,*APT] #g1 ,SECTION #g4#a 
,SYN!TIC ,IDEA ( ! ,TAX4 -- ,PO9T ( ,DEP>TURE & ,DEVELOPM5T ( ?IS ,IDEA 

#ahdfahdf 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 

,TEXT 3 

#a4 -- ,SYN!TIC IDEA ( ! TAX4 -- ,PO9T ( DEP>TURE & DEVELOPM5T ( ?IS IDEA4 

  

,9 ORD] TO R5D] ?AT :I* IS TO FOLL[ MORE 9TELLIGIBLE1 ,I WILL EXPLA91 9V]T+1 AS IT W]E1 ! ME?OD :I* WE HAVE FOLL[$ HI!RTO1 ! SUP]IOR !ORY ( ! TAX2 !N ,I WILL GIVE ITS G5ESIS2 F9ALLY ,I WILL %[ ! CONTRADICTION & RESULTS4 ,! SYN!TIC IDEA ( ! TAX1 AS WELL AS ITS ORIG9AL CONCEPTION1 W\LD FURNI% MAT]IAL = ! MO/ EXT5SIVE DEVELOPM5TS4 ,I %ALL CONF9E MYSELF TO A SIMPLE ANN\NCEM5T ( ! PROPOSITIONS1 ) A SUMM>Y 9DICATION ( ! PRO(S4 

,! TAX1 9 ITS ESS5CE & POSITIVE DE/9Y1 IS ! =M ( DI/RIBUTION AMONG ?AT SPECIES ( FUNCTION>IES :I* ,ADAM ,SMI? HAS DESIGNAT$ BY ! WORD UNPRODUCTIVE1 AL?\< HE ADMITS AS MU* AS ANY ONE ! UTILITY & EV5 ! NECESSITY ( !IR LABOR 9 SOCIETY4 ,BY ?IS ADJECTIVE1 UNPRODUCTIVE1 ,ADAM ,SMI?1 :OSE G5IUS DIMLY =ESAW EV]Y?+ & LEFT US TO DO EV]Y?+1 MEANT ?AT ! PRODUCT ( !SE LABOR]S IS NEGATIVE1 :I* IS A V]Y DIFF]5T ?+ FROM NULL1 & ?AT CONSEQU5TLY DI/RIBUTION SO F> AS !Y >E CONC]N$ FOLL[S A ME?OD O!R ?AN EX*ANGE4 

,LET US CONSID]1 9 FACT1 :AT TAKES PLACE1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( DI/RIBUTION1 9 ! F\R GREAT DIVISIONS ( COLLECTIVE LABOR1 -- EXTRACTION1.<#a.> MANUFACTURES1 COMM]CE1 AGRICULTURE4 ,EA* PRODUC] BR+S TO M>KET A REAL PRODUCT :OSE QUANTITY CAN BE MEASUR$1 :OSE QUALITY CAN BE E/IMAT$1 :OSE PRICE CAN BE DEBAT$1 &1 F9ALLY1 :OSE VALUE CAN BE DISC\NT$1 EI!R 9 O!R S]VICES OR M]*&ISE1 OR ELSE 9  

,NOTE3  

.<#a.> ,HUNT+1 FI%+1 M9+1 -- 9 %ORT1 ! GA!R+ ( ALL NATURAL PRODUCTS4 -- ,TRANSLATOR4 

MONEY4 ,9 ALL !SE 9DU/RIES DI/RIBUTION1 !RE=E1 IS NO?+ BUT ! MUTUAL EX*ANGE ( PRODUCTS ACCORD+ TO ! LAW ( PROPORTIONALITY ( VALUES4 

,NO?+ LIKE ?IS TAKES PLACE ) ! FUNCTION>IES CALL$ PUBLIC4 ,!SE OBTA9 !IR RI<T TO SUBSI/5CE1 NOT BY ! PRODUCTION ( REAL UTILITIES1 BUT BY ! V]Y /ATE ( UNPRODUCTIVITY 9 :I*1 BY NO FAULT ( !IR [N1 !Y >E KEPT4 ,= !M ! LAW ( PROPORTIONALITY IS 9V]T$3 :ILE SOCIAL WEAL? IS =M$ & 9CREAS$ 9 ! DIRECT RATIO ( ! QUANTITY1 V>IETY1 & PROPORTION ( ! EFFECTIVE PRODUCTS FURNI%$ BY ! F\R GREAT 9DU/RIAL CATEGORIES1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ?IS SAME WEAL?1 ! P]FECT+ ( SOCIAL ORD]1 SUPPOSE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 SO F> AS ! P]SONNEL ( POLICE IS CONC]N$1 A PROGRESSIVE & 9DEF9ITE R$UCTION4 ,/ATE FUNCTION>IES1 !RE=E1 >E V]Y TRULY UNPRODUCTIVE4 ,ON ?IS PO9T ,J4 ,B4 ,SAY AGRE$ ) ,A4 ,SMI?1 & ALL ?AT HE HAS WRITT5 ON ?IS SUBJECT 9 CORRECTION ( HIS MA/]1 & :I* HAS BE5 /UPIDLY 9CLUD$ AMONG HIS TITLES TO GLORY1 >ISES 5TIRELY1 IT IS EASY TO SEE1 FROM A MISUND]/&+4 ,9 A WORD1 ! WAGES ( ! GOV]NM5T'S EMPLOYES CON/ITUTE A SOCIAL DEFICIT2 !Y MU/ BE C>RI$ TO ! ACC\NT ( LOSSES1 :I* IT MU/ BE ! OBJECT ( 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION TO CONT9UALLY DIM9I%3 9 ?IS VIEW :AT O!R ADJECTIVE C\LD BE US$ TO DESCRIBE ! M5 ( P[] ?AN ?AT ( ,ADAM ,SMI?8 

,H]E1 !N1 IS A CATEGORY ( S]VICES :I*1 FURNI%+ NO REAL PRODUCTS1 CANNOT BE REW>D$ 9 ! ORD9>Y WAY2 S]VICES :I* DO NOT FALL UND] ! LAW ( EX*ANGE1 :I* CANNOT BECOME ! OBJECT ( PRIVATE SPECULATION1 COMPETITION1 JO9T-/OCK ASSOCIATION1 OR ANY SORT ( COMM]CE1 BUT :I*1 !ORETICALLY REG>D$ AS P]=M$ GRATUIT\SLY BY ALL1 BUT 5TRU/$1 BY VIRTUE ( ! LAW ( DIVISION ( LABOR1 TO A SMALL NUMB] ( SPECIAL M5 :O DEVOTE !MSELVES EXCLUSIVELY TO !M1 MU/ CONSEQU5TLY BE PAID =4 ,HI/ORY CONFIRMS ?IS G5]AL DATUM4 ,! HUMAN M9D1 :I* TRIES ALL SOLUTIONS ( EV]Y PROBLEM1 HAS TRI$ ACCORD+LY TO SUBMIT PUBLIC FUNCTIONS TO EX*ANGE2 = A LONG TIME ,FR5* MAGI/RATES1 LIKE NOT>IES1 ETC41 LIV$ SOLELY BY !IR FEES4 ,BUT EXP]I5CE HAS PROV$ ?AT ?IS ME?OD ( DI/RIBUTION APPLI$ TO UNPRODUCTIVE LABOR]S WAS TOO EXP5SIVE & SUBJECT TO TOO MANY DISADVANTAGES1 & IT BECAME NECESS>Y TO AB&ON IT4 

,! ORGANIZATION ( ! UNPRODUCTIVE S]VICES CONTRIBUTES TO ! G5]AL WELF>E 9 SEV]AL WAYS3 FIR/1 BY RELIEV+ PRODUC]S ( PUBLIC C>ES1 9 :I* ALL MU/ P>TICIPATE1 & TO :I*1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ALL >E MORE OR LESS SLAVES2 SECONDLY1 BY E/ABLI%+ 9 SOCIETY AN >TIFICIAL C5TRALIZATION1 ! IMAGE & PRELUDE ( ! FUTURE SOLID>ITY ( 9DU/RIES2 &1 F9ALLY1 BY FURNI%+ A FIR/ ATTEMPT AT BALANCE & DISCIPL9E4 

,SO WE ADMIT1 ) ,J4 ,B4 ,SAY1 ! USEFULNESS ( MAGI/RATES & ! O!R AG5TS ( PUBLIC AU?ORITY2 BUT WE HOLD ?AT ?IS USEFULNESS IS :OLLY NEGATIVE1 & WE 9SI/1 !RE=E1 ON DESCRIB+ !SE FUNCTION>IES BY ! ADJECTIVE UNPRODUCTIVE :I* ,A4 ,SMI? APPLI$ TO !M1 NOT TO BR+ !M 9TO DISCR$IT1 BUT BECAUSE !Y REALLY CANNOT BE CLASS$ 9 ! CATEGORY ( PRODUC]S4 0,TAXATION10 V]Y WELL SAYS AN ECONOMI/ ( ,SAY'S S*OOL1 ,M4 ,J4 ,G>NI]1 -- 0TAXATION IS A PRIVATION :I* WE %\LD TRY TO R$UCE TO ! FUR!/ PO9T ( COMPATIBILITY ) ! NE$S ( SOCIETY40 ,IF ! WRIT] :OM ,I QUOTE HAS REFLECT$ UPON ! MEAN+ ( HIS WORDS1 HE HAS SE5 ?AT ! WORD PRIVATION :I* HE USES IS SYNONYM\S ) NON-PRODUCTION1 & ?AT CONSEQU5TLY ?OSE = :OSE B5EFIT TAXES >E COLLECT$ >E V]Y TRULY UNPRODUCTIVE LABOR]S4 

,I 9SI/ UPON ?IS DEF9ITION1 :I* SEEMS TO ME ! LESS QUE/IONABLE FROM ! FACT ?AT1 H[EV] MU* !Y MAY DISPUTE OV] ! WORD1 ALL AGREE UPON ! ?+1 BECAUSE IT CONTA9S ! G]M ( ! GREATE/ REVOLUTION YET TO BE ACCOMPLI%$ 9 ! WORLD1 -- ,I MEAN ! SUBORD9ATION ( ! UNPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS TO ! PRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS1 9 A WORD1 ! EFFECTIVE SUBMISSION1 ALWAYS ASK$ & NEV] OBTA9$1 ( AU?ORITY TO ! CITIZ5S4 

,IT IS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ECONOMICAL CONTRADICTIONS ?AT ORD] 9 SOCIETY FIR/ %[S ITSELF 9V]T$2 ?AT ?AT :I* %\LD BE ABOVE IS PLAC$ BEL[1 ?AT :I* %\LD BE 9 RELIEF SEEMS SUNK51 & ?AT :I* %\LD RECEIVE ! LI<T IS ?R[N 9TO ! %AD[4 ,?US P[]1 :I*1 9 ITS ESS5CE1 IS1 LIKE CAPITAL1 ! AUXILI>Y & SUBORD9ATE ( LABOR1 BECOMES1 ?R\< ! ANTAGONISM ( SOCIETY1 ! SPY1 JUDGE1 & TYRANT ( ! PRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS2 P[]1 :OSE ORIG9AL 9F]IORITY LAYS UPON IT ! DUTY ( OB$I5CE1 IS PR9CE & SOV]EIGN4 

,9 ALL AGES ! LABOR+ CLASSES HAVE PURSU$ AGA9/ ! (FICE-HOLD+ CLASS ! SOLUTION ( ?IS ANT9OMY1 ( :I* ECONOMIC SCI5CE ALONE CAN GIVE ! KEY4 ,! OSCILLATIONS -- ?AT IS1 ! POLITICAL AGITATIONS :I* RESULT FROM ?IS /RUGGLE ( LABOR AGA9/ P[] -- N[ LEAD TO A DEPRESSION ( ! C5TRAL =CE1 :I* COMPROMISES ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( SOCIETY2 N[1 EXAGG]AT+ ?IS SAME =CE BEYOND MEASURE1 GIVE BIR? TO DESPOTISM4 ,!N1 ! PRIVILEGES ( COMM&1 ! 9F9ITE JOY :I* IT GIVES TO AMBITION & PRIDE1 MAK+ ! UNPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS AN OBJECT ( UNIV]SAL LU/1 A NEW LEAV5 ( DISCORD P5ETRATES SOCIETY1 :I*1 DIVID$ ALREADY 9 ONE DIRECTION 9TO CAPITALI/S & WAGE-WORK]S1 & 9 ANO!R 9TO PRODUC]S & NON-PRODUC]S1 IS AGA9 DIVID$ AS REG>DS P[] 9TO MON>*I/S & DEMOCRATS4 ,! CONFLICTS BETWE5 ROYALTY & ! REPUBLIC W\LD FURNI% US MO/ M>VEL\S & 9T]E/+ MAT]IAL = \R EPISODES4 ,! CONF9ES ( ?IS WORK DO NOT P]MIT US SO LONG AN EXCURSION2 & AFT] HAV+ PO9T$ \T ?IS NEW BRAN* 9 ! VA/ NETWORK ( HUMAN AB]RATIONS1 WE %ALL CONF9E \RSELVES EXCLUSIVELY1 9 DEAL+ ) TAXATION1 TO ! ECONOMIC QUE/ION4 

,SU*1 !N1 9 SUCC9CTE/ /ATEM5T1 IS ! SYN!TIC !ORY ( ! TAX1 -- ?AT IS1 IF ,I MAY V5TURE TO USE ! FAMILI> COMP>ISON1 ( ?IS FIF? :EEL ( ! COA* ( HUMANITY1 :I* MAKES SO MU* NOISE1 & :I*1 9 GOV]NM5TAL P>LANCE1 IS /YL$ ! ,/ATE4 ,! ,/ATE1 ! POLICE1 OR !IR MEANS ( EXI/5CE1 ! TAX1 IS1 ,I REPEAT1 ! (FICIAL NAME ( ! CLASS DESIGNAT$ 9 POLITICAL ECONOMY AS NONPRODUC]S1 -- 9 %ORT1 AS ! DOME/ICS ( SOCIETY4 

,BUT PUBLIC REASON DOES NOT ATTA9 AT A S+LE B\ND ?IS SIMPLE IDEA1 :I* = C5TURIES HAD TO REMA9 9 ! /ATE ( A TRANSC5D5TAL CONCEPTION4 ,BE=E CIVILIZATION CAN M\NT TO SU* A HEI<T1 IT MU/ PASS ?R\< FRI<TFUL TEMPE/S & 9NUM]ABLE REVOLUTIONS1 9 EA* ( :I*1 ONE MI<T SAY1 IT R5EWS ITS /R5G? 9 A BA? ( BLOOD4 ,& :5 AT LA/ PRODUCTION1 REPRES5T$ BY CAPITAL1 SEEMS ON ! PO9T ( ?OR\<LY SUBORD9AT+ ! UNPRODUCTIVE ORGAN1 ! ,/ATE1 !N SOCIETY RISES 9 9DIGNATION1 LABOR WEEPS AT ! PROSPECT ( ITS IMM$IATE FRE$OM1 DEMOCRACY %UDD]S AT ! ABASEM5T ( P[]1 JU/ICE CRIES \T AS IF SC&ALIZ$1 & ALL ! ORACLES ( ! DEP>T+ GODS EXCLAIM ) T]ROR ?AT ! ABOM9ATION ( DESOLATION IS 9 ! HOLY PLACES & ?AT ! 5D ( ! WORLD HAS COME4 ,SO TRUE IS IT ?AT HUMANITY NEV] DESIRES :AT IT SEEKS1 & ?AT ! SLI<TE/ PROGRESS CANNOT BE REALIZ$ )\T SPREAD+ PANIC AMONG ! PEOPLES4 

,:AT1 !N1 9 ?IS EVOLUTION1 IS ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE ( SOCIETY1 & BY :AT CIRCUIT\S R\TE DOES IT REA* POLITICAL RE=M1 -- ?AT IS1 ECONOMY 9 ITS EXP5DITURES1 EQUALITY 9 ! ASSESSM5T ( ITS TAXES1 & ! SUBORD9ATION ( P[] TO 9DU/RY8 ,?AT IS :AT WE >E AB\T TO /ATE 9 A FEW WORDS1 RES]V+ DEVELOPM5TS = ! SEQUEL4 

,! ORIG9AL IDEA ( ! TAX IS ?AT ( ,R,$,E,M,P,T,I,O,N4 

,AS1 BY ! LAW ( ,MOSES1 EA* FIR/-BORN WAS SUPPOS$ TO BELONG TO ,JEHOVAH1 & HAD TO BE R$EEM$ BY AN (F]+1 SO ! TAX EV]Y:]E PRES5TS ITSELF 9 ! =M ( A TI! OR ROYAL PR]OGATIVE BY :I* ! PROPRIETOR ANNUALLY R$EEMS FROM ! SOV]EIGN ! PR(IT ( EXPLOITATION :I* HE IS SUPPOS$ TO HOLD ONLY BY HIS PLEASURE4 ,?IS !ORY ( ! TAX1 MOREOV]1 IS BUT ONE ( ! SPECIAL >TICLES ( :AT IS CALL$ ! SOCIAL CONTRACT4 

,ANCI5TS & MOD]NS ALL AGREE1 9 T]MS MORE OR LESS EXPLICIT1 9 REG>D+ ! JURIDICAL /ATUS ( SOCIETIES AS A REACTION ( WEAKNESS AGA9/ /R5G?4 ,?IS IDEA IS UPP]MO/ 9 ALL ! WORKS ( ,PLATO1 NOTABLY 9 ! 0,GORGIAS10 :]E HE MA9TA9S1 ) MORE SUBTLETY ?AN LOGIC1 ! CAUSE ( ! LAWS AGA9/ ?AT ( VIOL5CE1 -- ?AT IS1 LEGISLATIVE ABSOLUTISM AGA9/ >I/OCRATIC & MILIT>Y ABSOLUTISM4 ,9 ?IS KNOTTY DISPUTE1 9 :I* ! WEI<T ( EVID5CE IS EQUAL ON BO? SIDES1 ,PLATO SIMPLY EXPRESSES ! S5TIM5T ( 5TIRE ANTIQUITY4 ,LONG BE=E HIM1 ,MOSES1 9 MAK+ A DI/RIBUTION ( L&S1 DECL>+ PATRIMONY 9ALI5ABLE1 & ORD]+ A G5]AL & UNCOMP5SAT$ CANCELLATION ( ALL MORTGAGES EV]Y FIFTIE? YE>1 HAD OPPOS$ A B>RI] TO ! 9VASIONS ( =CE4 ,! :OLE ,BIBLE IS A HYMN TO ,J,U,/,I,C,E1 -- ?AT IS1 9 ! ,HEBREW /YLE1 TO *>ITY1 TO K9DNESS TO ! WEAK ON ! P>T ( ! /RONG1 TO VOLUNT>Y R5UNCIATION ( ! PRIVILEGE ( P[]4 ,SOLON1 BEG9N+ HIS LEGISLATIVE MISSION BY A G5]AL ABOLITION ( DEBTS1 & CREAT+ RI<TS & RES]VES1 -- ?AT IS1 B>RI]S TO PREV5T !IR RETURN1 -- WAS NO LESS REACTION>Y4 ,LYCURGUS W5T F>!R2 HE =BADE 9DIVIDUAL POSSESSION1 & TRI$ TO ABSORB ! MAN 9 ! ,/ATE1 ANNIHILAT+ LIB]TY ! BETT] TO PRES]VE EQUILIBRIUM4 ,HOBBES1 D]IV+1 & ) GREAT REASON1 LEGISLATION FROM ! /ATE ( W>1 >RIV$ BY ANO!R ROAD AT ! E/ABLI%M5T ( EQUALITY UPON AN EXCEPTION1 -- DESPOTISM4 ,HIS BOOK1 SO MU* CALUMNIAT$1 IS ONLY A DEVELOPM5T ( ?IS FAM\S ANTI!SIS4 ,! *>T] ( #a#h#c1 CONSECRAT+ ! 9SURRECTION MADE 9 '#h#i BY ! PLEBEIANS AGA9/ ! NOBILITY1 & DECREE+ ! AB/RACT EQUALITY ( P]SONS BE=E ! LAW1 9 SPITE ( ! REAL 9EQUALITY ( P[]S & TAL5TS :I* IS ! V]ITABLE BASIS ( ! SOCIAL SY/EM N[ 9 =CE1 IS ALSO BUT A PROTE/ ( SOCIETY 9 FAVOR ( ! POOR AGA9/ ! RI*1 ( ! SMALL AGA9/ ! GREAT4 ,ALL ! LAWS ( ! HUMAN RACE REG>D+ SALE1 PUR*ASE1 HIRE1 PROP]TY1 LOANS1 MORTGAGES1 PRESCRIPTION1 9H]ITANCE1 DONATION1 WILLS1 WIVES' D[RIES1 M9ORITY1 GU>DIAN%IP1 ETC41 ETC41 >E REAL B>RI]S ]ECT$ BY JUDICIAL ABSOLUTISM AGA9/ ! ABSOLUTISM ( =CE4 ,RESPECT = CONTRACTS1 FIDELITY TO PROMISES1 ! RELIGION ( ! OA?1 >E FICTIONS1 OSSELETS1.<#a.> AS ! FAM\S ,LYS&] APTLY SAID1 ) :I* SOCIETY DECEIVES ! /RONG & BR+S !M UND] ! YOKE4 

,! TAX BELONGS TO ?AT GREAT FAMILY ( PREV5TIVE1 CO]CIVE1 REPRESSIVE1 & V9DICTIVE 9/ITUTIONS :I* ,A4 ,SMI? DESIGNAT$ BY ! G5]IC T]M POLICE1 & :I* IS1 AS ,I HAVE SAID1 9 ITS ORIG9AL CONCEPTION1 ONLY ! REACTION ( WEAKNESS AGA9/ /R5G?4 ,?IS FOLL[S1 9DEP5D5TLY ( ABUNDANT HI/ORICAL TE/IMONY :I* WE WILL PUT ASIDE TO  

,NOTE3  

.<#a.> ,LITTLE BONES TAK5 FROM ! JO9TS ( ANIMALS & S]V+ AS PLAY?+S = *ILDR54 -- ,TRANSLATOR4 

CONF9E \RSELVES EXCLUSIVELY TO ECONOMIC PRO(1 FROM ! DI/9CTION NATURALLY >IS+ BETWE5 TAXES4 

,ALL TAXES >E DIVISIBLE 9TO TWO GREAT CATEGORIES3 7#a7 TAXES ( ASSESSM5T1 OR ( PRIVILEGE3 !SE >E ! OLDE/ TAXES2 7#b7 TAXES ( CONSUMPTION1 OR ( QUOTITE1.<#a.> :OSE T5D5CY IS1 BY ABSORB+ ! =M]1 TO MAKE PUBLIC BURD5S WEI< EQUALLY UPON ALL4 

,! FIR/ SORT ( TAXES -- 9CLUD+ 9 ,FRANCE ! TAX ON L&1 ! TAX ON DOORS & W9D[S1 ! POLL-TAX1 ! TAX ON P]SONAL PROP]TY1 ! TAX ON T5ANTS1 LIC5SE-FEES1 ! TAX ON TRANSF]S ( PROP]TY1 ! TAX ON (FICIALS' FEES1 ROAD-TAXES1 & BREVETS -- IS ! %>E :I* ! SOV]EIGN RES]VES = HIMSELF \T ( ALL ! MONOPOLIES :I* HE CONC$ES OR TOL]ATES2 IT IS1 AS WE HAVE SAID1 ! 9DEMNITY ( ! POOR1 ! P]MIT GRANT$ TO PROP]TY4 ,SU* WAS ! =M & SPIRIT ( ! TAX 9 ALL ! OLD MON>*IES3 FEUDALISM WAS ITS BEAU IDEAL4 ,UND] ?AT REGIME ! TAX WAS ONLY A TRIBUTE PAID BY ! HOLD] TO ! UNIV]SAL PROPRIETOR OR SLEEP+-P>TN] 7COMM&ITAIRE71 ! K+4 

,:5 LAT]1 BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( PUBLIC RI<T1 ROYALTY1 ! PATRI>*AL =M ( SOV]EIGNTY1 BEG9S TO GET IMPREGNAT$ BY ! DEMOCRATIC SPIRIT1 ! TAX BECOMES A QUOTA :I* EA* VOT] [ES TO ! ,C,O,M,M,O,N,W,E,A,L,?1 & :I*1 9/EAD ( FALL+ 9TO ! H& ( ! PR9CE1 IS RECEIV$ 9TO ! ,/ATE TREASURY4 ,9 ?IS EVOLUTION ! PR9CIPLE ( ! TAX REMA9S 9TACT2 AS YET !RE IS NO TRANS=MATION ( ! 9/ITUTION2 ! REAL SOV]EIGN SIMPLY SUCCE$S ! FIGURATIVE SOV]EIGN4 ,:E!R ! TAX 5T]S 9TO ! PECULIUM ( ! PR9CE OR S]VES TO LIQUIDATE A COMMON DEBT1 IT IS 9  

,NOTE3  

.<#a.> ,A TAX :OSE TOTAL PRODUCT IS NOT FIX$ 9 ADVANCE1 BUT DEP5DS UPON ! QUANTITY ( ?+S OR P]SONS UPON :OM IT HAPP5S TO FALL4 -- ,TRANSLATOR4 

EI!R CASE ONLY A CLAIM ( SOCIETY AGA9/ PRIVILEGE2 O!RWISE1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY :Y ! TAX IS LEVI$ 9 ! RATIO ( =TUNES4 

,LET ALL CONTRIBUTE TO ! PUBLIC EXP5SES3 NO?+ MORE JU/4 ,BUT :Y %\LD ! RI* PAY MORE ?AN ! POOR8 ,?AT IS JU/1 !Y SAY1 BECAUSE !Y POSSESS MORE4 ,I CONFESS ?AT SU* JU/ICE IS BEYOND MY COMPREH5SION4 4 4 4 ,ONE ( TWO ?+S IS TRUE3 EI!R ! PROPORTIONAL TAX GU>ANTEES A PRIVILEGE TO ! L>G] TAX-PAY]S1 OR ELSE IT IS A WRONG4 ,BECAUSE1 IF PROP]TY IS A NATURAL RI<T1 AS ! ,DECL>ATION ( '#i#c DECL>ES1 ALL ?AT BELONGS TO ME BY VIRTUE ( ?IS RI<T IS AS SACR$ AS MY P]SON2 IT IS MY BLOOD1 MY LIFE1 MYSELF3 :OEV] T\*ES IT (F5DS ! APPLE ( MY EYE4 ,MY 9COME ( ONE HUNDR$ ?\S& FRANCS IS AS 9VIOLABLE A ! GRISETTE'S DAILY WAGE ( SEV5TY-FIVE C5TIMES2 H] ATTIC IS NO MORE SACR$ ?AN MY SUITE ( AP>TM5TS4 ,! TAX IS NOT LEVI$ 9 PROPORTION TO PHYSICAL /R5G?1 SIZE1 OR SKILL3 NO MORE %\LD IT BE LEVI$ 9 PROPORTION TO PROP]TY4 -- ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY3 ,*APT] ,I,I4 

,!SE OBS]VATIONS >E ! MORE JU/ BECAUSE ! PR9CIPLE :I* IT WAS !IR PURPOSE TO OPPOSE TO ?AT ( PROPORTIONAL ASSESSM5T HAS HAD ITS P]IOD ( APPLICATION4 ,! PROPORTIONAL TAX IS MU* LAT] 9 HI/ORY ?AN LIEGE-HOMAGE1 :I* CONSI/$ 9 A SIMPLE (FICI\S DEMON/RATION )\T REAL PAYM5T4 

,! SECOND SORT ( TAXES 9CLUDES 9 G5]AL ALL ?OSE DESIGNAT$1 BY A SORT ( ANTIPHRASIS1 BY ! T]M 9DIRECT1 SU* AS TAXES ON LIQUOR1 SALT1 & TOBACCO1 CU/OMS DUTIES1 &1 9 %ORT1 ALL ! TAXES :I* ,D,I,R,E,C,T,L,Y AFFECT ! ONLY ?+ :I* %\LD BE TAX$1 -- PRODUCT4 ,! PR9CIPLE ( ?IS TAX1 :OSE NAME IS AN ACTUAL MISNOM]1 IS UNQUE/IONABLY BETT] F\ND$ 9 !ORY & MORE EQUITABLE 9 T5D5CY ?AN ! PREC$+3 ACCORD+LY1 9 SPITE ( ! OP9ION ( ! MASS1 ALWAYS DECEIV$ AS TO ?AT :I* S]VES IT AS WELL AS TO ?AT :I* IS PREJUDICIAL TO IT1 ,I DO NOT HESITATE TO SAY ?AT ?IS TAX IS ! ONLY NORMAL ONE1 B>R+ ITS ASSESSM5T & COLLECTION1 ) :I* IT IS NOT MY PURPOSE N[ TO DEAL4 

,=1 IF IT IS TRUE1 AS WE HAVE JU/ EXPLA9$1 ?AT ! REAL NATURE ( ! TAX IS TO PAY1 ACCORD+ TO A P>TICUL> =M ( WAGES1 = C]TA9 S]VICES :I* ELUDE ! USUAL =M ( EX*ANGE1 IT FOLL[S ?AT ALL PRODUC]S1 5JOY+ !SE S]VICES EQUALLY AS F> AS P]SONAL USE IS CONC]N$1 %\LD CONTRIBUTE TO !IR PAYM5T 9 EQUAL PORTIONS4 ,! %>E = EA*1 !RE=E1 W\LD BE A FRACTION ( HIS EX*ANGEABLE PRODUCT1 OR1 9 O!R WORDS1 AN AM\NT TAK5 FROM ! VALUES DELIV]$ BY HIM = PURPOSES ( CONSUMPTION4 ,BUT1 UND] ! MONOPOLY SY/EM1 & ) COLLECTION UPON L&1 ! TREASURY /RIKES ! PRODUCT BE=E IT HAS 5T]$ 9TO EX*ANGE1 EV5 BE=E IT IS PRODUC$1 -- A CIRCUM/ANCE :I* RESULTS 9 ?R[+ BACK ! AM\NT ( ! TAX 9TO ! CO/ ( PRODUCTION1 & CONSEQU5TLY PUTS ! BURD5 UPON ! CONSUM] & LIFTS IT FROM MONOPOLY4 

,:ATEV] ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! TAX ( ASSESSM5T OR ! TAX ( QUOTITE1 ONE ?+ IS SURE1 & ?IS IS ! ?+ :I* IT IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT = US TO KN[1 -- NAMELY1 ?AT1 9 MAK+ ! TAX PROPORTIONAL1 IT WAS ! 9T5TION ( ! SOV]EIGN TO MAKE CITIZ5S CONTRIBUTE TO ! PUBLIC EXP5SES1 NO LONG]1 ACCORD+ TO ! OLD FEUDAL PR9CIPLE1 BY MEANS ( A POLL-TAX1 :I* W\LD 9VOLVE ! IDEA ( AN ASSESSM5T FIGUR$ 9 ! RATIO ( ! NUMB] ( P]SONS TAX$1 & NOT 9 ! RATIO ( !IR POSSESSIONS1 BUT SO MU* P] FRANC ( CAPITAL1 :I* SUPPOSES ?AT CAPITAL HAS ITS S\RCE 9 AN AU?ORITY SUP]IOR TO ! CAPITALI/S4 ,EV]YBODY1 SPONTANE\SLY & ) ONE ACCORD1 CONSID]S SU* AN ASSESSM5T JU/2 EV]YBODY1 !RE=E1 SPONTANE\SLY & ) ONE ACCORD1 LOOKS UPON ! TAX AS A RESUMPTION ON ! P>T ( SOCIETY1 A SORT ( R$EMPTION EXACT$ FROM MONOPOLY4 ,?IS IS ESPECIALLY /RIK+ 9 ,5GL&1 :]E1 BY A SPECIAL LAW1 ! PROPRIETORS ( ! SOIL & ! MANUFACTUR]S PAY1 9 PROPORTION TO !IR 9COMES1 A TAX ( =TY MILLION DOLL>S1 :I* IS CALL$ ! POOR-RATE4 

,9 %ORT1 ! PRACTICAL & AV[$ OBJECT ( ! TAX IS TO EFFECT UPON ! RI*1 = ! B5EFIT ( ! PEOPLE1 A PROPORTIONAL RESUMPTION ( !IR CAPITAL4 

,N[1 ANALYSIS & ! FACTS DEMON/RATE3 

,?AT ! TAX ( ASSESSM5T1 ! TAX UPON MONOPOLY1 9/EAD ( BE+ PAID BY ?OSE :O POSSESS1 IS PAID ALMO/ 5TIRELY BY ?OSE :O DO NOT POSSESS2 

,?AT ! TAX ( QUOTITE1 SEP>AT+ ! PRODUC] FROM ! CONSUM]1 FALLS SOLELY UPON ! LATT]1 !REBY TAK+ FROM ! CAPITALI/ NO MORE ?AN HE W\LD HAVE TO PAY IF =TUNES W]E ABSOLUTELY EQUAL2 

,F9ALLY1 ?AT ! >MY1 ! C\RTS1 ! POLICE1 ! S*OOLS1 ! HOSPITALS1 ! ALM%\SES1 ! H\SES ( REFUGE & CORRECTION1 PUBLIC FUNCTIONS1 RELIGION ITSELF1 ALL ?AT SOCIETY CREATES = ! PROTECTION1 EMANCIPATION1 & RELIEF ( ! PROLETAIRE1 PAID = 9 ! FIR/ PLACE & SU/A9$ BY ! PROLETAIRE1 IS !N TURN$ AGA9/ ! PROLETAIRE OR WA/$ AS F> AS HE IS CONC]N$2 SO ?AT ! PROLET>IAT1 :I* AT FIR/ LABOR$ ONLY = ! CLASS ?AT DEV\RS IT1 -- ?AT ( ! CAPITALI/S1 -- MU/ LABOR ALSO = ! CLASS ?AT FLOGS IT1 -- ?AT ( ! NONPRODUC]S4 

,!SE FACTS >E H5CE=? SO WELL KN[N1 & ! ECONOMI/S -- ,I [E !M ?IS JU/ICE -- HAVE %[N !M SO CLE>LY1 ?AT ,I %ALL AB/A9 FROM CORRECT+ !IR DEMON/RATIONS1 :I*1 = ! RE/1 >E NO LONG] CONTRADICT$ BY ANYBODY4 ,:AT ,I PROPOSE TO BR+ TO LI<T1 & :AT ! ECONOMI/S DO NOT SEEM TO HAVE SUFFICI5TLY UND]/OOD1 IS ?AT ! CONDITION 9 :I* ! LABOR] IS PLAC$ BY ?IS NEW PHASE ( SOCIAL ECONOMY IS SUSCEPTIBLE ( NO AMELIORATION2 ?AT1 UNLESS 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION1 & !RE=E POLITICAL RE=M1 %\LD BR+ AB\T AN EQUALITY ( =TUNES1 EVIL IS 9H]5T 9 POLICE 9/ITUTIONS AS 9 ! IDEA ( *>ITY :I* GAVE !M BIR?2 9 %ORT1 ?AT ! ,/,A,T,E1 :ATEV] =M IT AFFECTS1 >I/OCRATIC OR !OCRATIC1 MON>*ICAL OR REPUBLICAN1 UNTIL IT %ALL HAVE BECOME ! OB$I5T & SUBMISSIVE ORGAN ( A SOCIETY ( EQUALS1 WILL BE = ! PEOPLE AN 9EVITABLE HELL1 -- ,I HAD ALMO/ SAID A DES]V$ DAMNATION4 

,FROM 3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,VIRG9IA ,LIBR>Y4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahde 3 ,*APT] #g1 ,SECTION #g4#a -- ,PUBLICATION4 
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