,*APT] #d1 ,SECTION #d4#a 
,( ! ,FUNCTION ( ,MA*9]Y 9 ITS ,RELATIONS TO ,LIB]TY 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 

,TEXT 3 

,PR\DHON1 ,PI]RE ,JOSEPH4 ,SY/EM ( ,ECONOMICAL ,CONTRADICTIONS3 OR1 ! ,PHILOSOPHY (  
,MIS]Y 

,ELECTRONIC ,TEXT ,C5T]1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,VIRG9IA ,LIBR>Y 

#a4 -- ,( ! FUNCTION ( MA*9]Y 9 ITS RELATIONS TO LIB]TY4  

  

,! 9TRODUCTION ( MA*9]Y 9TO 9DU/RY IS ACCOMPLI%$ 9 OPPOSITION TO ! LAW ( DIVISION1 & AS IF TO REE/ABLI% ! EQUILIBRIUM PR(\NDLY COMPROMIS$ BY ?AT LAW4 ,TO TRULY APPRECIATE ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ?IS MOVEM5T & GRASP ITS SPIRIT1 A FEW G5]AL CONSID]ATIONS BECOME NECESS>Y4 

,MOD]N PHILOSOPH]S1 AFT] COLLECT+ & CLASSIFY+ !IR ANNALS1 HAVE BE5 L$ BY ! NATURE ( !IR LABORS TO DEAL ALSO ) HI/ORY3 !N IT WAS ?AT !Y SAW1 NOT )\T SURPRISE1 ?AT ! HI/ORY ( PHILOSOPHY WAS ! SAME ?+ AT BOTTOM AS ! PHILOSOPHY ( HI/ORY2 FUR!R1 ?AT !SE TWO BRAN*ES ( SPECULATION1 SO DIFF]5T 9 APPE>ANCE1 ! HI/ORY ( PHILOSOPHY & ! PHILOSOPHY ( HI/ORY1 W]E ALSO ONLY ! /AGE REPRES5TATION ( ! CONCEPTS ( METAPHYSICS1 :I* IS PHILOSOPHY 5TIRE4 

,N[1 DIVID+ ! MAT]IAL ( UNIV]SAL HI/ORY AMONG A C]TA9 NUMB] ( FRAMES1 SU* AS MA!MATICS1 NATURAL HI/ORY1 SOCIAL ECONOMY1 ETC41 IT WILL BE F\ND ?AT EA* ( !SE DIVISIONS CONTA9S ALSO METAPHYSICS4 ,& IT WILL BE ! SAME D[N TO ! LA/ SUBDIVISION ( ! TOTALITY ( HI/ORY3 SO ?AT 5TIRE PHILOSOPHY LIES AT ! BOTTOM ( EV]Y NATURAL OR 9DU/RIAL MANIFE/ATION2 ?AT IT IS NO RESPECT] ( DEGREES OR QUALITIES2 ?AT1 TO RISE TO ITS SUBLIME/ CONCEPTIONS1 ALL PROTOTYPES MAY BE EMPLOY$ EQUALLY WELL2 &1 F9ALLY1 ?AT1 ALL ! PO/ULATES ( REASON MEET+ 9 ! MO/ MODE/ 9DU/RY AS WELL AS 9 ! MO/ G5]AL SCI5CES1 TO MAKE EV]Y >TISAN A PHILOSOPH]1 -- ?AT IS1 A G5]ALIZ+ & HI<LY SYN!TIC M9D1 -- IT W\LD BE 5\< TO TEA* HIM -- :AT8 HIS PR(ESSION4 

,HI!RTO1 IT IS TRUE1 PHILOSOPHY1 LIKE WEAL?1 HAS BE5 RES]V$ = C]TA9 CLASSES3 WE HAVE ! PHILOSOPHY ( HI/ORY1 ! PHILOSOPHY ( LAW1 & SOME O!R PHILOSOPHIES ALSO2 ?IS IS A SORT ( APPROPRIATION :I*1 LIKE MANY O!RS ( EQUALLY NOBLE ORIG91 MU/ DISAPPE>4 ,BUT1 TO CONSUMMATE ?IS IMM5SE EQUATION1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO BEG9 ) ! PHILOSOPHY ( LABOR1 AFT] :I* EA* LABOR] WILL BE ABLE TO ATTEMPT 9 HIS TURN ! PHILOSOPHY ( HIS TRADE4 

,?US EV]Y PRODUCT ( >T & 9DU/RY1 EV]Y POLITICAL & RELIGI\S CON/ITUTION1 LIKE EV]Y CREATURE ORGANIZ$ OR UNORGANIZ$1 BE+ ONLY A REALIZATION1 A NATURAL OR PRACTICAL APPLICATION1 ( PHILOSOPHY1 ! ID5TITY ( ! LAWS ( NATURE & REASON1 ( BE+ & IDEA1 IS DEMON/RAT$2 & :51 = \R [N PURPOSE1 WE E/ABLI% ! CON/ANT CON=MITY ( ECONOMIC PH5OM5A TO ! PURE LAWS ( ?\<T1 ! EQUIVAL5CE ( ! REAL & ! IDEAL 9 HUMAN FACTS1 WE ONLY REPEAT 9 A P>TICUL> CASE ?IS ET]NAL DEMON/RATION4 

,:AT DO WE SAY1 9 FACT8 

,TO DET]M9E VALUE1 -- 9 O!R WORDS1 TO ORGANIZE )9 ITSELF ! PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL?1 -- SOCIETY PROCE$S EXACTLY AS ! M9D DOES 9 ! G5]ATION ( CONCEPTS4 ,FIR/ IT POSITS A PRIM>Y FACT1 ACTS UPON A PRIM>Y HYPO!SIS1 ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 A V]ITABLE ANT9OMY1 ! ANTAGONI/IC RESULTS ( :I* >E EVOLV$ 9 SOCIAL ECONOMY1 JU/ AS ! CONSEQU5CES MI<T HAVE BE5 D$UC$ 9 ! M9D3 SO ?AT ! 9DU/RIAL MOVEM5T1 FOLL[+ 9 ALL RESPECTS ! D$UCTION ( IDEAS1 IS DIVID$ 9TO A D\BLE CURR5T1 ONE ( USEFUL EFFECTS1 ! O!R ( SUBV]SIVE RESULTS1 ALL EQUALLY NECESS>Y & LEGITIMATE PRODUCTS ( ! SAME LAW4 ,TO H>MONICALLY E/ABLI% ?IS TWO-FAC$ PR9CIPLE & SOLVE ?IS ANT9OMY1 SOCIETY EVOKES A SECOND1 SOON TO BE FOLL[$ BY A ?IRD2 & SU* WILL BE ! PROGRESS ( ! SOCIAL G5IUS UNTIL1 HAV+ EXHAU/$ ALL ITS CONTRADICTIONS1 -- SUPPOS+1 ?\< IT IS NOT PROV$1 ?AT !RE IS AN 5D TO CONTRADICTION 9 HUMANITY1 -- IT %ALL COV] ) ONE BACKW>D LEAP ALL ITS PREVI\S POSITIONS & 9 A S+LE =MULA SOLVE ALL PROBLEMS4 

,9 FOLL[+ 9 \R EXPOSITION ?IS ME?OD ( ! P>ALLEL DEVELOPM5T ( ! REALITY & ! IDEA1 WE F9D A D\BLE ADVANTAGE3 FIR/1 ?AT ( ESCAP+ ! REPROA* ( MAT]IALISM1 SO (T5 APPLI$ TO ECONOMI/S1 TO :OM FACTS >E TRU? SIMPLY BECAUSE !Y >E FACTS1 & MAT]IAL FACTS4 ,TO US1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 FACTS >E NOT MATT]1 -- = WE DO NOT KN[ :AT ! WORD MATT] MEANS1 -- BUT VISIBLE MANIFE/ATIONS ( 9VISIBLE IDEAS4 ,SO VIEW$1 ! VALUE ( FACTS IS MEASUR$ BY ! IDEA :I* !Y REPRES5T2 & ?AT IS :Y WE HAVE REJECT$ AS ILLEGITIMATE & NON-CONCLUSIVE USEFUL VALUE & VALUE 9 EX*ANGE1 & LAT] ! DIVISION ( LABOR ITSELF1 AL?\< TO ! ECONOMI/S ALL !SE HAVE AN ABSOLUTE AU?ORITY4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 IT IS AS IMPOSSIBLE TO ACCUSE US ( SPIRITUALISM1 IDEALISM1 OR MY/ICISM3 =1 ADMITT+ AS A PO9T ( DEP>TURE ONLY ! EXT]NAL MANIFE/ATION ( ! IDEA1 -- ! IDEA :I* WE DO NOT KN[1 :I* DOES NOT EXI/1 AS LONG AS IT IS NOT REFLECT$1 LIKE LI<T1 :I* W\LD BE NO?+ IF ! SUN EXI/$ BY ITSELF 9 AN 9F9ITE VOID1 -- & BRU%+ ASIDE ALL A PRORI REASON+ UPON !OGONY & COSMOGONY1 ALL 9QUIRY 9TO SUB/ANCE1 CAUSE1 ! ME & ! NOT-ME1 WE CONF9E \RSELVES TO SE>*+ = ! LAWS ( BE+ & TO FOLL[+ ! ORD] ( !IR APPE>ANCE AS F> AS REASON CAN REA*4 

,D\BTLESS ALL KN[L$GE BR+S UP AT LA/ AGA9/ A MY/]Y3 SU*1 = 9/ANCE1 AS MATT] & M9D1 BO? ( :I* WE ADMIT AS TWO UNKN[N ESS5CES1 UPON :I* ALL PH5OM5A RE/4 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT MY/]Y IS ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE ( KN[L$GE1 OR ?AT MY/ICISM IS ! NECESS>Y CONDITION ( LOGIC3 QUITE ! CONTR>Y1 ! SPONTANEITY ( \R REASON T5DS TO ! P]PETUAL REJECTION ( MY/ICISM2 IT MAKES AN A PRIORI PROTE/ AGA9/ ALL MY/]Y1 BECAUSE IT HAS NO USE = MY/]Y EXCEPT TO D5Y IT1 & BECAUSE ! NEGATION ( MY/ICISM IS ! ONLY ?+ = :I* REASON HAS NO NE$ ( EXP]I5CE4 

,9 %ORT1 HUMAN FACTS >E ! 9C>NATION ( HUMAN IDEAS3 !RE=E1 TO /UDY ! LAWS ( SOCIAL ECONOMY IS TO CON/ITUTE ! !ORY ( ! LAWS ( REASON & CREATE PHILOSOPHY4 ,WE MAY N[ PURSUE ! C\RSE ( \R 9VE/IGATION4 

,AT ! 5D ( ! PREC$+ *APT] WE LEFT ! LABOR] AT LOGG]HEADS ) ! LAW ( DIVISION3 H[ WILL ?IS 9DEFATIGABLE ,O,$IPUS MANAGE TO SOLVE ?IS 5IGMA8 

,9 SOCIETY ! 9CESSANT APPE>ANCE ( MA*9]Y IS ! ANTI!SIS1 ! 9V]SE =MULA1 ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR2 IT IS ! PROTE/ ( ! 9DU/RIAL G5IUS AGA9/ P>CELLAIRE & HOMICIDAL LABOR4 ,:AT IS A MA*9E1 9 FACT8 ,A ME?OD ( REUNIT+ DIV]SE P>TICLES ( LABOR :I* DIVISION HAD SEP>AT$4 ,EV]Y MA*9E MAY BE DEF9$ AS A SUMM>Y ( SEV]AL OP]ATIONS1 A SIMPLIFICATION ( P[]S1 A COND5SATION ( LABOR1 A R$UCTION ( CO/S4 ,9 ALL !SE RESPECTS MA*9]Y IS ! C\NT]P>T ( DIVISION4 ,!RE=E ?R\< MA*9]Y WILL COME A RE/ORATION ( ! P>CELLAIRE LABOR]1 A DECREASE ( TOIL = ! WORKMAN1 A FALL 9 ! PRICE ( HIS PRODUCT1 A MOVEM5T 9 ! RELATION ( VALUES1 PROGRESS T[>DS NEW DISCOV]IES1 ADVANCEM5T ( ! G5]AL WELF>E4 

,AS ! DISCOV]Y ( A =MULA GIVES A NEW P[] TO ! GEOMET]1 SO ! 9V5TION ( A MA*9E IS AN ABRIDGM5T ( MANUAL LABOR :I* MULTIPLIES ! P[] ( ! PRODUC]1 FROM :I* IT MAY BE 9F]R$ ?AT ! ANT9OMY ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 IF NOT 5TIRELY DE/ROY$1 WILL BE BALANC$ & NEUTRALIZ$4 ,NO ONE %\LD FAIL TO READ ! LECTURES ( ,M4 ,*EVALI] SETT+ =? ! 9NUM]ABLE ADVANTAGES RESULT+ TO SOCIETY FROM ! 9T]V5TION ( MA*9]Y2 !Y MAKE A /RIK+ PICTURE TO :I* ,I TAKE PLEASURE 9 REF]R+ MY READ]4 

,MA*9]Y1 POSIT+ ITSELF 9 POLITICAL ECONOMY 9 OPPOSITION TO ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 REPRES5TS SYN!SIS OPPOS+ ITSELF 9 ! HUMAN M9D TO ANALYSIS2 & JU/ AS 9 ! DIVISION ( LABOR & 9 MA*9]Y1 AS WE %ALL SOON SEE1 POLITICAL ECONOMY 5TIRE IS CONTA9$1 SO ) ANALYSIS & SYN!SIS GOES ! POSSESSION ( LOGIC 5TIRE1 ( PHILOSOPHY4 ,! MAN :O LABORS PROCE$S NECESS>ILY & BY TURNS BY DIVISION & ! AID ( TOOLS2 LIKEWISE1 HE :O REASONS P]=MS NECESS>ILY & BY TURNS ! OP]ATIONS ( SYN!SIS & ANALYSIS1 NO?+ MORE1 ABSOLUTELY NO?+4 ,& LABOR & REASON WILL NEV] GET BEYOND ?IS3 ,PROME!US1 LIKE ,NEPTUNE1 ATTA9S 9 ?REE /RIDES ! CONF9ES ( ! WORLD4 

,FROM !SE PR9CIPLES1 AS SIMPLE & AS LUM9\S AS AXIOMS1 IMM5SE CONSEQU5CES FOLL[4 

,AS 9 ! OP]ATION ( ! M9D ANALYSIS & SYN!SIS >E ESS5TIALLY 9SEP>ABLE1 & AS1 LOOK+ AT ! MATT] FROM ANO!R PO9T1 !ORY BECOMES LEGITIMATE ONLY ON CONDITION ( FOLL[+ EXP]I5CE FOOT BY FOOT1 IT FOLL[S ?AT LABOR1 UNIT+ ANALYSIS & SYN!SIS1 !ORY & EXP]I5CE1 9 A CONT9U\S ACTION1 -- LABOR1 ! EXT]NAL =M ( LOGIC & CONSEQU5TLY A SUMM>Y ( REALITY & IDEA1 -- APPE>S AGA9 AS A UNIV]SAL ME?OD ( 9/RUCTION4 ,FIT FABRIC&O FAB]3 ( ALL SY/EMS ( $UCATION ! MO/ ABSURD IS ?AT :I* SEP>ATES 9TELLIG5CE FROM ACTIVITY1 & DIVIDES MAN 9TO TWO IMPOSSIBLE 5TITIES1 !ORIZ] & AUTOMATON4 ,?AT IS :Y WE APPLAUD ! JU/ COMPLA9TS ( ,M4 ,*EVALI]1 ,M4 ,DUNOY]1 & ALL ?OSE :O DEM& RE=M 9 UNIV]SITY $UCATION2 ON ?AT ALSO RE/S ! HOPE ( ! RESULTS ?AT WE HAVE PROMIS$ \RSELVES FROM SU* RE=M4 ,IF $UCATION W]E FIR/ ( ALL EXP]IM5TAL & PRACTICAL1 RES]V+ SPEE* ONLY TO EXPLA91 SUMM>IZE1 & COORD9ATE WORK2 IF ?OSE :O CANNOT LE>N ) IMAG9ATION & MEMORY W]E P]MITT$ TO LE>N ) !IR EYES & H&S1 -- SOON WE %\LD WITNESS A MULTIPLICATION1 NOT ONLY ( ! =MS ( LABOR1 BUT ( CAPACITIES2 EV]YBODY1 KN[+ ! !ORY ( SOME?+1 W\LD !REBY POSSESS ! LANGUAGE ( PHILOSOPHY2 ON OCCASION HE C\LD1 W]E IT ONLY = ONCE 9 HIS LIFE1 CREATE1 MODIFY1 P]FECT1 GIVE PRO( ( 9TELLIG5CE & COMPREH5SION1 PRODUCE HIS MA/]-PIECE1 9 A WORD1 %[ HIMSELF A MAN4 ,! 9EQUALITY 9 ! ACQUISITIONS ( MEMORY W\LD NOT AFFECT ! EQUIVAL5CE ( FACULTIES1 & G5IUS W\LD NO LONG] SEEM TO US O!R ?AN :AT IT REALLY IS1 -- M5TAL HEAL?4 

,! F9E M9DS ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY W5T 9TO EXT5D$ DISPUTATIONS AB\T :AT CON/ITUTES G5IUS1 :]E9 IT DIFF]S FROM TAL5T1 :AT WE %\LD UND]/& BY M9D1 ETC4 ,!Y HAD TRANSPORT$ 9TO ! 9TELLECTUAL SPH]E ! SAME DI/9CTIONS ?AT1 9 SOCIETY1 SEP>ATE P]SONS4 ,TO !M !RE W]E K+S & RUL]S ( G5IUS1 PR9CES ( G5IUS1 M9I/]S ( G5IUS2 & !N !RE W]E ALSO NOBLE M9DS & B\RGEOIS M9DS1 CITY TAL5TS & C\NTRY TAL5TS4 ,CLE> AT ! FOOT ( ! LADD] LAY ! GROSS 9DU/RIAL POPULATION1 S\LS IMP]FECTLY \TL9$1 EXCLUD$ FROM ! GLORY ( ! ELECT4 ,ALL RHETORICS >E /ILL FILL$ ) !SE IMP]T95CES1 :I* MON>*ICAL 9T]E/S1 LIT]>Y VANITY1 & SOCIALI/IC HYPOCRISY /RA9 !MSELVES TO SANCTION1 = ! P]PETUAL SLAV]Y ( NATIONS & ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! EXI/+ ORD]4 

,BUT1 IF IT IS DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ALL ! OP]ATIONS ( ! M9D >E R$UCIBLE TO TWO1 ANALYSIS & SYN!SIS1 :I* >E NECESS>ILY 9SEP>ABLE1 AL?\< DI/9CT2 IF1 BY A =C$ CONSEQU5CE1 9 SPITE ( ! 9F9ITE V>IETY ( TASKS & /UDIES1 ! M9D NEV] DOES MORE ?AN BEG9 ! SAME CANVAS OV] AGA91 -- ! MAN ( G5IUS IS SIMPLY A MAN ) A GOOD CON/ITUTION1 :O HAS WORK$ A GREAT DEAL1 ?\<T A GREAT DEAL1 ANALYZ$1 COMP>$1 CLASSIFI$1 SUMM>IZ$1 & CONCLUD$ A GREAT DEAL2 :ILE ! LIMIT$ BE+1 :O /AGNATES 9 AN 5DEMIC R\T9E1 9/EAD ( DEVELOP+ HIS FACULTIES1 HAS KILL$ HIS 9TELLIG5CE ?R\< 9]TIA & AUTOMATISM4 ,IT IS ABSURD TO DI/+UI% AS DIFF]+ 9 NATURE ?AT :I* REALLY DIFF]S ONLY 9 AGE1 & !N TO CONV]T 9TO PRIVILEGE & EXCLUSION ! V>I\S DEGREES ( A DEVELOPM5T OR ! =TUNES ( A SPONTANEITY :I* MU/ GRADUALLY DISAPPE> ?R\< LABOR & $UCATION4 

,! PSY*OLOGICAL RHETORICIANS :O HAVE CLASSIFI$ HUMAN S\LS 9TO DYNA/IES1 NOBLE RACES1 B\RGEOIS FAMILIES1 & ! PROLET>IAT OBS]V$ NEV]!LESS ?AT G5IUS WAS NOT UNIV]SAL1 & ?AT IT HAD ITS SPECIALTY2 CONSEQU5TLY ,HOM]1 ,PLATO1 ,PHIDIAS1 ,>*IM$ES1 ,CES>1 ETC41 ALL ( :OM SEEM$ TO !M FIR/ 9 !IR SORT1 W]E DECL>$ BY !M EQUALS & SOV]EIGNS ( DI/9CT REALMS4 ,H[ IRRATIONAL6 ,AS IF ! SPECIALTY ( G5IUS DID NOT ITSELF REVEAL ! LAW ( ! EQUALITY ( M9DS6 ,AS IF1 LOOK+ AT IT 9 ANO!R LI<T1 ! /EAD9ESS ( SUCCESS 9 ! PRODUCT ( G5IUS W]E NOT A PRO( ?AT IT WORKS ACCORD+ TO PR9CIPLES \TSIDE ( ITSELF1 :I* >E ! GU>ANTEE ( ! P]FECTION ( ITS WORK1 AS LONG AS IT FOLL[S !M ) FIDELITY & C]TA9TY6 ,?IS APO!OSIS ( G5IUS1 DREAM$ ( ) OP5 EYES BY M5 :OSE *ATT] WILL REMA9 =EV] B>R51 W\LD W>RANT A BELIEF 9 ! 9NATE /UPIDITY ( ! MAJORITY ( MORTALS1 IF IT W]E NOT A /RIK+ PRO( ( !IR P]FECTIBILITY4 

,LABOR1 !N1 AFT] HAV+ DI/+UI%$ CAPACITIES & >RANG$ !IR EQUILIBRIUM BY ! DIVISION ( 9DU/RIES1 COMPLETES ! >MAM5T ( 9TELLIG5CE1 IF ,I MAY V5TURE TO SAY SO1 BY MA*9]Y4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! TE/IMONY ( HI/ORY AS WELL AS ACCORD+ TO ANALYSIS1 & NOT)/&+ ! ANOMALIES CAUS$ BY ! ANTAGONISM ( ECONOMIC PR9CIPLES1 9TELLIG5CE DIFF]S 9 M51 NOT BY P[]1 CLE>NESS1 OR REA*1 BUT1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 BY SPECIALTY1 OR1 9 ! LANGUAGE ( ! S*OOLS1 BY QUALITATIVE DET]M9ATION1 &1 9 ! SECOND PLACE1 BY EX]CISE & $UCATION4 ,H5CE1 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL AS 9 ! COLLECTIVE MAN1 9TELLIG5CE IS MU* MORE A FACULTY :I* COMES1 =MS1 & DEVELOPS1 QUAE FIT1 ?AN AN 5TITY OR 5TELE*Y :I* EXI/S1 :OLLY =M$1 PRIOR TO APPR5TICE%IP4 ,REASON1 BY :ATEV] NAME WE CALL IT1 -- G5IUS1 TAL5T1 9DU/RY1 -- IS AT ! />T A NAK$ & 9]T POT5TIALITY1 :I* GRADUALLY GR[S 9 SIZE & /R5G?1 TAKES ON COLOR & =M1 & %ADES ITSELF 9 AN 9F9ITE V>IETY ( WAYS4 ,BY ! IMPORTANCE ( ITS ACQUIREM5TS1 BY ITS CAPITAL1 9 A WORD1 ! 9TELLIG5CE ( ONE 9DIVIDUAL DIFF]S & WILL ALWAYS DIFF] FROM ?AT ( ANO!R2 BUT1 BE+ A P[] EQUAL 9 ALL AT ! BEG9N+1 SOCIAL PROGRESS MU/ CONSI/ 9 R5D]+ IT1 BY AN EV] 9CREAS+ P]FECTION ( ME?ODS1 AGA9 EQUAL 9 ALL AT ! 5D4 ,O!RWISE LABOR W\LD REMA9 A PRIVILEGE = SOME & A PUNI%M5T = O!RS4 

,BUT ! EQUILIBRIUM ( CAPACITIES1 ! PRELUDE ( :I* WE HAVE SE5 9 ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 DOES NOT FULFILL ! 5TIRE DE/9Y ( MA*9]Y1 & ! VIEWS ( ,PROVID5CE EXT5D F> BEYOND4 ,) ! 9TRODUCTION ( MA*9]Y 9TO ECONOMY1 W+S >E GIV5 TO ,L,I,B,],T,Y4 

,! MA*9E IS ! SYMBOL ( HUMAN LIB]TY1 ! SIGN ( \R DOM9ATION OV] NATURE1 ! ATTRIBUTE ( \R P[]1 ! EXPRESSION ( \R RI<T1 ! EMBLEM ( \R P]SONALITY4 ,LIB]TY1 9TELLIG5CE1 -- ?OSE CON/ITUTE ! :OLE ( MAN3 =1 IF WE BRU% ASIDE AS MY/ICAL & UN9TELLIGIBLE ALL SPECULATION CONC]N+ ! HUMAN BE+ CONSID]$ FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( SUB/ANCE 7M9D OR MATT]71 WE HAVE LEFT ONLY TWO CATEGORIES ( MANIFE/ATIONS1 -- ! FIR/ 9CLUD+ ALL ?AT WE CALL S5SATIONS1 VOLITIONS1 PASSIONS1 ATTRACTIONS1 9/9CTS1 S5TIM5TS2 ! O!R1 ALL PH5OM5A CLASS$ UND] ! HEADS ( ATT5TION1 P]CEPTION1 MEMORY1 IMAG9ATION1 COMP>ISON1 JUDGM5T1 REASON+1 ETC4 ,AS = ! ORGANIC APP>ATUS1 V]Y F> FROM BE+ ! PR9CIPLE OR BASE ( !SE TWO ORD]S ( FACULTIES1 IT MU/ BE CONSID]$ AS !IR SYN!TIC & POSITIVE REALIZATION1 !IR LIV+ & H>MONI\S EXPRESSION4 ,= JU/ AS FROM ! LONG-CONT9U$ ISSUE BY HUMANITY ( ITS ANTAGONI/IC PR9CIPLES MU/ SOME DAY RESULT SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 SO MAN MU/ BE CONCEIV$ AS ! RESULT ( TWO S]IES ( POT5TIALITIES4 

,?US1 AFT] HAV+ POSIT$ ITSELF AS LOGIC1 SOCIAL ECONOMY1 PURSU+ ITS WORK1 POSITS ITSELF AS PSY*OLOGY4 ,! $UCATION ( 9TELLIG5CE & LIB]TY1 -- 9 A WORD1 ! WELF>E ( MAN1 -- ALL P]FECTLY SYNONYM\S EXPRESSIONS1 -- SU* IS ! COMMON OBJECT ( POLITICAL ECONOMY & PHILOSOPHY4 ,TO DET]M9E ! LAWS ( ! PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL? WILL BE TO DEMON/RATE1 BY AN OBJECTIVE & CONCRETE EXPOSITION1 ! LAWS ( REASON & LIB]TY2 IT WILL BE TO CREATE PHILOSOPHY & RI<T A PO/]IORI3 :I*EV] WAY WE TURN1 WE >E 9 COMPLETE METAPHYSICS4 

,LET US TRY1 N[1 ) ! JO9T DATA ( PSY*OLOGY & POLITICAL ECONOMY1 TO DEF9E LIB]TY4 

,IF IT IS ALL[ABLE TO CONCEIVE ( HUMAN REASON1 9 ITS ORIG91 AS A LUCID & REFLECT+ ATOM1 CAPABLE ( SOME DAY REPRES5T+ ! UNIV]SE1 BUT AT FIR/ GIV+ NO IMAGE AT ALL1 WE MAY LIKEWISE CONSID] LIB]TY1 AT ! BIR? ( CONSCI5CE1 AS A LIV+ PO9T1 PUNCTUM SALI5S1 A VAGUE1 BL9D1 OR1 RA!R1 9DIFF]5T SPONTANEITY1 CAPABLE ( RECEIV+ ALL POSSIBLE IMPRESSIONS1 DISPOSITIONS1 & 9CL9ATIONS4 ,LIB]TY IS ! FACULTY ( ACT+ & ( NOT ACT+1 :I*1 ?R\< ANY *OICE OR DET]M9ATION :ATEV] 7,I USE ! WORD DET]M9ATION H]E BO? PASSIVELY & ACTIVELY71 AB&ONS ITS 9DIFF]5CE & BECOMES WILL4 

,I SAY1 !N1 ?AT LIB]TY1 LIKE 9TELLIG5CE1 IS NATURALLY AN UNDET]M9$1 UN=M$ FACULTY1 :I* GETS ITS VALUE & *>ACT] LAT] FROM EXT]NAL IMPRESSIONS1 -- A FACULTY1 !RE=E1 :I* IS NEGATIVE AT ! BEG9N+1 BUT :I* GRADUALLY DEF9ES & \TL9ES ITSELF BY EX]CISE1 -- ,I MEAN1 BY $UCATION4 

,! ETYMOLOGY ( ! WORD LIB]TY1 AT LEA/ AS ,I UND]/& IT1 WILL S]VE /ILL BETT] TO EXPLA9 MY ?\<T4 ,! ROOT IS LIB-ET1 HE PLEASES 7,G]MAN1 LIEB51 TO LOVE72 :5CE HAVE BE5 CON/RUCT$ LIB-]I1 *ILDR51 ?OSE DE> TO US1 A NAME RES]V$ = ! *ILDR5 ( ! FA!R ( A FAMILY2 LIB-]TAS1 ! CONDITION1 *>ACT]1 OR 9CL9ATION ( *ILDR5 ( A NOBLE RACE2 LIB-IDO1 ! PASSION ( A SLAVE1 :O KN[S NEI!R ,GOD NOR LAW NOR C\NTRY1 SYNONYM\S ) LIC5TIA1 EVIL CONDUCT4 ,:5 SPONTANEITY TAKES A USEFUL1 G5]\S1 OR B5EFIC5T DIRECTION1 IT IS CALL$ LIB]TAS2 :51 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT TAKES A H>MFUL1 VICI\S1 BASE1 OR EVIL DIRECTION1 IT IS CALL$ LIBIDO4 

,A LE>N$ ECONOMI/1 ,M4 ,DUNOY]1 HAS GIV5 A DEF9ITION ( LIB]TY :I*1 BY ITS LIK5ESS TO \R [N1 WILL COMPLETE ! DEMON/RATION ( ITS EXACTNESS4 

,I CALL LIB]TY ?AT P[] :I* MAN ACQUIRES ( US+ HIS =CES MORE EASILY 9 PROPORTION AS HE FREES HIMSELF FROM ! OB/ACLES :I* ORIG9ALLY H9D]$ ! EX]CISE !RE(4 ,I SAY ?AT HE IS ! FRE] ! MORE ?OR\<LY DELIV]$ HE IS FROM ! CAUSES :I* PREV5T$ HIM FROM MAK+ USE ( HIS =CES1 ! F>!R FROM HIM HE HAS DRIV5 !SE CAUSES1 ! MORE HE HAS EXT5D$ & CLE>$ ! SPH]E ( HIS ACTION 4 4 4 4 ,?US IT IS SAID ?AT A MAN HAS A FREE M9D1 ?AT HE 5JOYS GREAT LIB]TY ( M9D1 NOT ONLY :5 HIS 9TELLIG5CE IS NOT DI/URB$ BY ANY EXT]NAL VIOL5CE1 BUT ALSO :5 IT IS NEI!R OBSCUR$ BY 9TOXICATION1 NOR *ANG$ BY DISEASE1 NOR KEPT 9 IMPOT5CE BY LACK ( EX]CISE4 

,M4 ,DUNOY] HAS H]E VIEW$ LIB]TY ONLY ON ITS NEGATIVE SIDE1 -- ?AT IS1 AS IF IT W]E SIMPLY SYNONYM\S ) FRE$OM FROM OB/ACLES4 ,AT ?AT RATE LIB]TY W\LD NOT BE A FACULTY ( MAN2 IT W\LD BE NO?+4 ,BUT IMM$IATELY ,M4 ,DUNOY]1 ?\< P]SI/+ 9 HIS 9COMPLETE DEF9ITION1 SEIZES ! TRUE SIDE ( ! MATT]3 !N IT IS ?AT IT OCCURS TO HIM TO SAY ?AT MAN1 9 9V5T+ A MA*9E1 S]VES HIS LIB]TY1 NOT1 AS WE EXPRESS \RSELVES1 BECAUSE HE DET]M9ES IT1 BUT1 9 ,M4 ,DUNOY]'S /YLE1 BECAUSE HE REMOVES A DIFFICULTY FROM ITS PA?4 

,?US >TICULATE LANGUAGE IS A BETT] 9/RUM5T ?AN LANGUAGE BY SIGN2 !RE=E ONE IS FRE] TO EXPRESS HIS ?\<T & IMPRESS IT UPON ! M9D ( ANO!R BY SPEE* ?AN BY GE/URE4 ,! WRITT5 WORD IS A MORE POT5T 9/RUM5T ?AN ! SPOK5 WORD2 !RE=E ONE IS FRE] TO ACT ON ! M9D ( HIS FELL[S :5 HE KN[S H[ TO PICTURE ! WORD TO !IR EYES ?AN :5 HE SIMPLY KN[S H[ TO SPEAK IT4 ,! PRESS IS AN 9/RUM5T TWO OR ?REE HUNDR$ TIMES MORE POT5T ?AN ! P52 !RE=E ONE IS TWO OR ?REE HUNDR$ TIMES FRE] TO 5T] 9TO RELATION ) O!R M5 :5 HE CAN SPREAD HIS IDEAS BY PR9T+ ?AN :5 HE CAN PUBLI% !M ONLY BY WRIT+4 

,I WILL NOT PO9T \T ALL ?AT IS 9EXACT & ILLOGICAL 9 ?IS FA%ION ( REPRES5T+ LIB]TY4 ,S9CE ,DE/UTT DE ,TRACY1 ! LA/ REPRES5TATIVE ( ! PHILOSOPHY ( ,CONDILLAC1 ! PHILOSOPHICAL SPIRIT HAS BE5 OBSCUR$ AMONG ECONOMI/S ( ! ,FR5* S*OOL2 ! FE> ( IDEOLOGY HAS P]V]T$ !IR LANGUAGE1 & ONE P]CEIVES1 9 READ+ !M1 ?AT ADORATION ( FACT HAS CAUS$ !M TO LOSE EV5 ! P]CEPTION ( !ORY4 ,I PREF] TO E/ABLI% ! FACT ?AT ,M4 ,DUNOY]1 & POLITICAL ECONOMY ) HIM1 IS NOT MI/AK5 CONC]N+ ! ESS5CE ( LIB]TY1 A =CE1 5]GY1 OR SPONTANEITY 9DIFF]5T 9 ITSELF TO EV]Y ACTION1 & CONSEQU5TLY EQUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE ( ANY DET]M9ATION1 GOOD OR BAD1 USEFUL OR H>MFUL4 ,M4 ,DUNOY] HAS HAD SO /RONG A SUSPICION ( ! TRU? ?AT HE WRITES HIMSELF3 

,9/EAD ( CONSID]+ LIB]TY AS A DOGMA1 ,I %ALL PRES5T IT AS A RESULT2 9/EAD ( MAK+ IT ! ATTRIBUTE ( MAN1 ,I %ALL MAKE IT ! ATTRIBUTE ( CIVILIZATION2 9/EAD ( IMAG9+ =MS ( GOV]NM5T CALCULAT$ TO E/ABLI% IT1 ,I %ALL DO MY BE/ TO EXPLA9 H[ IT IS "9BORN ( EV]Y /EP ( \R PROGRESS4 

,!N HE ADDS1 ) NO LESS REASON3 

,IT WILL BE NOTIC$ H[ MU* ?IS ME?OD DIFF]S FROM ?AT ( ?OSE DOGMATIC PHILOSOPH]S :O TALK ONLY ( RI<TS & DUTIES2 ( :AT IT IS ! DUTY ( GOV]NM5TS TO DO & ! RI<T ( NATIONS TO DEM&1 ETC4 ,I DO NOT SAY S5T5TI\SLY3 M5 HAVE A RI<T TO BE FREE2 ,I CONF9E MYSELF TO ASK+3 H[ DOES IT HAPP5 ?AT !Y >E SO8 

,9 ACCORDANCE ) ?IS EXPOSITION ONE MAY SUM UP 9 F\R L9ES ! WORK ?AT ,M4 ,DUNOY] HAS TRI$ TO DO3 ,A ,R,E,V,I,E,W ( ! OB/ACLES ?AT IMP$E LIB]TY & ! MEANS 79/RUM5TS1 ME?ODS1 IDEAS1 CU/OMS1 RELIGIONS1 GOV]NM5TS1 ETC47 ?AT FAVOR IT4 ,BUT = ITS OMISSIONS1 ! WORK ( ,M4 ,DUNOY] W\LD HAVE BE5 ! V]Y PHILOSOPHY ( POLITICAL ECONOMY4 

,AFT] HAV+ RAIS$ ! PROBLEM ( LIB]TY1 POLITICAL ECONOMY FURNI%ES US1 !N1 ) A DEF9ITION CON=M+ 9 EV]Y PO9T TO ?AT GIV5 BY PSY*OLOGY & SUGGE/$ BY ! ANALOGIES ( LANGUAGE3 & ?US WE SEE H[1 LITTLE BY LITTLE1 ! /UDY ( MAN GETS TRANSPORT$ FROM ! CONTEMPLATION ( ! ME TO ! OBS]VATION ( REALITIES4 

,N[1 JU/ AS ! DET]M9ATIONS ( MAN'S REASON HAVE RECEIV$ ! NAME ( IDEAS 7AB/RACT1 SUPPOS$ A PRIORI IDEAS1 OR PR9CIPLES1 CONCEPTIONS1 CATEGORIES2 & SECOND>Y IDEAS1 OR ?OSE MORE ESPECIALLY ACQUIR$ & EMPIRICAL71 SO ! DET]M9ATIONS ( LIB]TY HAVE RECEIV$ ! NAME ( VOLITIONS1 S5TIM5TS1 HABITS1 CU/OMS4 ,!N1 LANGUAGE1 FIGURATIVE 9 ITS NATURE1 CONT9U+ TO FURNI% ! ELEM5TS ( PRIM>Y PSY*OLOGY1 ! HABIT HAS BE5 =M$ ( ASSIGN+ TO IDEAS1 AS ! PLACE OR CAPACITY :]E !Y RESIDE1 ! 9TELLIG5CE1 & TO VOLITIONS1 S5TIM5TS1 ETC41 ! CONSCI5CE4 ,ALL !SE AB/RACTIONS HAVE BE5 LONG TAK5 = REALITIES BY ! PHILOSOPH]S1 NOT ONE ( :OM HAS SE5 ?AT ALL DI/RIBUTION ( ! FACULTIES ( ! S\L IS NECESS>ILY A WORK ( CAPRICE1 & ?AT !IR PSY*OLOGY IS BUT AN ILLUSION4 

,H[EV] ?AT MAY BE1 IF WE N[ CONCEIVE !SE TWO ORD]S ( DET]M9ATIONS1 REASON & LIB]TY1 AS UNIT$ & BL5D$ BY ORGANIZATION 9 A LIV+1 REASONABLE1 & FREE P]SON1 WE %ALL UND]/& IMM$IATELY ?AT !Y MU/ L5D EA* O!R MUTUAL ASSI/ANCE & 9FLU5CE EA* O!R RECIPROCALLY4 ,IF1 ?R\< AN ]ROR OR OV]SI<T ( ! REASON1 LIB]TY1 BL9D BY NATURE1 ACQUIRES A FALSE & FATAL HABIT1 ! REASON ITSELF WILL NOT BE SL[ TO FEEL ! EFFECTS2 9/EAD ( TRUE IDEAS1 CON=M+ TO ! NATURAL RELATIONS ( ?+S1 IT WILL RETA9 ONLY PREJUDICES1 AS MU* MORE DIFFICULT TO ROOT \T ( ! 9TELLIG5CE AFT]W>DS1 AS !Y HAVE BECOME DE>] TO ! CONSCI5CE ?R\< AGE4 ,9 ?IS /ATE ( ?+S REASON & LIB]TY >E IMPAIR$2 ! FIR/ IS DI/URB$ 9 ITS DEVELOPM5T1 ! SECOND RE/RICT$ 9 ITS SCOPE1 & MAN IS L$ A/RAY1 BECOMES1 ?AT IS1 WICK$ & UNHAPPY AT ONCE4 

,?US1 :51 9 CONSEQU5CE ( A CONTRADICTORY P]CEPTION & AN 9COMPLETE EXP]I5CE1 REASON HAD PRON\NC$ ?R\< ! LIPS ( ! ECONOMI/S ?AT !RE WAS NO REGULAT+ PR9CIPLE ( VALUE & ?AT ! LAW ( COMM]CE WAS SUPPLY & DEM&1 LIB]TY AB&ON$ ITSELF TO ! PASSION ( AMBITION1 EGOISM1 & GAMBL+2 COMM]CE WAS !REAFT] BUT A WAG] SUBJECT$ TO C]TA9 POLICE REGULATIONS2 MIS]Y DEVELOP$ FROM ! S\RCES ( WEAL?2 SOCIALISM1 ITSELF A SLAVE ( R\T9E1 C\LD ONLY PROTE/ AGA9/ EFFECTS 9/EAD ( RIS+ AGA9/ CAUSES2 & REASON WAS OBLIG$1 BY ! SI<T ( SO MANY EVILS1 TO RECOGNIZE ?AT IT HAD TAK5 A WRONG ROAD4 

,MAN CAN ATTA9 WELF>E ONLY 9 PROPORTION AS HIS REASON & HIS LIB]TY NOT ONLY PROGRESS 9 H>MONY1 BUT NEV] HALT 9 !IR DEVELOPM5T4 ,N[1 AS ! PROGRESS ( LIB]TY1 LIKE ?AT ( REASON1 IS 9DEF9ITE1 & AS1 MOREOV]1 !SE TWO P[]S >E CLOSELY CONNECT$ & SOLID>Y1 IT MU/ BE CONCLUD$ ?AT LIB]TY IS ! MORE P]FECT ! MORE CLOSELY IT DEF9ES ITSELF 9 CON=MITY ) ! LAWS ( REASON1 :I* >E ?OSE ( ?+S1 & ?AT1 IF ?IS REASON W]E 9F9ITE1 LIB]TY ITSELF W\LD BECOME 9F9ITE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! FULLNESS ( LIB]TY LIES 9 ! FULLNESS ( REASON3 SUMMA LEX SUMMA LIB]TAS4 

,!SE PRELIM9>IES W]E 9DISP5SABLE 9 ORD] TO CLE>LY APPRECIATE ! ROLE ( MA*9]Y & TO MAKE PLA9 ! S]IES ( ECONOMIC EVOLUTIONS4 ,& JU/ H]E ,I WILL REM9D ! READ] ?AT WE >E NOT CON/RUCT+ A HI/ORY 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! ORD] ( EV5TS1 BUT 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! SUCCESSION ( IDEAS4 ,! ECONOMIC PHASES OR CATEGORIES >E N[ CONTEMPOR>Y1 N[ 9V]T$1 9 !IR MANIFE/ATION2 H5CE ! EXTREME DIFFICULTY ALWAYS FELT BY ! ECONOMI/S 9 SY/EMIZ+ !IR IDEAS2 H5CE ! *AOS ( !IR WORKS1 EV5 ?OSE MO/ TO BE COMM5D$ 9 EV]Y O!R RESPECT1 SU* AS ,ADAM ,SMI?'S1 ,RIC>DO'S1 & ,J4 ,B4 ,SAY'S4 ,BUT ECONOMIC !ORIES NONE ! LESS HAVE !IR LOGICAL SUCCESSION & !IR S]IES 9 ! M9D3 IT IS ?IS ORD] :I* WE FLATT] \RSELVES ?AT WE HAVE DISCOV]$1 & :I* WILL MAKE ?IS WORK AT ONCE A PHILOSOPHY & A HI/ORY4 

,FROM 3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,VIRG9IA ,LIBR>Y4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahde 3 ,*APT] #d1 ,SECTION #d4#a -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#i1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #d1 ,SECTION #d4#a -- ,ADD$4 

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