,*APT] #f1 ,SECTION #f4#a 
,NECESSITY ( ,MONOPOLY 

#ahdfahdf 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 

,TEXT 3 

 #a4 -- ,NECESSITY ( MONOPOLY4 

  

,?US MONOPOLY IS ! 9EVITABLE 5D ( COMPETITION1 :I* 5G5D]S IT BY A CONT9UAL D5IAL ( ITSELF3 ?IS G5]ATION ( MONOPOLY IS ALREADY ITS JU/IFICATION4 ,=1 S9CE COMPETITION IS 9H]5T 9 SOCIETY AS MOTION IS 9 LIV+ BE+S1 MONOPOLY :I* COMES 9 ITS TRA91 :I* IS ITS OBJECT & ITS 5D1 & )\T :I* COMPETITION W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 ACCEPT$1 -- MONOPOLY IS & WILL REMA9 LEGITIMATE AS LONG AS COMPETITION1 AS LONG AS ME*ANICAL PROCESSES & 9DU/RIAL COMB9ATIONS1 AS LONG1 9 FACT1 AS ! DIVISION ( LABOR & ! CON/ITUTION ( VALUES %ALL BE NECESSITIES & LAWS4 

,!RE=E BY ! S+LE FACT ( ITS LOGICAL G5]ATION MONO-POLY IS JU/IFI$4 ,NEV]!LESS ?IS JU/IFICATION W\LD SEEM ( LITTLE =CE & W\LD 5D ONLY 9 A MORE 5]GETIC REJECTION ( COMPETITION ?AN EV]1 IF MONOPOLY C\LD NOT 9 TURN POSIT ITSELF BY ITSELF & AS A PR9CIPLE4 

,9 ! PREC$+ *APT]S WE HAVE SE5 ?AT DIVISION ( LABOR IS ! SPECIFICATION ( ! WORKMAN CONSID]$ ESPECIALLY AS 9TELLIG5CE2 ?AT ! CREATION ( MA*9]Y & ! ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK%OP EXPRESS HIS LIB]TY2 & ?AT1 BY COMPETITION1 MAN1 OR 9TELLIG5T LIB]TY1 5T]S 9TO ACTION4 ,N[1 MONOPOLY IS ! EXPRESSION ( VICTORI\S LIB]TY1 ! PRIZE ( ! /RUGGLE1 ! GLORIFICATION ( G5IUS2 IT IS ! /RONGE/ /IMULANT ( ALL ! /EPS 9 PROGRESS TAK5 S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! WORLD3 SO TRUE IS ?IS ?AT1 AS WE SAID JU/ N[1 SOCIETY1 :I* CANNOT EXI/ ) IT1 W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 =M$ )\T IT4 

,:]E1 !N1 DOES MONOPOLY GET ?IS S+UL> VIRTUE1 :I* ! ETYMOLOGY ( ! WORD & ! VULG> ASPECT ( ! ?+ W\LD NEV] LEAD US TO SUSPECT8 

,MONOPOLY IS AT BOTTOM SIMPLY ! AUTOCRACY ( MAN OV] HIMSELF3 IT IS ! DICTATORIAL RI<T ACCORD$ BY NATURE TO EV]Y PRODUC] ( US+ HIS FACULTIES AS HE PLEASES1 ( GIV+ FREE PLAY TO HIS ?\<T 9 :ATEV] DIRECTION IT PREF]S1 ( SPECULAT+1 9 SU* SPECIALTY AS HE MAY PLEASE TO *OOSE1 ) ALL ! P[] ( HIS RES\RCES1 ( DISPOS+ SOV]EIGNLY ( ! 9/RUM5TS :I* HE HAS CREAT$ & ( ! CAPITAL ACCUMULAT$ BY HIS ECONOMY = ANY 5T]PRISE ! RISKS ( :I* HE MAY SEE FIT TO ACCEPT ON ! EXPRESS CONDITION ( 5JOY+ ALONE ! FRUITS ( HIS DISCOV]Y & ! PR(ITS ( HIS V5TURE4 

,?IS RI<T BELONGS SO ?OR\<LY TO ! ESS5CE ( LIB]TY ?AT TO D5Y IT IS TO MUTILATE MAN 9 HIS BODY1 9 HIS S\L1 & 9 ! EX]CISE ( HIS FACULTIES1 & SOCIETY1 :I* PROGRESSES ONLY BY ! FREE 9ITIATIVE ( 9DIVIDUALS1 SOON LACK+ EXPLOR]S1 F9DS ITSELF >RE/$ 9 ITS ONW>D M>*4 

,IT IS TIME TO GIVE BODY TO ALL !SE IDEAS BY ! TE/IMONY ( FACTS4 

,I KN[ A COMMUNE :]E FROM TIME IMMEMORIAL !RE HAD BE5 NO ROADS EI!R = ! CLE>+ ( L&S OR = COMMUNICATION ) ! \TSIDE WORLD4 ,DUR+ ?REE-F\R?S ( ! YE> ALL IMPORTATION OR EXPORTATION ( GOODS WAS PREV5T$2 A B>RI] ( MUD & M>% S]V$ AS A PROTECTION AT ONCE AGA9/ ANY 9VASION FROM )\T & ANY EXCURSION ( ! 9HABITANTS ( ! HOLY & SACR$ COMMUNITY4 ,SIX HORSES1 9 ! F9E/ WEA!R1 SC>CELY SUFFIC$ TO MOVE A LOAD ?AT ANY JADE C\LD EASILY HAVE TAK5 OV] A GOOD ROAD4 ,! MAYOR RESOLV$1 9 SPITE ( ! C\NCIL1 TO BUILD A ROAD ?R\< ! T[N4 ,= A LONG TIME HE WAS D]ID$1 CURS$1 EXECRAT$4 ,!Y HAD GOT ALONG WELL 5\< )\T A ROAD UP TO ! TIME ( HIS ADM9I/RATION3 :Y NE$ HE SP5D ! MONEY ( ! COMMUNE & WA/E ! TIME ( F>M]S 9 ROAD-DUTY1 C>TAGE1 & COMPULSORY S]VICE8 ,IT WAS TO SATISFY HIS PRIDE ?AT ,MONSIEUR ! ,MAYOR DESIR$1 AT ! EXP5SE ( ! POOR F>M]S1 TO OP5 SU* A F9E AV5UE = HIS CITY FRI5DS :O W\LD COME TO VISIT HIM6 ,9 SPITE ( EV]Y?+ ! ROAD WAS MADE & ! PEASANTS APPLAUD$6 ,:AT A DIFF]5CE6 !Y SAID3 IT US$ TO TAKE EI<T HORSES TO C>RY ?IRTY SACKS TO M>KET1 & WE W]E GONE ?REE DAYS2 N[ WE />T 9 ! MORN+ ) TWO HORSES1 & >E BACK AT NI<T4 ,BUT 9 ALL !SE REM>KS NO?+ FUR!R WAS HE>D ( ! MAYOR4 ,! EV5T HAV+ JU/IFI$ HIM1 !Y SPOKE ( HIM NO MORE3 MO/ ( !M1 9 FACT1 AS ,I F\ND \T1 FELT A SPITE AGA9/ HIM4 

,?IS MAYOR ACT$ AFT] ! MANN] ( ,>I/IDES4 ,SUPPOSE ?AT1 WE>I$ BY ! ABSURD CLAMOR1 HE HAD FROM ! BEG9N+ PROPOS$ TO HIS CON/ITU5TS TO BUILD ! ROAD AT HIS EXP5SE1 PROVID$ !Y W\LD PAY HIM TOLL = FIFTY YE>S1 EA*1 H[EV]1 REMA9+ FREE TO TRAVEL ?R\< ! FIELDS1 AS 9 ! PA/3 9 :AT RESPECT W\LD ?IS TRANSACTION HAVE BE5 FRAUDUL5T8 

,?AT IS ! HI/ORY ( SOCIETY & MONOPOLI/S4 

,EV]YBODY IS NOT 9 A POSITION TO MAKE A PRES5T TO HIS FELL[-CITIZ5S ( A ROAD OR A MA*9E3 G5]ALLY ! 9V5TOR1 AFT] EXHAU/+ HIS HEAL? & SUB/ANCE1 EXPECTS REW>D4 ,D5Y !N1 :ILE /ILL SC(F+ AT !M1 TO ,>KWRI<T1 ,WATT1 & ,JACQU>D ! PRIVILEGE ( !IR DISCOV]IES2 !Y WILL %UT !MSELVES UP 9 ORD] TO WORK1 & POSSIBLY WILL C>RY !IR SECRET TO ! GRAVE4 ,D5Y TO ! SETTL] POSSESSION ( ! SOIL :I* HE CLE>S1 & NO ONE WILL CLE> IT4 

,BUT1 !Y SAY1 IS ?AT TRUE RI<T1 SOCIAL RI<T1 FRAT]NAL RI<T8 ,?AT :I* IS EXCUSABLE ON EM]G+ FROM PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM1 AN EFFECT ( NECESSITY1 IS ONLY A TEMPOR>Y EXP$I5T :I* MU/ DISAPPE> 9 FACE ( A FULL] UND]/&+ ( ! RI<TS & DUTIES ( MAN & SOCIETY4 

,I RECOIL FROM NO HYPO!SIS3 LET US SEE1 LET US 9VE/IGATE4 ,IT IS ALREADY A GREAT PO9T ?AT ! OPPON5TS CONFESS ?AT1 DUR+ ! FIR/ P]IOD ( CIVILIZATION1 ?+S C\LD NOT HAVE GONE O!RWISE4 ,IT REMA9S TO ASC]TA9 :E!R ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ?IS P]IOD >E REALLY1 AS HAS BE5 SAID1 ONLY TEMPOR>Y1 OR :E!R !Y >E ! RESULT ( LAWS IMMAN5T 9 SOCIETY & ET]NAL4 ,N[1 ! !SIS :I* ,I MA9TA9 AT ?IS MOM5T IS ! MORE DIFFICULT BECAUSE 9 DIRECT OPPOSITION TO ! G5]AL T5D5CY1 & BECAUSE ,I MU/ DIRECTLY OV]TURN IT MYSELF BY ITS CONTRADICTION4 

,I PRAY1 !N1 ?AT ,I MAY BE TOLD H[ IT IS POSSIBLE TO MAKE APPEAL TO ! PR9CIPLES ( SOCIABILITY1 FRAT]NITY1 & SOLID>ITY1 :5 SOCIETY ITSELF REJECTS EV]Y SOLID>Y & FRAT]NAL TRANSACTION8 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( EA* 9DU/RY1 AT ! FIR/ GLEAM ( A DISCOV]Y1 ! MAN :O 9V5TS IS ISOLAT$2 SOCIETY AB&ONS HIM & REMA9S 9 ! BACKGR\ND4 ,TO PUT IT BETT]1 ?IS MAN1 RELATIVELY TO ! IDEA :I* HE HAS CONCEIV$ & ! REALIZATION ( :I* HE PURSUES1 BECOMES 9 HIMSELF ALONE 5TIRE SOCIETY4 ,HE HAS NO LONG] ANY ASSOCIATES1 NO LONG] ANY COLLABORATORS1 NO LONG] ANY SURETIES2 EV]YBODY %UNS HIM3 ON HIM ALONE FALLS ! RESPONSIBILITY2 TO HIM ALONE1 !N1 ! ADVANTAGES ( ! SPECULATION4 

,BUT1 IT IS 9SI/$1 ?IS IS BL9DNESS ON ! P>T ( SOCIETY1 AN AB&ONM5T ( ITS MO/ SACR$ RI<TS & 9T]E/S1 ( ! WELF>E ( FUTURE G5]ATIONS2 & ! SPECULATOR1 BETT] 9=M$ OR MORE =TUNATE1 CANNOT FAIRLY PR(IT BY ! MONOPOLY :I* UNIV]SAL IGNORANCE GIVES 9TO HIS H&S4 

,I MA9TA9 ?AT ?IS CONDUCT ON ! P>T ( SOCIETY IS1 AS F> AS ! PRES5T IS CONC]N$1 AN ACT ( HI< PRUD5CE2 &1 AS = ! FUTURE1 ,I %ALL PROVE ?AT IT DOES NOT LOSE !REBY4 ,I HAVE ALREADY %[N 9 ! SECOND *APT]1 BY ! SOLUTION ( ! ANT9OMY ( VALUE1 ?AT ! ADVANTAGE ( EV]Y USEFUL DISCOV]Y IS 9COMP>ABLY LESS TO ! 9V5TOR1 :ATEV] HE MAY DO1 ?AN TO SOCIETY2 ,I HAVE C>RI$ ! DEMON/RATION ( ?IS PO9T EV5 TO MA!MATICAL ACCURACY4 ,LAT] ,I %ALL %[ FUR!R ?AT1 9 ADDITION TO ! PR(IT ASSUR$ IT BY EV]Y DISCOV]Y1 SOCIETY EX]CISES OV] ! PRIVILEGES :I* IT CONC$ES1 :E!R TEMPOR>ILY OR P]PETUALLY1 CLAIMS ( SEV]AL K9DS1 :I* L>GELY PALLIATE ! EXCESS ( C]TA9 PRIVATE =TUNES1 & ! EFFECT ( :I* IS A PROMPT RE/ORATION ( EQUILIBRIUM4 ,BUT LET US NOT ANTICIPATE4 

,I OBS]VE1 !N1 ?AT SOCIAL LIFE MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 A D\BLE FA%ION1 -- PRES]VATION & DEVELOPM5T4 

,DEVELOPM5T IS EFFECT$ BY ! FREE PLAY ( 9DIVIDUAL 5]GIES2 ! MASS IS BY ITS NATURE B>R51 PASSIVE1 & HO/ILE TO EV]Y?+ NEW4 ,IT IS1 IF ,I MAY V5TURE TO USE ! COMP>ISON1 ! WOMB1 /]ILE BY ITSELF1 BUT TO :I* COME TO DEPOSIT !MSELVES ! G]MS CREAT$ BY PRIVATE ACTIVITY1 :I*1 9 H]MAPHRODITIC SOCIETY1 REALLY P]=MS ! FUNCTION ( ! MALE ORGAN4 

,BUT SOCIETY PRES]VES ITSELF ONLY SO F> AS IT AVOIDS SOLID>ITY ) PRIVATE SPECULATIONS & LEAVES EV]Y 9NOVATION ABSOLUTELY TO ! RISK & P]IL ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,IT W\LD TAKE BUT A FEW PAGES TO CONTA9 ! LI/ ( USEFUL 9V5TIONS4 ,! 5T]PRISES ?AT HAVE BE5 C>RI$ TO A SUCCESSFUL ISSUE MAY BE NUMB]$2 NO FIGURE W\LD EXPRESS ! MULTITUDE ( FALSE IDEAS & IMPRUD5T V5TURES :I* EV]Y DAY >E HAT*$ 9 HUMAN BRA9S4 ,!RE IS NOT AN 9V5TOR1 NOT A WORKMAN1 :O1 = ONE SANE & CORRECT CONCEPTION1 HAS NOT GIV5 BIR? TO ?\S&S ( *IM]AS2 NOT AN 9TELLIG5CE :I*1 = ONE SP>K ( REASON1 DOES NOT EMIT :IRLW9DS ( SMOKE4 ,IF IT W]E POSSIBLE TO DIVIDE ALL ! PRODUCTS ( ! HUMAN REASON 9TO TWO P>TS1 PUTT+ ON ONE SIDE ?OSE ?AT >E USEFUL1 & ON ! O!R ?OSE ON :I* /R5G?1 ?\<T1 CAPITAL1 & TIME HAVE BE5 SP5T 9 ]ROR1 WE %\LD BE />TL$ BY ! DISCOV]Y ?AT ! EXCESS ( ! LATT] OV] ! =M] IS P]HAPS A BILLION P] C5T4 ,:AT W\LD BECOME ( SOCIETY1 IF IT HAD TO DIS*>GE !SE LIABILITIES & SETTLE ALL !SE BANKRUPTCIES8 ,:AT1 9 TURN1 W\LD BECOME ( ! RESPONSIBILITY & DIGNITY ( ! LABOR]1 IF1 SECUR$ BY ! SOCIAL GU>ANTEE1 HE C\LD1 )\T P]SONAL RISK1 AB&ON HIMSELF TO ALL ! CAPRICES ( A DELIRI\S IMAG9ATION & TRIFLE AT EV]Y MOM5T ) ! EXI/5CE ( HUMANITY8 

,:]E=E ,I CONCLUDE ?AT :AT HAS BE5 PRACTIC$ FROM ! BEG9N+ WILL BE PRACTIC$ TO ! 5D1 & ?AT1 ON ?IS PO9T1 AS ON EV]Y O!R1 IF \R AIM IS RECONCILIATION1 IT IS ABSURD TO ?9K ?AT ANY?+ ?AT EXI/S CAN BE ABOLI%$4 ,=1 ! WORLD ( IDEAS BE+ 9F9ITE1 LIKE NATURE1 & M51 TODAY AS EV]1 BE+ SUBJECT TO SPECULATION1 -- ?AT IS1 TO ]ROR1 -- 9DIVIDUALS HAVE A CON/ANT /IMULUS TO SPECULATE & SOCIETY A CON/ANT REASON TO BE SUSPICI\S & CAUTI\S1 :]E=E MONOPOLY NEV] LACKS MAT]IAL4 

,TO AVOID ?IS DILEMMA :AT IS PROPOS$8 ,COMP5SATION8 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 COMP5SATION IS IMPOSSIBLE3 ALL VALUES BE+ MONOPOLIZ$1 :]E W\LD SOCIETY GET ! MEANS TO 9DEMNIFY ! MONOPOLI/S8 ,:AT W\LD BE ITS MORTGAGE8 ,ON ! O!R H&1 COMP5SATION W\LD BE UTT]LY USELESS3 AFT] ALL ! MONOPOLIES HAD BE5 COMP5SAT$1 IT W\LD REMA9 TO ORGANIZE 9DU/RY4 ,:]E IS ! SY/EM8 ,UPON :AT IS OP9ION SETTL$8 ,:AT PROBLEMS HAVE BE5 SOLV$8 ,IF ! ORGANIZATION IS TO BE ( ! HI]>*ICAL TYPE1 WE RE5T] ! SY/EM ( MONOPOLY2 IF ( ! DEMOCRATIC1 WE RETURN TO ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE1 = ! COMP5SAT$ 9DU/RIES WILL FALL 9TO ! PUBLIC DOMA91 -- ?AT IS1 9TO COMPETITION1 -- & GRADUALLY WILL BECOME MONOPOLIES AGA92 IF1 F9ALLY1 ( ! COMMUNI/IC1 WE %ALL SIMPLY HAVE PASS$ FROM ONE IMPOSSIBILITY TO ANO!R1 =1 AS WE %ALL DEMON/RATE AT ! PROP] TIME1 COMMUNISM1 LIKE COMPETITION & MONOPOLY1 IS ANT9OMICAL1 IMPOSSIBLE4 

,9 ORD] NOT TO 9VOLVE ! SOCIAL WEAL? 9 AN UNLIMIT$ & CONSEQU5TLY DISA/R\S SOLID>ITY1 WILL !Y CONT5T !MSELVES ) IMPOS+ RULES UPON ! SPIRIT ( 9V5TION & 5T]PRISE8 ,WILL !Y E/ABLI% A C5SOR%IP TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 M5 ( G5IUS & FOOLS8 ,?AT IS TO SUPPOSE ?AT SOCIETY KN[S 9 ADVANCE PRECISELY ?AT :I* IS TO BE DISCOV]$4 ,TO SUBMIT ! PROJECTS ( S*EM]S TO AN ADVANCE EXAM9ATION IS AN A PRIORI PROHIBITION ( ALL MOVEM5T4 ,=1 ONCE MORE1 RELATIVELY TO ! 5D :I* HE HAS 9 VIEW1 !RE IS A MOM5T :5 EA* MANUFACTUR] REPRES5TS 9 HIS [N P]SON SOCIETY ITSELF1 SEES BETT] & F>!R ?AN ALL O!R M5 COMB9$1 & FREQU5TLY )\T BE+ ABLE TO EXPLA9 HIMSELF OR MAKE HIMSELF UND]/OOD4 ,:5 ,COP]NICUS1 ,KEPL]1 & ,GALILEO1 ,NEWTON'S PR$ECESSORS1 CAME TO ! PO9T ( SAY+ TO ,*RI/IAN SOCIETY1 !N REPRES5T$ BY ! ,*UR*3 0,! ,BIBLE IS MI/AK52 ! E>? REVOLVES1 & ! SUN IS /ATION>Y10 !Y W]E RI<T AGA9/ SOCIETY1 :I*1 ON ! /R5G? ( ITS S5SES & TRADITIONS1 CONTRADICT$ !M4 ,C\LD SOCIETY !N HAVE ACCEPT$ SOLID>ITY ) ! ,COP]NICAN SY/EM8 ,SO LITTLE C\LD IT DO IT ?AT ?IS SY/EM OP5LY D5I$ ITS FAI?1 & ?AT1 P5D+ ! ACCORD ( REASON & REVELATION1 ,GALILEO1 ONE ( ! RESPONSIBLE 9V5TORS1 UND]W5T TORTURE 9 PRO( ( ! NEW IDEA4 ,WE >E MORE TOL]ANT1 ,I PRESUME2 BUT ?IS V]Y TOL]ATION PROVES ?AT1 :ILE ACCORD+ GREAT] LIB]TY TO G5IUS1 WE DO NOT MEAN TO BE LESS DISCREET ?AN \R ANCE/ORS4 ,PAT5TS RA91 BUT )\T GOV]NM5TAL GU>ANTEE4 ,PROP]TY TITLES >E PLAC$ 9 ! KEEP+ ( CITIZ5S1 BUT NEI!R ! PROP]TY LI/ NOR ! *>T] GU>ANTEE !IR VALUE3 IT IS = LABOR TO MAKE !M VALUABLE4 ,& AS = ! SCI5TIFIC & O!R MISSIONS :I* ! GOV]NM5T SOMETIMES TAKES A NOTION TO 5TRU/ TO P5NILESS EXPLOR]S1 !Y >E SO MU* EXTRA ROBB]Y & CORRUPTION4 

,9 FACT1 SOCIETY CAN GU>ANTEE TO NO ONE ! CAPITAL NECESS>Y = ! TE/+ ( AN IDEA BY EXP]IM5T2 9 RI<T1 IT CANNOT CLAIM ! RESULTS ( AN 5T]PRISE TO :I* IT HAS NOT SUBSCRIB$3 !RE=E MONOPOLY IS 9DE/RUCTIBLE4 ,= ! RE/1 SOLID>ITY W\LD BE ( NO S]VICE3 =1 AS EA* CAN CLAIM = HIS :IMS ! SOLID>ITY ( ALL & W\LD HAVE ! SAME RI<T TO OBTA9 ! GOV]NM5T'S SIGNATURE 9 BLANK1 WE %\LD SOON >RIVE AT ! UNIV]SAL REIGN ( CAPRICE1 -- ?AT IS1 PURELY & SIMPLY AT ! /ATUS QUO4 

,SOME SOCIALI/S1 V]Y UNHAPPILY 9SPIR$ -- ,I SAY IT ) ALL ! =CE ( MY CONSCI5CE -- BY EVANGELICAL AB/RACTIONS1 BELIEVE ?AT !Y HAVE SOLV$ ! DIFFICULTY BY !SE F9E MAXIMS3 0,9EQUALITY ( CAPACITIES PROVES ! 9EQUALITY ( DUTIES02 0,Y\ HAVE RECEIV$ MORE FROM NATURE1 GIVE MORE TO Y\R BRO!RS10 & O!R HI<-S\ND+ & T\*+ PHRASES1 :I* NEV] FAIL ( !IR EFFECT ON EMPTY HEADS1 BUT :I* NEV]!LESS >E AS SIMPLE AS ANY?+ ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO IMAG9E4 ,! PRACTICAL =MULA D$UC$ FROM !SE M>VEL\S ADAGES IS ?AT EA* LABOR] [ES ALL HIS TIME TO SOCIETY1 & ?AT SOCIETY %\LD GIVE BACK TO HIM 9 EX*ANGE ALL ?AT IS NECESS>Y TO ! SATISFACTION ( HIS WANTS 9 PROPORTION TO ! RES\RCES AT ITS DISPOSAL4 

,MAY MY COMMUNI/IC FRI5DS =GIVE ME6 ,I %\LD BE LESS SEV]E UPON !IR IDEAS IF ,I W]E NOT IRREV]SIBLY CONV9C$1 9 MY REASON & 9 MY HE>T1 ?AT COMMUNISM1 REPUBLICANISM1 & ALL ! SOCIAL1 POLITICAL1 & RELIGI\S UTOPIAS :I* DISDA9 FACTS & CRITICISM1 >E ! GREATE/ OB/ACLE :I* PROGRESS HAS N[ TO CONQU]4 ,:Y WILL !Y NEV] UND]/& ?AT FRAT]NITY CAN BE E/ABLI%$ ONLY BY JU/ICE2 ?AT JU/ICE ALONE1 ! CONDITION1 MEANS1 & LAW ( LIB]TY & FRAT]NITY1 MU/ BE ! OBJECT ( \R /UDY2 & ?AT ITS DET]M9ATION & =MULA MU/ BE PURSU$ )\T RELAXATION1 EV5 TO ! M9UTE/ DETAILS8 ,:Y DO WRIT]S FAMILI> ) ECONOMIC LANGUAGE =GET ?AT SUP]IORITY ( TAL5TS IS SYNONYM\S ) SUP]IORITY ( WANTS1 & ?AT1 9/EAD ( EXPECT+ MORE FROM VIGOR\S ?AN FROM ORD9>Y P]SONALITIES1 SOCIETY %\LD CON/ANTLY LOOK \T ?AT !Y DO NOT RECEIVE MORE ?AN !Y R5D]1 :5 IT IS ALREADY SO H>D = ! MASS ( MANK9D TO R5D] ALL ?AT IT RECEIVES8 ,TURN :I* WAY Y\ WILL1 Y\ MU/ ALWAYS COME BACK TO ! CA% BOOK1 TO ! ACC\NT ( RECEIPTS & EXP5DITURES1 ! SOLE GU>ANTEE AGA9/ L>GE CONSUM]S AS WELL AS AGA9/ SMALL PRODUC]S4 ,! WORKMAN CONT9UALLY LIVES 9 ADVANCE ( HIS PRODUCTION2 HIS T5D5CY IS ALWAYS TO GET CR$IT CONTRACT DEBTS & GO 9TO BANKRUPTCY2 IT IS P]PETUALLY NECESS>Y TO REM9D HIM ( ,SAY'S APHORISM3  ,PRODUCTS >E B\<T ONLY ) PRODUCTS4 

,TO SUPPOSE ?AT ! LABOR] ( GREAT CAPACITY WILL CONT5T HIMSELF1 9 FAVOR ( ! WEAK1 ) HALF HIS WAGES1 FURNI% HIS S]VICES GRATUIT\SLY1 & PRODUCE1 AS ! PEOPLE SAY1 = ! K+ ( ,PRUSSIA -- ?AT IS1 = ?AT AB/RACTION CALL$ SOCIETY1 ! SOV]EIGN1 OR MY BRO!RS1 -- IS TO BASE SOCIETY ON A S5TIM5T1 ,I DO NOT SAY BEYOND ! REA* ( MAN1 BUT ONE :I*1 ]ECT$ SY/EMATICALLY 9TO A PR9CIPLE1 IS ONLY A FALSE VIRTUE1 A DANG]\S HYPOCRISY4 ,*>ITY IS RECOMM5D$ TO US AS A REP>ATION ( ! 9FIRMITIES :I* AFFLICT \R FELL[S BY ACCI-D5T1 &1 VIEW+ IT 9 ?IS LI<T1 ,I CAN SEE ?AT *>ITY MAY BE ORGANIZ$2 ,I CAN SEE ?AT1 GR[+ \T ( SOLID>ITY ITSELF1 IT MAY BECOME SIMPLY JU/ICE4 ,BUT *>ITY TAK5 AS AN 9/RUM5T ( EQUALITY & ! LAW ( EQUILIBRIUM W\LD BE ! DISSOLUTION ( SOCIETY4 ,EQUALITY AMONG M5 IS PRODUC$ BY ! RIGOR\S & 9FLEXIBLE LAW ( LABOR1 ! PROPORTIONALITY ( VALUES1 ! S9C]ITY ( EX*ANGES1 & ! EQUIVAL5CE ( FUNCTIONS1 -- 9 %ORT1 BY ! MA!MATICAL SOLUTION ( ALL ANTAGONISMS4 

,?AT IS :Y *>ITY1 ! PRIME VIRTUE ( ! ,*RI/IAN1 ! LEGITIMATE HOPE ( ! SOCIALI/1 ! OBJECT ( ALL ! EF=TS ( ! ECONOMI/1 IS A SOCIAL VISE ! MOM5T IT IS MADE A PR9CIPLE ( CON/ITUTION & A LAW2 ?AT IS :Y C]TA9 ECONOMI/S HAVE BE5 ABLE TO SAY ?AT LEGAL *>ITY HAD CAUS$ MORE EVIL 9 SOCIETY ?AN PROPRIET>Y USURPATION4 ,MAN1 LIKE ! SOCIETY ( :I* HE IS A P>T1 HAS A P]PETUAL ACC\NT CURR5T ) HIMSELF2 ALL ?AT HE CONSUMES HE MU/ PRODUCE4 ,SU* IS ! G5]AL RULE1 :I* NO ONE CAN ESCAPE )\T BE+1 IPSO FACTO /RUCK ) DI%ONOR OR SUSPECT$ ( FRAUD4 

,S+UL> IDEA1 TRULY1 -- ?AT ( DECREE+1 UND] PRETEXT ( FRAT]NITY1 ! RELATIVE 9F]IORITY ( ! MAJORITY ( M56 ,AFT] ?IS BEAUTIFUL DECL>ATION NO?+ WILL BE LEFT BUT TO DRAW ITS CONSEQU5CES2 & SOON1 ?ANKS TO FRAT]NITY1 >I/OCRACY WILL BE RE/OR$4 

,D\BLE ! NORMAL WAGES ( ! WORKMAN1 & Y\ 9VITE HIM TO IDL5ESS1 HUMILIATE HIS DIGNITY1 & DEMORALIZE HIS CONSCI5CE2 TAKE AWAY FROM HIM ! LEGITIMATE PRICE ( HIS EF=TS1 & Y\ EI!R EXCITE HIS ANG] OR EXALT HIS PRIDE4 ,9 EI!R CASE Y\ DAMAGE HIS FRAT]NAL FEEL+S4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 MAKE 5JOYM5T CONDITIONAL UPON LABOR1 ! ONLY WAY PROVID$ BY NATURE TO ASSOCIATE M5 & MAKE !M GOOD & HAPPY1 & Y\ GO BACK UND] ! LAW ( ECONOMIC DIS-TRIBUTION1 PRODUCTS >E B\<T ) PRODUCTS4 ,COMMUNISM1 AS ,I HAVE (T5 COMPLA9$1 IS ! V]Y D5IAL ( SOCIETY 9 ITS F\NDATION1 :I* IS ! PROGRESSIVE EQUIVAL5CE ( FUNCTIONS & CAPACITIES4 ,! COMMUNI/S1 T[>D :OM ALL SOCIALISM T5DS1 DO NOT BELIEVE 9 EQUALITY BY NATURE & $UCATION2 !Y SUPPLY IT BY SOV]EIGN DECREES :I* !Y CANNOT C>RY \T1 :ATEV] !Y MAY DO4 ,9/EAD ( SEEK+ JU/ICE 9 ! H>MONY ( FACTS1 !Y TAKE IT FROM !IR FEEL+S1 CALL+ JU/ICE EV]Y?+ ?AT SEEMS TO !M TO BE LOVE ( ONE'S NEI<BOR1 & 9CESSANTLY CONF\ND+ MATT]S ( REASON ) ?OSE ( S5TIM5T4 

,:Y !N CONT9UALLY 9T]JECT FRAT]NITY1 *>ITY1 SACRIFICE1 & ,GOD 9TO ! DISCUSSION ( ECONOMIC QUE/IONS8 ,MAY IT NOT BE ?AT ! UTOPI/S F9D IT EASI] TO EXPATIATE UPON !SE GR& WORDS ?AN TO S]I\SLY /UDY SOCIAL MANIFE/ATIONS8 

,FRAT]NITY6 ,BRO!RS AS MU* AS Y\ PLEASE1 PROVID$ ,I AM ! BIG BRO!R & Y\ ! LITTLE2 PROVID$ SOCIETY1 \R COMMON MO!R1 HONORS MY PRIMOG5ITURE & MY S]VICES BY D\BL+ MY PORTION4 ,Y\ WILL PROVIDE = MY WANTS1 Y\ SAY1 9 PROPORTION TO Y\R RES\RCES4 ,I 9T5D1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT SU* PROVISION %ALL BE 9 PROPORTION TO MY LABOR2 IF NOT1 ,I CEASE TO LABOR4 

,*>ITY6 ,I D5Y *>ITY2 IT IS MY/ICISM4 ,9 VA9 DO Y\ TALK TO ME ( FRAT]NITY & LOVE3 ,I REMA9 CONV9C$ ?AT Y\ LOVE ME BUT LITTLE1 & ,I FEEL V]Y SURE ?AT ,I DO NOT LOVE Y\4 ,Y\R FRI5D%IP IS BUT A FE9T1 &1 IF Y\ LOVE ME1 IT IS FROM SELF-9T]E/4 ,I ASK ALL ?AT MY PRODUCTS CO/ ME1 & ONLY :AT !Y CO/ ME3 :Y DO Y\ REFUSE ME8 

,SACRIFICE6 ,I D5Y SACRIFICE2 IT IS MY/ICISM4 ,TALK TO ME ( DEBT & CR$IT1 ! ONLY CRIT]ION 9 MY EYES ( ! JU/ & ! UNJU/1 ( GOOD & EVIL 9 SOCIETY4 ,TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS WORKS1 FIR/2 & IF1 ON OCCASION1 ,I AM IMPELL$ TO AID Y\1 ,I WILL DO IT ) A GOOD GRACE2 BUT ,I WILL NOT BE CON/RA9$4 ,TO CON/RA9 ME TO SACRIFICE IS TO ASSASS9ATE ME4 

,GOD6 ,I KN[ NO ,GOD2 MY/ICISM AGA94 ,BEG9 BY /RIK+ ?IS WORD FROM Y\R REM>KS1 IF Y\ WI% ME TO LI/5 TO Y\2 = ?REE ?\S& YE>S ( EXP]I5CE HAVE TAU<T ME ?AT :OEV] TALKS TO ME ( ,GOD HAS DESIGNS ON MY LIB]TY OR ON MY PURSE4 ,H[ MU* DO Y\ [E ME8 ,H[ MU* DO ,I [E Y\8 ,?AT IS MY RELIGION & MY ,GOD4 

,MONOPOLY [ES ITS EXI/5CE BO? TO NATURE & TO MAN3 IT HAS ITS S\RCE AT ONCE 9 ! PR(\NDE/ DEP?S ( \R CONSCI5CE & 9 ! EXT]NAL FACT ( \R 9DIVIDUALIZATION4 ,JU/ AS 9 \R BODY & \R M9D EV]Y?+ HAS ITS SPECIALTY & PROP]TY1 SO \R LABOR PRES5TS ITSELF ) A PROP] & SPECIFIC *>ACT]1 :I* CON/ITUTES ITS QUALITY & VALUE4 ,& AS LABOR CANNOT MANIFE/ ITSELF )\T MAT]IAL OR AN OBJECT = ITS EX]CISE1 ! P]SON NECESS>ILY ATTRACT+ ! ?+1 MONOPOLY IS E/ABLI%$ FROM SUBJECT TO OBJECT AS 9FALLIBLY AS DURATION IS CON/ITUT$ FROM PA/ TO FUTURE4 ,BEES1 ANTS1 & O!R ANIMALS LIV+ 9 SOCIETY SEEM 5D[$ 9DIVIDUALLY ONLY ) AUTOMATISM2 ) !M S\L & 9/9CT >E ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY COLLECTIVE4 ,?AT IS :Y1 AMONG SU* ANIMALS1 !RE CAN BE NO ROOM = PRIVILEGE & MONOPOLY2 :Y1 EV5 9 !IR MO/ VOLITIONAL OP]ATIONS1 !Y NEI!R CONSULT NOR DELIB]ATE4 ,BUT1 HUMANITY BE+ 9DIVIDUALIZ$ 9 ITS PLURALITY1 MAN BECOMES 9EVITABLY A MONOPOLI/1 S9CE1 IF NOT A MONOPOLI/1 HE IS NO?+2 & ! SOCIAL PROBLEM IS TO F9D \T1 NOT H[ TO ABOLI%1 BUT H[ TO RECONCILE1 ALL MONOPOLIES4 

,! MO/ REM>KABLE & ! MO/ IMM$IATE EFFECTS ( MONOPOLY >E3 

#a4 ,9 ! POLITICAL ORD]1 ! CLASSIFICATION ( HUMANITY 9TO FAMILIES1 TRIBES1 CITIES1 NATIONS1 ,/ATES3 ?IS IS ! ELEM5T>Y DIVISION ( HUMANITY 9TO GR\PS & SUB-GR\PS ( LABOR]S1 DI/+UI%$ BY RACE1 LANGUAGE1 CU/OMS1 & CLIMATE4 ,IT WAS BY MONOPOLY ?AT ! HUMAN RACE TOOK POSSESSION ( ! GLOBE1 AS IT WILL BE BY ASSOCIATION ?AT IT WILL BECOME COMPLETE SOV]EIGN !RE(4 

,POLITICAL & CIVIL LAW1 AS CONCEIV$ BY ALL LEGISLATORS )-\T EXCEPTION & AS =MULAT$ BY JURI/S1 BORN ( ?IS PATRIOTIC & NATIONAL ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETIES1 =MS1 9 ! S]IES ( SOCIAL CONTRADICTIONS1 A FIR/ & VA/ BRAN*1 ! /UDY ( :I* BY ITSELF ALONE W\LD DEM& F\R TIMES MORE TIME ?AN WE CAN GIVE IT 9 DISCUSS+ ! QUE/ION ( 9DU/RIAL ECONOMY PROP\ND$ BY ! ,ACADEMY4 

#b4 ,9 ! ECONOMIC ORD]1 MONOPOLY CONTRIBUTES TO ! 9CREASE ( COM=T1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE BY ADD+ TO ! G5]AL WEAL? ?R\< ! P]FECT+ ( ME?ODS1 & !N BY ,C,A,P,I,T,A,L,I,Z,+1 -- ?AT IS1 BY CONSOLIDAT+ ! CONQUE/S ( LABOR OBTA9$ BY DIVISION1 MA*9]Y1 & COMPETITION4 ,FROM ?IS EFFECT ( MONOPOLY HAS RESULT$ ! ECONOMIC FICTION BY :I* ! CAPITALI/ IS CONSID]$ A PRODUC] & CAPITAL AN AG5T ( PRODUCTION2 !N1 AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS FICTION1 ! !ORY ( NET PRODUCT & GROSS PRODUCT4 

,ON ?IS PO9T WE HAVE A FEW CONSID]ATIONS TO PRES5T4 ,FIR/ LET US QUOTE ,J4 ,B4 ,SAY3 

,! VALUE PRODUC$ IS ! GROSS PRODUCT3 AFT] ! CO/S ( PRODUCTION HAVE BE5 D$UCT$1 ?IS VALUE IS ! NET PRODUCT4 

,CONSID]+ A NATION AS A :OLE1 IT HAS NO NET PRODUCT2 =1 AS PRODUCTS HAVE NO VALUE BEYOND ! CO/S ( PRODUCTION1 :5 !SE CO/S >E CUT (F1 ! 5TIRE VALUE ( ! PRODUCT IS CUT (F4 ,NATIONAL PRODUCTION1 ANNUAL PRODUCTION1 %\LD ALWAYS !RE=E BE UND]/OOD AS GROSS PRODUCTION4 

,! ANNUAL REV5UE IS ! GROSS REV5UE4 

,! T]M NET PRODUCTION IS APPLICABLE ONLY :5 CONSID]+ ! 9T]E/S ( ONE PRODUC] 9 OPPOSITION TO ?OSE ( O!R PRODUC]S4 ,! MANAG] ( AN 5T]PRISE GETS HIS PR(IT FROM ! VALUE PRODUC$ AFT] D$UCT+ ! VALUE CONSUM$4 ,BUT :AT TO HIM IS VALUE CONSUM$1 SU* AS ! PUR*ASE ( A PRODUCTIVE S]VICE1 IS SO MU* 9COME TO ! P]=M] ( ! S]VICE4 -- ,TREATISE ON ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY3 ,ANALYTICAL ,TABLE4 

,!SE DEF9ITIONS >E IRREPROA*ABLE4 ,UNHAPPILY ,J4 ,B4 ,SAY DID NOT SEE !IR FULL BE>+1 & C\LD NOT HAVE =ESE5 ?AT ONE DAY HIS IMM$IATE SUCCESSOR AT ! ,COLLEGE ( ,FRANCE W\LD ATTACK !M4 ,M4 ,ROSSI HAS PRET5D$ TO REFUTE ! PROPOSITION ( ,J4 ,B4 ,SAY ?AT TO A NATION NET PRODUCT IS ! SAME ?+ AS GROSS PRODUCT BY ?IS CONSID]ATION1 -- ?AT NATIONS1 NO MORE ?AN 9DIVIDUALS ( 5T]PRISE1 CAN PRODUCE )\T ADVANCES1 & ?AT1 IF ,J4 ,B4 ,SAY'S =MULA W]E TRUE1 IT W\LD FOLL[ ?AT ! AXIOM1 ,EX NIHILO NIHIL FIT1 IS NOT TRUE 

,N[1 ?AT IS PRECISELY :AT HAPP5S4 ,HUMANITY1 9 IMI-TATION ( ,GOD1 PRODUCES EV]Y?+ FROM NO?+1 DE NIHILO HILUM JU/ AS IT IS ITSELF A PRODUCT ( NO?+1 JU/ AS ITS ?\<T COMES \T ( ! VOID2 & ,M4 ,ROSSI W\LD NOT HAVE MADE SU* A MI/AKE1 IF1 LIKE ! PHYSIOCRATS1 HE HAD NOT CONF\ND$ ! PRODUCTS ( ! 9DU/RIAL K+DOM ) ?OSE ( ! ANIMAL1 VEGETABLE1 & M9]AL K+DOMS4 ,POLITICAL ECONOMY BEG9S ) LABOR2 IT IS DEVELOP$ BY LABOR2 & ALL ?AT DOES NOT COME FROM LABOR1 FALL+ 9TO ! DOMA9 ( PURE UTILITY1 -- ?AT IS1 9TO ! CATEGORY ( ?+S SUBMITT$ TO MAN'S ACTION1 BUT NOT YET R5D]$ EX*ANGEABLE BY LABOR1 -- REMA9S RADICALLY =EIGN TO POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,MONOPOLY ITSELF1 :OLLY E/ABLI%$ AS IT IS BY A PURE ACT ( COLLECTIVE WILL1 DOES NOT *ANGE !SE RELATIONS AT ALL1 S9CE1 ACCORD+ TO HI/ORY1 & ACCORD+ TO ! WRITT5 LAW1 & ACCORD+ TO ECONOMIC !ORY1 MONOPOLY EXI/S1 OR IS REPUT$ TO EXI/1 ONLY AFT] LABOR'S APPE>ANCE4 

,SAY'S DOCTR9E1 !RE=E1 IS UNASSAILABLE4 ,RELATIVELY TO ! MAN ( 5T]PRISE1 :OSE SPECIALTY ALWAYS SUPPOSES O!R MANUFACTUR]S COOP]AT+ ) HIM1 PR(IT IS :AT REMA9S ( ! VALUE PRODUC$ AFT] D$UCT+ ! VALUES CONSUM$1 AMONG :I* MU/ BE 9CLUD$ ! SAL>Y ( ! MAN ( 5T]PRISE1 -- 9 O!R WORDS1 HIS WAGES4 ,RELATIVELY TO SOCIETY1 :I* CONTA9S ALL POSSIBLE SPECIALTIES1 NET PRODUCT IS ID5TICAL ) GROSS PRODUCT4 

,BUT !RE IS A PO9T ! EXPLANATION ( :I* ,I HAVE VA9LY S\<T 9 ,SAY & 9 ! O!R ECONOMI/S1 -- TO WIT1 H[ ! REALITY & LEGITIMACY ( NET PRODUCT IS E/ABLI%$4 ,= IT IS PLA9 ?AT1 9 ORD] TO CAUSE ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( NET PRODUCT1 IT W\LD SUFFICE TO 9CREASE ! WAGES ( ! WORKM5 & ! PRICE ( ! VALUES CONSUM$1 ! SELL+-PRICE REMA9+ ! SAME4 ,SO ?AT1 !RE BE+ NO?+ SEEM+LY TO DI/+UI% NET PRODUCT FROM A SUM )HELD 9 PAY+ WAGES OR1 :AT AM\NTS TO ! SAME ?+1 FROM AN ASSESSM5T LAID UPON ! CONSUM] 9 ADVANCE1 NET PRODUCT HAS EV]Y APPE>ANCE ( AN EXTORTION EFFECT$ BY =CE & )\T ! LEA/ %[ ( RI<T4 

,?IS DIFFICULTY HAS BE5 SOLV$ 9 ADVANCE 9 \R !ORY ( ! PROPORTIONALITY ( VALUES4 

,ACCORD+ TO ?IS !ORY1 EV]Y EXPLOIT] ( A MA*9E1 ( AN IDEA1 OR ( CAPITAL %\LD BE CONSID]$ AS A MAN :O 9CREASES ) EQUAL \TLAY ! AM\NT ( A C]TA9 K9D ( PRODUCTS1 & CONSEQU5TLY 9CREASES ! SOCIAL WEAL? BY ECONOMIZ+ TIME4 ,! PR9CIPLE ( ! LEGITIMACY ( ! NET PRODUCT LIES1 !N1 9 ! PROCESSES PREVI\SLY 9 USE3 IF ! NEW DEVICE SUCCE$S1 !RE WILL BE A SURPLUS ( VALUES1 & CONSEQU5TLY A PR(IT1 -- ?AT IS1 NET PRODUCT2 IF ! 5T]PRISE RE/S ON A FALSE BASIS1 !RE WILL BE A DEFICIT 9 ! GROSS PRODUCT1 & 9 ! LONG RUN FAILURE & BANKRUPTCY4 ,EV5 9 ! CASE -- & IT IS ! MO/ FREQU5T -- :]E !RE IS NO 9NOVATION ON ! P>T ( ! MAN ( 5T]PRISE1 ! RULE ( NET PRODUCT REMA9S APPLICABLE1 = ! SUCCESS ( AN 9DU/RY DEP5DS UPON ! WAY 9 :I* IT IS C>RI$ ON4 ,N[1 IT BE+ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! NATURE ( MONOPOLY ?AT ! RISK & P]IL ( EV]Y 5T]PRISE %\LD BE TAK5 BY ! 9ITIATOR1 IT FOLL[S ?AT ! NET PRODUCT BELONGS TO HIM BY ! MO/ SACR$ TITLE RECOGNIZ$ AMONG M51 -- LABOR & 9TELLIG5CE4 

,IT IS USELESS TO RECALL ! FACT ?AT ! NET PRODUCT IS (T5 EXAGG]AT$1 EI!R BY FRAUDUL5TLY SECUR$ R$UCTIONS ( WAGES OR 9 SOME O!R WAY4 ,!SE >E ABUSES :I* PROCE$1 NOT FROM ! PR9CIPLE1 BUT FROM HUMAN CUPIDITY1 & :I* REMA9 \TSIDE ! DOMA9 ( ! !ORY4 ,= ! RE/1 ,I HAVE %[N1 9 DISCUSS+ ! CON/ITUTION ( VALUE 7,*APT] ,I,I41 #b73 #a1 H[ ! NET PRODUCT CAN NEV] EXCE$ ! DIFF]5CE RESULT+ FROM 9EQUALITY ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION2 #b1 H[ ! PR(IT :I* SOCIETY REAPS FROM EA* NEW 9V5TION IS 9COMP>ABLY GREAT] ?AN ?AT ( ITS ORIG9ATOR4 ,AS !SE PO9TS HAVE BE5 EXHAU/$ ONCE = ALL1 ,I WILL NOT GO OV] !M AGA92 ,I WILL SIMPLY REM>K ?AT1 BY 9DU/RIAL PROGRESS1 ! NET PRODUCT ( ! +5I\S T5DS /EADILY TO DECREASE1 :ILE1 ON ! O!R H&1 !IR COM=T 9CREASES1 AS ! CONC5TRIC LAY]S :I* MAKE UP ! TRUNK ( A TREE BECOME ?9N] AS ! TREE GR[S & AS !Y >E F>!R REMOV$ FROM ! C5T]4 

,BY ! SIDE ( NET PRODUCT1 ! NATURAL REW>D ( ! LABOR]1 ,I HAVE PO9T$ \T AS ONE ( ! HAPPIE/ EFFECTS ( MONOPOLY ! CAPITALIZATION ( VALUES1 FROM :I* IS BORN ANO!R SORT ( PR(IT1 -- NAMELY1 9T]E/1 OR ! HIRE ( CAPITAL4 ,AS = R5T1 AL?\< IT IS (T5 CONF\ND$ ) 9T]E/1 & AL?\<1 9 ORD9>Y LANGUAGE1 IT IS 9CLUD$ ) PR(IT & 9T]E/ UND] ! COMMON EXPRESSION ,R,E,V,5,U,E1 IT IS A DIFF]5T ?+ FROM 9T]E/2 IT IS A CONSEQU5CE1 NOT ( MONOPOLY1 BUT ( PROP]TY2 IT DEP5DS ON A SPECIAL !ORY41 ( :I* WE WILL SPEAK 9 ITS PLACE4 

,:AT1 !N1 IS ?IS REALITY1 KN[N TO ALL PEOPLES1 & NEV]-!LESS /ILL SO BADLY DEF9$1 :I* IS CALL$ 9T]E/ OR ! PRICE ( A LOAN1 & :I* GIVES RISE TO ! FICTION ( ! PRODUCTIVITY ( CAPITAL8 

,EV]YBODY KN[S ?AT A CONTRACTOR1 :5 HE CALCULATES HIS CO/S ( PRODUCTION1 G5]ALLY DIVIDES !M 9TO ?REE CLASSES3 #a1 ! VALUES CONSUM$ & S]VICES PAID =2 #b1 HIS P]SONAL SAL>Y2 #c1 RECOV]Y ( HIS CAPITAL ) 9T]E/4 ,FROM ?IS LA/ CLASS ( CO/S IS BORN ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 CONTRACTOR & CAPITALI/1 AL?\< !SE TWO TITLES ALWAYS EXPRESS BUT ONE FACULTY1 MONOPOLY4 

,?US AN 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISE :I* YIELDS ONLY 9T]E/ ON CAPITAL & NO?+ = NET PRODUCT1 IS AN 9SIGNIFICANT 5T]PRISE1 :I* RESULTS ONLY 9 A TRANS=MATION ( VALUES )\T ADD+ ANY?+ TO WEAL?1 -- AN 5T]PRISE1 9 %ORT1 :I* HAS NO FUR!R REASON = EXI/5CE & IS IMM$IATELY AB&ON$4 ,:Y IS IT1 !N1 ?AT ?IS 9T]E/ ON CAPITAL IS NOT REG>D$ AS A SUFFICI5T SUPPLEM5T ( NET PRODUCT8 ,:Y IS IT NOT ITSELF ! NET PRODUCT8 

,H]E AGA9 ! PHILOSOPHY ( ! ECONOMI/S IS WANT+4 ,TO DEF5D USURY !Y HAVE PRET5D$ ?AT CAPITAL WAS PRODUCTIVE1 & !Y HAVE *ANG$ A METAPHOR 9TO A REALITY4 ,! ANTI-PROPRIET>Y SOCIALI/S HAVE HAD NO DIFFICULTY 9 OV]TURN+ !IR SOPHI/RY2 & ?R\< ?IS CONTROV]SY ! !ORY ( CAPITAL HAS FALL5 9TO SU* DISFAVOR ?AT TODAY1 9 ! M9DS ( ! PEOPLE1 CAPITALI/ & IDL] >E SYNONYM\S T]MS4 ,C]TA9LY IT IS NOT MY 9T5TION TO RETRACT :AT ,I MYSELF HAVE MA9TA9$ AFT] SO MANY O!RS1 OR TO REHABILITATE A CLASS ( CITIZ5S :I* SO /RANGELY MISCONCEIVES ITS DUTIES3 BUT ! 9T]E/S ( SCI5CE & ( ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF OBLIGE ME TO COMPLETE MY FIR/ ASS]TIONS & MA9TA9 TRUE PR9CIPLES4 

#a4 ,ALL PRODUCTION IS EFFECT$ ) A VIEW TO CONSUMPTION1 -- ?AT IS1 TO 5JOYM5T4 ,9 SOCIETY ! CORRELATIVE T]MS PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION1 LIKE NET PRODUCT & GROSS PRODUCT1 DESIGNATE ID5TICALLY ! SAME ?+4 ,IF1 !N1 AFT] ! LABOR] HAS REALIZ$ A NET PRODUCT1 9/EAD ( US+ IT TO 9CREASE HIS COM=T1 HE %\LD CONF9E HIMSELF TO HIS WAGES & /EADILY APPLY HIS SURPLUS TO NEW PRODUCTION1 AS SO MANY PEOPLE DO :O E>N ONLY TO BUY1 PRODUCTION W\LD 9CREASE 9DEF9ITELY1 :ILE COM=T &1 REASON+ FROM ! /&PO9T ( SOCIETY1 POPULATION W\LD REMA9 UN*ANG$4 ,N[1 9T]E/ ON CAPITAL :I* HAS BE5 9VE/$ 9 AN 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISE & :I* HAS BE5 GRADUALLY =M$ BY ! ACCUMULATION ( NET PRODUCT1 IS A SORT ( COMPROMISE BETWE5 ! NECESSITY ( 9CREAS+ PRODUCTION1 ON ! ONE H&1 &1 ON ! O!R1 ?AT ( 9CREAS+ COM=T2 IT IS A ME?OD ( REPRODUC+ & CONSUM+ ! NET PRODUCT AT ! SAME TIME4 

,?AT IS :Y C]TA9 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES PAY !IR /OCKHOLD]S A DIVID5D EV5 BE=E ! 5T]PRISE HAS YIELD$ ANY?+4 ,LIFE IS %ORT1 SUCCESS COMES SL[LY2 ON ! ONE H& LABOR COMM&S1 ON ! O!R MAN WI%ES TO 5JOY4 ,TO MEET ALL !SE EXIG5CIES ! NET PRODUCT %ALL BE DEVOT$ TO PRODUCTION1 BUT MEANTIME 79T]-EA1 9T]-ESSE7 -- ?AT IS1 :ILE WAIT+ = ! NEW PRODUCT -- ! CAPITALI/ %ALL 5JOY4 

,?US1 AS ! AM\NT ( NET PRODUCT M>KS ! PROGRESS ( WEAL?1 9T]E/ ON CAPITAL1 )\T :I* NET PRODUCT W\LD BE USELESS & W\LD NOT EV5 EXI/1 M>KS ! PROGRESS ( COM=T4 ,:ATEV] ! =M ( GOV]NM5T :I* MAY BE E/ABLI%$ AMONG M52 :E!R !Y LIVE 9 MONOPOLY OR 9 COMMUNISM2 :E!R EA* LABOR] KEEPS HIS ACC\NT BY CR$IT & DEBIT1 OR HAS HIS LABOR & PLEASURE P>CEL$ \T TO HIM BY ! COMMUNITY1 -- ! LAW :I* WE HAVE JU/ DIS5GAG$ WILL ALWAYS BE FULFILL$4 ,\R 9T]E/ ACC\NTS DO NO?+ ELSE ?AN BE> WITNESS TO IT4 

#b4 ,VALUES CREAT$ BY NET PRODUCT >E CLASS$ AS SAV+S & CAPITALIZ$ 9 ! MO/ HI<LY EX*ANGEABLE =M1 ! =M :I* IS FREE/ & LEA/ SUSCEPTIBLE ( DEPRECIATION1 -- 9 A WORD1 ! =M ( SPECIE1 ! ONLY CON/ITUT$ VALUE4 ,N[1 IF CAPITAL LEAVES ?IS /ATE ( FRE$OM & 5GAGES ITSELF1 -- ?AT IS1 TAKES ! =M ( MA*9ES1 BUILD+S1 ETC41 -- IT WILL /ILL BE SUSCEPTIBLE ( EX*ANGE1 BUT MU* MORE EXPOS$ ?AN BE=E TO ! OSCILLATIONS ( SUPPLY & DEM&4 ,ONCE 5GAG$1 IT CANNOT BE DIS5AG$ )\T DIFFICULTY2 & ! SOLE RES\RCE ( ITS [N] WILL BE EXPLOITATION4 ,EXPLOITATION ALONE IS CAPABLE ( MA9TA9+ 5GAG$ CAPITAL AT ITS NOM9AL VALUE2 IT MAY 9CREASE IT1 IT MAY DIM9I% IT4 ,CAPITAL ?US TRANS=M$ IS AS IF IT HAD BE5 RISK$ 9 A M>ITIME 5T]PRISE3 ! 9T]E/ IS ! 9SURANCE PREMIUM PAID ON ! CAPITAL4 ,& ?IS PREMIUM WILL BE GREAT] OR LESS ACCORD+ TO ! SC>CITY OR ABUNDANCE ( CAPITAL4 

,LAT] A DI/9CTION WILL ALSO BE E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 ! 9SURANCE PREMIUM & 9T]E/ ON CAPITAL1 & NEW FACTS WILL RESULT FROM ?IS SUBDIVISION3 ?US ! HI/ORY ( HUMANITY IS SIMPLY A P]PETUAL DI/9CTION ( ! M9D'S CONCEPTS4 

#c4 ,NOT ONLY DOES 9T]E/ ON CAPITAL CAUSE ! LABOR] TO 5JOY ! FRUIT ( HIS TOIL & 9SURE HIS SAV+S1 BUT -- & ?IS IS ! MO/ M>VEL\S EFFECT ( 9T]E/ -- :ILE REW>D+ ! PRODUC]1 IT OBLIGES HIM TO LABOR 9CESSANTLY & NEV] /OP4 

,IF A CONTRACTOR IS HIS [N CAPITALI/1 IT MAY HAPP5 ?AT HE WILL CONT5T HIMSELF ) A PR(IT EQUAL TO ! 9T]E/ ON HIS 9VE/M5T3 BUT 9 ?AT CASE IT IS C]TA9 ?AT HIS 9DU/RY IS NO LONG] MAK+ PROGRESS & CONSEQU5TLY IS SUFF]+4 ,?IS WE SEE :5 ! CAPITALI/ IS DI/9CT FROM ! CONTRACTOR3 = !N1 AFT] ! 9T]E/ IS PAID1 ! MANUFACTUR]'S PR(IT IS ABSOLUTELY NO?+2 HIS 9DU/RY BECOMES A P]PETUAL P]IL TO HIM1 FROM :I* IT IS IMPORTANT ?AT HE %\LD FREE HIMSELF AS SOON AS POSSIBLE4 ,= AS SOCIETY'S COM=T MU/ DEVELOP 9 AN 9DEF9ITE PROGRESSION1 SO ! LAW ( ! PRODUC] IS ?AT HE %\LD CONT9UALLY REALIZE A SURPLUS3 O!RWISE HIS EXI/5CE IS PREC>I\S1 MONOTON\S1 FATIGU+4 ,! 9T]E/ DUE TO ! CAPITALI/ BY ! PRODUC] !RE=E IS LIKE ! LA% ( ! PLANT] CRACK+ OV] ! HEAD ( ! SLEEP+ SLAVE2 IT IS ! VOICE ( PROGRESS CRY+3 0,ON1 ON6 ,TOIL1 TOIL60 ,MAN'S DE/9Y PU%ES HIM TO HAPP9ESS3 ?AT IS :Y IT D5IES HIM RE/4 

#d4 ,F9ALLY1 9T]E/ ON MONEY IS ! CONDITION ( CAPITAL'S CIRCULATION & ! *IEF AG5T ( 9DU/RIAL SOLID>ITY4 ,?IS ASPECT HAS BE5 SEIZ$ BY ALL ! ECONOMI/S1 & WE %ALL GIVE IT SPECIAL TREATM5T :5 WE COME TO DEAL ) CR$IT4 

,I HAVE PROV$1 & BETT]1 ,I IMAG9E1 ?AN IT HAS EV] BE5 PROV$ BE=E3 

,?AT MONOPOLY IS NECESS>Y1 S9CE IT IS ! ANTAGONISM ( COMPETITION2 

,?AT IT IS ESS5TIAL TO SOCIETY1 S9CE )\T IT SOCIETY W\LD NEV] HAVE EM]G$ FROM ! PRIMEVAL =E/S & )\T IT W\LD RAPIDLY GO BACKW>DS2 

,F9ALLY1 ?AT IT IS ! CR[N ( ! PRODUC]1 :51 :E!R BY NET PRODUCT OR BY 9T]E/ ON ! CAPITAL :I* HE DEVOTES TO PRODUCTION1 IT BR+S TO ! MONOPOLI/ ?AT 9CREASE ( COM=T :I* HIS =ESI<T & HIS EF=TS DES]VE4 

,%ALL WE1 !N1 ) ! ECONOMI/S1 GLORIFY MONOPOLY1 & CONSECRATE IT TO ! B5EFIT ( WELL-SECUR$ CONS]VATIVES8 ,I AM WILL+1 PROVID$ !Y 9 TURN WILL ADMIT MY CLAIMS 9 :AT IS TO FOLL[1 AS ,I HAVE ADMITT$ !IRS 9 :AT HAS PREC$$4 

,FROM 3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,VIRG9IA ,LIBR>Y4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahde 3 ,*APT] #f1 ,SECTION #f4#a -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #f1 ,SECTION #f4#a -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/