY BECAUSE !Y HAD D>$ TO /RIKE = ! EI<T-H\R MOVEM5T ?AT WAS TO BE 9AUGURAT$ 9 ,AM]ICA 9 #a#h#h#f4 ,! ,HAYM>KET MEET+ WAS CALL$ PRIM>ILY & 5TIRELY TO PROTE/ AGA9/ ! MURD] ( COMRADES AT ! ,MC,CORMICK FACTORY4 ,:5 ?AT MEET+ WAS NE>+ ITS CLOSE SOME ONE ?REW A BOMB4 ,NO ONE KN[S TO ?IS DAY :O ?REW IT EXCEPT ! MAN :O ?REW IT4 ,POSSIBLY HE HAS R5D]$ HIS ACC\NT ) NATURE & HAS PASS$ AWAY4 ,BUT NO HUMAN BE+ ALIVE KN[S :O ?REW IT4 ,& YET 9 ! SOIL ( ,ILL9OIS1 ! SOIL ?AT GAVE A ,L9COLN TO ,AM]ICA1 ! SOIL 9 :I* ! GREAT1 MAGNIFIC5T ,L9COLN WAS BURI$ 9 ! ,/ATE ?AT WAS SUPPOS$ TO BE ! MO/ LIB]AL 9 ! UNION1 FIVE M5 SLEEP ! LA/ SLEEP 9 ,WALDHEIM UND] A MONUM5T ?AT1 HAS BE5 RAIS$ !RE BECAUSE !Y D>$ TO RAISE !IR VOICES = HUMANITY4 ,I SAY TO ANY ( Y\ :O >E H]E & :O CAN DO SO1 IT IS WELL WOR? Y\R TIME TO GO \T !RE & DRAW SOME 9SPIRATION >\ND ! GRAVES ( ! FIR/ M>TYRS :O FELL 9 ! GREAT 9DU/RIAL /RUGGLE = LIB]TY ON ,AM]ICAN SOIL4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,I SAY TO Y\ ?AT EV5 )9 ! S\ND ( MY VOICE1 ONLY TWO %ORT BLOCKS FROM :]E WE MEET TO-DAY1 ! SCAFFOLD WAS ]ECT$ ON :I* ?OSE FIVE M5 PAID ! P5ALTY = D>+ TO RAISE !IR VOICES AGA9/ ! 9IQUITIES ( ! AGE 9 :I* WE LIVE4 ,WE >C ASSEMBL$ H]E = ! SAME PURPOSE4 ,& DO ANY ( Y\ OLD] M5 REMEMB] ! TELEGRAMS ?AT W]E S5T \T FROM ,*ICAGO :ILE \R COMRADES W]E NOT YET EV5 CUT D[N FROM ! CRUEL GALL[S8 0,AN>*Y IS DEAD1 & !SE MISCREANTS HAVE BE5 PUT \T ( ! WAY40 ,OH1 FRI5DS1 ,I AM SORRY ?AT ,I EV5 HAD TO USE ?AT WORD1 0AN>*Y0 JU/ N[ 9 Y\R PRES5CE1 :I* WAS NOT 9 MY M9D AT ! \TSET4 ,SO IF ANY ( Y\ WI% TO GO \T !RE & LOOK AT ?IS MONUM5T ?AT HAS BE5 RAIS$ BY ?OSE :O BELIEV$ 9 !IR COMRADES' 9NOC5CE & S9C]ITY1 ,I WILL ASK Y\1 :5 Y\ HAVE GONE \T & LOOK$ AT ! MONUM5T1 ?AT Y\ WILL GO TO ! REV]SE SIDE ( ! MONUM5T & !RE READ ON ! REV]SE SIDE ! WORDS ( A MAN1 HIMSELF ! PURE/ & ! NOBLE/ MAN :O EV] SAT 9 ! GUB]NATORIAL *AIR ( ! ,/ATE ( ,ILL9OIS1 ,JOHN ,P4 ,ALTGELD4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,ON ?AT MONUM5T Y\ WILL READ ! CLAUSE ( HIS MESSAGE 9 :I* HE P>DON$ ! M5 :O W]E L+]+ !N 9 ,JOLIET4 ,I HAVE NO?+ MORE TO SAY4 ,I ASK Y\ TO READ ! WORDS ( ,ALTGELD1 :O WAS AT ?AT TIME ! GOV]NOR1 & HAD BE5 A LAWY] & A JUDGE1 & KNEW :]E( HE SPOKE1 & !N TAKE \T Y\R COPY BOOKS & COPY ! WORDS ( ,ALTGELD :5 HE RELEAS$ ?OSE :O HAD NOT BE5 SLAU<T]$ AT ! CAPITALI/S' BEHE/1 & !N TAKE !M HOME & *ANGE Y\R M9DS AB\T :AT ?OSE M5 W]E PUT TO DEA? =4 

,N[1 ,I HAVE TAK5 UP Y\R TIME 9 ?IS BECAUSE ,I SIMPLY FEEL ?AT ,I HAVE A RI<T AS A MO!R & AS A WIFE ( ONE ( ?OSE SACRIFIC$ M5 TO SAY :ATEV] ,I CAN TO BR+ ! LI<T TO BE> UPON ?IS CONSPIRACY & TO %[ Y\ ! WAY IT WAS4 ,N[1 ,I ?ANK Y\ = ! TIME ?AT ,I HAVE TAK5 UP ( Y\RS4 ,I HOPE ?AT WE WILL MEET AGA9 SOME TIME1 Y\ & ,I1 9 SOME HALL :]E WE CAN MEET & ORGANIZE ! WAGE WORK]S ( ,AM]ICA1 ! M5 & WOM51 SO ?AT ! *ILDR5 MAY NOT GO 9TO ! FACTORIES1 NOR ! WOM5 9TO ! FACTORIES1 UNLESS !Y GO UND] PROP] CONDITIONS4 ,I HOPE EV5 N[ TO LIVE TO SEE ! DAY :5 ! FIR/ DAWN ( ! NEW ]A ( LABOR WILL HAVE >IS51 :5 CAPITALISM WILL BE A ?+ ( ! PA/1 & ! NEW 9DU/RIAL REPUBLIC1 ! COMMONWEAL? ( LABOR1 %ALL BE 9 OP]ATION4 ,I ?ANK Y\4 7,APPLAUSE47 

,D,E,L4 ,R,I,*,T,]3 ,I MOVE ?AT FROM ?IS TIME ON ! REGUL> RULES ( ORD] GOV]N ! SPEAK]S1 & ?AT ! T5-M9UTE RULE BE APPLI$4 7,SECOND$47 

,D,E,L4 ,R,O,S,S3 ,I WANT TO AM5D ?AT MOTION ?AT IF ,MO!R ,JONES WILL HONOR US ) A TALK )9 ! NEXT TW5TY-FIVE M9UTES WE EXT5D ! TIME = H]4 ,WE >E DUE TO ADJ\RN AT SIX O'CLOCK BUT S9CE ALL ! BALANCE ( ! SPEAK]S ?IS AFT]NOON HAVE SPOK51 ) ! RULE (F1 WE %ALL DO ! SAME ) H]4 7,SECOND$47 

,! ,*,A,I,R,M,A,N3 ,IF ,MO!R ,JONES WILL TALK1 ! *AIR WILL TAKE ! LIB]TY ( EXT5D+ ! TIME BY TURN+ ! WAT* BACK4 7,APPLAUSE47 

,CALLS W]E HE>D = ,MO!R ,JONES1 BUT %E DID NOT RESPOND4 

,D,E,L4 ,K,N,I,<,T1 ,P,U,E,B,L,O3 ,IF ,MO!R ,JONES DOES NOT C>E TO SPEAK ,I W\LD LIKE TO SPEAK4 

,! ,*,A,I,R,M,A,N3 ,MO!R ,JONES SEEMS TO ?9K ! DELEGATION DOES NOT WANT TO HE> H] TO-NI<T4 ,BRO!R ,KNI<T HAS ! FLOOR1 

,S,P,E,E,* ,( ,W,I,L,L,I,A,M ,K4 ,K,N,I,<,T 

,D,E,L4 ,K,N,I,<,T3 ,FELL[ ,DELEGATES3 ,I COME H]E = BUS9ESS4 ,I COME H]E FROM AN ORGANIZATION ( WORK+M54 ,I WANT TO SEE1 AS ,BRO!R ,COATES M5TION$1 A PRACTICAL ORGANIZATION = ! ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,NOT ONLY ?AT1 BUT AN ORGANIZATION BAS$ UPON ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,N[1 ,I WAS = A :ILE ) ! ,CR$5TIALS ,COMMITTEE DUR+ ! SPEAK+1 & ,I NEV] HE>D :AT WAS SAID AT ?AT TIME1 BUT !RE IS ONE PO9T ?AT S9CE ,I HAVE BE5 H]E ,I HAVE NOT HE>D T\*$ UPON1 & DUR+ ! FEW M9UTES ?AT ,I %ALL TALK TO Y\1 S9CE ,I CONSID] IT TO BE ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT PO9TS 9 ?IS ORGANIZATION1 ,I WANT TO SAY A FEW WORDS ON ?AT1 & ?AT IS ! $UCATIONAL FEATURE ( ?IS MOVEM5T4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,!RE IS AN OLD SAY+ ?AT 0,KN[L$GE IS P[]40 ,WE KN[ ?IS3 ?AT ! MAJORITY ( WORK+M5 TO-DAY ( ! RANK & FILE :O P]MIT !MSELVES TO B5D !IR BACKS TO ! CONDITIONS ( WAGE SLAV]Y2 :O P]MIT !MSELVES TO BE DRIV5 9TO ! T5EM5T H\SES & 9TO !SE O!R CONDITIONS ?AT ! CAPITALI/ CLASS B9DS UPON !M--WE KN[ ?AT ?AT CONDITION IS DUE TO IGNORANCE ( !IR RELATION TO ! CAPITALI/IC SY/EM ( SOCIETY4 ,& WE KN[ AS A RESULT ( ?AT ?AT ! ONLY POSSIBLE WAY TO GET A CLE>1 HONE/ & CLEAN-CUT SOLUTION ( ?IS PROBLEM1 ?AT %ALL /OP ! ANGUI% CAUS$ BY SU* CONDITIONS AS HAVE H]ET(ORE PREVAIL$1 IS TO HAVE AN 9TELLIG5T UND]/&+ ( ?IS QUE/ION BY ! RANK & FILE2 & IT DEVOLVES UPON \R 9TELLECTUAL GIANTS ?AT >E H]E1 IT DEVOLVES UPON ALL ( US :O >E H]E & :O HAVE /UDI$ ?IS QUE/ION1 TO SEE ?AT EV]Y MEMB] ( ! RANK & FILE BECOMES AS MU* ( AN 9TELLECTUAL GIANT AS ANY ( ?OSE :O MAY BE H]E4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,& UND] ?OSE CIRCUM/ANCES IT IS \R DUTY1 9 ORD] TO 5ABLE ?IS ORGANIZATION TO DO ITS DUTY TO ! WORK+ CLASS1 TO MAKE ?IS $UCATIONAL FEATURE ONE ( ! FEATURES ( ?IS ORGANIZATION4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,KN[L$GE IS P[]4 ,KN[L$GE GIVES A MAN SELF-CONFID5CE4 ,KN[L$GE %[S ! MAN :]E HE /&S4 ,KN[L$GE PUTS HIM ON HIS FEET4 ,IT TAKES HIM UP \T ( ! DU/ & MAKES HIM ABLE TO /& UP AGA9/ ! SO-CALL$ 9TELLECTUALS4 ,!SE LAWY]S & ALL ?IS BUN* ( FELL[S ?AT HAVE BE5 TO COLLEGE & GOT !IR %EEPSK9S APPE> TO HAVE AN ADVANTAGE OV] ! WORKMAN4 ,N[1 ,I AM A WORKMAN4 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO GET KN[L$GE1 & 9 ALL ?AT ,I HAVE READ & 9 ALL ?AT ,I HAVE /UDI$ ,I MAKE IT MY OBJECT TO DO ?IS4 ,O!RWISE ,I AM\NT TO NO?+4 ,O!RWISE NONE ( US1 NO WORKMAN1 AM\NTS TO ANY MORE ?AN A TOAD 9 A PUDDLE4 ,RUDY>D ,KIPL+ IS CONSID]$ A GREAT ,5GLI% WRIT]4 ,:5 HE FIR/ />T$ TO WRITE HE WROTE SOME GOOD ?+S1 & HE SAYS SOME?+ AB\T ! BUTT]FLY FLY+ AMONG ! FL[]S4 ,! TOAD MI<T CROAK & PROTE/ AGA9/ CONDITIONS1 BUT ! BUTT]FLY PREA*ES CONT5TM5T TO ! TOAD4 ,N[1 WE WANT TO GET TO ! PO9T :]E WE CAN GET RID ( !SE SO-CALL$ BUTT]FLIES ?AT FLUTT] UPON ! \TSIDE ( KN[L$GE & $UCATION4 ,S\ND1 SOLID1 ECONOMIC KN[L$GE & SOCIOLOGICAL KN[L$GE IS ! KN[L$GE ?AT WE WANT1 & IF ?IS ORGANIZATION PROVIDES = ! $UCATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 !N ?IS ORGANIZATION CAN ACCOMPLI% :AT IT SET \T TO DO & :AT ! ,MANIFE/O PLAC$ BE=E US4 7,APPLAUSE47 

,S,P,E,E,* ,( ,J4 ,S4 ,S,*,A,T,Z,K,E1 ,D,5,V,] 

,D,E,L4 ,S,*,A,T,Z,K,E3 ,MR4 ,*AIRMAN & ,DELEGATES3 ,I HAVE PAID ALL MY ATT5TION TO :AT HAS BE5 SAID1 & ,I HOPE Y\ WILL ALSO GIVE ME A LITTLE ATT5TION4 ,I AM PR\D TO BE 9 ! COMPANY ( !SE MOD]N ,DEMOS!NESES1 & :5 SU* A HUMBLE MAN AS ,I AM TRIES TO ADDRESS Y\ ,I HOPE Y\ WILL P>DON ME = MY E>NE/NESS & NOT = ! WAY ,I MAY EXPRESS MYSELF & = MY LANGUAGE4 ,! QUE/ION IS ! NECESSITY ( ! ,MANIFE/O1 OR RA!R ! PURPOSES ( ! ,MANIFE/O4 ,I WILL TELL Y\ ! NECESSITY = IT4 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR IS BAS$ ONLY ON CRAFT DIVISION4 ,TO KEEP A JOB AS A DELEGATE1 AS A WALK+ B-U-S-I-N-E-S-S AG5T ( ! WORK+MAN1 SEEMS TO BE ITS *IEF OBJECT4 ,MY PURPOSE 9 COM+ H]E IS TO HELP =M AN ORGANIZATION ON A DIFF]5T BASIS4 ,I HAVE WORK$ & HELP$ TO BR+ !SE /ONES & ,I HAVE C>RI$ ! HOD H]E TO LAY ! F\NDATION4 ,WE >E H]E TO LAY ! F\NDATION ( A GREAT 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T :I* %ALL UNITE ! WORK+ CLASS ( ALL C\NTRIES1 & ,I WANT TO TELL Y\ ?AT ! TWO ?\S& M51 WOM5 & *ILDR5 :O HAVE BE5 KILL$ 9 ,RUSSIA HELP$ TO LAY ! F\NDATION ( 9DU/RIAL LIB]TY4 ,AS ,I UND]/& IT1 ?IS CONV5TION IS CALL$ TO LAY ! F\NDATION ( A GREAT 9DU/RIAL MOVEM5T TO BE BAS$ ON ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,SOCIETY IS COMPOS$ ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,I AM AN ORGANISM1 & ALL !SE LITTLE ORGANISMS COMPOSE SOCIETY4 ,TO PRES]VE SOCIETY WE MU/ DO AWAY ) ! P>ASITES1 & PROTECT ?OSE :O PRODUCE ! WEAL?4 ,ONE ( \R PURPOSES %\LD BE $UCATION4 ,I LECTUR$ BE=E ! ,AM]ICAN ,WORK]S & TOLD !M ?AT !Y %\LD S5D A DELEGATE1 & S5D ! RI<T MAN4 ,EF=TS >E BE+ MADE & WILL BE MADE TO DISORGANIZE ! MOVEM5T1 BUT ) A PROP] $UCATIONAL DEP>TM5T WE NE$ NOT FE>1 & WE WILL KEEP ON TILL LABOR GETS NOT ONLY HI<] WAGES1 BUT WILL GET ! :OLE *EESE4 ,I ?ANK Y\4 7,APPLAUSE47 

,S,P,E,E,* ,( ,C4 ,C4 ,R,O,S,S 

,D,E,L4 ,R,O,S,S3 ,MR4 ,*AIRMAN & ,COMRADE ,DELEGATES3 ,I HAVE RIS5 AT ! CLOSE ( ! REGUL> PROGRAM AS SET AP>T = ! DAY'S WORK TO TELL ?IS CONV5TION :Y ,I AM H]E4 ,I WANT Y\ UNION M5 & BRO!RHOOD M51 ( :ATEV] K9D1 TO HE> :AT ,I HAVE TO SAY4 ,I REPEAT1 :Y AM ,I H]E8 ,AFT] BE+ = =TY YE>S A UNION MAN & A BRO!RHOOD MAN1 :Y %\LD ,I /& UPON ! FLOOR ( ?IS CONV5TION OR OCCUPY A SEAT H]E AS A DELEGATE8 ,I WANT TO SAY 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ?AT AFT] S]V+ MY TIME & HAV+ ! PRIVILEGE ( BECOM+ A LOCOMOTIVE MA*9I/ ,I HAVE BE5 9 MANY ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,I WAS PROMOT$ FROM J\RNEYMAN WORKMAN TO %OP =EMAN & MA/] ME*ANIC1 & CONSEQU5TLY HAD TO REL9QUI% MY MEMB]%IP AS A J\RNEYMAN WORKMAN4 ,I BECAME A LOCOMOTIVE 5G9E]1 & ,I AM PR\D TO SAY TO ?IS CONV5TION ?AT !RE >E TWO OR ?REE MORE ( US 9 H]E4 ,= SEV5TE5 YE>S ,I PAID DUES 9 ! ,BRO!RHOOD ( ,LOCOMOTIVE ,5G9E]S1 & NEV] DID ,I FAIL TO FI<T ?AT GR&E/ ( ALL LABOR FAKIRS ?AT EV] LIV$1 AT EV]Y CONV5TION ?AT ,I ATT5D$4 ,:Y DID ,I MAKE ?AT RACE8 ,I WILL TELL Y\ :Y4 ,BECAUSE ( ! CONS]VATIVE ACTION1 SO TO SPEAK1 ( ONE ( ! MO/ CONS]VATIVE LABOR LEAD]S ?AT ?IS C\NTRY EV] HAD4 ,& DO Y\ KN[ ?AT BY BE+ SO CONS]VATIVE1 BY FE>+ TO GET 9TO TR\BLE1 ! ,BRO!RHOOD ( ,LOCOMOTIVE ,5G9E]S BECAME ! WOR/ SCAB ORGANIZATION ?AT EXI/S4 ,!RE NEV] WAS A TIME 9 ALL ?OSE YE>S1 IF ! ,WE/]N & ,S\!RN 5G9E]S C\LD HAVE \TVOT$ ! ,EA/]N & ,CANADIAN 5G9E]S1 BUT :AT HE W\LD HAVE BE5 DE?RON$4 ,BUT ) ,*AUNCEY ,DEPEW UPON ! ,V&]BILT L9ES HOLD+ ! ,EA/]N 5G9E]S UND] HIS ?UMB1 & ,>?UR HOLD+ ! ,CANADIAN 5G9E]S1 !Y W]E ABLE ALWAYS TO \TVOTE US AB\T #bd TO #e#c#e4 ,& AS HAS BE5 WELL SAID1 ! ,V&]BILT L9ES HAVE PAID ,*AUNCEY ,DEPEW FIFTY TO SIXTY ?\S& DOLL>S A YE> AS PRESID5T ( ! ROAD TO SEE ?AT ! SECTION H& %\LD GET A DOLL> OR LESS A DAY4  

,BUT ,I AM 9 ?IS CONV5TION4 ,I AM PA/ SIXTY YE>S ( AGE4 ,I HAVE BE5 ID5TIFI$ ) ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T ( ?IS C\NTRY = =TY YE>S1 & ,I WANT TO TELL Y\ :Y ,I AM H]E4 ,AS A FA!R ( *ILDR5 :O HAVE *ILDR51 ,I DESIRE TO BUILD UP SOME ORGANIZATION ?AT WILL HELP MY *ILDR5 & MY GR&*ILDR5 & LEAVE !M A BETT] 9H]ITANCE ?AN ,I HAVE HAD MYSELF4 7,APPLAUSE74 ,I WAS GLAD ?IS AFT]NOON TO REL9QUI% ! OPPORTUNITY ( MAK+ A SPEE* TO ?IS CONV5TION 9 ORD] ?AT ,I MI<T HE> O!RS4 ,= EI<T YE>S MY LIFE HAS BE5 D$ICAT$ TO ! RI<TS ( HUMANITY1 & ,I C>RI$ A COMMISSION AS AN ORGANIZ] 9 SOME ORGANIZATION UP TO )9 LESS ?AN F\R WEEKS AGO1 :5 ,I SURR5D]$ A COMMISSION S5T BY ,COMRADE ,CRIT*L[1 :O IS A DELEGATE TO ?IS CONV5TION = ! ,T]RITORY ( ,OKLAHOMA AS ORGANIZ]1--,I SURR5D]$ ?AT COMMISSION 9 ,DAYTON1 ,OHIO1 LESS ?AN F\R WEEKS AGO 9 ORD] ?AT ,I MI<T COME TO ?IS CONV5TION REPRES5T+ ME & MY CLASS1 ) ! WORLD AS MY FRI5D & HUMANITY AS MY !ME4 ,?ANK+ Y\ = ! FEW MOM5TS Y\ HAVE GIV51 AT SOME FUTURE TIME DUR+ ! CONV5TION ,I MAY MAKE AN ADDRESS4 7,APPLAUSE47 

,! CONV5TION !N1 AT SIX O'CLOCK1 ADJ\RN$ UNTIL TO-MORR[ MORN+ AT N9E O'CLOCK41 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
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