,*APT] #d1 ,SECTION #d4#c 
,( ,PRES]VATIVES ,AGA9/ ! ,DISA/R\S ,9FLU5CE ( ,MA*9]Y 

#ahdfahdf 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 

,TEXT 3 

,PR\DHON1 ,PI]RE ,JOSEPH4 ,SY/EM ( ,ECONOMICAL ,CONTRADICTIONS3 OR1 ! ,PHILOSOPHY (  
,MIS]Y 

,ELECTRONIC ,TEXT ,C5T]1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,VIRG9IA ,LIBR>Y 

 #c4 -- ,( PRES]VATIVES AGA9/ ! DISA/R\S 9FLU5CE ( MA*9]Y4 

  

,R$UCTION ( MANUAL LABOR IS SYNONYM\S ) L[]+ ( PRICE1 &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ) 9CREASE ( EX*ANGE1 S9CE1 IF ! CONSUM] PAYS LESS1 HE WILL BUY MORE4 

,BUT R$UCTION ( MANUAL LABOR IS SYNONYM\S ALSO ) RE/RICTION ( M>KET1 S9CE1 IF ! PRODUC] E>NS LESS1 HE WILL BUY LESS4 ,& ?IS IS ! C\RSE ?AT ?+S ACTUALLY TAKE4 ,! CONC5TRATION ( =CES 9 ! WORK%OP & ! 9T]V5TION ( CAPITAL 9 PRODUCTION1 UND] ! NAME ( MA*9]Y1 5G5D] AT ! SAME TIME OV]PRODUCTION & DE/ITUTION2 & EV]YBODY HAS WITNESS$ !SE TWO SC\RGES1 MORE TO BE FE>$ ?AN 9C5DI>ISM & PLAGUE1 DEVELOP 9 \R DAY ON ! VA/E/ SCALE & ) DEV\R+ 9T5SITY4 ,NEV]!LESS IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = US TO RETREAT3 IT IS NECESS>Y TO PRODUCE1 PRODUCE ALWAYS1 PRODUCE *EAPLY2 O!RWISE1 ! EXI/5CE ( SOCIETY IS COMPROMIS$4 ,! LABOR]1 :O1 TO ESCAPE ! DEGRADATION ) :I* ! PR9CIPLE ( DIVISION ?REAT5$ HIM1 HAD CREAT$ SO MANY M>VEL\S MA*9ES1 N[ F9DS HIMSELF EI!R PROHIBIT$ OR SUBJUGAT$ BY HIS [N WORKS4 ,AGA9/ ?IS ALT]NATIVE :AT MEANS >E PROPOS$8 

,M4 DE ,SISMONDI1 LIKE ALL M5 ( PATRI>*AL IDEAS1 W\LD LIKE ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 ) MA*9]Y & MANUFACTURES1 TO BE AB&ON$1 & EA* FAMILY TO RETURN TO ! SY/EM ( PRIMITIVE 9DIVISION1 -- ?AT IS1 TO EA* ONE BY HIMSELF1 EA* ONE = HIMSELF1 9 ! MO/ LIT]AL MEAN+ ( ! WORDS4 ,?AT W\LD BE TO RETROGRADE2 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE4 

,M4 ,BLANQUI RETURNS TO ! *>GE ) HIS PLAN ( P>TICIPATION BY ! WORKMAN1 & ( CONSOLIDATION ( ALL 9DU/RIES 9 A JO9T-/OCK COMPANY = ! B5EFIT ( ! COLLECTIVE LABOR]4 ,I HAVE %[N ?AT ?IS PLAN W\LD IMPAIR PUBLIC WELF>E )\T APPRECIABLY IMPROV+ ! CONDITION ( ! LABOR]S2 & ,M4 ,BLANQUI HIMSELF SEEMS TO %>E ?IS S5TIM5T4 ,H[ RECONCILE1 9 FACT1 ?IS P>TICIPATION ( ! WORKMAN 9 ! PR(ITS ) ! RI<TS ( 9V5TORS1 CONTRACTORS1 & CAPITALI/S1 ( :OM ! FIR/ HAVE TO REIMBURSE !MSELVES = L>GE \TLAYS1 AS WELL AS = !IR LONG & PATI5T EF=TS2 ! SECOND CONT9UALLY 5DANG] ! WEAL? !Y HAVE ACQUIR$1 & TAKE UPON !MSELVES ALONE ! *ANCES ( !IR 5T]PRISES1 :I* >E (T5 V]Y HAZ>D\S2 & ! ?IRD C\LD SU/A9 NO R$UCTION ( !IR DIVID5DS )\T 9 SOME WAY LOS+ !IR SAV+S8 ,H[ H>MONIZE1 9 A WORD1 ! EQUALITY DESIRABLE TO E/ABLI% BETWE5 LABOR]S & EMPLOY]S ) ! PREPOND]ANCE :I* CANNOT BE TAK5 FROM HEADS ( E/ABLI%M5TS1 FROM LOAN]S ( CAPITAL1 & FROM 9V5TORS1 & :I* 9VOLVES SO CLE>LY !IR EXCLUSIVE APPROPRIATION ( ! PR(ITS8 ,TO DECREE BY A LAW ! ADMISSION ( ALL WORKM5 TO A %>E ( ! PR(ITS W\LD BE TO PRON\NCE ! DISSOLUTION ( SOCIETY3 ALL ! ECONOMI/S HAVE SE5 ?IS SO CLE>LY ?AT !Y HAVE F9ALLY *ANG$ 9TO AN EXHORTATION TO EMPLOY]S :AT HAD FIR/ OCCURR$ TO !M AS A PROJECT4 ,N[1 AS LONG AS ! WAGE-WORK] GETS NO PR(IT SAVE :AT MAY BE ALL[$ HIM BY ! CONTRACTOR1 IT IS P]FECTLY SAFE TO ASSUME ?AT ET]NAL POV]TY WILL BE HIS LOT3 IT IS NOT 9 ! P[] ( ! HOLD]S ( LABOR TO MAKE IT O!RWISE4 

,= ! RE/1 ! IDEA1 O!RWISE V]Y LAUDABLE1 ( ASSOCIAT+ WORKM5 ) EMPLOY]S T5DS TO ?IS COMMUNI/IC CONCLUSION1 EVID5TLY FALSE 9 ITS PREMISES3 ,! LA/ WORD ( MA*9]Y IS TO MAKE MAN RI* & HAPPY )\T ! NECESSITY ( LABOR ON HIS P>T4 ,S9CE1 !N1 NATURAL AG5CIES MU/ DO EV]Y?+ = US1 MA*9]Y \<T TO BELONG TO ! ,/ATE1 & ! GOAL ( PROGRESS IS COMMUNISM4 

,I %ALL EXAM9E ! COMMUNI/IC !ORY 9 ITS PLACE4 

,BUT ,I BELIEVE ?AT ,I \<T TO IMM$IATELY W>N ! P>TISANS ( ?IS UTOPIA ?AT ! HOPE ) :I* !Y FLATT] !MSELVES 9 RELATION TO MA*9]Y IS ONLY AN ILLUSION ( ! ECONOMI/S1 SOME?+ LIKE P]PETUAL MOTION1 :I* IS ALWAYS S\<T & NEV] F\ND1 BECAUSE ASK$ ( A P[] :I* CANNOT GIVE IT4 ,MA*9ES DO NOT GO ALL ALONE3 TO KEEP !M 9 MOTION IT IS NECESS>Y TO ORGANIZE AN IMM5SE S]VICE >\ND !M2 SO ?AT 9 ! 5D1 MAN CREAT+ = HIMSELF AN AM\NT ( WORK PROPORTIONAL TO ! NUMB] ( 9/RUM5TS ) :I* HE SURR\NDS HIMSELF1 ! PR9CIPAL CONSID]ATION 9 ! MATT] ( MA*9]Y IS MU* LESS TO DIVIDE ITS PRODUCTS ?AN TO SEE ?AT IT IS F$1 -- ?AT IS1 TO CONT9UALLY R5EW ! MOTIVE P[]4 ,N[1 ?IS MOTIVE P[] IS NOT AIR1 WAT]1 /EAM1 ELECTRICITY2 IT IS LABOR1 -- ?AT IS1 ! M>KET4 

,A RAILROAD SUPPRESSES ALL ALONG ITS L9E CONVEYANCES1 /AGES1 H>NESS-MAK]S1 SADDL]S1 :EELWRI<TS1 9N-KEEP]S3 ,I TAKE FACTS AS !Y >E JU/ AFT] ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ROAD4 ,SUPPOSE ! ,/ATE1 AS A MEASURE ( PRES]VATION OR 9 OB$I5CE TO ! PR9CIPLE ( 9DEMNITY1 %\LD MAKE ! LABOR]S DISPLAC$ BY ! RAILROAD ITS PROPRIETORS OR OP]ATORS3 ! TRANSPORTATION RATES1 LET US SUPPOSE1 BE+ R$UC$ BY TW5TY-FIVE P]C5T 7O!RWISE ( :AT USE IS ! RAILROAD871 ! 9COME ( ALL !SE LABOR]S UNIT$ WILL BE DIM9I%$ BY A LIKE AM\NT1 -- :I* IS TO SAY ?AT A F\R? ( ! P]SONS =M]LY LIV+ BY CONVEYANCES WILL F9D !MSELVES LIT]ALLY )\T RES\RCES1 9 SPITE ( ! MUNIFIC5CE ( ! ,/ATE4 ,TO MEET !IR DEFICIT !Y HAVE BUT ONE HOPE1 -- ?AT ! MASS ( TRANSPORTATION EFFECT$ OV] ! L9E MAY BE 9CREAS$ BY TW5TY-FIVE P]C5T1 OR ELSE ?AT !Y MAY F9D EMPLOYM5T 9 O!R L9ES ( 9DU/RY1 -- :I* SEEMS AT FIR/ IMPOSSIBLE1 S9CE1 BY ! HYPO!SIS & 9 FACT1 PLACES >E EV]Y:]E FILL$1 PROPORTION IS MA9TA9$ EV]Y:]E1 & ! SUPPLY IS SUFFICI5T = ! DEM&4 

,MOREOV] IT IS V]Y NECESS>Y1 IF IT BE DESIR$ TO 9CREASE ! MASS ( TRANSPORTATION1 ?AT A FRE% IMPETUS BE GIV5 TO LABOR 9 O!R 9DU/RIES4 ,N[1 ADMITT+ ?AT ! LABOR]S DISPLAC$ BY ?IS OV]-PRODUCTION F9D EMPLOYM5T1 & ?AT !IR DI/RIBUTION AMONG ! V>I\S K9DS ( LABOR PROVES AS EASY 9 PRACTICE AS 9 !ORY1 ! DIFFICULTY IS /ILL F> FROM SETTL$4 ,= ! NUMB] ( ?OSE 5GAG$ 9 CIRCULATION BE+ TO ! NUMB] ( ?OSE 5GAG$ 9 PRODUCTION AS ONE HUNDR$ TO ONE ?\S&1 9 ORD] TO OBTA91 ) A CIRCULATION ONE-F\R? LESS EXP5SIVE1 -- 9 O!R WORDS1 ONE-F\R? MORE P[]FUL1 -- ! SAME REV5UE AS BE=E1 IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO /R5G!N PRODUCTION ALSO BY ONE-F\R?1 -- ?AT IS1 TO ADD TO ! AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL >MY1 NOT TW5TY-FIVE1 -- ! FIGURE :I* 9DICATES ! PROPORTIONALITY ( ! C>RY+ 9DU/RY1 -- BUT TWO HUNDR$ & FIFTY4 ,BUT1 TO >RIVE AT ?IS RESULT1 IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO CREATE MA*9ES1 -- :AT IS WORSE1 TO CREATE M53 :I* CONT9UALLY BR+S ! QUE/ION BACK TO ! SAME PO9T4 ,?US CONTRADICTION UPON CONTRADICTION3 N[ NOT ONLY IS LABOR1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( MA*9]Y1 LACK+ TO M51 BUT ALSO M51 9 CONSEQU5CE ( !IR NUM]ICAL WEAKNESS & ! 9SUFFICI5CY ( !IR CONSUMPTION1 >E LACK+ TO MA*9]Y3 SO ?AT1 P5D+ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( EQUILIBRIUM1 !RE IS AT ONCE A LACK ( WORK & A LACK ( >MS1 A LACK ( PRODUCTS & A LACK ( M>KETS4 ,& :AT WE SAY ( ! RAILROAD IS TRUE ( ALL 9DU/RIES3 ALWAYS ! MAN & ! MA*9E PURSUE EA* O!R1 ! =M] NEV] ATTA9+ RE/1 ! LATT] NEV] ATTA9+ SATISFACTION4 

,:ATEV] ! PACE ( ME*ANICAL PROGRESS2 ?\< MA*9ES %\LD BE 9V5T$ A HUNDR$ TIMES MORE M>VEL\S ?AN ! MULE-J5NY1 ! KNITT+-MA*9E1 OR ! CYL9D] PRESS2 ?\< =CES %\LD BE DISCOV]$ A HUNDR$ TIMES MORE P[]FUL ?AN /EAM1 -- V]Y F> FROM FREE+ HUMANITY1 SECUR+ ITS LEISURE1 & MAK+ ! PRODUCTION ( EV]Y?+ GRATUIT\S1 !SE ?+S W\LD HAVE NO O!R EFFECT ?AN TO MULTIPLY LABOR1 9DUCE AN 9CREASE ( POPULATION1 MAKE ! *A9S ( S]FDOM HEAVI]1 R5D] LIFE MORE & MORE EXP5SIVE1 & DEEP5 ! ABYSS :I* SEP>ATES ! CLASS ?AT COMM&S & 5JOYS FROM ! CLASS ?AT OBEYS & SUFF]S4 

,SUPPOSE N[ ALL !SE DIFFICULTIES OV]COME2 SUPPOSE ! LABOR]S MADE AVAILABLE BY ! RAILROAD ADEQUATE TO ! 9CREASE ( S]VICE DEM&$ = ! SUPPORT ( ! LOCOMOTIVE1 -- COMP5SATION BE+ EFFECT$ )\T PA91 NOBODY WILL SUFF]2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! WELL-BE+ ( EA* WILL BE 9CREAS$ BY A FRACTION ( ! PR(IT REALIZ$ BY ! SUB/ITUTION ( ! RAILWAY = ! /AGE-COA*4 ,:AT !N1 ,I %ALL BE ASK$1 PREV5TS !SE ?+S FROM TAK+ PLACE ) SU* REGUL>ITY & PRECISION8 ,& :AT IS EASI] ?AN = AN 9TELLIG5T GOV]NM5T TO SO MANAGE ALL 9DU/RIAL TRANSITIONS8 

,I HAVE PU%$ ! HYPO!SIS AS F> AS IT C\LD GO 9 ORD] TO %[1 ON ! ONE H&1 ! 5D TO :I* HUMANITY IS T5D+1 &1 ON ! O!R1 ! DIFFICULTIES :I* IT MU/ OV]COME 9 ORD] TO ATTA9 IT4 ,SURELY ! PROVID5TIAL ORD] IS ?AT PROGRESS %\LD BE EFFECT$1 9 SO F> AS MA*9]Y IS CONC]N$1 9 ! WAY ?AT ,I HAVE JU/ SPOK5 (3 BUT :AT EMB>RASSES SOCIETY'S M>* & MAKES IT GO FROM ,*>YBDIS TO ,SCYLLA IS PRECISELY ! FACT ?AT IT IS NOT ORGANIZ$4 ,WE HAVE REA*$ AS YET ONLY ! SECOND PHASE ( ITS EVOLUTION1 & ALREADY WE HAVE MET UPON \R ROAD TWO *ASMS :I* SEEM 9SUP]ABLE1 -- DIVISION ( LABOR & MA*9]Y4 ,H[ SAVE ! P>CELLAIRE WORKMAN1 IF HE IS A MAN ( 9TELLIG5CE1 FROM DEGRADATION1 OR1 IF HE IS DEGRAD$ ALREADY1 LIFT HIM TO 9TELLECTUAL LIFE8 ,H[1 9 ! SECOND PLACE1 GIVE BIR? AMONG LABOR]S TO ?AT SOLID>ITY ( 9T]E/ )\T :I* 9DU/RIAL PROGRESS C\NTS ITS /EPS BY ITS CATA/ROPHES1 :5 !SE SAME LABOR]S >E RADICALLY DIVID$ BY LABOR1 WAGES1 9TELLIG5CE1 & LIB]TY1 -- ?AT IS1 BY EGOISM8 ,H[1 9 %ORT1 RECONCILE :AT ! PROGRESS ALREADY ACCOMPLI%$ HAS HAD ! EFFECT ( R5D]+ IRRECONCILABLE8 ,TO APPEAL TO COMMUNISM & FRAT]NITY W\LD BE TO ANTICIPATE DATES3 !RE IS NO?+ 9 COMMON1 !RE CAN EXI/ NO FRAT]NITY1 BETWE5 SU* CREATURES AS ! DIVISION ( LABOR & ! S]VICE ( MA*9]Y HAVE MADE4 ,IT IS NOT 9 ?AT DIRECTION -- AT LEA/ = ! PRES5T -- ?AT WE MU/ SEEK A SOLUTION4 

,WELL6 IT WILL BE SAID1 S9CE ! EVIL LIES /ILL MORE 9 ! M9DS ?AN 9 ! SY/EM1 LET US COME BACK TO 9/RUCTION1 LET US LABOR = ! $UCATION ( ! PEOPLE4 

,9 ORD] ?AT 9/RUCTION MAY BE USEFUL1 9 ORD] ?AT IT MAY EV5 BE RECEIV$1 IT IS NECESS>Y1 FIR/ ( ALL1 ?AT ! PUPIL %\LD BE FREE1 JU/ AS1 BE=E PLANT+ A PIECE ( GR\ND1 WE CLE> IT ( ?ORNS & DOG-GRASS4 ,MOREOV]1 ! BE/ SY/EM ( $UCATION1 EV5 SO F> AS PHILOSOPHY & MORALITY >E CONC]N$1 W\LD BE ?AT ( PR(ESSIONAL $UCATION3 ONCE MORE1 H[ RECONCILE SU* $UCATION ) P>CELLAIRE DIVISION & ! S]VICE ( MA*9]Y8 ,H[ %ALL ! MAN :O1 BY ! EFFECT ( HIS LABOR1 HAS BECOME A SLAVE1 -- ?AT IS1 A *ATTEL1 A ?+1 -- AGA9 BECOME A P]SON BY ! SAME LABOR1 OR 9 CONT9U+ ! SAME EX]CISE8 ,:Y IS IT NOT SE5 ?AT !SE IDEAS >E MUTUALLY REPELL5T1 & ?AT1 IF1 BY SOME IMPOSSIBILITY1 ! PROLETAIRE C\LD REA* A C]TA9 DEGREE ( 9TELLIG5CE1 HE W\LD MAKE USE ( IT 9 ! FIR/ PLACE TO REVOLUTIONIZE SOCIETY & *ANGE ALL CIVIL & 9DU/RIAL RELATIONS8 ,& :AT ,I SAY IS NO VA9 EXAGG]ATION4 ,! WORK+ CLASS1 9 ,P>IS & ! L>GE CITIES1 IS VA/LY SUP]IOR 9 PO9T ( IDEAS TO :AT IT WAS TW5TY-FIVE YE>S AGO2 N[1 LET !M TELL ME IF ?IS CLASS IS NOT DECID$LY1 5]GETICALLY REVOLUTION>Y6 ,& IT WILL BECOME MORE & MORE SO 9 PROPORTION AS IT %ALL ACQUIRE ! IDEAS ( JU/ICE & ORD]1 9 PROPORTION ESPECIALLY AS IT %ALL REA* AN UND]/&+ ( ! ME*ANISM ( PROP]TY4 

,LANGUAGE1 -- ,I ASK P]MISSION TO RECUR ONCE MORE TO ETYMOLOGY1 -- LANGUAGE SEEMS TO ME TO HAVE CLE>LY EXPRESS$ ! MORAL CONDITION ( ! LABOR]1 AFT] HE HAS BE51 IF ,I MAY SO SPEAK1 DEP]SONALIZ$ BY 9DU/RY4 ,9 ! ,LAT9 ! IDEA ( S]VITUDE IMPLIES ?AT ( SUBORD9ATION ( MAN TO ?+S2 & :5 LAT] FEUDAL LAW DECL>$ ! S]F ATTA*$ TO ! GLEBE1 IT ONLY P]IPHRAS$ ! LIT]AL MEAN+ ( ! WORD S]VUS4.<#a.> ,SPONTANE\S REASON1 ORACLE ( FATE ITSELF1 HAD !RE  

,NOTE3  

.<#a.> ,9 SPITE ( ! MO/ APPROV$ AU?ORITIES1 ,I CANNOT ACCEPT ! IDEA ?AT S]F1 9 ,LAT9 S]VUS1 WAS SO CALL$ FROM S]V>E1 TO KEEP1 BECAUSE ! SLAVE WAS A PRISON] ( W> :O WAS KEPT = LABOR4 ,S]VITUDE1 OR AT LEA/ DOME/ICITY1 IS C]TA9LY PRIOR TO W>1 AL?\< W> MAY HAVE NOTICEABLY /R5G!N$ IT4 ,:Y1 MOREOV]1 IF SU* WAS ! ORIG9 ( ! IDEA AS WELL AS ( ! ?+1 %\LD !Y NOT HAVE SAID1 9/EAD ( S]V-US1 S]V-ATUS1 9 CON=MITY ) GRAMMATICAL D$UCTION8 ,TO ME ! REAL ETYMOLOGY IS REVEAL$ 9 ! OPPOSITION ( S]V->E & S]V-IRE1 ! PRIMITIVE !ME ( :I* IS S]-O 9-/RO1 TO JO91 TO PRESS1 :5CE S]-IES1 JO9T1 CONT9UITY1 ,S]-A1 LOCK1 S]TIR1 9S]T1 ETC4 ,ALL !SE WORDS IMPLY ! IDEA ( A PR9CIPAL ?+1 TO :I* IS JO9$ AN ACCESSORY1 AS AN OBJECT ( SPECIAL USEFULNESS4 ,!NCE S]V-IRE1 TO BE AN OBJECT ( USEFULNESS1 A ?+ SECOND>Y TO ANO!R2 S]V->E1 AS WE SAY TO PRESS1 TO PUT ASIDE1 TO ASSIGN A ?+ ITS UTILITY2 S]V-US1 A MAN AT H&1 A UTILITY1 A *ATTEL1 9 %ORT1 A MAN ( S]VICE4 ,! OPPOSITE ( S]VUS IS DEM-9US 7DOM-US1 DOM-ANIUM1 & DOM>E72 ?AT IS1 ! HEAD ( ! H\SEHOLD1 ! MA/] ( ! H\SE1 HE :O UTILIZES M51 S]VAT1 ANIMALS1 DOMAT1 & ?+S1 POSSIDET4,?AT CONSEQU5TLY PRISON]S ( W> %\LD HAVE BE5 RES]V$ = SLAV]Y1 S]VATI AD S]VITIUM1 OR RA!R S]TI AD GLEBAM1 IS P]FECTLY CONCEIVABLE2 !IR DE/9Y BE+ KN[N1 !Y HAVE SIMPLY TAK5 !IR NAME FROM IT4 

=E CONDEMN$ ! SUBALT]N WORKMAN1 BE=E SCI5CE HAD E/ABLI%$ HIS DEBASEM5T4 ,SU* BE+ ! CASE1 :AT CAN ! EF=TS ( PHILAN?ROPY DO = BE+S :OM ,PROVID5CE HAS REJECT$8 

,LABOR IS ! $UCATION ( \R LIB]TY4 ,! ANCI5TS HAD A PR(\ND P]CEPTION ( ?IS TRU? :5 !Y DI/+UI%$ ! S]VILE >TS FROM ! LIB]AL >TS4 ,=1 LIKE PR(ESSION1 LIKE IDEAS2 LIKE IDEAS1 LIKE MORALS4 ,EV]Y?+ 9 SLAV]Y TAKES ON ! *>ACT] ( DEGRADATION1 -- HABITS1 TA/ES1 9CL9ATIONS1 S5TIM5TS1 PLEASURES3 IT 9VOLVES UNIV]SAL SUBV]SION4 ,OCCUPY ONE'S SELF ) ! $UCATION ( ! POOR6 ,BUT ?AT W\LD CREATE ! MO/ CRUEL ANTAGONISM 9 !SE DEG5]ATE S\LS2 ?AT W\LD 9SPIRE !M ) IDEAS :I* LABOR W\LD R5D] 9TOL]ABLE TO !M1 AFFECTIONS 9COMPATIBLE ) ! BRUTI%NESS ( !IR CONDITION1 PLEASURES ( :I* ! P]CEPTION IS DULL$ 9 !M4 ,IF SU* A PROJECT C\LD SUCCE$1 9/EAD ( MAK+ A MAN ( ! LABOR]1 IT W\LD MAKE A DEMON ( HIM4 ,JU/ /UDY ?OSE FACES :I* PEOPLE ! PRISONS & ! GALLEYS1 & TELL ME IF MO/ ( !M DO NOT BELONG TO SUBJECTS :OM ! REVELATION ( ! BEAUTIFUL1 ( ELEGANCE1 ( WEAL?1 ( COM=T1 ( HONOR1 & ( SCI5CE1 ( ALL ?AT MAKES ! DIGNITY ( MAN1 HAS F\ND TOO WEAK1 & SO HAS DEMORALIZ$ & KILL$4 

,AT LEA/ WAGES %\LD BE FIX$1 SAY ! LESS AUDACI\S2 S*$ULES ( RATES %\LD BE PREP>$ 9 ALL 9DU/RIES1 TO BE ACCEPT$ BY EMPLOY]S & WORKM54 

,?IS HYPO!SIS ( SALVATION IS CIT$ BY ,M4 ,FIX4 ,& HE ANSW]S VICTORI\SLY3 

,SU* S*$ULES HAVE BE5 MADE 9 ,5GL& & ELSE:]E2 !IR VALUE IS KN[N2 EV]Y:]E !Y HAVE BE5 VIOLAT$ AS SOON AS ACCEPT$1 BO? BY EMPLOY]S & BY WORKM54 

,! CAUSES ( ! VIOLATION ( ! S*$ULES >E EASY TO FA?OM3 !Y >E TO BE F\ND 9 MA*9]Y1 9 ! 9CESSANT PROCESSES & COMB9ATIONS ( 9DU/RY4 ,A S*$ULE IS AGRE$ UPON AT A GIV5 MOM5T3 BUT SUDD5LY !RE COMES A NEW 9V5TION :I* GIVES ITS AU?OR ! P[] TO L[] ! PRICE ( M]*&ISE4 ,:AT WILL ! O!R EMPLOY]S DO8 ,!Y WILL CEASE TO MANUFACTURE & WILL DIS*>GE !IR WORKM51 OR ELSE !Y WILL PROPOSE TO !M A R$UCTION4 ,IT IS ! ONLY C\RSE OP5 TO !M1 P5D+ A DISCOV]Y BY !M 9 TURN ( SOME PROCESS BY MEANS ( :I*1 )\T L[]+ ! RATE ( WAGES1 !Y WILL BE ABLE TO PRODUCE MORE *EAPLY ?AN !IR COMPETITORS3 :I* WILL BE EQUIVAL5T AGA9 TO A SUPPRESSION ( WORKM54 

,M4 ,LEON ,FAU*] SEEMS 9CL9$ TO FAVOR A SY/EM ( 9DEMNITY4 ,HE SAYS3 

,WE READILY CONCEIVE ?AT1 9 SOME 9T]E/ OR O!R1 ! ,/ATE1 REPRES5T+ ! G5]AL DESIRE1 %\LD COMM& ! SACRIFICE ( AN 9DU/RY4 

,IT IS ALWAYS SUPPOS$ TO COMM& IT1 FROM ! MOM5T ?AT IT GRANTS TO EA* ! LIB]TY TO PRODUCE1 & PROTECTS & DEF5DS ?IS LIB]TY AGA9/ ALL 5CROA*M5T4 

,BUT ?IS IS AN EXTREME MEASURE1 AN EXP]IM5T :I* IS ALWAYS P]IL\S1 & :I* %\LD BE ACCOMPANI$ BY ALL POSSIBLE CONSID]ATION = 9DIVIDUALS4 ,! ,/ATE HAS NO RI<T TO TAKE FROM A CLASS ( CITIZ5S ! LABOR BY :I* !Y LIVE1 BE=E O!RWISE PROVID+ = !IR SUBSI/5CE OR ASSUR+ ITSELF ?AT !Y WILL F9D 9 SOME NEW 9DU/RY EMPLOYM5T = !IR M9DS & >MS4 ,IT IS A PR9CIPLE 9 CIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES ?AT ! GOV]NM5T CANNOT SEIZE A PIECE ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 EV5 ON GR\NDS ( PUBLIC UTILITY1 )\T FIR/ BUY+ \T ! PROPRIETOR BY A JU/ 9DEMNITY PAID 9 ADVANCE4 ,N[1 LABOR SEEMS TO US PROP]TY QUITE AS LEGITIMATE1 QUITE AS SACR$1 AS A FIELD OR A H\SE1 & WE DO NOT UND]/& :Y IT %\LD BE EXPROPRIAT$ )\T ANY SORT ( COMP5SATION4 4 4 4 

,AS *IM]ICAL AS WE CONSID] ! DOCTR9ES :I* REPRES5T GOV]NM5T AS ! UNIV]SAL PURVEYOR ( LABOR 9 SOCIETY1 TO ! SAME EXT5T DOES IT SEEM TO US JU/ & NECESS>Y ?AT EV]Y DISPLACEM5T ( LABOR 9 ! NAME ( PUBLIC UTILITY %\LD BE EFFECT$ ONLY BY MEANS ( A COMP5SATION OR A TRANSITION1 & ?AT NEI!R 9DIVIDUALS NOR CLASSES %\LD BE SACRIFIC$ TO ,/ATE CONSID]ATIONS4 ,P[]1 9 WELL-CON/ITUT$ NATIONS1 HAS ALWAYS TIME & MONEY TO GIVE = ! MITIGATION ( !SE P>TIAL SUFF]+S4 ,& IT IS PRECISELY BECAUSE 9DU/RY DOES NOT EMANATE FROM IT1 BECAUSE IT IS BORN & DEVELOP$ UND] ! FREE & 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE ( CITIZ5S1 ?AT ! GOV]NM5T IS B\ND1 :5 IT DI/URBS ITS C\RSE1 TO (F] IT A SORT ( REP>ATION OR 9DEMNITY4 

,!RE'S S5SE = Y\3 :ATEV] ,M4 ,LEON ,FAU*] MAY SAY1 HE CALLS = ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR4 ,= GOV]NM5T TO SEE TO IT ?AT EV]Y DISPLACEM5T ( LABOR IS EFFECT$ ONLY BY MEANS ( A COMP5SATION OR A TRANSITION1 & ?AT 9DIVIDUALS & CLASSES >E NEV] SACRIFIC$ TO ,/ATE CONSID]ATIONS1 -- ?AT IS1 TO ! PROGRESS ( 9DU/RY & ! LIB]TY ( 5T]PRISE1 ! SUPREME LAW ( ! ,/ATE1 -- IS )\T ANY D\BT TO CON/ITUTE ITSELF1 9 SOME WAY ?AT ! FUTURE %ALL DET]M9E1 ! PURVEYOR ( LABOR 9 SOCIETY & ! GU>DIAN ( WAGES4 ,&1 AS WE HAVE MANY TIMES REPEAT$1 9ASMU* AS 9DU/RIAL PROGRESS & CONSEQU5TLY ! WORK ( DIS>RANG+ & RE>RANG+ CLASSES 9 SOCIETY IS CONT9UAL1 IT IS NOT A SPECIAL TRANSITION = EA* 9NOVATION ?AT NE$S TO BE DISCOV]$1 BUT RA!R A G5]AL PR9CIPLE1 AN ORGANIC LAW ( TRANSITION1 APPLICABLE TO ALL POSSIBLE CASES & PRODUC+ ITS EFFECT ITSELF4 ,IS ,M4 ,LEON ,FAU*] 9 A POSITION TO =MULATE ?IS LAW & RECONCILE ! V>I\S ANTAGONISMS :I* WE HAVE DESCRIB$8 ,NO1 S9CE HE PREF]S TO /OP AT ! IDEA ( AN 9DEMNITY4 ,P[]1 HE SAYS1 9 WELL-ORGANIZ$ NATIONS1 HAS ALWAYS TIME & MONEY TO GIVE = ! MITIGATION ( !SE P>TIAL SUFF]+S4 ,I AM SORRY = ,M4 ,FAU*]'S G5]\S 9T5TIONS1 BUT !Y SEEM TO ME RADICALLY IMPRACTICABLE4 

,P[] HAS NO TIME & MONEY SAVE :AT IT TAKES FROM ! TAXPAY]S4 ,TO 9DEMNIFY BY TAXATION LABOR]S ?R[N \T ( WORK W\LD BE TO VISIT O/RACISM UPON NEW 9V5TIONS & E/ABLI% COMMUNISM BY MEANS ( ! BAYONET2 ?AT IS NO SOLUTION ( ! DIFFICULTY4 ,IT IS USELESS TO 9SI/ FUR!R ON 9DEMNIFICATION BY ! ,/ATE4 ,9DEMNITY1 APPLI$ ACCORD+ TO ,M4 ,FAU*]'S VIEWS1 W\LD EI!R 5D 9 9DU/RIAL DESPOTISM1 9 SOME?+ LIKE ! GOV]NM5T ( ,MOHAMM$-,ALI1 OR ELSE W\LD DEG5]ATE 9TO A POOR-TAX1 -- ?AT IS1 9TO A VA9 HYPOCRISY4 ,= ! GOOD ( HUMANITY IT W]E BETT] NOT TO 9DEMNIFY1 & TO LET LABOR SEEK ITS [N ET]NAL CON/ITUTION4 

,!RE >E SOME :O SAY3 ,LET GOV]NM5T C>RY LABOR]S ?R[N \T ( WORK TO PO9TS :]E PRIVATE 9DU/RY IS NOT E/ABLI%$1 :]E 9DIVIDUAL 5T]PRISE CANNOT REA*4 ,WE HAVE M\NTA9S TO PLANT AGA9 ) TREES1 T5 OR TWELVE MILLION ACRES ( L& TO CLE>1 CANALS TO DIG1 9 %ORT1 A ?\S& ?+S ( IMM$IATE & G5]AL UTILITY TO UND]TAKE4 

0,WE C]TA9LY ASK \R READ]S' P>DON = IT10 ANSW]S ,M4 ,FIX2 0BUT H]E AGA9 WE >E OBLIG$ TO CALL = ! 9T]V5TION ( CAPITAL4 ,!SE SURFACES1 C]TA9 COMMUNAL L&S EXCEPT$1 >E FALL[1 BECAUSE1 IF CULTIVAT$1 !Y W\LD YIELD NO NET PRODUCT1 & V]Y LIKELY NOT EV5 ! CO/S ( CULTIVATION4 ,!SE L&S >E POSSESS$ BY PROPRIETORS :O EI!R HAVE OR HAVE NOT ! CAPITAL NECESS>Y TO CULTIVATE !M4 ,9 ! =M] CASE1 ! PROPRIETOR W\LD V]Y PROBABLY CONT5T HIMSELF1 IF HE CULTIVAT$ !SE L&S1 ) A V]Y SMALL PR(IT1 & P]HAPS W\LD =EGO :AT IS CALL$ ! R5T ( ! L&3 BUT HE HAS F\ND ?AT1 9 UND]TAK+ SU* CULTIVATION1 HE W\LD LOSE HIS ORIG9AL CAPITAL1 & HIS O!R CALCULATIONS HAVE %[N HIM ?AT ! SALE ( ! PRODUCTS W\LD NOT COV] ! CO/S ( CULTIVATION4 4 4 4 ,ALL ?+S CONSID]$1 !RE=E1 ?IS L& WILL REMA9 FALL[1 BECAUSE CAPITAL ?AT %\LD BE PUT 9TO IT W\LD YIELD NO PR(IT & W\LD BE LO/4 ,IF IT W]E O!RWISE1 ALL !SE L&S W\LD BE IMM$IATELY PUT 9 CULTIVATION2 ! SAV+S N[ DISPOS$ ( 9 ANO!R DIRECTION W\LD NECESS>ILY GRAVITATE 9 A C]TA9 PROPORTION TO ! CULTIVATION ( L&2 = CAPITAL HAS NO AFFECTIONS3 IT HAS 9T]E/S1 & ALWAYS SEEKS ?AT EMPLOYM5T :I* IS SURE/ & MO/ LUCRATIVE40 

,?IS >GUM5T1 V]Y WELL REASON$1 AM\NTS TO SAY+ ?AT ! TIME TO CULTIVATE ITS WA/E L&S HAS NOT >RIV$ = ,FRANCE1 JU/ AS ! TIME = RAILROADS HAS NOT >RIV$ = ! ,KAFFRES & ! ,HOTT5TOTS4 ,=1 AS HAS BE5 SAID 9 ! SECOND *APT]1 SOCIETY BEG9S BY WORK+ ?OSE S\RCES :I* YIELD MO/ EASILY & SURELY ! MO/ NECESS>Y & LEA/ EXP5SIVE PRODUCTS3 IT IS ONLY GRADUALLY ?AT IT >RIVES AT ! UTILIZATION ( ?+S RELATIVELY LESS PRODUCTIVE4 ,S9CE ! HUMAN RACE HAS BE5 TOSS+ AB\T ON ! FACE ( ITS GLOBE1 IT HAS /RUGGL$ ) NO O!R TASK2 = IT ! SAME C>E IS EV] RECURR5T1 -- ?AT ( ASSUR+ ITS SUBSI/5CE :ILE GO+ =W>D 9 ! PA? ( DISCOV]Y4 ,9 ORD] ?AT SU* CLE>+ ( L& MAY NOT BECOME A RU9\S SPECULATION1 A CAUSE ( MIS]Y1 9 O!R WORDS1 9 ORD] ?AT IT MAY BE POSSIBLE1 IT IS NECESS>Y1 !RE=E1 TO MULTIPLY /ILL FUR!R \R CAPITAL & MA*9]Y1 DISCOV] NEW PROCESSES1 & MORE ?OR\<LY DIVIDE LABOR4 ,N[1 TO SOLICIT ! GOV]NM5T TO TAKE SU* AN 9ITIATIVE IS TO IMITATE ! PEASANTS :O1 ON SEE+ ! APPROA* ( A /ORM1 BEG9 TO PRAY TO ,GOD & TO 9VOKE !IR SA9T4 ,GOV]NM5TS -- TODAY IT CANNOT BE TOO (T5 REPEAT$ -- >E ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ,DIV9ITY1 -- ,I HAD ALMO/ SAID EXECUTORS ( CELE/IAL V5GEANCE3 !Y CAN DO NO?+ = US4 ,DOES ! ,5GLI% GOV]NM5T1 = 9/ANCE1 KN[ ANY WAY ( GIV+ LABOR TO ! UN=TUNATES :O TAKE REFUGE 9 ITS WORKH\SES8 ,& IF IT KNEW1 W\LD IT D>E8 ,AID Y\RSELF1 & ,HEAV5 WILL AID Y\6 ,?IS NOTE ( POPUL> DI/RU/ ( ,DIV9ITY TELLS US ALSO :AT WE MU/ EXPECT ( P[]1 -- NO?+4 

,>RIV$ AT ! SECOND /ATION ( \R ,CALV>Y1 9/EAD ( AB&ON+ \RSELVES TO /]ILE CONTEMPLATIONS1 LET US BE MORE & MORE ATT5TIVE TO ! TEA*+S ( DE/9Y4 ,! GU>ANTEE ( \R LIB]TY LIES 9 ! PROGRESS ( \R TORTURE4 

,FROM 3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,VIRG9IA ,LIBR>Y4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahde 3 ,*APT] #d1 ,SECTION #d4#c -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#i1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #d1 ,SECTION #d4#c -- ,ADD$4 

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