,*APT] #c1 ,SECTION #c4#b 
,IMPOT5CE ( ,PALLIATIVES4 -- ,M,M4 ,BLANQUI1 ,*EVALI]1 ,DUNOY]1 ,ROSSI1 & ,PASSY 

#ahdfahdf 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 

,TEXT 3 

,PR\DHON1 ,PI]RE ,JOSEPH4 ,SY/EM ( ,ECONOMICAL ,CONTRADICTIONS3 OR1 ! ,PHILOSOPHY (  
,MIS]Y 

,ELECTRONIC ,TEXT ,C5T]1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,VIRG9IA ,LIBR>Y 

 #b4 -- ,IMPOT5CE ( PALLIATIVES4 -- ,M,M4 ,BLANQUI1 ,*EVALI]1 ,DUNOY]1 ,ROSSI1 & ,PASSY4 

  

,ALL ! REM$IES PROPOS$ = ! FATAL EFFECTS ( P>CELLAIRE DIVISION MAY BE R$UC$ TO TWO1 :I* REALLY >E BUT ONE1 ! SECOND BE+ ! 9V]SION ( ! FIR/3 TO RAISE ! M5TAL & MORAL CONDITION ( ! WORK+MAN BY 9CREAS+ HIS COM=T & DIGNITY2 OR ELSE1 TO PREP>E ! WAY = HIS FUTURE EMANCIPATION & HAPP9ESS BY 9/RUCTION4 

,WE WILL EXAM9E SUCCESSIVELY !SE TWO SY/EMS1 ONE ( :I* IS REPRES5T$ BY ,M4 ,BLANQUI1 ! O!R BY ,M4 ,*EVALI]4 

,M4 ,BLANQUI IS A FRI5D ( ASSOCIATION & PROGRESS1 A WRIT] ( DEMOCRATIC T5D5CIES1 A PR(ESSOR :O HAS A PLACE 9 ! HE>TS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,9 HIS OP5+ DISC\RSE ( ! YE> #a#h#d#e1 ,M4 ,BLANQUI PROCLAIM$1 AS A MEANS ( SALVATION1 ! ASSOCIATION ( LABOR & CAPITAL1 ! P>TICIPATION ( ! WORK+ MAN 9 ! PR(ITS1 -- ?AT IS1 A BEG9N+ ( 9DU/RIAL SOLID>ITY4 0,\R C5TURY10 HE EXCLAIM$1 0MU/ WITNESS ! BIR? ( ! COLLECTIVE PRODUC]40 ,M4 ,BLANQUI =GETS ?AT ! COLLECTIVE PRODUC] WAS BORN LONG S9CE1 AS WELL AS ! COLLECTIVE CONSUM]1 & ?AT ! QUE/ION IS NO LONG] A G5ETIC1 BUT A M$ICAL1 ONE4 ,\R TASK IS TO CAUSE ! BLOOD PROCE$+ FROM ! COLLECTIVE DIGE/ION1 9/EAD ( RU%+ :OLLY TO ! HEAD1 /OMA*1 & LUNGS1 TO DESC5D ALSO 9TO ! LEGS & >MS4 ,BESIDES1 ,I DO NOT KN[ :AT ME?OD ,M4 ,BLANQUI PROPOSES TO EMPLOY 9 ORD] TO REALIZE HIS G5]\S ?\<T1 -- :E!R IT BE ! E/ABLI%M5T ( NATIONAL WORK%OPS1 OR ! LOAN+ ( CAPITAL BY ! ,/ATE1 OR ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! CONDUCTORS ( BUS9ESS 5T]PRISES & ! SUB/ITUTION = !M ( 9DU/RIAL ASSOCIATIONS1 OR1 F9ALLY1 :E!R HE WILL RE/ CONT5T ) >E COMM5DATION ( ! SAV+S BANK TO WORK+M51 9 :I* CASE ! P>TICIPATION W\LD BE PUT (F TILL DOOMSDAY4 

,H[EV] ?IS MAY BE1 ,M4 ,BLANQUI'S IDEA AM\NTS SIMPLY TO AN 9CREASE ( WAGES RESULT+ FROM ! COP>TN]%IP1 OR AT LEA/ FROM ! 9T]E/ 9 ! BUS9ESS1 :I* HE CONF]S UPON ! LABOR]S4 ,:AT1 !N1 IS ! VALUE TO ! LABOR] ( A P>TICIPATION 9 ! PR(ITS8 

,A MILL ) FIFTE5 ?\S& SP9DLES1 EMPLOY+ ?REE HUNDR$ H&S1 DOES NOT PAY AT PRES5T AN ANNUAL DIVID5D ( TW5TY ?\S& FRANCS4 ,I AM 9=M$ BY A ,MULH\SE MANUFACTUR] ?AT FACTORY /OCKS 9 ,ALSACE >E G5]ALLY BEL[ P> & ?AT ?IS 9DU/RY HAS ALREADY BECOME A MEANS ( GETT+ MONEY BY /OCK-JOBB+ 9/EAD ( BY LABOR4 ,TO ,S,E,L,L2 TO SELL AT ! RI<T TIME2 TO SELL DE>1 -- IS ! ONLY OBJECT 9 VIEW2 TO MANUFACTURE IS ONLY TO PREP>E = A SALE4 ,:5 ,I ASSUME1 !N1 ON AN AV]AGE1 A PR(IT ( TW5TY ?\S& FRANCS TO A FACTORY EMPLOY+ ?REE HUNDR$ P]SONS1 MY >GUM5T BE+ G5]AL1 ,I AM TW5TY ?\S& FRANCS \T ( ! WAY4 ,NEV]!LESS1 WE WILL ADMIT ! CORRECTNESS ( ?IS AM\NT4 ,DIVID+ TW5TY ?\S& FRANCS1 ! PR(IT ( ! MILL1 BY ?REE HUNDR$1 ! NUMB] ( P]SONS1 & AGA9 BY ?REE HUNDR$1 ! NUMB] ( WORK+ DAYS1 ,I F9D AN 9CREASE ( PAY = EA* P]SON ( TW5TY-TWO & ONE-FIF? C5TIMES1 OR = DAILY EXP5DITURE AN ADDITION ( EI<TE5 C5TIMES1 JU/ A MORSEL ( BREAD4 ,IS IT WOR? :ILE1 !N1 = ?IS1 TO EXPROPRIATE MILL-[N]S & 5DANG] ! PUBLIC WELF>E1 BY ]ECT+ E/ABLI%M5TS :I* MU/ BE 9SECURE1 S9CE1 PROP]TY BE+ DIVID$ 9TO 9F9ITELY SMALL %>ES1 & BE+ NO LONG] SUPPORT$ BY PR(IT1 BUS9ESS 5T]PRISES W\LD LACK BALLA/1 & W\LD BE UNABLE TO WEA!R COMM]CIAL GALES4 ,& EV5 IF NO EXPROPRIATION WAS 9VOLV$1 :AT A POOR PROSPECT TO (F] ! WORK+ CLASS IS AN 9CREASE ( EI<TE5 C5TIMES 9 RETURN = C5TURIES ( ECONOMY2 = NO LESS TIME ?AN ?IS W\LD BE NE$$ TO ACCUMULATE ! REQUISITE CAPITAL1 SUPPOS+ ?AT P]IODICAL SUSP5SIONS ( BUS9ESS DID NOT P]IODICALLY CONSUME ITS SAV+S6 

,! FACT :I* ,I HAVE JU/ /AT$ HAS BE5 PO9T$ \T 9 SEV]AL WAYS4 ,M4 ,PASSY.<#a.> HIMSELF TOOK FROM ! BOOKS ( A MILL 9 ,NORM&Y :]E ! LABOR]S W]E ASSOCIAT$ ) ! [N] ! WAGES ( SEV]AL FAMILIES = A P]IOD ( T5 YE>S1 & HE F\ND ?AT !Y AV]AG$ FROM TWELVE TO F\RTE5 HUNDR$ FRANCS P] YE>4 ,HE !N COMP>$ ! SITUATION ( MILL-H&S PAID 9 PROPORTION TO ! PRICES OBTA9$ BY !IR EMPLOY]S ) ?AT ( LABOR]S :O RECEIVE FIX$ WAGES1 & F\ND ?AT ! DIFF]5CE IS ALMO/ IMP]CEPTIBLE4 ,?IS RESULT MI<T EASILY HAVE BE5 =ESE54 ,ECONOMIC PH5OM5A OBEY LAWS AS AB/RACT & IMMUTABLE AS ?OSE ( NUMB]S3 IT IS ONLY PRIVILEGE1 FRAUD1 & ABSOLUTISM :I* DI/URB ! ET]NAL H>MONY4 

,M4 ,BLANQUI1 REP5TANT1 AS IT SEEMS1 AT HAV+ TAK5 ?IS FIR/ /EP T[>D SOCIALI/IC IDEAS1 HAS MADE HA/E TO RETRACT HIS WORDS4 ,AT ! SAME MEET+ 9 :I* ,M4 ,PASSY DEMON/RAT$ ! 9ADEQUACY ( COOP]ATIVE ASSOCIATION1 HE EXCLAIM$3 0,DOES IT NOT SEEM ?AT LABOR IS A ?+ SUSCEPTIBLE ( ORGANIZATION1 & ?AT IT IS 9 ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE TO REGULATE ! HAPP9ESS ( HUMANITY AS IT DOES ! M>* ( AN >MY1 & ) AN 5TIRELY MA!MATICAL PRECISION8 ,?IS IS AN EVIL T5D5CY1 A DELUSION :I* ! ,ACADEMY CANNOT OPPOSE TOO /RONGLY1 BECAUSE IT IS NOT ONLY A *IM]A1 BUT A DANG]\S SOPHISM4 ,LET US RESPECT GOOD & HONE/ 9T5TIONS2 BUT LET US NOT FE> TO SAY ?AT TO PUBLI% A BOOK UPON  

,NOTE3  

.<#a.> ,MEET+ ( ! ,ACADEMY ( ,MORAL & ,POLITICAL ,SCI5CES1 ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#h#d#e4 

! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR IS TO REWRITE = ! FIFTIE? TIME A TREATISE UPON ! QUADRATURE ( ! CIRCLE OR ! PHILOSOPH]'S /ONE40 

,!N1 C>RI$ AWAY BY HIS ZEAL1 ,M4 ,BLANQUI F9I%ES ! DE/RUCTION ( HIS !ORY ( COOP]ATION1 :I* ,M4 ,PASSY ALREADY HAD SO RUDELY %AK51 BY ! FOLL[+ EXAMPLE3 0,M4 ,DAILLY1 ONE ( ! MO/ 5LI<T5$ ( F>M]S1 HAS DRAWN UP AN ACC\NT = EA* PIECE ( L& & AN ACC\NT = EA* PRODUCT2 & HE PROVES ?AT )9 A P]IOD ( ?IRTY YE>S ! SAME MAN HAS NEV] OBTA9$ EQUAL CROPS FROM ! SAME PIECE ( L&4 ,! PRODUCTS HAVE V>I$ FROM TW5TY-SIX ?\S& FRANCS TO N9E ?\S& OR SEV5 ?\S& FRANCS1 SOMETIMES DESC5D+ AS L[ AS ?REE HUNDR$ FRANCS4 ,!RE >E ALSO C]TA9 PRODUCTS -- POTATOES1 = 9/ANCE -- :I* FAIL ONE TIME 9 T54 ,H[1 !N1 ) !SE V>IATIONS & ) REV5UES SO UNC]TA91 CAN WE E/ABLI% EV5 DI/RIBUTION & UNI=M WAGES = LABOR]S8 4 4 4 40 

,IT MI<T BE ANSW]$ ?AT ! V>IATIONS 9 ! PRODUCT ( EA* PIECE ( L& SIMPLY 9DICATE ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y TO ASSOCIATE PROPRIETORS ) EA* O!R AFT] HAV+ ASSOCIAT$ LABOR]S ) PROPRIETORS1 :I* W\LD E/ABLI% A MORE COMPLETE SOLID>ITY3 BUT ?IS W\LD BE A PREJUDGM5T ON ! V]Y ?+ 9 QUE/ION1 :I* ,M4 ,BLANQUI DEF9ITIVELY DECIDES1 AFT] REFLECTION1 TO BE UNATTA9ABLE1 -- NAMELY1 ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR4 ,BESIDES1 IT IS EVID5T ?AT SOLID>ITY W\LD NOT ADD AN OBOLUS TO ! COMMON WEAL?1 & ?AT1 CONSEQU5TLY1 IT DOES NOT EV5 T\* ! PROBLEM ( DIVISION4 

,9 %ORT1 ! PR(IT SO MU* 5VI$1 & (T5 A V]Y UNC]TA9 MATT] ) EMPLOY]S1 FALLS F> %ORT ( ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ACTUAL WAGES & ! WAGES DESIR$2 & ,M4 ,BLANQUI'S =M] PLAN1 MIS]ABLE 9 ITS RESULTS & DISAV[$ BY ITS AU?OR1 W\LD BE A SC\RGE TO ! MANUFACTUR+ 9DU/RY4 ,N[1 ! DIVISION ( LABOR BE+ H5CE=? UNIV]SALLY E/ABLI%$1 ! >GUM5T IS G5]ALIZ$1 & LEADS US TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT MIS]Y IS AN EFFECT ( LABOR1 AS WELL AS ( IDL5ESS4 

,! ANSW] TO ?IS IS1 & IT IS A FAVORITE >GUM5T ) ! PEOPLE3 ,9CREASE ! PRICE ( S]VICES2 D\BLE & TRIPLE WAGES4 

,I CONFESS ?AT IF SU* AN 9CREASE WAS POSSIBLE IT W\LD BE A COMPLETE SUCCESS1 :ATEV] ,M4 ,*EVALI] MAY HAVE SAID1 :O NE$S TO BE SLI<TLY CORRECT$ ON ?IS PO9T4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,M4 ,*EVALI]1 IF ! PRICE ( ANY K9D ( M]*&ISE :ATEV] IS 9CREAS$1 O!R K9DS WILL RISE 9 A LIKE PROPORTION1 & NO ONE WILL B5EFIT !REBY4 

,?IS >GUM5T1 :I* ! ECONOMI/S HAVE REHE>S$ = MORE ?AN A C5TURY1 IS AS FALSE AS IT IS OLD1 & IT BELONG$ TO ,M4 ,*EVALI]1 AS AN 5G9E]1 TO RECTIFY ! ECONOMIC TRADITION4 ,! SAL>Y ( A HEAD CL]K BE+ T5 FRANCS P] DAY1 & ! WAGES ( A WORK+MAN F\R1 IF ! 9COME ( EA* IS 9CREAS$ FIVE FRANCS1 ! RATIO ( !IR =TUNES1 :I* WAS =M]LY AS ONE HUNDR$ TO =TY1 WILL BE !REAFT] AS ONE HUNDR$ TO SIXTY4 ,! 9CREASE ( WAGES1 NECESS>ILY TAK+ PLACE BY ADDITION & NOT BY PROPORTION1 W\LD BE1 !RE=E1 AN EXCELL5T ME?OD ( EQUALIZATION2 & ! ECONOMI/S W\LD DES]VE TO HAVE ?R[N BACK AT !M BY ! SOCIALI/S ! REPROA* ( IGNORANCE :I* !Y HAVE BE/[$ UPON !M AT R&OM4 

,BUT ,I SAY ?AT SU* AN 9CREASE IS IMPOSSIBLE1 & ?AT ! SUPPOSITION IS ABSURD3 =1 AS ,M4 ,*EVALI] HAS %[N V]Y CLE>LY ELSE:]E1 ! FIGURE :I* 9DICATES ! PRICE ( ! DAY'S LABOR IS ONLY AN ALGEBRAIC EXPON5T )\T EFFECT ON ! REALITY3 & ?AT :I* IT IS NECESS>Y FIR/ TO 5DEAVOR TO 9CREASE1 :ILE CORRECT+ ! 9EQUALITIES ( DI/RIBUTION1 IS NOT ! MONET>Y EXPRESSION1 BUT ! QUANTITY ( PRODUCTS4 ,TILL !N EV]Y RISE ( WAGES CAN HAVE NO O!R EFFECT ?AN ?AT PRODUC$ BY A RISE ( ! PRICE ( :EAT1 W9E1 MEAT1 SUG>1 SOAP1 COAL1 ETC41 -- ?AT IS1 ! EFFECT ( A SC>CITY4 ,= :AT IS WAGES8 

,IT IS ! CO/ PRICE ( :EAT1 W9E1 MEAT1 COAL2 IT IS ! 9TEGRANT PRICE ( ALL ?+S4 ,LET US GO F>!R YET3 WAGES IS ! PROPORTIONALITY ( ! ELEM5TS :I* COMPOSE WEAL?1 & :I* >E CONSUM$ EV]Y DAY REPRODUCTIVELY BY ! MASS ( LABOR]S4 ,N[1 TO D\BLE WAGES1 9 ! S5SE 9 :I* ! PEOPLE UND]/& ! WORDS1 IS TO GIVE TO EA* PRODUC] A %>E GREAT] ?AN HIS PRODUCT1 :I* IS CONTRADICTORY3 & IF ! RISE P]TA9S ONLY TO A FEW 9DU/RIES1 A G5]AL DI/URBANCE 9 EX*ANGE 5SUES1 -- ?AT IS1 A SC>CITY4 ,GOD SAVE ME FROM PR$ICTIONS6 BUT1 9 SPITE ( MY DESIRE = ! AMELIORATION ( ! LOT ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ,I DECL>E ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = /RIKES FOLL[$ BY AN 9CREASE ( WAGES TO 5D O!RWISE ?AN 9 A G5]AL RISE 9 PRICES3 ?AT IS AS C]TA9 AS ?AT TWO & TWO MAKE F\R4 ,IT IS NOT BY SU* ME?ODS ?AT ! WORK+M5 WILL ATTA9 TO WEAL? & -- :AT IS A ?\S& TIMES MORE PRECI\S ?AN WEAL? -- LIB]TY4 ,! WORK+M51 SUPPORT$ BY ! FAVOR ( AN 9DISCREET PRESS1 9 DEM&+ AN 9CREASE ( WAGES1 HAVE S]V$ MONOPOLY MU* BETT] ?AN !IR [N REAL 9T]E/S3 MAY !Y RECOGNIZE1 :5 !IR SITUATION %ALL BECOME MORE PA9FUL1 ! BITT] FRUIT ( !IR 9EXP]I5CE6 

,CONV9C$ ( ! USELESSNESS1 OR RA!R1 ( ! FATAL EFFECTS1 ( AN 9CREASE ( WAGES1 & SEE+ CLE>LY ?AT ! QUE/ION IS :OLLY ORGANIC & NOT AT ALL COMM]CIAL1 ,M4 ,*EVALI] ATTACKS ! PROBLEM AT ! O!R 5D4 ,HE ASKS = ! WORK+ CLASS1 FIR/ ( ALL1 9/RUCTION1 & PROPOSES EXT5SIVE RE=MS 9 ?IS DIRECTION4 

,9/RUCTION6 ?IS IS ALSO ,M4 ,>AGO'S WORD TO ! WORK+M52 IT IS ! PR9CIPLE ( ALL PROGRESS4 ,9/RUCTION6 4 4 4 4 ,IT %\LD BE KN[N ONCE = ALL :AT MAY BE EXPECT$ FROM IT 9 ! SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM BE=E US2 IT %\LD BE KN[N1 ,I SAY1 NOT :E!R IT IS DESIRABLE ?AT ALL %\LD RECEIVE IT1 -- ?IS NO ONE D\BTS1 -- BUT :E!R IT IS POSSIBLE4 

,TO CLE>LY COMPREH5D ! COMPLETE SIGNIFICANCE ( ,M4 ,*EVALI]'S VIEWS1 A KN[L$GE ( HIS ME?ODS IS 9DISP5SABLE4 

,M4 ,*EVALI]1 LONG ACCU/OM$ TO DISCIPL9E1 FIR/ BY HIS POLYTE*NIC /UDIES1 !N BY HIS ,/4 ,SIMONIAN CONNECTIONS1 & F9ALLY BY HIS POSITION 9 ! ,UNIV]SITY1 DOES NOT SEEM TO ADMIT ?AT A PUPIL CAN HAVE ANY O!R 9CL9ATION ?AN TO OBEY ! REGULATIONS1 A SECT>IAN ANY O!R ?\<T ?AN ?AT ( HIS *IEF1 A PUBLIC FUNCTION>Y ANY O!R OP9ION ?AN ?AT ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS MAY BE A CONCEPTION ( ORD] AS RESPECTABLE AS ANY O!R1 & ,I HE> UPON ?IS SUBJECT NO EXPRESSIONS ( APPROVAL OR C5SURE4 ,HAS ,M4 ,*EVALI] AN IDEA TO (F] PECULI> TO HIMSELF8 ,ON ! PR9CIPLE ?AT ALL ?AT IS NOT =BIDD5 BY LAW IS ALL[$1 HE HA/5S TO ! FRONT TO DELIV] HIS OP9ION1 & !N AB&ONS IT TO GIVE HIS ADHESION1 IF !RE IS OCCASION1 TO ! OP9ION ( AU?ORITY4 ,IT WAS ?US ?AT ,M4 ,*EVALI]1 BE=E SETTL+ D[N 9 ! BOSOM ( ! ,CON/ITUTION1 JO9$ ,M4 ,5FANT93 IT WAS ?US ?AT HE GAVE HIS VIEWS UPON CANALS1 RAILROADS1 F9ANCE1 PROP]TY1 LONG BE=E ! ADM9I/RATION HAD ADOPT$ ANY SY/EM 9 RELATION TO ! CON/RUCTION ( RAILWAYS1 ! *ANG+ ( ! RATE ( 9T]E/ ON BONDS1 PAT5TS1 LIT]>Y PROP]TY1 ETC4 

,M4 ,*EVALI]1 !N1 IS NOT A BL9D ADMIR] ( ! ,UNIV]SITY SY/EM ( 9/RUCTION1 -- F> FROM IT2 & UNTIL ! APPE>ANCE ( ! NEW ORD] ( ?+S1 HE DOES NOT HESITATE TO SAY :AT HE ?9KS4 ,HIS OP9IONS >E ( ! MO/ RADICAL4 

,M4 ,VILLEMA9 HAD SAID 9 HIS REPORT3 0,! OBJECT ( ! HI<] $UCATION IS TO PREP>E 9 ADVANCE A *OICE ( M5 TO OCCUPY & S]VE 9 ALL ! POSITIONS ( ! ADM9I/RATION1 ! MAGI/RACY1 ! B> & ! V>I\S LIB]AL PR(ESSIONS1 9CLUD+ ! HI<] RANKS & LE>N$ SPECIALTIES ( ! >MY & NAVY40 

0,! HI<] $UCATION10 !REUPON OBS]VES ,M4 ,*EVALI]1.<#a.> 0IS DESIGN$ ALSO TO PREP>E M5 SOME ( :OM %ALL BE F>M]S1 O!RS MANUFACTUR]S1 !SE M]*ANTS1 & ?OSE PRIVATE 5G9E]S4 ,N[1 9 ! (FICIAL PROGRAM1 ALL !SE CLASSES >E =GOTT54 ,! OMISSION IS ( CONSID]ABLE IMPORTANCE2 =1 9DE$1 9DU/RY 9 ITS V>I\S =MS1 AGRICULTURE1 COMM]CE1 >E NEI!R ACCESSORIES NOR ACCID5TS 9 A ,/ATE3 !Y >E ITS *IEF DEP5D5CE4 4 4 4 ,IF ! ,UNIV]SITY DESIRES TO JU/IFY ITS NAME1 IT MU/ PROVIDE A C\RSE 9 !SE ?+S2 ELSE AN 9DU/RIAL UNIV]SITY WILL BE E/ABLI%$ 9 OPPOSITION TO IT4 4 4 4 ,WE %ALL HAVE ALT> AGA9/ ALT>1 ETC4 4 4 40 

,& AS IT IS *>ACT]I/IC ( A LUM9\S IDEA TO ?R[ LI<T ON ALL QUE/IONS CONNECT$ ) IT1 PR(ESSIONAL 9/RUCTION FURNI%ES ,M4 ,*EVALI] ) A V]Y EXP$ITI\S ME?OD ( DECID+1 9CID5TALLY1 ! QU>REL BETWE5 ! CL]GY & ! ,UNIV]SITY ON LIB]TY ( $UCATION4 

0,IT MU/ BE ADMITT$ ?AT A V]Y GREAT CONCESSION IS MADE TO ! CL]GY 9 ALL[+ ,LAT9 TO S]VE AS ! BASIS ( $UCATION4 ,! CL]GY KN[ ,LAT9 AS WELL AS ! ,UNIV]SITY2 IT IS !IR [N TONGUE4 ,!IR TUITION1 MOREOV]1 IS *EAP]2 H5CE !Y MU/ 9EVITABLY DRAW A L>GE PORTION ( \R Y\? 9TO !IR SMALL SEM9>IES & !IR S*OOLS ( A HI<] GRADE4 4 4 40  

,NOTE3  

.<#a.> ,J\RNAL DES ,ECONOMI/ES10 ,APRIL1 #a#h#d#c4 

,! CONCLUSION ( C\RSE FOLL[S3 *ANGE ! C\RSE ( /UDY1 & Y\ DECA?OLICIZE ! REALM2 & AS ! CL]GY KN[ ONLY ,LAT9 & ! ,BIBLE1 :5 !Y HAVE AMONG !M NEI!R MA/]S ( >T1 NOR F>M]S1 NOR ACC\NTANTS2 :51 ( !IR =TY ?\S& PRIE/S1 !RE >E NOT TW5TY1 P]HAPS1 ) ! ABILITY TO MAKE A PLAN OR =GE A NAIL1 -- WE SOON %ALL SEE :I* ! FA!RS ( FAMILIES WILL *OOSE1 9DU/RY OR ! BREVI>Y1 & :E!R !Y DO NOT REG>D LABOR AS ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL LANGUAGE 9 :I* TO PRAY TO ,GOD4 

,?US W\LD 5D ?IS RIDICUL\S OPPOSITION BETWE5 RELIGI\S $UCATION & PR(ANE SCI5CE1 BETWE5 ! SPIRITUAL & ! TEMPORAL1 BETWE5 REASON & FAI?1 BETWE5 ALT> & ?RONE1 OLD RUBRICS H5CE=? MEAN+LESS1 BUT ) :I* !Y /ILL IMPOSE UPON ! GOOD NATURE ( ! PUBLIC1 UNTIL IT TAKES (F5SE4 

,M4 ,*EVALI] DOES NOT 9SI/1 H[EV]1 ON ?IS SOLUTION3 HE KN[S ?AT RELIGION & MON>*Y >E TWO P[]S :I*1 ?\< CONT9UALLY QU>REL+1 CANNOT EXI/ )\T EA* O!R2 & ?AT HE MAY NOT AWAK5 SUSPICION1 HE LAUN*ES \T 9TO ANO!R REVOLUTION>Y IDEA1 -- EQUALITY4 

0,FRANCE IS 9 A POSITION TO FURNI% ! POLYTE*NIC S*OOL ) TW5TY TIMES AS MANY S*OL>S AS 5T] AT PRES5T 7! AV]AGE BE+ ONE HUNDR$ & SEV5TY-SIX1 ?IS W\LD AM\NT TO ?REE ?\S& FIVE HUNDR$ & TW5TY74 ,! ,UNIV]SITY HAS BUT TO SAY ! WORD4 4 4 4 ,IF MY OP9ION WAS ( ANY WEI<T1 ,I %\LD MA9TA9 ?AT MA!MATICAL CAPACITY IS MU* LESS SPECIAL ?AN IS COMMONLY SUPPOS$4 ,I REMEMB] ! SUCCESS ) :I* *ILDR51 TAK5 AT R&OM1 SO TO SPEAK1 FROM ! PAVEM5TS ( ,P>IS1 FOLL[ ! TEA*+ ( ,LA ,M>T9I]E BY ! ME?OD ( ,CAPTA9 ,TAB>EAU40 

,IF ! HI<] $UCATION1 RECON/RUCT$ ACCORD+ TO ! VIEWS ( ,M4 ,*EVALI]1 WAS S\<T AFT] BY ALL Y\NG ,FR5* M5 9/EAD ( BY ONLY N9ETY ?\S& AS COMMONLY1 !RE W\LD BE NO EXAGG]ATION 9 RAIS+ ! E/IMATE ( ! NUMB] ( M9DS MA!MATICALLY 9CL9$ FROM ?REE ?\S& FIVE HUNDR$ & TW5TY TO T5 ?\S&2 BUT1 BY ! SAME >GUM5T1 WE %\LD HAVE T5 ?\S& >TI/S1 PHILOLOGI/S1 & PHILOSOPH]S2 T5 ?\S& DOCTORS1 PHYSICIANS1 *EMI/S1 & NATURALI/S2 T5 ?\S& ECONOMI/S1 LEGI/S1 & ADM9I/RATORS2 TW5TY ?\S& MANUFACTUR]S1 =EM51 M]*ANTS1 & ACC\NTANTS2 =TY ?\S& F>M]S1 W9E-GR[]S1 M9]S1 ETC41 -- 9 ALL1 ONE HUNDR$ ?\S& SPECIALI/S A YE>1 OR AB\T ONE-?IRD ( \R Y\?4 ,! RE/1 HAV+1 9/EAD ( SPECIAL ADAPTATIONS1 ONLY M+L$ ADAPTATIONS1 W\LD BE DI/RIBUT$ 9DIFF]5TLY ELSE:]E4 

,IT IS C]TA9 ?AT SO P[]FUL AN IMPETUS GIV5 TO 9TELLIG5CE W\LD QUICK5 ! PROGRESS ( EQUALITY1 & ,I DO NOT D\BT ?AT SU* IS ! SECRET DESIRE ( ,M4 ,*EVALI]4 ,BUT ?AT IS PRECISELY :AT TR\BLES ME3 CAPACITY IS NEV] WANT+1 ANY MORE ?AN POPULATION1 & ! PROBLEM IS TO F9D EMPLOYM5T = ! ONE & BREAD = ! O!R4 ,9 VA9 DOES ,M4 ,*EVALI] TELL US3 0,! HI<] $UCATION W\LD GIVE LESS GR\ND = ! COMPLA9T ?AT IT ?R[S 9TO SOCIETY CR[DS ( AMBITI\S P]SONS )\T ANY MEANS ( SATISFY+ !IR DESIRES1 & 9T]E/$ 9 ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,/ATE2 PEOPLE )\T EMPLOYM5T & UNABLE TO GET ANY1 GOOD = NO?+ & BELIEV+ !MSELVES FIT = ANY?+1 ESPECIALLY = ! DIRECTION ( PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,SCI5TIFIC /UDIES DO NOT SO 9FLATE ! M9D4 ,!Y 5LI<T5 & REGULATE IT AT ONCE2 !Y FIT M5 = PRACTICAL LIFE4 4 4 40 ,SU* LANGUAGE1 ,I REPLY1 IS GOOD TO USE ) PATRI>*S3 A PR(ESSOR ( POLITICAL ECONOMY %\LD HAVE MORE RESPECT = HIS POSITION & HIS AUDI5CE4 ,! GOV]NM5T HAS ONLY ONE HUNDR$ & TW5TY (FICES ANNUALLY AT ITS DISPOSAL = ONE HUNDR$ & SEV5TY-SIX /UD5TS ADMITT$ TO ! POLYTE*NIC S*OOL3 :AT1 !N1 W\LD BE ITS EMB>RASSM5T IF ! NUMB] ( ADMISSIONS WAS T5 ?\S&1 OR EV51 TAK+ ,M4 ,*EVALI]'S FIGURES1 ?REE ?\S& FIVE HUNDR$8 ,&1 TO G5]ALIZE1 ! :OLE NUMB] ( CIVIL POSITIONS IS SIXTY ?\S&1 OR ?REE ?\S& VACANCIES ANNUALLY2 :AT DISMAY W\LD ! GOV]NM5T BE ?R[N 9TO IF1 SUDD5LY ADOPT+ ! RE=MATORY IDEAS ( ,M4 ,*EVALI]1 IT %\LD F9D ITSELF BESIEG$ BY FIFTY ?\S& (FICE-SEEK]S6 ,! FOLL[+ OBJECTION HAS (T5 BE5 MADE TO REPUBLICANS )\T ELICIT+ A REPLY3 ,:5 EV]YBODY %ALL HAVE ! ELECTORAL PRIVILEGE1 WILL ! DEPUTIES DO ANY BETT]1 & WILL ! PROLET>IAT BE FUR!R ADVANC$8 ,I ASK ! SAME QUE/ION ( ,M4 ,*EVALI]3 ,:5 EA* ACADEMIC YE> %ALL BR+ Y\ ONE HUNDR$ ?\S& FITT$ M51 :AT WILL Y\ DO ) !M8 

,TO PROVIDE = !SE 9T]E/+ Y\NG PEOPLE1 Y\ WILL GO D[N TO ! L[E/ R\ND ( ! LADD]4 ,Y\ WILL OBLIGE ! Y\NG MAN1 AFT] FIFTE5 YE>S ( L(TY /UDY1 TO BEG91 NO LONG] AS N[ ) ! (FICES ( ASPIRANT 5G9E]1 SUB-LIEUT5ANT ( >TILL]Y1 SECOND LIEUT5ANT1 DEPUTY1 COMPTROLL]1 G5]AL GU>DIAN1 ETC41 BUT ) ! IGNOBLE POSITIONS ( PIONE]1 TRA9-SOLDI]1 DR$G]1 CAB9-BOY1 FAGOT-MAK]1 & EXCISEMAN4 ,!RE HE WILL WAIT1 UNTIL DEA?1 ?9N+ ! RANKS1 5ABLES HIM TO ADVANCE A /EP4 ,UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES A MAN1 A GRADUATE ( ! POLYTE*NIC S*OOL & CAPABLE ( BECOM+ A ,VAUBAN1 MAY DIE A LABOR] ON A SECOND CLASS ROAD1 OR A CORPORAL 9 A REGIM5T 

,OH6 H[ MU* MORE PRUD5T ,CA?OLICISM HAS %[N ITSELF1 & H[ F> IT HAS SURPASS$ Y\ ALL1 ,/4 ,SIMONIANS1 REPUBLICANS1 UNIV]SITY M51 ECONOMI/S1 9 ! KN[L$GE ( MAN & SOCIETY6 ,! PRIE/ KN[S ?AT \R LIFE IS BUT A VOYAGE1 & ?AT \R P]FECTION CANNOT BE REALIZ$ H]E BEL[2 & HE CONT5TS HIMSELF ) \TL9+ ON E>? AN $UCATION :I* MU/ BE COMPLET$ 9 HEAV54 ,! MAN :OM RELIGION HAS MOLD$1 CONT5T TO KN[1 DO1 & OBTA9 :AT SUFFICES = HIS E>?LY DE/9Y1 NEV] CAN BECOME A S\RCE ( EMB>RASSM5T TO ! GOV]NM5T3 RA!R W\LD HE BE A M>TYR4 ,O BELOV$ RELIGION6 IS IT NECESS>Y ?AT A B\RGEOISIE :I* /&S 9 SU* NE$ ( Y\ %\LD DIS[N Y\8 4 4 4 

,9TO :AT T]RIBLE /RUGGLES ( PRIDE & MIS]Y DOES ?IS MANIA = UNIV]SAL 9/RUCTION PLUNGE US6 ,( :AT USE IS PR(ESSIONAL $UCATION1 ( :AT GOOD >E AGRICULTURAL & COMM]CIAL S*OOLS1 IF Y\R /UD5TS HAVE NEI!R EMPLOYM5T NOR CAPITAL8 ,& :AT NE$ TO CRAM ONE'S SELF TILL ! AGE ( TW5TY ) ALL SORTS ( KN[L$GE1 !N TO FA/5 ! ?READS ( A MULE-J5NY OR PICK COAL AT ! BOTTOM ( A PIT8 ,:AT6 Y\ HAVE BY Y\R [N CONFESSION ONLY ?REE ?\S& POSITIONS ANNUALLY TO BE/[ UPON FIFTY ?\S& POSSIBLE CAPACITIES1 & YET Y\ TALK ( E/ABLI%+ S*OOLS6 ,CL+ RA!R TO Y\R SY/EM ( EXCLUSION & PRIVILEGE1 A SY/EM AS OLD AS ! WORLD1 ! SUPPORT ( DYNA/IES & PATRICIATES1 A V]ITABLE MA*9E = GELD+ M5 9 ORD] TO SECURE ! PLEASURES ( A CA/E ( ,SULTANS4 ,SET A HI< PRICE UPON Y\R TEA*+1 MULTIPLY OB/ACLES1 DRIVE AWAY1 BY L5G?Y TE/S1 ! SON ( ! PROLETAIRE :OM HUNG] DOES NOT P]MIT TO WAIT1 & PROTECT ) ALL Y\R P[] ! ECCLESIA/ICAL S*OOLS1 :]E ! /UD5TS >E TAU<T TO LABOR = ! O!R LIFE1 TO CULTIVATE RESIGNATION1 TO FA/1 TO RESPECT ?OSE 9 HI< PLACES1 TO LOVE ! K+1 & TO PRAY TO ,GOD4 ,= EV]Y USELESS /UDY SOON] OR LAT] BECOMES AN AB&ON$ /UDY3 KN[L$GE IS POISON TO SLAVES4 

,SURELY ,M4 ,*EVALI] HAS TOO MU* SAGACITY NOT TO HAVE SE5 ! CONSEQU5CES ( HIS IDEA4 ,BUT HE HAS SPOK5 FROM ! BOTTOM ( HIS HE>T1 & WE CAN ONLY APPLAUD HIS GOOD 9T5TIONS3 M5 MU/ FIR/ BE M52 AFT] ?AT1 HE MAY LIVE :O CAN4 

,?US WE ADVANCE AT R&OM1 GUID$ BY ,PROVID5CE1 :O NEV] W>NS US EXCEPT ) A BL[3 ?IS IS ! BEG9N+ & 5D ( POLITICAL ECONOMY4 

,CONTR>Y TO ,M4 ,*EVALI]1 PR(ESSOR ( POLITICAL ECONOMY AT ! ,COLLEGE ( ,FRANCE1 ,M4 ,DUNOY]1 AN ECONOMI/ ( ! ,9/ITUTE1 DOES NOT WI% 9/RUCTION TO BE ORGANIZ$4 ,! ORGANIZATION ( 9/RUCTION IS A SPECIES ( ORGANIZATION ( LABOR2 !RE=E1 NO ORGANIZATION4 ,9/RUCTION1 OBS]VES ,M4 ,DUNOY]1 IS A PR(ESSION1 NOT A FUNCTION ( ! ,/ATE2 LIKE ALL PR(ESSIONS1 IT \<T TO BE & REMA9 FREE4 ,IT IS COMMUNISM1 IT IS SOCIALISM1 IT IS ! REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CY1 :OSE PR9CIPAL AG5TS HAVE BE5 ,ROBESPI]RE1 ,NAPOLEON1 ,L\IS ,X,V,I,I,I1 & ,M4 ,GUIZOT1 :I* HAVE ?R[N 9TO \R MID/ !SE FATAL IDEAS ( ! C5TRALIZATION & ABSORPTION ( ALL ACTIVITY 9 ! ,/ATE4 ,! PRESS IS V]Y FREE1 & ! P5 ( ! J\RNALI/ IS AN OBJECT ( M]*&ISE2 RELIGION1 TOO1 IS V]Y FREE1 & EV]Y WE>] ( A G[N1 BE IT %ORT OR LONG1 :O KN[S H[ TO EXCITE PUBLIC CURIOSITY1 CAN DRAW AN AUDI5CE AB\T HIM4 ,M4 ,LACORDAIRE HAS HIS DEVOTEES1 ,M4 ,L]\X HIS APO/LES1 ,M4 ,BU*EZ HIS CONV5T4 ,:Y1 !N1 %\LD NOT 9/RUCTION ALSO BE FREE8 ,IF ! RI<T ( ! 9/RUCT$1 LIKE ?AT ( ! BUY]1 IS UNQUE/IONABLE1 & ?AT ( ! 9/RUCTOR1 :O IS ONLY A V>IETY ( ! SELL]1 IS ITS CORRELATIVE1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO 9FR+E UPON ! LIB]TY ( 9/RUCTION )\T DO+ VIOL5CE TO ! MO/ PRECI\S ( LIB]TIES1 ?AT ( ! CONSCI5CE4 ,& !N1 ADDS ,M4 ,DUNOY]1 IF ! ,/ATE [ES 9/RUCTION TO EV]YBODY1 IT WILL SOON BE MA9TA9$ ?AT IT [ES LABOR2 !N LODG+2 !N %ELT]4 4 4 4 ,:]E DOES ?AT LEAD TO8 

,! >GUM5T ( ,M4 ,DUNOY] IS IRREFUTABLE3 TO ORGANIZE 9/RUCTION IS TO GIVE TO EV]Y CITIZ5 A PL$GE ( LIB]AL EMPLOYM5T & COM=TABLE WAGES2 ! TWO >E AS 9TIMATELY CONNECT$ AS ! CIRCULATION ( ! >T]IES & ! VE9S4 ,BUT ,M4 ,DUNOY]'S !ORY IMPLIES ALSO ?AT PROGRESS BELONGS ONLY TO A C]TA9 SELECT PORTION ( HUMANITY1 & ?AT B>B>ISM IS ! ET]NAL LOT ( N9E-T5?S ( ! HUMAN RACE4 ,IT IS ?IS :I* CON/ITUTES1 ACCORD+ TO ,M4 ,DUNOY]1 ! V]Y ESS5CE ( SOCIETY1 :I* MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 ?REE /AGES1 RELIGION1 HI]>*Y1 & BEGG>Y4 ,SO ?AT 9 ?IS SY/EM1 :I* IS ?AT ( ,DE/UTT DE ,TRACY1 ,MONTESQUIEU1 & ,PLATO1 ! ANT9OMY ( DIVISION1 LIKE ?AT ( VALUE1 IS )\T SOLUTION4 

,IT IS A S\RCE ( 9EXPRESSIBLE PLEASURE TO ME1 ,I CONFESS1 TO SEE ,M4 ,*EVALI]1 A DEF5D] ( ! C5TRALIZATION ( 9/RUCTION1 OPPOS$ BY ,M4 ,DUNOY]1 A DEF5D] ( LIB]TY2 ,M4 ,DUNOY] 9 HIS TURN ANTAGONIZ$ BY ,M4 ,GUIZOT2 ,M4 ,GUIZOT1 ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! C5TRALIZ]S1 CONTRADICT+ ! ,*>T]1 :I* POSITS LIB]TY AS A PR9CIPLE2 ! ,*>T] TRAMPL$ UND] FOOT BY ! ,UNIV]SITY M51 :O LAY SOLE CLAIM TO ! PRIVILEGE ( TEA*+1 REG>DLESS ( ! EXPRESS COMM& ( ! ,GOSPEL TO ! PRIE/S3 ,GO & TEA*4 ,& ABOVE ALL ?IS TUMULT ( ECONOMI/S1 LEGISLATORS1 M9I/]S1 ACADEMICIANS1 PR(ESSORS1 & PRIE/S1 ECONOMIC ,PROVID5CE GIV+ ! LIE TO ! ,GOSPEL1 & %\T+3 ,P$AGOGUES6 :AT USE AM ,I TO MAKE ( Y\R 9/RUCTION8 

,:O WILL RELIEVE US ( ?IS ANXIETY8 ,M4 ,ROSSI LEANS T[>D ECLECTICISM3 ,TOO LITTLE DIVID$1 HE SAYS1 LABOR REMA9S UNPRODUCTIVE2 TOO MU* DIVID$1 IT DEGRADES MAN4 ,WISDOM LIES BETWE5 !SE EXTREMES2 9 M$IO VIRTUS4 ,UN=TUNATELY ?IS 9T]M$IATE WISDOM IS ONLY A SMALL AM\NT ( POV]TY JO9$ ) A SMALL AM\NT ( WEAL?1 SO ?AT ! CONDITION IS NOT MODIFI$ 9 ! LEA/4 ,! PROPORTION ( GOOD & EVIL1 9/EAD ( BE+ AS ONE HUNDR$ TO ONE HUNDR$1 BECOMES AS FIFTY TO FIFTY3 9 ?IS WE MAY TAKE1 ONCE = ALL1 ! MEASURE ( ECLECTICISM4 ,= ! RE/1 ,M4 ,ROSSI'S JU/E-MILIEU IS 9 DIRECT OPPOSITION TO ! GREAT ECONOMIC LAW3 ,TO PRODUCE ) ! LEA/ POSSIBLE EXP5SE ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE QUANTITY ( VALUES4 4 4 4 ,N[1 H[ CAN LABOR FULFILL ITS DE/9Y )\T AN EXTREME DIVISION8 ,LET US LOOK F>!R1 IF Y\ PLEASE4 

0,ALL ECONOMIC SY/EMS & HYPO!SES10 SAYS ,M4 ,ROSSI1 0BELONG TO ! ECONOMI/1 BUT ! 9TELLIG5T1 FREE1 RESPONSIBLE MAN IS UND] ! CONTROL ( ! MORAL LAW4 4 4 ,POLITICAL ECONOMY IS ONLY A SCI5CE :I* EXAM9ES ! RELATIONS ( ?+S1 & DRAWS CONCLUSIONS !REFROM4 ,IT EXAM9ES ! EFFECTS ( LABOR2 9 ! APPLICATION ( LABOR1 Y\ %\LD CONSID] ! IMPORTANCE ( ! OBJECT 9 VIEW4 ,:5 ! APPLICATION ( LABOR IS UNFAVORABLE TO AN OBJECT HI<] ?AN ! PRODUCTION ( WEAL?1 IT %\LD NOT BE APPLI$4 4 4 ,SUPPOSE ?AT IT W\LD 9CREASE ! NATIONAL WEAL? TO COMPEL *ILDR5 TO LABOR FIFTE5 H\RS A DAY3 MORALITY W\LD SAY ?AT ?AT IS NOT ALL[ABLE4 ,DOES ?AT PROVE ?AT POLITICAL ECONOMY IS FALSE8 ,NO2 ?AT PROVES ?AT Y\ CONF\ND ?+S :I* %\LD BE KEPT SEP>ATE40 

,IF ,M4 ,ROSSI HAD A LITTLE MORE ( ?AT ,GALLIC SIMPLICITY SO DIFFICULT = =EIGN]S TO ACQUIRE1 HE W\LD V]Y SUMM>ILY HAVE ?R[N HIS TONGUE TO ! DOGS1 AS ,MADAME DE ,SEVIGNE SAID4 ,BUT A PR(ESSOR MU/ TALK1 TALK1 TALK1 NOT = ! SAKE ( SAY+ ANY?+1 BUT 9 ORD] TO AVOID SIL5CE4 ,M4 ,ROSSI TAKES ?REE TURNS >\ND ! QUE/ION1 !N LIES D[N3 ?AT IS 5\< TO MAKE C]TA9 PEOPLE BELIEVE ?AT HE HAS ANSW]$ IT4 

,IT IS SURELY A SAD SYMPTOM = A SCI5CE :51 9 DEVELOP+ ITSELF ACCORD+ TO ITS [N PR9CIPLES1 IT REA*ES ITS OBJECT JU/ 9 TIME TO BE CONTRADICT$ BY ANO!R2 AS1 = EXAMPLE1 :5 ! PO/ULATES ( POLITICAL ECONOMY >E F\ND TO BE OPPOS$ TO ?OSE ( MORALITY1 = ,I SUPPOSE ?AT MORALITY IS A SCI5CE AS WELL AS POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,:AT1 !N1 IS HUMAN KN[L$GE1 IF ALL ITS AFFIRMATIONS DE/ROY EA* O!R1 & ON :AT %ALL WE RELY8 ,DIVID$ LABOR IS A SLAVE'S OCCUPATION1 BUT IT ALONE IS REALLY PRODUCTIVE2 UNDIVID$ LABOR BELONGS TO ! FREE MAN1 BUT IT DOES NOT PAY ITS EXP5SES4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 POLITICAL ECONOMY TELLS US TO BE RI*2 ON ! O!R1 MORALITY TELLS US TO BE FREE2 & ,M4 ,ROSSI1 SPEAK+ 9 ! NAME ( BO?1 W>NS US AT ! SAME TIME ?AT WE CAN BE NEI!R FREE NOR RI*1 = TO BE BUT HALF ( EI!R IS TO BE NEI!R4 ,M4 ,ROSSI'S DOCTR9E1 !N1 F> FROM SATISFY+ ?IS D\BLE DESIRE ( HUMANITY1 IS OP5 TO ! OBJECTION ?AT1 TO AVOID EXCLUSIV5ESS1 IT /RIPS US ( EV]Y?+3 IT IS1 UND] ANO!R =M1 ! HI/ORY ( ! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM4 

,BUT ! ANTAGONISM IS EV5 MORE PR(\ND ?AN ,M4 ,ROSSI HAS SUPPOS$4 ,= S9CE1 ACCORD+ TO UNIV]SAL EXP]I5CE 7ON ?IS PO9T 9 H>MONY ) !ORY71 WAGES DECREASE 9 PROPORTION TO ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 IT IS CLE> ?AT1 9 SUBMITT+ \RSELVES TO P>CELLAIRE SLAV]Y1 WE !REBY %ALL NOT OBTA9 WEAL?2 WE %ALL ONLY *ANGE M5 9TO MA*9ES3 WITNESS ! LABOR+ POPULATION ( ! TWO WORLDS4 ,& S9CE1 ON ! O!R H&1 )\T ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 SOCIETY FALLS BACK 9TO B>B>ISM1 IT IS EVID5T ALSO ?AT1 BY SACRIFIC+ WEAL?1 WE %ALL NOT OBTA9 LIB]TY3 WITNESS ALL ! W&]+ TRIBES ( ,ASIA & ,AFRICA4 ,!RE=E IT IS NECESS>Y -- ECONOMIC SCI5CE & MORALITY ABSOLUTELY COMM& IT -- = US TO SOLVE ! PROBLEM ( DIVISION3 N[1 :]E >E ! ECONOMI/S8 ,MORE ?AN ?IRTY YE>S AGO1 ,LEMONTEY1 DEVELOP+ A REM>K ( ,SMI?1 EXPOS$ ! DEMORALIZ+ & HOMICIDAL 9FLU5CE ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,:AT HAS BE5 ! REPLY2 :AT 9VE/IGATIONS HAVE BE5 MADE2 :AT REM$IES PROPOS$2 HAS ! QUE/ION EV5 BE5 UND]/OOD8 

,EV]Y YE> ! ECONOMI/S REPORT1 ) AN EXACTNESS :I* ,I W\LD COMM5D MORE HI<LY IF ,I DID NOT SEE ?AT IT IS ALWAYS FRUITLESS1 ! COMM]CIAL CONDITION ( ! ,/ATES ( ,EUROPE4 ,!Y KN[ H[ MANY Y>DS ( CLO?1 PIECES ( SILK1 P\NDS ( IRON1 HAVE BE5 MANUFACTUR$2 :AT HAS BE5 ! CONSUMPTION P] HEAD ( :EAT1 W9E1 SUG>1 MEAT3 IT MI<T BE SAID ?AT TO !M ! ULTIMATE ( SCI5CE IS TO PUBLI% 9V5TORIES1 & ! OBJECT ( !IR LABOR IS TO BECOME G5]AL COMPTROLL]S ( NATIONS4 ,NEV] DID SU* A MASS ( MAT]IAL (F] SO F9E A FIELD = 9VE/IGATION4 ,:AT HAS BE5 F\ND2 :AT NEW PR9CIPLE HAS SPRUNG FROM ?IS MASS2 :AT SOLUTION ( ! MANY PROBLEMS ( LONG /&+ HAS BE5 REA*$2 :AT NEW DIRECTION HAVE /UDIES TAK58 

,ONE QUE/ION1 AMONG O!RS1 SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 PREP>$ = A F9AL JUDGM5T1 -- PAUP]ISM4 ,PAUP]ISM1 ( ALL ! PH5OM5A ( ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD1 IS TODAY ! BE/ KN[N3 WE KN[ PRETTY NE>LY :5CE IT COMES1 :5 & H[ IT >RIVES1 & :AT IT CO/S2 ITS PROPORTION AT V>I\S /AGES ( CIVILIZATION HAS BE5 CALCULAT$1 & WE HAVE CONV9C$ \RSELVES ?AT ALL ! SPECIFICS ) :I* IT HI!RTO HAS BE5 F\<T HAVE BE5 IMPOT5T4 ,PAUP]ISM HAS BE5 DIVID$ 9TO G5]A1 SPECIES1 & V>IETIES3 IT IS A COMPLETE NATURAL HI/ORY1 ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT BRAN*ES ( AN?ROPOLOGY4 ,WELL ,I ! UNQUE/IONABLE RESULT ( ALL ! FACTS COLLECT$1 UNSE51 %UNN$1 COV]$ BY ! ECONOMI/S ) !IR SIL5CE1 IS ?AT PAUP]ISM IS CON/ITUTIONAL & *RONIC 9 SOCIETY AS LONG AS ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL CONT9UES1 & ?AT ?IS ANTAGONISM CAN 5D ONLY BY ! ABSOLUTE NEGATION ( POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,:AT ISSUE FROM ?IS LABYR9? HAVE ! ECONOMI/S DISCOV]$8 

,?IS LA/ PO9T DES]VES A MOM5T'S ATT5TION4 

,9 PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM MIS]Y1 AS ,I HAVE OBS]V$ 9 A PREC$+ P>AGRAPH1 IS ! UNIV]SAL CONDITION4 

,LABOR IS W> DECL>$ UPON ?IS MIS]Y4 

,LABOR ORGANIZES ITSELF1 FIR/ BY DIVISION1 NEXT BY MA*9]Y1 !N BY COMPETITION1 ETC4 

,N[1 ! QUE/ION IS :E!R IT IS NOT 9 ! ESS5CE ( ?IS ORGANIZATION1 AS GIV5 US BY POLITICAL ECONOMY1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT IT PUTS AN 5D TO ! MIS]Y ( SOME1 TO AGGRAVATE ?AT ( O!RS 9 A FATAL & UNAVOIDABLE MANN]4 ,!SE >E ! T]MS 9 :I* ! QUE/ION ( PAUP]ISM MU/ BE /AT$1 & = ?IS REASON WE HAVE UND]TAK5 TO SOLVE IT4 

,:AT MEANS1 !N1 ?IS ET]NAL BABBLE ( ! ECONOMI/S AB\T ! IMPROVID5CE ( LABOR]S1 !IR IDL5ESS1 !IR WANT ( DIGNITY1 !IR IGNORANCE1 !IR DEBAU*]Y1 !IR E>LY M>RIAGES1 ETC48 ,ALL !SE VISES & EXCESSES >E ONLY ! CLOAK ( PAUP]ISM2 BUT ! CAUSE1 ! ORIG9AL CAUSE :I* 9EXORABLY HOLDS F\R-FIF?S ( ! HUMAN RACE 9 DISGRACE1 -- :AT IS IT8 ,DID NOT ,NATURE MAKE ALL M5 EQUALLY GROSS1 AV]SE TO LABOR1 WANTON1 & WILD8 ,DID NOT PATRICIAN & PROLETAIRE SPR+ FROM ! SAME CLAY8 ,!N H[ HAPP5S IT ?AT1 AFT] SO MANY C5TURIES1 & 9 SPITE ( SO MANY MIRACLES ( 9DU/RY1 SCI5CE1 & >T1 COM=T & CULTURE HAVE NOT BECOME ! 9H]ITANCE ( ALL8 ,H[ HAPP5S IT ?AT 9 ,P>IS & ,LONDON1 C5T]S ( SOCIAL WEAL?1 POV]TY IS AS HIDE\S AS 9 ! DAYS ( ,CES> & ,AGRICOLA8 ,:Y1 BY ! SIDE ( ?IS REF9$ >I/OCRACY1 HAS ! MASS REMA9$ SO UNCULTIVAT$8 ,IT IS LAID TO ! VISES ( ! PEOPLE3 BUT ! VISES ( ! UPP] CLASS APPE> TO BE NO LESS2 P]HAPS !Y >E EV5 GREAT]4 ,! ORIG9AL /A9 AFFECT$ ALL ALIKE3 H[ HAPP5S IT1 ONCE MORE1 ?AT ! BAPTISM ( CIVILIZATION HAS NOT BE5 EQUALLY EFFICACI\S = ALL8 ,DOES ?IS NOT %[ ?AT PROGRESS ITSELF IS A PRIVILEGE1 & ?AT ! MAN :O HAS NEI!R WAGON NOR HORSE IS =C$ TO FL\ND] AB\T = EV] 9 ! MUD8 ,:AT DO ,I SAY8 ,! TOTALLY DE/ITUTE MAN HAS NO DESIRE TO IMPROVE3 HE HAS FALL5 SO L[ ?AT AMBITION EV5 IS EXT+UI%$ 9 HIS HE>T4 

0,( ALL ! PRIVATE VIRTUES10 OBS]VES ,M4 ,DUNOY] ) 9F9ITE REASON1 0! MO/ NECESS>Y1 ?AT :I* GIVES US ALL ! O!RS 9 SUCCESSION1 IS ! PASSION = WELL-BE+1 IS ! VIOL5T DESIRE TO EXTRICATE ONE'S SELF FROM MIS]Y & ABJECTION1 IS ?AT SPIRIT ( EMULATION & DIGNITY :I* DOES NOT P]MIT M5 TO RE/ CONT5T ) AN 9F]IOR SITUATION4 4 4 4 ,BUT ?IS S5TIM5T1 :I* SEEMS SO NATURAL1 IS UN=TUNATELY MU* LESS COMMON ?AN IS ?\<T4 ,!RE >E FEW REPROA*ES :I* ! G5]ALITY ( M5 DES]VE LESS ?AN ?AT :I* ASCETIC MORALI/S BR+ AGA9/ !M ( BE+ TOO FOND ( !IR COM=TS3 ! OPPOSITE REPROA* MI<T BE BR\<T AGA9/ !M ) 9F9ITELY MORE JU/ICE4 4 4 4 ,!RE IS EV5 9 ! NATURE ( M5 ?IS V]Y REM>KABLE FEATURE1 ?AT ! LESS !IR KN[L$GE & RES\RCES1 ! LESS DESIRE !Y HAVE ( ACQUIR+ !SE4 ,! MO/ MIS]ABLE SAVAGES & ! LEA/ 5LI<T5$ ( M5 >E PRECISELY ?OSE 9 :OM IT IS MO/ DIFFICULT TO >\SE WANTS1 ?OSE 9 :OM IT IS H>DE/ TO 9SPIRE ! DESIRE TO RISE \T ( !IR CONDITION2 SO ?AT MAN MU/ ALREADY HAVE GA9$ A C]TA9 DEGREE ( COM=T BY HIS LABOR1 BE=E HE CAN FEEL ) ANY KE5NESS ?AT NE$ ( IMPROV+ HIS CONDITION1 ( P]FECT+ HIS EXI/5CE1 :I* ,I CALL ! LOVE ( WELL-BE+40.<#a.>  

,NOTE3  

.<#a.> 0,! ,LIB]TY ( ,LABOR10 ,VOL4 ,I,I1 P4 #h4 

,?US ! MIS]Y ( ! LABOR+ CLASSES >ISES 9 G5]AL FROM !IR LACK ( HE>T & M9D1 OR1 AS ,M4 ,PASSY HAS SAID SOME:]E1 FROM ! WEAKNESS1 ! 9]TIA ( !IR MORAL & 9TELLECTUAL FACULTIES4 ,?IS 9]TIA IS DUE TO ! FACT ?AT ! SAID LABOR+ CLASSES1 /ILL HALF SAVAGE1 DO NOT HAVE A SUFFICI5TLY >D5T DESIRE TO AMELIORATE !IR CONDITION3 ?IS ,M4 ,DUNOY] %[S4 ,BUT AS ?IS ABS5CE ( DESIRE IS ITSELF ! EFFECT ( MIS]Y1 IT FOLL[S ?AT MIS]Y & APA?Y >E EA* O!R'S EFFECT & CAUSE1 & ?AT ! PROLET>IAT TURNS 9 A CIRCLE4 

,TO RISE \T ( ?IS ABYSS !RE MU/ BE EI!R WELL-BE+1 -- ?AT IS1 A GRADUAL 9CREASE ( WAGES1 -- OR 9TELLIG5CE & C\RAGE1 -- ?AT IS1 A GRADUAL DEVELOPM5T ( FACULTIES3 TWO ?+S DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ TO ! DEGRADATION ( S\L & BODY :I* IS ! NATURAL EFFECT ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,! MIS=TUNE ( ! PROLET>IAT1 !N1 IS :OLLY PROVID5TIAL1 & TO UND]TAKE TO EXT+UI% IT 9 ! PRES5T /ATE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY W\LD BE TO PRODUCE A REVOLUTION>Y :IRLW9D4 

,= IT IS NOT )\T A PR(\ND REASON1 ROOT$ 9 ! L(TIE/ CONSID]ATIONS ( MORALITY1 ?AT ! UNIV]SAL CONSCI5CE1 EXPRESS+ ITSELF BY TURNS ?R\< ! SELFI%NESS ( ! RI* & ! APA?Y ( ! PROLET>IAT1 D5IES A REW>D TO ! MAN :OSE :OLE FUNCTION IS ?AT ( A LEV] & SPR+4 ,IF1 BY SOME IMPOSSIBILITY1 MAT]IAL WELL-BE+ C\LD FALL TO ! LOT ( ! P>CELLAIRE LABOR]1 WE %\LD SEE SOME?+ MON/R\S HAPP53 ! LABOR]S EMPLOY$ AT DISAGREEABLE TASKS W\LD BECOME LIKE ?OSE ,ROMANS1 GORG$ ) ! WEAL? ( ! WORLD1 :OSE BRUTALIZ$ M9DS BECAME 9CAPABLE ( DEVIS+ NEW PLEASURES4 ,WELL-BE+ )\T $UCATION /UPEFIES PEOPLE & MAKES !M 9SOL5T3 ?IS WAS NOTIC$ 9 ! MO/ ANCI5T TIMES4 ,9CRASSATUS E/1 ET RECALCITRAVIT1 SAYS ,DEUT]ONOMY4 ,= ! RE/1 ! P>CELLAIRE LABOR] HAS JUDG$ HIMSELF3 HE IS CONT5T1 PROVID$ HE HAS BREAD1 A PALLET TO SLEEP ON1 & PL5TY ( LIQUOR ON ,SUNDAY4 ,ANY O!R CONDITION W\LD BE PREJUDICIAL TO HIM1 & W\LD 5DANG] PUBLIC ORD]4 

,AT ,LYONS !RE IS A CLASS ( M5 :O1 UND] COV] ( ! MONOPOLY GIV5 !M BY ! CITY GOV]NM5T1 RECEIVE HI<] PAY ?AN COLLEGE PR(ESSORS OR ! HEAD-CL]KS ( ! GOV]NM5T M9I/]S3 ,I MEAN ! PORT]S4 ,! PRICE ( LOAD+ & UNLOAD+ AT C]TA9 :>VES 9 ,LYONS1 ACCORD+ TO ! S*$ULE ( ! ,RIGUES OR PORT]S' ASSOCIATIONS1 IS ?IRTY C5TIMES P] HUNDR$ KILOGRAMS4 ,AT ?IS RATE1 IT IS NOT SELDOM ?AT A MAN E>NS TWELVE1 FIFTE51 & EV5 TW5TY FRANCS A DAY3 HE ONLY HAS TO C>RY =TY OR FIFTY SACKS FROM A VESSEL TO A W>EH\SE4 ,IT IS BUT A FEW H\RS' WORK4 ,:AT A FAVORABLE CONDITION ?IS W\LD BE = ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9TELLIG5CE1 AS WELL = *ILDR5 AS = P>5TS1 IF1 ( ITSELF & ! LEISURE :I* IT BR+S1 WEAL? WAS A MORALIZ+ PR9CIPLE6 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT ! CASE3 ! PORT]S ( ,LYONS >E TODAY :AT !Y ALWAYS HAVE BE51 DRUNK51 DISSOLUTE1 BRUTAL1 9SOL5T1 SELFI%1 & BASE4 ,IT IS A PA9FUL ?+ TO SAY1 BUT ,I LOOK UPON ! FOLL[+ DECL>ATION AS A DUTY1 BECAUSE IT IS ! TRU?3 ONE ( ! FIR/ RE=MS TO BE EFFECT$ AMONG ! LABOR+ CLASSES WILL BE ! R$UCTION ( ! WAGES ( SOME AT ! SAME TIME ?AT WE RAISE ?OSE ( O!RS4 ,MONOPOLY DOES NOT GA9 9 RESPECTABILITY BY BELONG+ TO ! L[E/ CLASSES ( PEOPLE1 ESPECIALLY :5 IT S]VES TO MA9TA9 ONLY ! GROSSE/ 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,! REVOLT ( ! SILK-WORK]S MET ) NO SYMPA?Y1 BUT RA!R HO/ILITY1 FROM ! PORT]S & ! RIV] POPULATION G5]ALLY4 ,NO?+ ?AT HAPP5S (F ! :>VES HAS ANY P[] TO MOVE !M4 ,BEA/S ( BURD5 FA%ION$ 9 ADVANCE = DESPOTISM1 !Y WILL NOT M+LE ) POLITICS AS LONG AS !IR PRIVILEGE IS MA9TA9$4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ,I \<T TO SAY 9 !IR DEF5SE ?AT1 SOME TIME AGO1 ! NECESSITIES ( COMPETITION HAV+ BR\<T !IR PRICES D[N1 MORE SOCIAL S5TIM5TS BEGAN TO AWAK5 9 !SE GROSS NATURES3 A FEW MORE R$UCTIONS SEASON$ ) A LITTLE POV]TY1 & ! ,RIGUES ( ,LYONS WILL BE *OS5 AS ! /ORM+-P>TY :5 ! TIME COMES = ASSAULT+ ! BA/ILLES4 

,9 %ORT1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE1 CONTRADICTORY1 9 ! PRES5T SY/EM ( SOCIETY1 = ! PROLET>IAT TO SECURE WELL-BE+ ?R\< $UCATION OR $UCATION ?R\< WELL-BE+4 ,=1 )\T CONSID]+ ! FACT ?AT ! PROLETAIRE1 A HUMAN MA*9E1 IS AS UNFIT = COM=T AS = $UCATION1 IT IS DEMON/RAT$1 ON ! ONE H&1 ?AT HIS WAGES CONT9UALLY T5D TO GO D[N RA!R ?AN UP1 &1 ON ! O!R1 ?AT ! CULTIVATION ( HIS M9D1 IF IT W]E POSSIBLE1 W\LD BE USELESS TO HIM2 SO ?AT HE ALWAYS 9CL9ES T[>DS B>B>ISM & MIS]Y4 ,EV]Y?+ ?AT HAS BE5 ATTEMPT$ ( LATE YE>S 9 ,FRANCE & ,5GL& ) A VIEW TO ! AMELIORATION ( ! CONDITION ( ! POOR 9 ! MATT]S ( ! LABOR ( WOM5 & *ILDR5 & ( PRIM>Y 9/RUCTION1 UNLESS IT WAS ! FRUIT ( SOME HIDD5 ?\<T ( RADICALISM1 HAS BE5 DONE CONTR>Y TO ECONOMIC IDEAS & TO ! PREJUDICE ( ! E/ABLI%$ ORD]4 ,PROGRESS1 TO ! MASS ( LABOR]S1 IS ALWAYS ! BOOK SEAL$ ) ! SEV5 SEALS2 & IT IS NOT BY LEGISLATIVE MISCON/RUCTIONS ?AT ! REL5TLESS 5IGMA WILL BE SOLV$4 

,= ! RE/1 IF ! ECONOMI/S1 BY EXCLUSIVE ATT5TION TO !IR OLD R\T9E1 HAVE F9ALLY LO/ ALL KN[L$GE ( ! PRES5T /ATE ( ?+S1 IT CANNOT BE SAID ?AT ! SOCIALI/S HAVE BETT] SOLV$ ! ANT9OMY :I* DIVISION ( LABOR RAIS$4 ,QUITE ! CONTR>Y1 !Y HAVE /OPP$ ) NEGATION2 = IS IT NOT P]PETUAL NEGATION TO OPPOSE1 = 9/ANCE1 ! UNI=MITY ( P>CELLAIRE LABOR ) A SO-CALL$ V>IETY 9 :I* EA* ONE CAN *ANGE HIS OCCUPATION T51 FIFTE51 TW5TY TIMES A DAY AT WILL8 

,AS IF TO *ANGE T51 FIFTE51 TW5TY TIMES A DAY FROM ONE K9D ( DIVID$ LABOR TO ANO!R WAS TO MAKE LABOR SYN!TIC2 AS IF1 CONSEQU5TLY1 TW5TY FRACTIONS ( ! DAY'S WORK ( A MANUAL LABOR] C\LD BE EQUAL TO ! DAY'S WORK ( AN >TI/6 ,EV5 IF SU* 9DU/RIAL VAULT+ WAS PRACTICABLE1 -- & IT MAY BE ASS]T$ 9 ADVANCE ?AT IT W\LD DISAPPE> 9 ! PRES5CE ( ! NECESSITY ( MAK+ LABOR]S RESPONSIBLE & !RE=E FUNCTIONS P]SONAL1 -- IT W\LD NOT *ANGE AT ALL ! PHYSICAL1 MORAL1 & 9TELLECTUAL CONDITION ( ! LABOR]2 ! DISSIPATION W\LD ONLY BE A SUR] GU>ANTEE ( HIS 9CAPACITY &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 HIS DEP5D5CE4 ,?IS IS ADMITT$1 MOREOV]1 BY ! ORGANIZ]S1 COMMUNI/S1 & O!RS4 ,SO F> >E !Y FROM PRET5D+ TO SOLVE ! ANT9OMY ( DIVISION ?AT ALL ( !M ADMIT1 AS AN ESS5TIAL CONDITION ( ORGANIZATION1 ! HI]>*Y ( LABOR1 -- ?AT IS1 ! CLASSIFICATION ( LABOR]S 9TO P>CELLAIRES & G5]ALIZ]S OR ORGANIZ]S1 -- & 9 ALL UTOPIAS ! DI/9CTION ( CAPACITIES1 ! BASIS OR EV]LA/+ EXCUSE = 9EQUALITY ( GOODS1 IS ADMITT$ AS A PIVOT4 ,?OSE RE=M]S :OSE S*EMES HAVE NO?+ TO RECOMM5D !M BUT LOGIC1 & :O1 AFT] HAV+ COMPLA9$ ( ! SIMPLISM1 MONOTONY1 UNI=MITY1 & EXTREME DIVISION ( LABOR1 !N PROPOSE A PLURALITY AS A ,S,Y,N,!,S,I,S1 -- SU* 9V5TORS1 ,I SAY1 >E JUDG$ ALREADY1 & \<T TO BE S5T BACK TO S*OOL4 

,BUT Y\1 CRITIC1 ! READ] UND\BT$LY WILL ASK1 :AT IS Y\R SOLUTION8 ,%[ US ?IS SYN!SIS :I*1 RETA9+ ! RESPONSIBILITY1 ! P]SONALITY1 9 %ORT1 ! SPECIALTY ( ! LABOR]1 WILL UNITE EXTREME DIVISION & ! GREATE/ V>IETY 9 ONE COMPLEX & H>MONI\S :OLE4 

,MY REPLY IS READY3 ,9T]ROGATE FACTS1 CONSULT HUMANITY3 WE CAN *OOSE NO BETT] GUIDE4 ,AFT] ! OSCILLATIONS ( VALUE1 DIVISION ( LABOR IS ! ECONOMIC FACT :I* 9FLU5CES MO/ P]CEPTIBLY PR(ITS & WAGES4 ,IT IS ! FIR/ /AKE DRIV5 BY ,PROVID5CE 9TO ! SOIL ( 9DU/RY1 ! />T+-PO9T ( ! IMM5SE TRIANGULATION :I* F9ALLY MU/ DET]M9E ! RI<T & DUTY ( EA* & ALL4 ,LET US1 !N1 FOLL[ \R GUIDES1 )\T :I* WE CAN ONLY W&] & LOSE \RSELVES4 

,TU LONGE SEGG]E1 ET VE/IGIA SEMP] ADORA4 

,FROM 3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,VIRG9IA ,LIBR>Y4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahde 3 ,*APT] #c1 ,SECTION #c4#b -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#i1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #c1 ,SECTION #c4#b -- ,ADD$4 

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