,*APT] #e1 ,SECTION #e4#a 
,NECESSITY ( ,COMPETITION 

#ahdfahdf 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 

,TEXT 3 

,PR\DHON1 ,PI]RE ,JOSEPH4 ,SY/EM ( ,ECONOMICAL ,CONTRADICTIONS3 OR1 ! ,PHILOSOPHY (  
,MIS]Y 

,ELECTRONIC ,TEXT ,C5T]1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,VIRG9IA ,LIBR>Y 

#a4 -- ,NECESSITY ( COMPETITION4 

  

,M4 ,L\IS ,REYBAUD1 NOVELI/ BY PR(ESSION1 ECONOMI/ ON OCCASION1 BREVET$ BY ! ,ACADEMY ( ,MORAL & ,POLITICAL ,SCI5CES = HIS ANTI-RE=MATORY C>ICATURES1 & BECOME1 ) ! LAPSE ( TIME1 ONE ( ! WRIT]S MO/ HO/ILE TO SOCIAL IDEAS1 -- ,M4 ,L\IS ,REYBAUD1 :ATEV] HE MAY DO1 IS NONE ! LESS PR(\NDLY IMBU$ ) !SE SAME IDEAS3 ! OPPOSITION :I* HE ?US EXHIBITS IS NEI!R 9 HIS HE>T NOR 9 HIS M9D2 IT IS 9 ! FACTS4 

,9 ! FIR/ $ITION ( HIS 0,/UDIES ( ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,RE=M]S10 ,M4 ,REYBAUD1 MOV$ BY ! SI<T ( SOCIAL SUFF]+S AS WELL AS ! C\RAGE ( !SE F\ND]S ( S*OOLS1 :O BELIEV$ ?AT !Y C\LD RE=M ! WORLD BY AN EXPLOSION ( S5TIM5TALISM1 HAD =MALLY EXPRESS$ ! OP9ION ?AT ! SURVIV+ FEATURE ( ALL !IR SY/EMS WAS ,A,S,S,O,C,I,A,T,I,O,N4 ,M4 ,DUNOY]1 ONE ( ,M4 ,REYBAUD'S JUDGES1 BORE ?IS TE/IMONY1 ! MORE FLATT]+ TO ,M4 ,REYBAUD FROM BE+ SLI<TLY IRONIC 9 =M3 

,M4 ,REYBAUD1 :O HAS EXPOS$ ) SO MU* ACCURACY & TAL5T1 9 A BOOK :I* ! ,FR5* ,ACADEMY HAS CR[N$1 ! VISES ( ! ?REE PR9CIPAL RE=MATORY SY/EMS1 HOLDS FA/ TO ! PR9CIPLE COMMON TO !M1 :I* S]VES AS !IR BASE1 -- ASSOCIATION4 ,ASSOCIATION 9 HIS EYES1 HE DECL>ES1 IS ! GREATE/ PROBLEM ( MOD]N TIMES4 ,IT IS CALL$1 HE SAYS1 TO SOLVE ?AT ( ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! FRUITS ( LABOR4 ,?\< AU?ORITY CAN DO NO?+ T[>DS ! SOLUTION ( ?IS PROBLEM1 ASSOCIATION C\LD DO EV]Y?+4 ,M4 ,REYBAUD SPEAKS H]E LIKE A WRIT] ( ! PHALAN/]IAN S*OOL4 4 4 4 

,M4 ,REYBAUD HAD ADVANC$ A LITTLE1 AS ONE MAY SEE4 ,5D[$ ) TOO MU* GOOD S5SE & GOOD FAI? NOT TO P]CEIVE ! PRECIPICE1 HE SOON FELT ?AT HE WAS /RAY+1 & BEGAN A RETROGRADE MOVEM5T4 ,I DO NOT CALL ?IS AB\T-FACE A CRIME ON HIS P>T3 ,M4 ,REYBAUD IS ONE ( ?OSE M5 :O CANNOT JU/LY BE HELD RESPONSIBLE = !IR METAPHORS4 ,HE HAD SPOK5 BE=E REFLECT+1 HE RETRACT$3 :AT MORE NATURAL6 ,IF ! SOCIALI/S MU/ BLAME ANY ONE1 LET IT BE ,M4 ,DUNOY]1 :O HAD PROMPT$ ,M4 ,REYBAUD'S RECANTATION BY ?IS S+UL> COMPLIM5T4 

,M4 ,DUNOY] WAS NOT SL[ 9 P]CEIV+ ?AT HIS WORDS HAD NOT FALL5 ON CLOS$ E>S4 ,HE RELATES1 = ! GLORY ( S\ND PR9CIPLES1 ?AT1 09 A SECOND $ITION ( ! ^*,/UDIES ( ,RE=M]S1' ,M4 ,REYBAUD HAS HIMSELF TEMP]$ ! ABSOLUTE TONE ( HIS EXPRESSIONS4 ,HE HAS SAID1 9/EAD ( C\LD DO EV]Y?+1 C\LD DO MU*40 

,IT WAS AN IMPORTANT MODIFICATION1 AS ,M4 ,DUNOY] BR\<T CLE>LY TO HIS NOTICE1 BUT IT /ILL P]MITT$ ,M4 ,REYBAUD TO WRITE AT ! SAME TIME3 

,!SE SYMPTOMS >E GRAVE2 !Y MAY BE CONSID]$ AS PROPHECIES ( A CONFUS$ ORGANIZATION1 9 :I* LABOR W\LD SEEK AN EQUILIBRIUM & A REGUL>ITY :I* IT N[ LACKS4 4 4 4 ,AT ! BOTTOM ( ALL !SE EF=TS IS HIDD5 A PR9CIPLE1 ASSOCIATION1 :I* IT W\LD BE WRONG TO CONDEMN ON ! /R5G? ( IRREGUL> MANIFE/ATIONS4 

,F9ALLY ,M4 ,REYBAUD HAS L\DLY DECL>$ HIMSELF A P>TISAN ( COMPETITION1 :I* MEANS ?AT HE HAS DECID$LY AB&ON$ ! PR9CIPLE ( ASSOCIATION4 ,= IF BY ASSOCIATION WE >E TO UND]/& ONLY ! =MS ( P>TN]%IP FIX$ BY ! COMM]CIAL CODE1 ! PHILOSOPHY ( :I* HAS BE5 SUMM>IZ$ = US BY ,M,M4 ,TROPLONG & ,DELANGLE1 IT IS NO LONG] WOR? :ILE TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 SOCIALI/S & ECONOMI/S1 BETWE5 ONE P>TY :I* SEEKS ASSOCIATION & ANO!R :I* MA9TA9S ?AT ASSOCIATION EXI/S4 

,LET NO ONE IMAG9E1 BECAUSE ,M4 ,REYBAUD HAS HAPP5$ TO SAY HE$LESSLY YES & NO TO A QUE/ION ( :I* HE DOES NOT SEEM TO HAVE YET =M$ A CLE> IDEA1 ?AT ,I CLASS HIM AMONG ?OSE SPECULATORS ( SOCIALISM1 :O1 AFT] HAV+ LAUN*$ A HOAX 9TO ! WORLD1 BEG9 IMM$IATELY TO MAKE !IR RETREAT1 UND] ! PRETEXT ?AT1 ! IDEA N[ BELONG+ TO ! PUBLIC DOMA91 !RE IS NO?+ MORE = !M TO DO BUT TO LEAVE IT TO MAKE ITS WAY4 ,M4 ,REYBAUD1 9 MY OP9ION1 BELONGS RA!R TO ! CATEGORY ( DUPES1 :I* 9CLUDES 9 ITS BOSOM SO MANY HONE/ PEOPLE & PEOPLE ( SO MU* BRA9S4 ,M4 ,REYBAUD WILL REMA91 !N1 9 MY EYES1 ! VIR PROBUS DIC5DI P]ITUS1 ! CONSCI5TI\S & SKILLFUL WRIT]1 :O MAY EASILY BE CAU<T NAPP+1 BUT :O NEV] EXPRESSES ANY?+ ?AT HE DOES NOT SEE OR FEEL4 ,MOREOV]1 ,M4 ,REYBAUD1 ONCE PLAC$ ON ! GR\ND ( ECONOMIC IDEAS1 W\LD F9D ! MORE DIFFICULTY 9 BE+ CONSI/5T ) HIMSELF BECAUSE ( ! CLE>NESS ( HIS M9D & ! ACCURACY ( HIS REASON+4 ,I AM GO+ TO MAKE ?IS CURI\S EXP]IM5T UND] ! READ]'S EYES4 

,IF ,I C\LD BE UND]/OOD BY ,M4 ,REYBAUD1 ,I W\LD SAY TO HIM3 ,TAKE Y\R /& 9 FAVOR ( COMPETITION1 Y\ WILL BE WRONG2 TAKE Y\R /& AGA9/ COMPETITION1 /ILL Y\ WILL BE WRONG3 :I* SIGNIFIES ?AT Y\ WILL ALWAYS BE RI<T4 ,AFT] ?AT1 IF1 CONV9C$ ?AT Y\ HAVE NOT ]R$ EI!R 9 ! FIR/ $ITION ( Y\R BOOK OR 9 ! F\R?1 Y\ %\LD SUCCE$ 9 =MULAT+ Y\R S5TIM5T 9 AN 9TELLIGIBLE MANN]1 ,I WILL LOOK UPON Y\ AS AN ECONOMI/ ( AS GREAT G5IUS AS ,TURGOT & ,A4 ,SMI?2 BUT ,I W>N Y\ ?AT !N Y\ WILL RESEMBLE ! LATT]1 ( :OM Y\ D\BTLESS KN[ LITTLE2 Y\ WILL BE A BELIEV] 9 EQUALITY4 ,DO Y\ ACCEPT ! WAG]8 

,TO BETT] PREP>E ,M4 ,REYBAUD = ?IS SORT ( RECONCILIATION ) HIMSELF1 LET US %[ HIM FIR/ ?AT ?IS V]SATILITY ( JUDGM5T1 = :I* ANYBODY ELSE 9 MY PLACE W\LD REPROA* HIM ) 9SULT+ BITT]NESS1 IS A TREASON1 NOT ON ! P>T ( ! WRIT]1 BUT ON ! P>T ( ! FACTS ( :I* HE HAS MADE HIMSELF ! 9T]PRET]4 

,9 ,M>*1 #a#h#d#d1 ,M4 ,REYBAUD PUBLI%$ ON OLEAG9\S SE$S -- A SUBJECT :I* 9T]E/$ ! CITY ( ,M>SEILLES1 HIS BIR?PLACE -- AN >TICLE 9 :I* HE TOOK VIGOR\S GR\ND 9 FAVOR ( FREE COMPETITION & ! OIL ( SESAME4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! FACTS GA!R$ BY ! AU?OR1 :I* SEEM AU!NTIC1 SESAME W\LD YIELD FROM =TY-FIVE TO =TY-SIX P]C5T ( OIL1 :ILE ! POPPY & ! COLZA YIELD ONLY TW5TY-FIVE TO ?IRTY P]C5T1 & ! OLIVE SIMPLY TW5TY TO TW5TY-TWO4 ,SESAME1 = ?IS REASON1 IS DISLIK$ BY ! NOR!RN MANUFACTUR]S1 :O HAVE ASK$ & OBTA9$ ITS PROHIBITION4 ,NEV]!LESS ! ,5GLI% >E ON ! WAT*1 READY TO TAKE POSSESSION ( ?IS VALUABLE BRAN* ( COMM]CE4 ,LET !M PROHIBIT ! SE$1 SAYS ,M4 ,REYBAUD1 ! OIL WILL REA* US MIX$1 9 SOAP1 OR 9 SOME O!R WAY3 WE %ALL HAVE LO/ ! PR(IT ( MANUFACTURE4 ,MOREOV]1 ! 9T]E/ ( \R M>9E S]VICE REQUIRES ! PROTECTION ( ?IS TRADE2 IT IS A MATT] ( NO LESS ?AN =TY ?\S& CASKS ( SE$1 :I* IMPLIES A M>ITIME \TFIT ( ?REE HUNDR$ VESSELS & ?REE ?\S& SAILORS4 

,!SE FACTS >E CONCLUSIVE3 =TY-FIVE P]C5T ( OIL 9/EAD ( TW5TY-FIVE2 9 QUALITY SUP]IOR TO ALL ! OILS ( ,FRANCE2 R$UCTION 9 ! PRICE ( AN >TICLE ( PRIME NECESSITY2 A SAV+ TO CONSUM]S2 ?REE HUNDR$ %IPS1 ?REE ?\S& SAILORS1 -- SU* W\LD BE ! VALUE TO US ( LIB]TY ( COMM]CE4 ,!RE=E1 LONG LIVE COMPETITION & SESAME6 

,!N1 9 ORD] TO BETT] ASSURE !SE BRILLIANT RESULTS1 ,M4 ,REYBAUD1 IMPELL$ BY HIS PATRIOTISM & GO+ /RAI<T 9 PURSUIT ( HIS IDEA1 OBS]VES -- V]Y JUDICI\SLY 9 \R OP9ION -- ?AT ! GOV]NM5T %\LD AB/A9 H5CE=? FROM ALL TREATIES ( RECIPROCITY 9 ! MATT] ( TRANSPORTATION3 HE ASKS ?AT ,FR5* VESSELS MAY C>RY ! IMPORTS AS WELL AS ! EXPORTS ( ,FR5* COMM]CE4 

0,:AT WE CALL RECIPROCITY10 HE SAYS1 0IS A PURE FICTION1 ! ADVANTAGE ( :I* IS REAP$ BY :I*EV] ( ! P>TIES CAN FURNI% NAVIGATION AT ! SMALLE/ EXP5SE4 ,N[1 AS 9 ,FRANCE ! ELEM5TS ( NAVIGATION1 SU* AS ! PUR*ASE ( ! %IPS1 ! WAGES ( ! CREWS1 & ! CO/S ( \TFIT1 RISE TO AN EXCESSIVE FIGURE1 HI<] ?AN 9 ANY ( ! O!R M>ITIME NATIONS1 IT FOLL[S ?AT EV]Y RECIPROCITY TREATY IS EQUIVAL5T ON \R P>T TO A TREATY ( ABDICATION1 & ?AT1 9/EAD ( AGREE+ TO AN ACT ( MUTUAL CONV5I5CE1 WE RESIGN \RSELVES1 KN[+LY OR 9VOLUNT>ILY1 TO A SACRIFICE40 

,& ,M4 ,REYBAUD !N PO9TS \T ! DISA/R\S CONSEQU5CES ( RECIPROCITY3 

,FRANCE CONSUMES FIVE HUNDR$ ?\S& BALES ( COTTON1 & ! ,AM]ICANS L& !M ON \R :>VES2 %E USES 5ORM\S QUANTITIES ( COAL1 & ! ,5GLI% DO ! C>RY+ !RE(2 ! ,SW$ES & ,NORWEGIANS DELIV] TO US !MSELVES !IR IRON & WOOD2 ! ,DUT*1 !IR *EESES2 ! ,RUSSIANS1 !IR HEMP & :EAT2 ! ,G5OESE1 !IR RICE2 ! ,SPANI>DS1 !IR OILS2 ! ,SICILIANS1 !IR SULFUR2 ! ,GREEKS & ,>M5IANS1 ALL ! COMMODITIES ( ! ,M$IT]RANEAN & ,BLACK SEAS40 

,EVID5TLY SU* A /ATE ( ?+S IS 9TOL]ABLE1 = IT 5DS 9 R5D]+ \R M]*ANT M>9E USELESS4 ,LET US HA/5 BACK1 !N1 9TO \R %IP Y>DS1 FROM :I* ! *EAPNESS ( =EIGN NAVIGATION T5DS TO EXCLUDE US4 ,LET US CLOSE \R DOORS TO =EIGN VESSELS1 OR AT LEA/ LET US BURD5 !M ) A HEAVY TAX4 ,!RE=E1 D[N ) COMPETITION & RIVAL M>9ES6 

,DOES ,M4 ,REYBAUD BEG9 TO UND]/& ?AT HIS ECONOMICO-SOCIALI/IC OSCILLATIONS >E MU* MORE 9NOC5T ?AN HE W\LD HAVE BELIEV$8 ,:AT GRATITUDE HE [ES ME = HAV+ QUIET$ HIS CONSCI5CE1 :I* P]HAPS WAS BECOM+ AL>M$6 

,! RECIPROCITY ( :I* ,M4 ,REYBAUD SO BITT]LY COMPLA9S IS ONLY A =M ( COMM]CIAL LIB]TY4 ,GRANT FULL & 5TIRE LIB]TY ( TRADE1 & \R FLAG IS DRIV5 FROM ! SURFACE ( ! SEAS1 AS \R OILS W\LD BE FROM ! CONT95T4 ,!RE=E WE %ALL PAY DE>] = \R OIL1 IF WE 9SI/ ON MAK+ IT \RSELVES2 DE>] = \R COLONIAL PRODUCTS1 IF WE WI% TO C>RY !M \RSELVES4 ,TO SECURE *EAPNESS IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y1 AFT] HAV+ AB&ON$ \R OILS1 TO AB&ON \R M>9E3 AS WELL AB&ON /RAI<TWAY \R CLO?S1 \R L95S1 \R CALICOES1 \R IRON PRODUCTS1 & !N1 AS AN ISOLAT$ 9DU/RY NECESS>ILY CO/S TOO MU*1 \R W9ES1 \R GRA9S1 \R =AGE6 ,:I*EV] C\RSE Y\ MAY *OOSE1 PRIVILEGE OR LIB]TY1 Y\ >RIVE AT ! IMPOSSIBLE1 AT ! ABSURD4 

,UND\BT$LY !RE EXI/S A PR9CIPLE ( RECONCILIATION2 BUT1 UNLESS IT BE UTT]LY DESPOTIC1 IT MU/ BE D]IV$ FROM A LAW SUP]IOR TO LIB]TY ITSELF3 N[1 IT IS ?IS LAW :I* NO ONE HAS YET DEF9$1 & :I* ,I ASK ( ! ECONOMI/S1 IF !Y REALLY >E MA/]S ( !IR SCI5CE4 ,= ,I CANNOT CONSID] HIM A SAVANT :O1 ) ! GREATE/ S9C]ITY & ALL ! WIT 9 ! WORLD1 PREA*ES BY TURNS1 FIFTE5 L9ES AP>T1 LIB]TY & MONOPOLY4 

,IS IT NOT IMM$IATELY & 9TUITIVELY EVID5T ?AT ,C,O,M,P,E,T,I,T,I,O,N ,D,E,/,R,O,Y,S ,C,O,M,P,E,T,I,T,I,O,N8 ,IS !RE A !OREM 9 GEOMETRY MORE C]TA91 MORE P]EMPTORY1 ?AN ?AT8 ,H[ !N1 UPON :AT CONDITIONS1 9 :AT S5SE1 CAN A PR9CIPLE :I* IS ITS [N D5IAL 5T] 9TO SCI5CE8 ,H[ CAN IT BECOME AN ORGANIC LAW ( SOCIETY8 ,IF COMPETITION IS NECESS>Y2 IF1 AS ! S*OOL SAYS1 IT IS A PO/ULATE ( PRODUCTION1 -- H[ DOES IT BECOME SO DEVA/AT+ 9 ITS EFFECTS8 ,& IF ITS MO/ C]TA9 EFFECT IS TO RU9 ?OSE :OM IT 9CITES1 H[ DOES IT BECOME USEFUL8 ,= ! 9CONV5I5CES :I* FOLL[ 9 ITS TRA91 LIKE ! GOOD :I* IT PROCURES1 >E NOT ACCID5TS >IS+ FROM ! WORK ( MAN3 BO? FOLL[ LOGICALLY FROM ! PR9CIPLE1 & SUBSI/ BY ! SAME TITLE & FACE TO FACE4 

,&1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 COMPETITION IS AS ESS5TIAL TO LABOR AS DIVISION1 S9CE IT IS DIVISION ITSELF RETURN+ 9 ANO!R =M1 OR RA!R1 RAIS$ TO ITS SECOND P[]2 DIVISION1 ,I SAY1 NO LONG]1 AS 9 ! FIR/ P]IOD ( ECONOMIC EVOLUTION1 ADEQUATE TO COLLECTIVE =CE1 & CONSEQU5TLY ABSORB+ ! P]SONALITY ( ! LABOR] 9 ! WORK%OP1 BUT GIV+ BIR? TO LIB]TY BY MAK+ EA* SUBDIVISION ( LABOR A SORT ( SOV]EIGNTY 9 :I* MAN /&S 9 ALL HIS P[] & 9DEP5D5CE4 ,COMPETITION1 9 A WORD1 IS LIB]TY 9 DIVISION & 9 ALL ! DIVID$ P>TS3 BEG9N+ ) ! MO/ COMPREH5SIVE FUNCTIONS1 IT T5DS T[>D ITS REALIZATION EV5 9 ! 9F]IOR OP]ATIONS ( P>CELLAIRE LABOR4 

,H]E ! COMMUNI/S RAISE AN OBJECTION4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y1 !Y SAY1 9 ALL ?+S1 TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 USE & ABUSE4 ,!RE IS A USEFUL1 PRAISEWOR?Y1 MORAL COMPETITION1 A COMPETITION :I* 5L>GES ! HE>T & ! M9D1 A NOBLE & G5]\S COMPETITION1 -- IT IS EMULATION2 & :Y %\LD NOT ?IS EMULATION HAVE = ITS OBJECT ! ADVANTAGE ( ALL8 ,!RE IS ANO!R COMPETITION1 P]NICI\S1 IMMORAL1 UNSOCIAL1 A JEAL\S COMPETITION :I* HATES & :I* KILLS1 -- IT IS EGOISM4 

,SO SAYS COMMUNISM2 SO EXPRESS$ ITSELF1 NE>LY A YE> AGO1 9 ITS SOCIAL PR(ESSION ( FAI?1 ! J\RNAL1 0,LA ,RE=ME40 

,:ATEV] RELUCTANCE ,I MAY FEEL TO OPPOSE M5 :OSE IDEAS >E AT BOTTOM MY [N1 ,I CANNOT ACCEPT SU* DIALECTICS4 0,LA ,RE=ME10 9 BELIEV+ ?AT IT C\LD RECONCILE EV]Y?+ BY A DI/9CTION MORE GRAMMATICAL ?AN REAL1 HAS MADE USE1 )\T SUSPECT+ IT1 ( ! GOLD5 MEAN1 -- ?AT IS1 ( ! WOR/ SORT ( DIPLOMACY4 ,ITS >GUM5T IS EXACTLY ! SAME AS ?AT ( ,M4 ,ROSSI 9 REG>D TO ! DIVISION ( LABOR3 IT CONSI/S 9 SETT+ COMPETITION & MORALITY AGA9/ EA* O!R1 9 ORD] TO LIMIT !M BY EA* O!R1 AS ,M4 ,ROSSI PRET5D$ TO >RE/ & RE/RICT ECONOMIC 9DUCTIONS BY MORALITY1 CUTT+ H]E1 LOPP+ !RE1 TO SUIT ! NE$ & ! OCCASION4 ,I HAVE REFUT$ ,M4 ,ROSSI BY ASK+ HIM ?IS SIMPLE QUE/ION3 ,H[ CAN SCI5CE BE 9 DISAGREEM5T ) ITSELF1 ! SCI5CE ( WEAL? ) ! SCI5CE ( DUTY8 ,LIKEWISE ,I ASK ! COMMUNI/S3 ,H[ CAN A PR9CIPLE :OSE DEVELOPM5T IS CLE>LY USEFUL BE AT ! SAME TIME P]NICI\S8 

,!Y SAY3 EMULATION IS NOT COMPETITION4 ,I NOTE1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ?AT ?IS PRET5D$ DI/9CTION BE>S ONLY ON ! DIV]G5T EFFECTS ( ! PR9CIPLE1 :I* LEADS ONE TO SUPPOSE ?AT !RE W]E TWO PR9CIPLES :I* HAD BE5 CONF\ND$4 ,EMULATION IS NO?+ BUT COMPETITION ITSELF2 &1 S9CE !Y HAVE ?R[N !MSELVES 9TO AB/RACTIONS1 ,I WILL+LY PLUNGE 9 ALSO4 ,!RE IS NO EMULATION )\T AN OBJECT1 JU/ AS !RE IS NO PASSIONAL 9ITIATIVE )\T AN OBJECT2 & AS ! OBJECT ( EV]Y PASSION IS NECESS>ILY ANALOG\S TO ! PASSION ITSELF1 -- WOMAN TO ! LOV]1 P[] TO ! AMBITI\S1 GOLD TO ! MIS]1 A CR[N TO ! POET1 -- SO ! OBJECT ( 9DU/RIAL EMULATION IS NECESS>ILY PR(IT4 

,NO1 REJO9S ! COMMUNI/1 ! LABOR]'S OBJECT ( EMULATION %\LD BE G5]AL UTILITY1 FRAT]NITY1 LOVE4 

,BUT SOCIETY ITSELF1 S9CE1 9/EAD ( /OPP+ AT ! 9DIVIDUAL MAN1 :O IS 9 QUE/ION AT ?IS MOM5T1 !Y WI% TO ATT5D ONLY TO ! COLLECTIVE MAN1 -- SOCIETY1 ,I SAY1 LABORS ONLY ) A VIEW TO WEAL?2 COM=T1 HAPP9ESS1 IS ITS ONLY OBJECT4 ,:Y1 !N1 %\LD ?AT :I* IS TRUE ( SOCIETY NOT BE TRUE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ALSO1 S9CE1 AFT] ALL1 SOCIETY IS MAN & 5TIRE HUMANITY LIVES 9 EA* MAN8 ,:Y SUB/ITUTE = ! IMM$IATE OBJECT ( EMULATION1 :I* 9 9DU/RY IS P]SONAL WELF>E1 ?AT F>-AWAY & ALMO/ METAPHYSICAL MOTIVE CALL$ G5]AL WELF>E1 ESPECIALLY :5 ! LATT] IS NO?+ )\T ! =M] & CAN RESULT ONLY FROM ! =M]8 

,COMMUNI/S1 9 G5]AL1 BUILD UP A /RANGE ILLUSION3 FANATICS ON ! SUBJECT ( P[]1 !Y EXPECT TO SECURE ?R\< A C5TRAL =CE1 & 9 ! SPECIAL CASE 9 QUE/ION1 ?R\< COLLECTIVE WEAL?1 BY A SORT ( REV]SION1 ! WELF>E ( ! LABOR] :O HAS CREAT$ ?IS WEAL?3 AS IF ! 9DIVIDUAL CAME 9TO EXI/5CE AFT] SOCIETY1 9/EAD ( SOCIETY AFT] ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,= ?AT MATT]1 ?IS IS NOT ! ONLY CASE 9 :I* WE %ALL SEE ! SOCIALI/S UNCONSCI\SLY DOM9AT$ BY ! TRADITIONS ( ! REGIME AGA9/ :I* !Y PROTE/4 

,BUT :AT NE$ ( 9SI/+8 ,FROM ! MOM5T ?AT ! COMMUNI/ *ANGES ! NAME ( ?+S1 V]A R]UM VOCABALA1 HE TACITLY ADMITS HIS P[]LESSNESS1 & PUTS HIMSELF \T ( ! QUE/ION4 ,?AT IS :Y MY SOLE REPLY TO HIM %ALL BE3 ,9 D5Y+ COMPETITION1 Y\ AB&ON ! !SIS2 H5CE=? Y\ HAVE NO PLACE 9 ! DISCUSSION4 ,SOME O!R TIME WE WILL 9QUIRE H[ F> MAN %\LD SACRIFICE HIMSELF 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ALL3 = ! MOM5T ! QUE/ION IS ! SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM ( COMPETITION1 -- ?AT IS1 ! RECONCILIATION ( ! HI<E/ SATISFACTION ( EGOISM ) SOCIAL NECESSITIES2 SP>E US Y\R MORALITIES4 

,COMPETITION IS NECESS>Y TO ! CON/ITUTION ( VALUE1 -- ?AT IS1 TO ! V]Y PR9CIPLE ( DI/RIBUTION1 & CONSEQU5TLY TO ! ADV5T ( EQUALITY4 ,AS LONG AS A PRODUCT IS SUPPLI$ ONLY BY A S+LE MANUFACTUR]1 ITS REAL VALUE REMA9S A MY/]Y1 EI!R ?R\< ! PRODUC]'S MISREPRES5TATION OR ?R\< HIS NEGLECT OR 9ABILITY TO R$UCE ! CO/ ( PRODUCTION TO ITS EXTREME LIMIT4 ,?US ! PRIVILEGE ( PRODUCTION IS A REAL LOSS TO SOCIETY1 & PUBLICITY ( 9DU/RY1 LIKE COMPETITION BETWE5 LABOR]S1 A NECESSITY4 ,ALL ! UTOPIAS EV] IMAG9$ OR IMAG9ABLE CANNOT ESCAPE ?IS LAW4 

,C]TA9LY ,I DO NOT C>E TO D5Y ?AT LABOR & WAGES CAN & %\LD BE GU>ANTE$2 ,I EV5 5T]TA9 ! HOPE ?AT ! TIME ( SU* GU>ANTEE IS NOT F> (F3 BUT ,I MA9TA9 ?AT A GU>ANTEE ( WAGES IS IMPOSSIBLE )\T AN EXACT KN[L$GE ( VALUE1 & ?AT ?IS VALUE CAN BE DISCOV]$ ONLY BY COMPETITION1 NOT AT ALL BY COMMUNI/IC 9/ITUTIONS OR BY POPUL> DECREE4 ,= 9 ?IS !RE IS SOME?+ MORE P[]FUL ?AN ! WILL ( ! LEGISLATOR & ( CITIZ5S1 -- NAMELY1 ! ABSOLUTE IMPOSSIBILITY ?AT MAN %\LD DO HIS DUTY AFT] F9D+ HIMSELF RELIEV$ ( ALL RESPONSIBILITY TO HIMSELF3 N[1 RESPONSIBILITY TO SELF1 9 ! MATT] ( LABOR1 NECESS>ILY IMPLIES COMPETITION ) O!RS4 ,ORDA9 ?AT1 BEG9N+ ,JANU>Y #a1 #a#h#d#g1 LABOR & WAGES >E GU>ANTE$ TO ALL3 IMM$IATELY AN IMM5SE RELAXATION WILL SUCCE$ ! EXTREME T5SION TO :I* 9DU/RY IS N[ SUBJECT$2 REAL VALUE WILL FALL RAPIDLY BEL[ NOM9AL VALUE2 METALLIC MONEY1 9 SPITE ( ITS EFFIGY & /AMP1 WILL EXP]I5CE ! FATE ( ! ASSIGNATS2 ! M]*ANT WILL ASK MORE & GIVE LESS2 & WE %ALL F9D \RSELVES 9 A /ILL L[] CIRCLE 9 ! HELL ( MIS]Y 9 :I* COMPETITION IS ONLY ! ?IRD TURN4 

,EV5 W]E ,I TO ADMIT1 ) SOME SOCIALI/S1 ?AT ! ATTRACTIV5ESS ( LABOR MAY SOME DAY S]VE AS FOOD = EMULATION )\T ANY HIDD5 ?\<T ( PR(IT1 ( :AT UTILITY C\LD ?IS UTOPIA BE 9 ! PHASE :I* WE >E /UDY+8 ,WE >E YET ONLY 9 ! ?IRD P]IOD ( ECONOMIC EVOLUTION1 9 ! ?IRD AGE ( ! CON/ITUTION ( LABOR1 -- ?AT IS1 9 A P]IOD :5 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = LABOR TO BE ATTRACTIVE4 ,= ! ATTRACTIV5ESS ( LABOR CAN RESULT ONLY FROM A HI< DEGREE ( PHYSICAL1 MORAL1 & 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! LABOR]4 ,N[1 ?IS DEVELOPM5T ITSELF1 ?IS $UCATION ( HUMANITY BY 9DU/RY1 IS PRECISELY ! OBJECT ( :I* WE >E 9 PURSUIT ?R\< ! CONTRADICTIONS ( SOCIAL ECONOMY4 ,H[1 !N1 C\LD ! ATTRACTIV5ESS ( LABOR S]VE US AS A PR9CIPLE & LEV]1 :5 IT IS /ILL \R OBJECT & \R 5D8 

,BUT1 IF IT IS UNQUE/IONABLE ?AT LABOR1 AS ! HI<E/ MANIFE/ATION ( LIFE1 9TELLIG5CE1 & LIB]TY1 C>RIES ) IT ITS [N ATTRACTIV5ESS1 ,I D5Y ?AT ?IS ATTRACTIV5ESS CAN EV] BE :OLLY SEP>AT$ FROM ! MOTIVE ( UTILITY1 & CONSEQU5TLY FROM A RETURN ( EGOISM2 ,I D5Y1 ,I SAY1 LABOR = LABOR1 JU/ AS ,I D5Y /YLE = /YLE1 LOVE = LOVE1 >T = >T4 ,/YLE = /YLE HAS PRODUC$ 9 !SE DAYS HA/Y LIT]ATURE & ?\<TLESS IMPROVIZATION2 LOVE = LOVE LEADS TO UNNATURAL VISE1 ONANISM1 & PRO/ITUTION2 >T = >T 5DS 9 ,*9ESE KNICK-KNACKS1 C>ICATURE1 ! WOR%IP ( ! UGLY4 ,:5 MAN NO LONG] LOOKS TO LABOR = ANY?+ BUT ! PLEASURE ( EX]CISE1 HE SOON CEASES TO LABOR1 HE PLAYS4 ,HI/ORY IS FULL ( FACTS :I* ATTE/ ?IS DEGRADATION4 ,! GAMES ( ,GREECE1 ,I/HMIAN1 ,OLYMPIC1 ,PY?IAN1 ,NEMEAN1 EX]CISES ( A SOCIETY :I* PRODUC$ EV]Y?+ BY ITS SLAVES2 ! LIFE ( ! ,SP>TANS & ! ANCI5T ,CRETANS1 !IR MODELS2 ! GYMNASIUMS1 PLAYGR\NDS1 HORSE-RACES1 & DISORD]S ( ! M>KET-PLACE AMONG ! ,A!NIANS2 ! OCCUPATIONS :I* ,PLATO ASSIGNS TO ! W>RIORS 9 HIS ,REPUBLIC1 & :I* BUT REPRES5T ! TA/ES ( HIS C5TURY2 F9ALLY1 9 \R FEUDAL SOCIETY1 ! TILTS & T\RNEYS1 -- ALL !SE 9V5TIONS1 AS WELL AS MANY O!RS :I* ,I PASS 9 SIL5CE1 FROM ! GAME ( *ESS1 9V5T$1 IT IS SAID1 AT ! SIEGE ( ,TROY BY ,PALAM$ES1 TO ! C>DS ILLU/RAT$ = ,*>LES ,V,I4 BY ,GR+ONNEUR1 >E EXAMPLES ( :AT LABOR BECOMES AS SOON AS ! S]I\S MOTIVE ( UTILITY IS SEP>AT$ FROM IT4 ,LABOR1 REAL LABOR1 ?AT :I* PRODUCES WEAL? & GIVES KN[L$GE1 HAS TOO MU* NE$ ( REGUL>ITY & P]SEV]ANCE & SACRIFICE TO BE LONG ! FRI5D ( PASSION1 FUGITIVE 9 ITS NATURE1 9CON/ANT1 & DISORD]LY2 IT IS SOME?+ TOO ELEVAT$1 TOO IDEAL1 TOO PHILOSOPHICAL1 TO BECOME EXCLUSIVELY PLEASURE & 5JOYM5T1 -- ?AT IS1 MY/ICISM & S5TIM5T4 ,! FACULTY ( LABOR+1 :I* DI/+UI%ES MAN FROM ! BRUTES1 HAS ITS S\RCE 9 ! PR(\NDE/ DEP?S ( ! REASON3 H[ C\LD IT BECOME 9 US A SIMPLE MANIFE/ATION ( LIFE1 A VOLUPTU\S ACT ( \R FEEL+8 

,BUT IF N[ !Y FALL BACK UPON ! HYPO!SIS ( A TRANS=MATION ( \R NATURE1 UNPREC$5T$ 9 HI/ORY1 & ( :I* !RE HAS BE5 NO?+ SO F> ?AT C\LD HAVE EXPRESS$ ! IDEA1 IT IS NO?+ MORE ?AN A DREAM1 UN9TELLIGIBLE EV5 TO ?OSE :O DEF5D IT1 AN 9V]SION ( PROGRESS1 A CONTRADICTION GIV5 TO ! MO/ C]TA9 LAWS ( ECONOMIC SCI5CE2 & MY ONLY REPLY IS TO EXCLUDE IT FROM ! DISCUSSION4 

,LET US /AY 9 ! REALM ( FACTS1 S9CE FACTS ALONE HAVE A MEAN+ & CAN AID US4 ,! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION WAS EFFECT$ = 9DU/RIAL LIB]TY AS WELL AS = POLITICAL LIB]TY3 & AL?\< ,FRANCE 9 #a<i HAD NOT SE5 ALL ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! PR9CIPLE = ! REALIZATION ( :I* %E ASK$1 -- LET US SAY IT BOLDLY1 -- %E WAS MI/AK5 NEI!R 9 H] WI%ES NOR 9 H] EXPECTATION4 ,:OEV] W\LD TRY TO D5Y IT W\LD LOSE 9 MY EYES ! RI<T TO CRITICISM3 ,I WILL NEV] DISPUTE ) AN ADV]S>Y :O W\LD POSIT AS A PR9CIPLE ! SPONTANE\S ]ROR ( TW5TY-FIVE MILLIONS ( M54 

,AT ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY ,FRANCE1 WE>I$ ) PRIVILEGES1 DESIR$ AT ANY PRICE TO %AKE (F ! TORPOR ( H] CORPORATIONS1 & RE/ORE ! DIGNITY ( ! LABOR] BY CONF]R+ LIB]TY UPON HIM4 ,EV]Y:]E IT WAS NECESS>Y TO EMANCIPATE LABOR1 /IMULATE G5IUS1 & R5D] ! MANUFACTUR] RESPONSIBLE BY >\S+ A ?\S& COMPETITORS & LOAD+ UPON HIM ALONE ! CONSEQU5CES ( HIS 9DOL5CE1 IGNORANCE1 & 9S9C]ITY4 ,BE=E '#h#i ,FRANCE WAS RIPE = ! TRANSITION2 IT WAS ,TURGOT :O HAD ! GLORY ( EFFECT+ ! FIR/ PASSAGE4 

,:Y !N1 IF COMPETITION HAD NOT BE5 A PR9CIPLE ( SOCIAL ECONOMY1 A DECREE ( DE/9Y1 A NECESSITY ( ! HUMAN S\L1 :Y1 9/EAD ( ABOLI%+ CORPORATIONS1 MA/]%IPS1 & W>D5%IPS1 DID !Y NOT ?9K RA!R ( REPAIR+ !M ALL8 ,:Y1 9/EAD ( A REVOLUTION1 DID !Y NOT CONT5T !MSELVES ) A RE=M8 ,:Y ?IS NEGATION1 IF A MODIFICATION WAS SUFFICI5T8 ,ESPECIALLY AS ?IS MIDDLE P>TY WAS 5TIRELY 9 ! L9E ( CONS]VATIVE IDEAS1 :I* ! B\RGEOISIE %>$4 ,LET COMMUNISM1 LET QUASI-SOCIALI/IC DEMOCRACY1 :I*1 9 REG>D TO ! PR9CIPLE ( COMPETITION1 REPRES5T -- ?\< !Y DO NOT SUSPECT IT -- ! SY/EM ( ! GOLD5 MEAN1 ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y IDEA1 EXPLA9 TO ME ?IS UNANIMITY ( ! NATION1 IF !Y CAN6 

,MOREOV] ! EV5T CONFIRM$ ! !ORY4 ,BEG9N+ ) ! ,TURGOT M9I/RY1 AN 9CREASE ( ACTIVITY & WELL-BE+ MANIFE/$ ITSELF 9 ! NATION4 ,! TE/ SEEM$ SO DECISIVE ?AT IT OBTA9$ ! APPROVAL ( ALL LEGISLATURES4 ,LIB]TY ( 9DU/RY & COMM]CE FIGURE 9 \R CON/ITUTIONS ON A LEVEL ) POLITICAL LIB]TY4 ,TO ?IS LIB]TY1 9 %ORT1 ,FRANCE [ES ! GR[? ( H] WEAL? DUR+ ! LA/ SIXTY YE>S4 

,AFT] ?IS CAPITAL FACT1 :I* E/ABLI%ES SO TRIUMPHANTLY ! NECESSITY ( COMPETITION1 ,I ASK P]MISSION TO CITE ?REE OR F\R O!RS1 :I*1 BE+ LESS G5]AL 9 !IR NATURE1 WILL ?R[ 9TO BOLD] RELIEF ! 9FLU5CE ( ! PR9CIPLE :I* ,I DEF5D4 

,:Y IS \R AGRICULTURE SO PRODIGI\SLY BACKW>D8 ,H[ IS IT ?AT R\T9E & B>B>ISM /ILL HOV]1 9 SO MANY LOCALITIES1 OV] ! MO/ IMPORTANT BRAN* ( NATIONAL LABOR8 ,AMONG ! NUM]\S CAUSES ?AT C\LD BE CIT$1 ,I SEE1 9 ! FRONT RANK1 ! ABS5CE ( COMPETITION4 ,! PEASANTS FI<T OV] /RIPS ( GR\ND2 !Y COMPETE ) EA* O!R BE=E ! NOT>Y2 9 ! FIELDS1 NO4 ,& SPEAK TO !M ( EMULATION1 ( ! PUBLIC GOOD1 & ) :AT AMAZEM5T Y\ FILL !M6 ,LET ! K+1 !Y SAY 7TO !M ! K+ IS SYNONYM\S ) ! ,/ATE1 ) ! PUBLIC GOOD1 ) SOCIETY71 LET ! K+ ATT5D TO HIS BUS9ESS1 & WE WILL ATT5D TO \RS6 ,SU* IS !IR PHILOSOPHY & !IR PATRIOTISM4 ,AH6 IF ! K+ C\LD EXCITE COMPETITION ) !M6 ,UN=TUNATELY IT IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,:ILE 9 MANUFACTURES COMPETITION FOLL[S FROM LIB]TY & PROP]TY1 9 AGRICULTURE LIB]TY & PROP]TY >E A DIRECT OB/ACLE TO COMPETITION4 ,! PEASANT1 REW>D$1 NOT ACCORD+ TO HIS LABOR & 9TELLIG5CE1 BUT ACCORD+ TO ! QUALITY ( ! L& & ! CAPRICE ( ,GOD1 AIMS1 9 CULTIVAT+1 TO PAY ! L[E/ POSSIBLE WAGES & TO MAKE ! LEA/ POSSIBLE ADVANCE \TLAYS4 ,SURE ( ALWAYS F9D+ A M>KET = HIS GOODS1 HE IS MU* MORE SOLICIT\S AB\T R$UC+ HIS EXP5SES ?AN AB\T IMPROV+ ! SOIL & ! QUALITY ( ITS PRODUCTS4 ,HE S[S1 & ,PROVID5CE DOES ! RE/4 ,! ONLY SORT ( COMPETITION KN[N TO ! AGRICULTURAL CLASS IS ?AT ( R5TS2 & IT CANNOT BE D5I$ ?AT 9 ,FRANCE1 & = 9/ANCE 9 ,BEAUCE1 IT HAS L$ TO USEFUL RESULTS4 ,BUT AS ! PR9CIPLE ( ?IS COMPETITION TAKES EFFECT ONLY AT SECOND H&1 SO TO SPEAK1 AS IT DOES NOT EMANATE DIRECTLY FROM ! LIB]TY & PROP]TY ( ! CULTIVATORS1 IT DISAPPE>S ) ! CAUSE ?AT PRODUCES IT1 SO ?AT1 TO 9SURE ! DECL9E ( AGRICULTURAL 9DU/RY 9 MANY LOCALITIES1 OR AT LEA/ TO >RE/ ITS PROGRESS1 P]HAPS IT W\LD SUFFICE TO MAKE ! F>M]S PROPRIETORS4 

,ANO!R BRAN* ( COLLECTIVE LABOR1 :I* ( LATE YE>S HAS GIV5 RISE TO %>P DEBATES1 IS ?AT ( PUBLIC WORKS4 0,TO MANAGE ! BUILD+ ( A ROAD1 ,M4 ,DUNOY] V]Y WELL SAYS1 0P]HAPS A PIONE] & A PO/ILION W\LD BE BETT] ?AN AN 5G9E] FRE% FROM ! ,S*OOL ( ,ROADS & ,BRIDGES40 ,!RE IS NO ONE :O HAS NOT HAD OCCASION TO V]IFY ! CORRECTNESS ( ?IS REM>K4 

,ON ONE ( \R F9E/ RIV]S1 CELEBRAT$ BY ! IMPORTANCE ( ITS NAVIGATION1 A BRIDGE WAS BE+ BUILT4 ,FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ! WORK ! RIV]M5 HAD SE5 ?AT ! >*ES W\LD BE MU* TOO L[ TO ALL[ ! CIRCULATION ( BOATS AT TIMES :5 ! RIV] WAS HI<3 !Y PO9T$ ?IS \T TO ! 5G9E] 9 *>GE ( ! WORK4 ,BRIDGES1 ANSW]$ ! LATT] ) SUP]B DIGNITY1 >E MADE = ?OSE :O PASS OV]1 NOT = ?OSE :O PASS UND]4 ,! REM>K HAS BECOME A PROV]B 9 ?AT VIC9ITY4 ,BUT1 AS IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = /UPIDITY TO PREVAIL =EV]1 ! GOV]NM5T HAS FELT ! NECESSITY ( REVIS+ ! WORK ( ITS AG5T1 & AS ,I WRITE ! >*ES ( ! BRIDGE >E BE+ RAIS$4 ,DOES ANY ONE BELIEVE ?AT1 IF ! M]*ANTS 9T]E/$ 9 ! C\RSE ( ! NAVIGABLE WAY HAD BE5 *>G$ ) ! 5T]PRISE AT !IR [N RISK & P]IL1 !Y W\LD HAVE HAD TO DO !IR WORK TWICE8 ,ONE C\LD FILL A BOOK ) MA/]PIECES ( ! SAME SORT A*IEV$ BY Y\NG M5 LE>N$ 9 ROADS & BRIDGES1 :O1 SC>CELY \T ( S*OOL & GIV5 LIFE POSITIONS1 >E NO LONG] /IMULAT$ BY COMPETITION4 

,9 PRO( ( ! 9DU/RIAL CAPACITY ( ! ,/ATE1 & CONSEQU5TLY ( ! POSSIBILITY ( ABOLI%+ COMPETITION ALTOGE!R1 !Y CITE ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! TOBACCO 9DU/RY4 ,!RE1 !Y SAY1 IS NO ADULT]ATION1 NO LITIGATION1 NO BANKRUPTCY1 NO MIS]Y4 ,! CONDITION ( ! WORKM51 ADEQUATELY PAID1 9/RUCT$1 S]MONIZ$1 MORALIZ$1 & ASSUR$ ( A RETIR+ P5SION ACCUMULAT$ BY !IR SAV+S1 IS 9COMP>ABLY SUP]IOR TO ?AT ( ! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( WORKM5 5GAG$ 9 FREE 9DU/RY4 

,ALL ?IS MAY BE TRUE3 = MY P>T1 ,I AM IGNORANT ON ! SUBJECT4 ,I KN[ NO?+ ( :AT GOES ON 9 ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! TOBACCO FACTORIES2 ,I HAVE PROCUR$ NO 9=MATION EI!R FROM ! DIRECTORS OR ! WORKM51 & ,I HAVE NO NE$ ( ANY4 ,H[ MU* DOES ! TOBACCO SOLD BY ! ADM9I/RATION CO/8 ,H[ MU* IS IT WOR?8 ,Y\ CAN ANSW] ! FIR/ ( !SE QUE/IONS3 Y\ ONLY NE$ TO CALL AT ! FIR/ TOBACCO %OP Y\ SEE4 ,BUT Y\ CAN TELL ME NO?+ AB\T ! SECOND1 BECAUSE Y\ HAVE NO /&>D ( COMP>ISON & >E =BIDD5 TO V]IFY BY EXP]IM5T ! ITEMS ( CO/ ( ADM9I/RATION1 :I* IT IS CONSEQU5TLY IMPOSSIBLE TO ACCEPT4 ,!RE=E ! TOBACCO BUS9ESS1 MADE 9TO A MONOPOLY1 NECESS>ILY CO/S SOCIETY MORE ?AN IT BR+S 92 IT IS AN 9DU/RY :I*1 9/EAD ( SUBSI/+ BY ITS [N PRODUCT1 LIVES BY SUBSIDIES1 & :I* CONSEQU5TLY1 F> FROM FURNI%+ US A MODEL1 IS ONE ( ! FIR/ ABUSES :I* RE=M %\LD /RIKE D[N4 

,& :5 ,I SPEAK ( ! RE=M TO BE 9TRODUC$ 9 ! PRODUCTION ( TOBACCO1 ,I DO NOT REF] SIMPLY TO ! 5ORM\S TAX :I* TRIPLES OR QUADRUPLES ! VALUE ( ?IS PRODUCT2 NEI!R DO ,I REF] TO ! HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION ( ITS EMPLOYES1 SOME ( :OM BY !IR SAL>IES >E MADE >I/OCRATS AS EXP5SIVE AS !Y >E USELESS1 :ILE O!RS1 HOPELESS RECEIV]S ( PETTY WAGES1 >E KEPT =EV] 9 ! SITUATION ( SUBALT]NS4 ,I DO NOT EV5 SPEAK ( ! PRIVILEGE ( ! TOBACCO %OPS & ! :OLE WORLD ( P>ASITES :I* !Y SUPPORT3 ,I HAVE P>TICUL>LY 9 VIEW ! USEFUL LABOR1 ! LABOR ( ! WORKM54 ,FROM ! V]Y FACT ?AT ! ADM9I/RATION'S WORKMAN HAS NO COMPETITORS & IS 9T]E/$ NEI!R 9 PR(IT NOR LOSS1 FROM ! FACT ?AT HE IS NOT FREE1 9 A WORD1 HIS PRODUCT IS NECESS>ILY LESS1 & HIS S]VICE TOO EXP5SIVE4 ,?IS BE+ SO1 LET !M SAY ?AT ! GOV]NM5T TREATS ITS EMPLOYES WELL & LOOKS \T = !IR COM=T3 :AT WOND]8 ,:Y DO NOT PEOPLE SEE ?AT LIB]TY BE>S ! BURD5S ( PRIVILEGE1 & ?AT1 IF1 BY SOME IMPOSSIBILITY1 ALL 9DU/RIES W]E TO BE TREAT$ LIKE ! TOBACCO 9DU/RY1 ! S\RCE ( SUBSIDIES FAIL+1 ! NATION C\LD NO LONG] BALANCE ITS RECEIPTS & ITS EXP5SES1 & ! ,/ATE W\LD BECOME A BANKRUPT8 

,=EIGN PRODUCTS3 ,I CITE ! TE/IMONY ( AN $UCAT$ MAN1 ?\< NOT A POLITICAL ECONOMI/1 -- ,M4 ,LIEBIG4 

,=M]LY ,FRANCE IMPORT$ FROM ,SPA9 EV]Y YE> SODA TO ! VALUE ( TW5TY OR ?IRTY MILLIONS ( FRANCS2 = ,SPANI% SODA WAS ! BE/4 ,ALL ?R\< ! W> ) ,5GL& ! PRICE ( SODA1 & CONSEQU5TLY ?AT ( SOAP & GLASS1 CON/ANTLY ROSE4 ,FR5* MANUFACTUR]S !RE=E HAD TO SUFF] CONSID]ABLY FROM ?IS /ATE ( ?+S4 ,!N IT WAS ?AT ,LEBLANC DISCOV]$ ! ME?OD ( EXTRACT+ SODA FROM COMMON SALT4 ,?IS PROCESS WAS A S\RCE ( WEAL? TO ,FRANCE2 ! MANUFACTURE ( SODA ACQUIR$ EXTRAORD9>Y PROPORTIONS2 BUT NEI!R ,LEBLANC NOR ,NAPOLEON 5JOY$ ! PR(IT ( ! 9V5TION4 ,! ,RE/ORATION1 :I* TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! WRA? ( ! PEOPLE AGA9/ ! AU?OR ( ! CONT95TAL BLOCKADE1 REFUS$ TO PAY ! DEBT ( ! EMP]OR1 :OSE PROMISES HAD L$ TO ,LEBLANC'S DISCOV]IES4 4 4 4 

,A FEW YE>S AGO1 ! K+ ( ,NAPLES HAV+ UND]TAK5 TO CONV]T ! ,SICILIAN SULFUR TRADE 9TO A MONOPOLY1 ,5GL&1 :I* CONSUMES AN IMM5SE QUANTITY ( ?IS SULFUR1 W>N$ ! K+ ( ,NAPLES ?AT1 IF ! MONOPOLY W]E MA9TA9$1 IT W\LD BE CONSID]$ A CASUS BELLI4 ,:ILE ! TWO GOV]NM5TS W]E EX*ANG+ DIPLOMATIC NOTES1 FIFTE5 PAT5TS W]E TAK5 \T 9 ,5GL& = ! EXTRACTION ( SULFURIC ACID FROM ! LIME/ONES1 IRON PYRITES1 & O!R M9]AL SUB/ANCES 9 :I* ,5GL& AB\NDS4 ,BUT ! AFFAIR BE+ >RANG$ ) ! K+ ( ,NAPLES1 NO?+ CAME ( !SE EXPLOITATIONS3 IT WAS SIMPLY E/ABLI%$1 BY ! ATTEMPTS :I* W]E MADE1 ?AT ! EXTRACTION ( SULFURIC ACID BY ! NEW PROCESSES C\LD HAVE BE5 C>RI$ ON SUCCESSFULLY1 :I* P]HAPS W\LD HAVE ANNIHILAT$ ,SICILY'S SULFUR TRADE4 

,HAD IT NOT BE5 = ! W> ) ,5GL&1 HAD NOT ! K+ ( ,NAPLES HAD A FANCY = MONOPOLY1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 A LONG TIME BE=E ANY ONE 9 ,FRANCE W\LD HAVE ?\<T ( EXTRACT+ SODA FROM SEA SALT1 OR ANY ONE 9 ,5GL& ( GETT+ SULFURIC ACID FROM ! M\NTA9S ( LIME & PYRITES :I* %E CONTA9S4 ,N[1 ?AT IS PRECISELY ! EFFECT ( COMPETITION UPON 9DU/RY4 ,MAN R\SES FROM HIS IDL5ESS ONLY :5 WANT FILLS HIM ) ANXIETY2 & ! SURE/ WAY TO EXT+UI% HIS G5IUS IS TO DELIV] HIM FROM ALL SOLICITUDE & TAKE AWAY FROM HIM ! HOPE ( PR(IT & ( ! SOCIAL DI/9CTION :I* RESULTS FROM IT1 BY CREAT+ >\ND HIM PEACE EV]Y:]E1 PEACE ALWAYS1 & TRANSF]R+ TO ! ,/ATE ! RESPONSIBILITY ( HIS 9]TIA4 

,YES1 IT MU/ BE ADMITT$1 9 SPITE ( MOD]N QUIETISM1 -- MAN'S LIFE IS A P]MAN5T W>1 W> ) WANT1 W> ) NATURE1 W> ) HIS FELL[S1 & CONSEQU5TLY W> ) HIMSELF4 ,! !ORY ( A PEACEFUL EQUALITY1 F\ND$ ON FRAT]NITY & SACRIFICE1 IS ONLY A C\NT]FEIT ( ! ,CA?OLIC DOCTR9E ( R5UNCIATION ( ! GOODS & PLEASURES ( ?IS WORLD1 ! PR9CIPLE ( BEGG>Y1 ! PANEGYRIC ( MIS]Y4 ,MAN MAY LOVE HIS FELL[ WELL 5\< TO DIE = HIM2 HE DOES NOT LOVE HIM WELL 5\< TO WORK = HIM4 

,TO ! !ORY ( SACRIFICE1 :I* WE HAVE JU/ REFUT$ 9 FACT & 9 RI<T1 ! ADV]S>IES ( COMPETITION ADD ANO!R1 :I* IS JU/ ! OPPOSITE ( ! FIR/3 = IT IS A LAW ( ! M9D ?AT1 :5 IT DOES NOT KN[ ! TRU?1 :I* IS ITS PO9T ( EQUILIBRIUM1 IT OSCILLATES BETWE5 TWO CONTRADICTIONS4 ,?IS NEW !ORY ( ANTI-COMPETITIVE SOCIALISM IS ?AT ( 5C\RAGEM5TS4 

,:AT MORE SOCIAL1 MORE PROGRESSIVE 9 APPE>ANCE1 ?AN 5C\RAGEM5T ( LABOR & ( 9DU/RY8 ,!RE IS NO DEMOCRAT :O DOES NOT CONSID] IT ONE ( ! F9E/ ATTRIBUTES ( P[]1 NO UTOPIAN !ORI/ :O DOES NOT PLACE IT 9 ! FRONT RANK AS A MEANS ( ORGANIZ+ HAPP9ESS4 ,N[1 GOV]NM5T IS BY NATURE SO 9CAPABLE ( DIRECT+ LABOR ?AT EV]Y REW>D BE/[$ BY IT IS A V]ITABLE L>C5Y FROM ! COMMON TREASURY4 ,M4 ,REYBAUD %ALL FURNI% US ! TEXT ( ?IS 9DUCTION4 

0,! PREMIUMS GRANT$ TO 5C\RAGE EXPORTATION10 OBS]VES ,M4 ,REYBAUD SOME:]E1 0>E EQUIVAL5T TO ! TAXES PAID = ! IMPORTATION ( RAW MAT]IAL2 ! ADVANTAGE REMA9S ABSOLUTELY NULL1 & S]VES TO 5C\RAGE NO?+ BUT A VA/ SY/EM ( SMUGGL+40 

,?IS RESULT IS 9EVITABLE4 ,ABOLI% CU/OMS DUTIES1 & NATIONAL 9DU/RY SUFF]S1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 9 ! CASE ( SESAME2 MA9TA9 ! DUTIES )\T GRANT+ PREMIUMS = EXPORTATION1 & NATIONAL COMM]CE WILL BE BEAT5 9 =EIGN M>KETS4 ,TO OBVIATE ?IS DIFFICULTY DO Y\ RESORT TO PREMIUMS8 ,Y\ BUT RE/ORE ) ONE H& :AT Y\ HAVE RECEIV$ ) ! O!R1 & Y\ PROVOKE FRAUD1 ! LA/ RESULT1 ! CAPUT MORTUUM1 ( ALL 5C\RAGEM5TS ( 9DU/RY4 

,H5CE IT FOLL[S ?AT EV]Y 5C\RAGEM5T TO LABOR1 EV]Y REW>D BE/[$ UPON 9DU/RY1 BEYOND ! NATURAL PRICE ( ITS PRODUCT1 IS A GRATUIT\S GIFT1 A BRIBE TAK5 \T ( ! CONSUM] & (F]$ 9 HIS NAME TO A FAVORITE ( P[]1 9 EX*ANGE = Z]O1 = NO?+4 ,TO 5C\RAGE 9DU/RY1 !N1 IS SYNONYM\S AT BOTTOM ) 5C\RAG+ IDL5ESS3 IT IS ONE ( ! =MS ( SW9DL+4 

,9 ! 9T]E/ ( \R NAVY ! GOV]NM5T HAD ?\<T IT BE/ TO GRANT TO \TFITT]S ( TRANSPORT-%IPS A PREMIUM = EV]Y MAN EMPLOY$ ON !IR VESSELS4 ,N[1 ,I CONT9UE TO QUOTE ,M4 ,REYBAUD3 

,ON EV]Y VESSEL ?AT />TS = ,NEWF\NDL& FROM SIXTY TO SEV5TY M5 EMB>K4 ,( ?IS NUMB] TWELVE >E SAILORS3 ! BALANCE CONSI/S ( VILLAG]S SNAT*$ FROM !IR WORK 9 ! FIELDS1 :O1 5GAG$ AS DAY LABOR]S = ! PREP>ATION ( FI%1 REMA9 /RANG]S TO ! RIGG+1 & HAVE NO?+ ?AT IS M>9E AB\T !M EXCEPT !IR FEET & /OMA*4 ,NEV]!LESS1 !SE M5 FIGURE ON ! ROLLS ( ! NAVAL 9SCRIPTION1 & !RE P]PETUATE A DECEPTION4 ,:5 !RE IS OCCASION TO DEF5D ! 9/ITUTION ( PREMIUMS1 !SE >E CIT$ 9 ITS FAVOR2 !Y SWELL ! NUMB]S & CONTRIBUTE TO SUCCESS4 

,BASE JUGGL]Y6 D\BTLESS SOME 9NOC5T RE=M] WILL EXCLAIM4 ,BE IT SO3 BUT LET US ANALYZE ! FACT1 & TRY TO DIS5GAGE ! G5]AL IDEA TO BE F\ND !RE94 

,9 PR9CIPLE ! ONLY 5C\RAGEM5T TO LABOR ?AT SCI5CE CAN ADMIT IS PR(IT4 ,=1 IF LABOR CANNOT F9D ITS REW>D 9 ITS [N PRODUCT1 V]Y F> FROM 5C\RAG+ IT1 IT %\LD BE AB&ON$ AS SOON AS POSSIBLE1 &1 IF ?IS SAME LABOR RESULTS 9 A NET PRODUCT1 IT IS ABSURD TO ADD TO ?IS NET PRODUCT A GRATUIT\S GIFT1 & ?US OV]RATE ! VALUE ( ! S]VICE4 ,APPLY+ ?IS PR9CIPLE1 ,I SAY !N3 ,IF ! M]*ANT S]VICE CALLS ONLY = T5 ?\S& SAILORS1 IT %\LD NOT BE ASK$ TO SUPPORT FIFTE5 ?\S&2 ! %ORTE/ C\RSE = ! GOV]NM5T IS TO PUT FIVE ?\S& CONSCRIPTS ON ,/ATE VESSELS1 & S5D !M ON !IR EXP$ITIONS1 LIKE PR9CES4 ,EV]Y 5C\RAGEM5T (F]$ TO ! M]*ANT M>9E IS A DIRECT 9VITATION TO FRAUD1 -- :AT DO ,I SAY8 -- A PROPOSAL TO PAY WAGES = AN IMPOSSIBLE S]VICE4 ,DO ! H&L+ & DISCIPL9E ( VESSELS & ALL ! CONDITIONS ( M>ITIME COMM]CE ACCOMMODATE !MSELVES TO !SE ADJUNCTS ( A USELESS P]SONONEL8 ,:AT1 !N1 CAN ! %IP-[N] DO 9 FACE ( A GOV]NM5T :I* (F]S HIM A BONUS TO EMB>K ON HIS VESSEL PEOPLE ( :OM HE HAS NO NE$8 ,IF ! M9I/RY ?R[S ! MONEY ( ! TREASURY 9TO ! /REET1 AM ,I GUILTY IF ,I PICK IT UP8 

,?US -- & IT IS A PO9T WOR?Y ( NOTICE -- ! !ORY ( 5C\RAGEM5TS EMANATES DIRECTLY FROM ! !ORY ( SACRIFICE2 &1 9 ORD] TO AVOID HOLD+ MAN RESPONSIBLE1 ! OPPON5TS ( COMPETITION1 BY ! FATAL CONTRADICTION ( !IR IDEAS1 >E OBLIG$ TO MAKE HIM N[ A GOD1 N[ A BRUTE4 ,& !N !Y >E A/ONI%$ ?AT SOCIETY IS NOT MOV$ BY !IR APPEAL6 ,POOR *ILDR56 M5 WILL NEV] BE BETT] OR WORSE ?AN Y\ SEE !M N[ & ?AN !Y ALWAYS HAVE BE54 ,AS SOON AS !IR 9DIVIDUAL WELF>E SOLICITS !M1 !Y DES]T ! G5]AL WELF>E3 9 :I* ,I F9D !M1 IF NOT HONORABLE1 AT LEA/ WOR?Y ( EXCUSE4 ,IT IS Y\R FAULT IF Y\ N[ DEM& ( !M MORE ?AN !Y [E Y\ & N[ /IMULATE !IR GRE$ ) REW>DS :I* !Y DO NOT DES]VE4 ,MAN HAS NO?+ MORE PRECI\S ?AN HIMSELF1 & CONSEQU5TLY NO O!R LAW ?AN HIS RESPONSIBILITY4 ,! !ORY ( SELF-SACRIFICE1 LIKE ?AT ( REW>DS1 IS A !ORY ( ROGUES1 SUBV]SIVE ( SOCIETY & MORALITY2 & BY ! V]Y FACT ?AT Y\ LOOK EI!R TO SACRIFICE OR TO PRIVILEGE = ! MA9T5ANCE ( ORD]1 Y\ CREATE A NEW ANTAGONISM 9 SOCIETY4 ,9/EAD ( CAUS+ ! BIR? ( H>MONY FROM ! FREE ACTIVITY ( P]SONS1 Y\ R5D] ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! ,/ATE /RANG]S TO EA* O!R2 9 COMM&+ UNION1 Y\ BREA! DISCORD4 

,TO SUM UP1 \TSIDE ( COMPETITION !RE REMA9S BUT ?IS ALT]NATIVE1 -- 5C\RAGEM5T1 :I* IS A MY/IFICATION1 OR SACRIFICE1 :I* IS HYPOCRISY4 

,!RE=E COMPETITION1 ANALYZ$ 9 ITS PR9CIPLE1 IS AN 9SPIRATION ( JU/ICE2 & YET WE %ALL SEE ?AT COMPETITION1 9 ITS RESULTS1 IS UNJU/4 

,FROM 3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,VIRG9IA ,LIBR>Y4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahde 3 ,*APT] #e1 ,SECTION #e4#a -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#i1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #e1 ,SECTION #e4#a -- ,ADD$4 

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