,SOCIOBIOLOGY OR ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 

#aiic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY SAMDECLE1,C,C ,B,Y-,S,A ,LIC5SE ,I 

,! 9T]FACE BETWE5 NATURE & SOCIETY HAS BE5 A HAUNT+ PHILOSOPHICAL1 E?ICAL1 & CULTURAL PROBLEM = ?\S&S ( YE>S4 ,9DE$1 ?AT IT CON/ITUTES ! /UFF FROM :I* NAIVE MY?S & ?\<TFUL MORAL CR$OS HAVE BE5 =M$ = AGES IS A FACT WE >E SELDOM P]MITT$ TO =GET1 IF ONLY 9 A FA%ION ?AT IS PATRONIZ+ TO PRESUMABLY LESS 0SOPHI/ICAT$0 CULTURES4 ,AFT] ALL1 W]E NOT ! E>LIE/ RELIGIONS 0M]E0 NATURE RELIGIONS & ! E>LIE/ PHILOSOPHIES 0M]E0 NATURE PHILOSOPHIES8 ,AS F> BACK AS WE CAN SE>* 9TO HUMANITY'S RI* RES]VOIR ( 9TUITIONS & RATIONAL =MULAS1 \R RELATION%IP TO NATURE - 9DE$1 HUMANITY'S PLACE 9 NATURE - HAS BE5 A C5TRAL !ME ( IDEAS & S5SIBILITY4 ,TO SEEK AN OBJECTIVE GR\ND+ = REASON & E?ICS ?AT IS MORE ?AN CRUDELY 9/RUM5TAL & SUBJECTIVELY RELATIVI/IC HAS BE5 ! ALLUR+ GOAL ( HUMAN ?\<T = AN 9CALCULABLE P]IOD ( TIME4 

,IT WAS ONLY ) ! OP5+ ( ! ,*RI/IAN ]A &1 C5TURIES LAT]1 ) ! BIR? ( ITS WAYW>D *ILD1 ! ,R5AISSANCE1 ?AT ?IS HAUNT+ 9T]FACE WAS SL[LY $G$ \T ( ! REALM ( HUMAN SPECULATION4 ,*RI/IANITY'S 9T5SELY ANTI-NATURALI/IC BIAS ESS5TIALLY REPLAC$ AN E>LI]1 RI*LY =M$ IDEA ( NATURE ) A COLORLESS ,SUP]NATURE AS RU?LESSLY AS ! LATE ,R5AISSANCE PHILOSOPH]S & SCI5TI/S 7NOTABLY1 ,DESC>TES & ,GALILEO7 W]E TO REPLACE ORGANIC /RATEGIES ( KN[L$GE ) H>%LY ME*ANICAL ONES--AN UMBILICAL CORD BETWE5 ! CA!DRAL & ! LABORATORY ?AT ,BACON WAS TO SANCTIFY 9 HIS UTOPIAN ,H\SE ( ,SALOMAN4 ,! RESULTS ( !SE IDEOLOGICAL *ANGES W]E MORE FATEFUL ?AN !IR CREATORS REALIZ$4 ,HUMAN ?\<T WAS COMPLETELY DEFLECT$ FROM RATIONAL 9QUIRY 9TO ! RELATION%IP ( SOCIETY TO NATURE - ONE FREE ( ! RELIGI\S & PHILOSOPHICAL >*AISMS ( ! PA/ - 9TO A N>R[LY 9/RUM5TAL1 MEANS-5D RATIONALISM4 ,A DI/9CTLY PHILOSOPHICAL CR$O WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 ! NATURE ( ! NEW SCI5CE ?AT WAS NO LESS METAPHYSICAL 9 ITS PRESUPPOSITION ?AT ! >*AIC METAPHYSICS ( CLASSICAL ?\<T3 A VISION ( NATURE AS 0MUTE10 0BL9D10 & 9TELLIGIBLE ONLY 9 MA!MATIC T]MS2 A VISION ( NATURAL HI/ORY AS /RICTLY =TUIT\S2 & P]HAPS MORE DECISIVELY1 AN E?ICAL /RATEGY ?AT WAS GR\ND$ NOT 9 OBJECTIVITY & A SE>* = ! 9H]5T SELF-ORGANIZ+ ATTRIBUTES ?AT IMP>T MEAN+ TO NATURE & SOCIETY BUT 9 0EFFECTIV5ESS0 & 9 A LOGICAL CALCULUS ( EFFICI5CY ?AT C\LD BE JU/IFI$ ONLY 9 T]MS ( 0SUCCESS0 & P]SONAL PROCLIVITIES4 ,IRONICALLY1 ! ,R5AISSANCE VISION ( SOCIETY'S 9T]FACE ) NATURE HAD NOT REMOV$ MORALITY AS SU* FROM ! ISSUE' IT HAS REPLAC$ A COMMITT$ VISION ( RI<T & WRONG ) AN ESS5TIALLY UNCOMMITT$ ONE4 ,9 ITS SCI5TI/IC 0VALUE-FREE0 BUT 9/RUM5TAL APPROA* TO SOCIETY1 IT HAS 9 FACT PROVID$ A MEANS-5D RATIONALISM ?AT C\LD AS EASILY JU/IFY FASCISM AS IT C\LD SOCIALISM - &1 SADLY 5\<1 A UNIQUELY VULG> 9T]PRETATION ( 0AN>*ISM0 ?AT T5DS TO ]UPT FROM TIME TO TIME LIKE A FETID ULC] 9 ! ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN CULTURE REGION "9 ,GRANT$ ?AT M$IEVAL TELEOLOGY ) ITS RIGID MY?OS ( AN 9EXORABLE 0F9AL CAUSE0 HAD P]MEAT$ SPECULATIVE ?\<T ) ! AUTOCRACY ( A PREORDA9$ RELIGI\S DE/9Y2 ,R5AISSANCE ME*ANISM1 9 TURN1 LIFT$ ! BURD5 ( 0F9AL CAUSE0 ONLY TO REPLACE IT ) AN EQUALLY RIGID MY?OS ( 0EFFICI5T CAUSE0 ) ITS UNYIELD+ DET]M9ISM & ITS AUTOCRACY ( R$UCTIONISM4 ,9 NEI!R CASE WAS FRE$OM S]VIC$ & DOM9ATION BANI%$4 ,RA!R1 ! SAME COMMITM5T TO METAPHYSICAL ( UNSW]V+ DET]M9ISM WAS RE9=C$ OV] MORE ORGANIC CONCEPTS ( ! WORLD ?AT GAVE IT MEAN+ )\T ! ALL-RESID+ PRES5CE ( A DEITY OR A MA*9E4 

- ,CONSID]1 = EXAMPLE1 AN >TICLE 9 DEF5SE ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIOBIOLOGY 9 A REC5T ISSUE ( ,! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN ,AN>*I/ 7R5AM$ ,/RIKE7 :I* DEALS ) NATURE AS 0BL9D444MEAN+LESS444MUTE0 & ! LIKE1 & REHABILITATES ALL ! VULG>ITIES ( ME*ANICAL MAT]IALISM A LA ,METTRIE OR ,MOLES*OTT4 ,I QUOTE FROM MEMORY BUT ) A DEEP CONC]N ?AT ?IS K9D ( 9TELLECTUAL PRIMITIVISM MAY F9D ITS PLACE AS 0MAT]IALI/IC0 OR 0ANTI-!OLOGICAL0 9 AN>*I/ IDEAS4 ,WE HAVE AS MU* TO FE> FROM KNEEJ]K =M ( SCI5TISM & BEHAVIORISM1 NOT TO SPEAK ( SOCIOBIOLOGY1 AS WELL HAVE FROM !OLOGY & MY/ICISM4 

,!SE G5]AL REM>KS >E NOT MADE IDLY4 ,!Y >E 9DISP5SABLE = UND]/&+ TWO CONFLICT+ 9T]PRETATION ( ! 9T]FACE BETWE5 SOCIETY & NATURE3 SOCIOBIOLOGY & SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,! HI/ORIC CRISIS 9 REASON1 SCI5CE1 & E?ICS :I* HAS REA*$ SU* ACUITY 9 REC5T YE>S - ) ,R5AISSANCE ME*ANISM'S UND]LY+ T5ANTS ( 9/RUM5TAL RATIONALISM1 ( QUANTIFICATION AS ! 0LANGUAGE0 ( SCI5CE1 & ( PHYSICS AS ITS 0P>ADIGM0 - FE$S 9TO A MORE COMPELL+ MAT]IAL CRISIS3 ! UNPREC$5T$ ECOLOGICAL DET]IORATION ?AT ?REAT5S ! V]Y 9TEGRITY ( COMPLEX LIFE-=MS1 9CLUD+ HUMANITY4 ,NONE ( ! CRITICS ( 9/RUM5TALISM1 QUANTIFICATION1 & R$UCTIONISM1 FROM ! PH5OM5OLOGI/S TO ! CRITICAL !ORI/S ( ! ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL1 C\LD HAVE ANTICIPAT$ ?AT NATURE ITSELF W\LD RAISE PROBLEMS ?AT ONCE SEEM$ CONF9$ TO ! IDEOLOGICAL & SOCIAL REALMS4 ,! MASSIVE DISEQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 HUMANITY & NATURE CREAT$ BY A T]RIFY+1 EXPLOITIVE SOCIETY HAS ?US CREAT$ ! NE$ = A NEW AG5DA ) ROOTS 9 AN ADMITT$LY V]Y OLD TRADITION4 ,WE >E ONCE AGA9 FAC$ ) ! PROBLEM ( H[ SOCIETY EM]G$ FROM NATURE1 ! CONT9UITIES & DISCONT9UITIES ?AT EXI/ BETWE5 ! TWO1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( A S5SIBILITY & ( SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT ACCORD ) !SE DI/9CTIONS 79CLUD+ REASON & SCI5CE AS WELL AS ALT]NATIVE COMMUNITIES & TE*NICS71 & F9ALLY1 AN E?ICAL ?AT IS GR\ND$ 9 NATURE AS IT IS 9 HUMAN RATIONALITY4 ,9 %ORT1 ! OLD <O/S1 SEEM+LY DISPELL$ BY ! ,C>TESIAN & ,GALILEAN TRADITIONS1 HAVE COME BACK TO HAUNT US--NOT1 LET ME EMPHASIZE1 = WANT ( ! OBSCURANTI/ IDEOLOGICAL NE$S ?AT MANY >*AIC RELIGIONS & PHILOSOPHICAL SY/EMS W]E MEANT TO SATISFY1 BUT = WANT ( A NEW P]SPECTIVE ON HUMANITY & NATURE ?AT CAN RESOLV$ ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS ( \R TIMES4 

,IT IS AGA9/ ?IS MU* L>G] BACKGR\ND ( IDEAS & PROBLEMS ?AT SOCIOBIOLOGY'S SUDD5 EM]G5CE & UTT]LY REACTION>Y CONT5T %\LD BE EVALUAT$4 ,! IDEA ?AT SOCIETY HAS ROOTS 9 NATURE IS NOT NEW4 ,UNTIL ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ! T]M 0NATURAL PHILOSOPHY0 WAS US$ AS A SYNONYM = ! T]M 0SCI5CE40 ,HEGEL'S RECOV]Y ( ,>I/OTELIANS PHYSICS & BIOLOGY FROM ! !OLOGICAL TRAPP+S ( ! M$IEVAL ,S*OOLM5 7ALL HIS [N PREJUDICES & IDEALI/IC NONS5SE ASIDE7 EX]CIS$ AN 5ORM\S 9FLU5CE 9 ! ACADEMIC WORLD AS A QUALITATIVE BASIS = ! D$UCTIVE SCI5CES4 ,NOR CAN WE IGNORE ! 9FLU5CE 0DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM0 HAS EX]CIS$ EV5 IF ONLY AS A S\RCE ( %>P 9TELLECTUAL CONT5TIONS4 ,ISSUES LIKE 0TELEOLOGY0 & 0PURPOSIV5ESS0 9 NATURE1 H[EV] SIMPLI/ICALLY DEF9$1 >E C5TRAL CONC]NS ( MOD]N SY/EMS !ORY & NEO-POSITIVI/ PHILOSOPHIES ( SCI5CE1 NOT SIMPLY ( ,TEILH>D DE ,*>D9'S QUASI-!OLOGICAL RUM9ATIONS ON OR?OG5ESIS4 

,SOCIOBIOLOGY HAS OOZ$ 9TO !SE MAJOR 9TELLECTUAL CREVICES ( \R TIMES LIKE SOME IDEOLOGICAL PUS FROM A SUPPURAT+ ULC]4 ,IT IS EVID5CE NOT ( A CURE TO ! PROBLEMS ?AT HAVE EM]G$ BUT ( ! DISEASE ITSELF4 ,IT W\LD BE A S]I\S ]ROR TO VIEW SOCIOBIOLOGY M]ELY AS P>T ( A P]SI/+ 5DEAVOR TO RELATE ATTRIBUTES ( ! ORGANIC WORLD TO ! SOCIAL OR TO EXPLORE ! BIOLOGICAL ROOTS ( SOCIETY 9 T]MS ( !IR CONT9UITIES & DISCONT9UITIES4 ,?IS PROJECT IS ?\S&S ( YE>S OLD & HAS HAD A HI<LY DIV]SIFI$ LIFE ( ITS [N4 ,IT EXT5DS BACK TO ! PRE-,SOCRATICS & HAS ACQUIR$ ITS MO/ CONV5TIONAL =M 9 A NEO-,B]GSONIAN VITALISM & 9 SY/EMS !ORY4 ,SOCIOBIOLOGY1 AS ! T]M IS CURR5TLY US$1 IS A V]Y SPECIFIC CREATURE 9 ITS [N RI<T4 ,MORE PRECISELY1 IT IS NOT A DISCIPL9E2 IT IS A MOVEM5T1 NO LESS (F5SIVE 9 ITS CRUDITIES ?AN SOCIAL-,D>W9ISM4 ,CONSID]$ AS A MOVEM5T1 SOCIOBIOLOGY'S MANIFE/O CAN L>GELY BE REG>D$ AS ,E4 ,O4 ,WILSON'S ,SOCIOBIOLOGY3 ,! ,NEW ,SYN!SIS4 ,ITS SPECIFICITY AS A 0,NEW ,SYN!SIS0 CANNOT BE IGNOR$4 ,! WORK ( ,WILSON & HIS COLLABORATORS1 SOME ( :OSE VIEWS APPROXIMATE PURE FASCISM1 MU/ BE S+L$ \T AS A NEW ATTEMPT TO DEAL ) ! 9T]FACE BETWE5 BIOLOGY & SOCIETY1 9DE$1 TO GIVE IT ! HALO ( A SCI5TIFIC AU?ORITY ?AT DEFIES M]E !ORIZ+ & SPECULATION4 ,WE >E NO LONG] DEAL+1 H]E1 ) ! ,IONIAN PHILOSOPH]S1 ,P]M5IDES' & ,H]AKLITOS' 0,DIKE10 ,PLATO'S ,DEMIURGOS1 ,>I/OTLE'S T\R DE =CE 9 ! ,PHYSICS & ! SCALA NATURA1 ,DEMOKRATOS1 ,EPIKURUS1 ! ,/OICS1 OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 ) ,BRUNO1 ,KEPL]1 ,LEIBNITZ1 ,HEGEL1 ,KROPOTK91 ,B]GSON1 & ! LIKE4 ,WE >E TALK+ ( A LOVE AFFAIR BETWE5 A NEW1 PRESUMABLY V]Y 0MOD]N0 & 0SOPHI/ICAT$0 GR\P ( L>GELY ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN BIOLOGI/S & E?OLOGI/S ON ! ONE H& & G5ES ON ! O!R4 ,! OP5+ *APT] ( ,WILSON'S ,SOCIOBIOLOGY IS TITL$ 0,! ,MORALITY ( ! ,G5E0 - & IT IS ! BOOK'S R$UCTIONI/ & UGLY E?OS1 VIEW$ AS A KEY TO SOCIETY & HUMAN BEHAVIOR1 ?AT MU/ NEV] BE P]MITT$ TO ELUDE US4 

,ACCOLADES = ,WILSON'S 0CIVILITY0 & 0APPROPRIATE S5SE ( HUMOR0 7TO USE ,A%LEY ,MONTAGU'S FLATT]+ *>ACT]IZATION7 9 ! FACE ( V]Y HEAT$ ATTACKS UPON HIS VIEWS DO NOT JU/IFY AN EQUAL DEGREE ( CIVILITY & HUMOR FROM HIS CRITICS4 ,!RE IS NO?+ V]Y CIVIL AB\T SOCIOBIOLOGY & C]TA9LY NO?+ V]Y FUNNY AB\T ITS CONCLUSIONS4 ,9DE$1 ! CRITICAL RESPONSE TO ,SOCIOBIOLOGY HAS BE5 L>GELY FAVORABLE4 ,?IS CORDIAL1 (T5 5?USIA/IC RECEPTION HAS BE5 EXT5D$ NOT ONLY BY MEMB]S ( ! SCI5TIFIC COMMUNITY BUT BY A WIDE RANGE ( ! 5TIRE POLITICAL SPECTRUM FROM WRIT]S = ,BRITA9'S FASCI/ ,NATIONAL ,FRONT TO !IR C\NT]P>TS 9 ! HAPPILY DEFUNCT 0,AN>*O-,COMMUNI/ ,F$]ATION ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA40 

,WILSON1 H[EV]1 DOES NOT NE$ REBORN FASCI/S & SELF-/YL$ AN>*I/S TO SPEAK ON HIS BEHALF4 ,HE IS MORE >TICULATE & COH]5T ?AN MANY ( HIS F]V5T SUPPORT]S4 ,! VIVIDNESS ( HIS EMPHASIS ON AGGRESSION1 HI]>*Y1 DOM9ATION1 T]RITORIALITY1 & COMPETITION AS G5ETICALLY 9NATE TO ALL LIFE-=MS IS SO DEFIANTLY BRA% ?AT IT HAS BECOME CONV5TIONAL TO CRITICALLY S+LE \T !SE ISSUES4 ,9 ,WILSON'S WRIT+S1 V]Y FEW ( ! LESS SAVORY ASPECTS ( ANIMAL & HUMAN BEHAVIOR >E FREE ( A G5ETIC P$IGREE1 & ) HIS P$IGREE !Y BECOME BIOLOGICALLY 9EVITABLE1 9 FACT1 ADAPTATIVE TO SURVIVAL4 ,SU* AWKW>D TRAITS AS ALTRUISM & SU* PAT5TLY CULTURAL ATTRIBUTES SU* AS SYMPA?Y EM]GE AS PROBLEMS1 9TO ! 0MORALITY ( ! G5E40 ,5\< HAS BE5 WRITT5 ON ,WILSON'S SUB/ANTIVE ISSUES RAIS$ BY HIS COLLEAGUES' WORKS4 

,NEV]!LESS1 IT IS DIFFICULT TO IGNORE ,WILSON'S 9TELLECTUAL /RATEGY4 ,SOCIOBIOLOGY IS %REWDLY RIDDL$ BY A SUFFICI5T NUMB] ( SECOND ?\<TS & QUALIFICATIONS TO OBSCURE ! VICI\SNESS ( ITS !SIS4 ,MORE CAUTI\S ?AT SU* RABIDLY REACTION>Y ACOLYTES AS ,RI*>D ,DAWK9S1 :OSE ,SELFI% ,G5E HAS BE5 *>ACT]IZ$ BY SO PRUD5T A CRITIC AS ,M>Y ,MIDGLEY AS ! 0WORK ( AN UNCRITICAL PHILOSOPHIC EGOI/10 ,WILSON IS C>EFUL TO TAKE NOTE ( ! 0LIMITS ( AGGRESSION10 TO POETIZE OV] ! 0FIELD ( RI<TE\SNESS10 & TO ACKN[L$GE ! 0PLA/ICITY ( .<HUMAN.> SOCIAL ORGANIZATION10 ) DUE DEF]5CE TO 0%>+0 & 0BOND+40 ,BUT :]EV] ,WILSON SEEMS TO RELAX HIS G5ETIC DET]M9ISM 9 ! REALM ( CULTURE1 HE R>ELY DISPLACES IT COMPLETELY4 ,SOCIOBIOLOGY UNCEAS+LY /AKES \T LIMITS TO NON-G5ETIC AUTONOMY4 ,BIOLOGICAL DET]M9ISM1 SPECIFICALLY 9 ITS CRASSE/ G5IC =M1 IS NOT M]ELY A MASSIVE EMPHASIS BUT AN ALL-5COMPASS+ GOSPEL4 ,:ATEV] SEEMS TO *ALL5GE ?IS CALL+ IS CONV5I5TLY REMOV$ FROM ! PURVIEW ( ! BOOK4 ,IT BECOMES NON-EXI/5T OR DIDACTICALLY DISMISS$ :5 IT CANNOT BE CAJOL$ BY ALL MEANS - FAIR OR F\L - 9TO A G5IC 0P>ADIGM40 

,& ,WILSON IS BY NO MEANS SO PRUD5T AS TO AB&ON F\L MEANS4 ,WE %ALL HAVE OCCASION TO SEE ?AT HIS G5ETICS1 F> FROM BE+ ON ! CUTT+ $GE ( G5IC !ORIES1 IS 9 FACT RA!R >*AIC & %OPWORN4 ,NOR IS HIS E?OLOGICAL DATA FREE ( RA!R CYNICAL DI/ORTION4 ,JAMES ,C4 ,K+1 9 HIS HI<LY 9=MATIVE & RE/RA9$ CRITICISM ( SOCIOBIOLOGY1 NOTES ?AT W$D$ TO ,WILSON'S 0S+LE-G5E ANALYSIS & G5ETIC DET]M9ISM IS 444 AN EMPHASIS ON CONFLICT & VIOL5CE40 ,WILSON'S NATURE1 9CLUD+ MU* ( HUMAN NATURE1 IS RAVAG$ BY CLAW & FANG1 9DE$1 BY A P]VASIVE SOCIAL-,D>W9ISM ?AT IS D5I$ RHETORICALLY ONLY TO BE SMUGGL$ 9 SUB/ANTIALLY4 ,?IS HI<-PIT* ( CONFLICT & VIOL5CE IS F> FROM SUPPORT$ BY ! SCI5TIFIC 0OBJECTIVITY0 ?AT IS SUPPOS$ TO R5D] ! SOCIOBIOLOGICAL SYN!SIS SO NEW4 

,A FEW EXAMPLES >E WOR? CIT+4 ,WILSON'S USE ( ,S*NEIRLA'S DATA ON CATS TO DEMON/RATE ?AT P>5T-(FSPR+ RELATIONS >E M>K$ BY CONFLICT 9 WEAN+ KITT5S FROM !IR MO!R HAS BE5 JU/LY *>ACT]IZ$ BY ,K+ AS 0CLOSE TO DI/ORTION & PO9T UP ! PR$ISPOSITION ( ! SOCIOBIOLOGI/ TO SEE CONFLICT EV]Y:]E40 ,AS IT TURNS \T1 ,S*NEIRLA'S ACC\NT ( ?IS RELATION%IP IS HI<LY COMPLEX3 IT 9VOLVES AN 9TRICATE ALT]NATION ( LESS5+ CONC]N BETWE5 ! FEL9E P>5T & ITS (FSPR+ :I* ULTIMATELY YIELDS A CONDITION ( 9T]DEP5D5CE RA!R ?AN HO/ILITY4 ,EV5 MORE DISCONC]T+ IS ,WILSON'S MISUSE ( ,G4,B4 ,S*ALL]'S DATA ON ! ,S]5GETI LIONS4 ,ADDUC+ ,S*ALL]'S WORK AS EVID5CE1 ,WILSON BRA%LY CONT5DS ?AT LION 0CUBS >E SOMETIMES KILL$ & EAT5 DUR+ T]RITORIAL DISPUTES0 - & !RE ! ACC\NT ( HI< CUB MORTALITY IS P]MITT$ TO RE/4 ,ACTUALLY ,S*ALL] & O!R AU?ORITATIVE E?OLOGI/S ATTRIBUTE ?IS HI< MORTALITY RATE MA9LY TO P>5TAL NEGLECT RA!R ?AN CANNIBALISM4 ,ACOLYTES ( SOCIOBIOLOGY >E ALL ! MORE REVEAL+ ( !IR BIASES :5 ! DATA >\ND A P>TICUL> ISSUE IS DISPUTABLE4 ,ALMO/ 9V>IABLY !IR 9T]PRETATIONS ( AMBIGU\S FACTS FALL ON ! SIDE ( AGGRESSION1 VIOL5CE1 9FANTICIDE1 & CONFLICT4 ,! MORE GORY ! TRAIT1 ! MORE LIKELY IT IS TO 9VITE ! PURPOSE PROSE ( DOGMA RA!R ?AN ! /AID LANGUAGE ( 0SCI5TIFIC OBJECTIVITY04 

,ALL ( ?IS RAISES :AT IS MO/ CRUCIAL 9 SOCIOBIOLOGY'S IMAGE ( NATURE - ( LIFE AS IT IS =M$1 ( LIFE-=MS 9T]ACT+ ) EA* O!R & !IR ABIOTIC 5VIRONM5T1 & ULTIMATELY ( HUMAN NATURE AS IT IS =M$ BIOLOGICALLY & CULTURALLY4 ,WILSON'S IMAGE ( NATURE1 LIKE ,FREUD'S1 IS UNEQUIVOCALLY ,HOBBESIAN1 A BELLUM OMNIUM CONTRA OMNES4 ,ME?ODOLOGICALLY1 ,WILSON IS R$UCTIONI/4 ,:AT IS NO LESS SIGNIFICANT1 HE HAS AN EPI/EMOLOGY ?AT R5D]S HIS SUBJECT MATT] 9H]5TLY UNRULY & IMP]VI\S TO EXPLANATIONS ?AT ELICIT ANY TRAITS ( AN IMMAN5TLY SYMBIOTIC & MUTUALI/IC NATURE4 ,HUMAN NATURE1 H[EV] ONE *OOSES TO DESCRIBE IT1 IS AN EFFECT RA!R ?AN A CAUSE4 ,IT IS L>GELY ! RESULT ( ! EV]-DOM9E]+ G5E4 ,?AT !RE >E IMMAN5T1 SELF-ORGANIZ+1 & - YES1 LET US USE ! DREAD$ WORD1 H>MONIZ+ - AS WELL AS CONFLICT$ - T5D5CIES 9 NATURE & SOCIETY :I* C\LD =M ! BASES ( A NEW BIOSOCIAL APPROA* TO EVOLUTION REMA9 NOTIONS ?AT >E ESS5TIALLY ALI5 TO ,WILSON'S SOCIOBIOLOGY4 

,IT W\LD BE V]Y USEFUL1 IF SPACE P]MITT$ TO EXPLORE ,WILSON'S DEF9ITIONS ( 0SOCIETY10 0HI]>*Y10 0DOM9ANCE10 0AGGRESSION10 0B&10 0CA/E10 0COMMUNAL10 0COMPETITION10 & LIKE WORDS ?AT CLE>LY REVEAL HIS ORI5TATION T[>D BIOSOCIAL1 EVOLUTION>Y1 SOCIALLY /RUCTUR$1 & E?ICAL PH5OM5A4 ,:AT IS /RIK+ AB\T MO/ ( !SE DEF9ITIONS IS ?AT1 :]E !Y HAVE SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS1 ,WILSON FIRMLY CONTA9S !M BY UNREL5T+1 (T5 RIGID1 BIOLOGICAL T]MS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 :]E !IR BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS ALMO/ BEG = 9T]PRETATION1 !Y >E EQUAT$ ) BIOLOGICALLY BIAS$ SOCIAL T]MS4 ,:AT ,I AM SAY+ IS ?AT ,WILSON'S RU?LESS R$UCTION ( SOCIAL PH5OM5A TO BIOLOGY 9 G5]AL & G5ETICS 9 P>TICUL> IS OBSCURANTI/ BY DEF9ITION 9 ! LIT]AL S5SE - BY HIS DEF9ITION ( KEY T]MS ?AT 5T] 9TO HIS BOOK4 ,HE R5D]S IT DIFFICULT = ANYONE BUT ! MO/ SOPHI/ICAT$ READ] TO USE LANGUAGE 9 SU* A WAY ?AT IT CAN REVEAL ! DISCONT9UITIES AS WELL AS ! CONT9UITIES BETWE5 BIOLOGY & SOCIETY4 ,EV5 MORE IRRITAT+1 ,WILSON SO CRASSLY BIASES HIS LANGUAGE ?AT ! DIALECTICAL RELATIONS BETWE5 !SE CONT9UITIES & DISCONT9UITIES BECOME ELUSIVE4 ,! P]CEPTIVE READ]1 9 EFFECT1 IS /R&$ ON A SOCIOBIOLOGICAL ISL& :]E IT IS VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO CONSUME ANY?+ BUT S& & SALT4 

,?IS BECOME EVID5T :5 ONE TURNS TO ,WILSON'S DEF9ITION ( 0SOCIETY40 ,A 0SOCIETY0 9 ,SOCIOBIOLOGY IS A 0GR\P ( 9DIVIDUALS BELONG+ TO ! SAME SPECIES & ORGANIZ$ 9 A COOP]ATIVE MANN]40 ,! DIAGNO/IC CRIT]ION IS RECIPROCAL COMMUNICATION ( A COOP]ATIVE NATURE1 EXT5D+ BEYOND M]E SEXUAL ACTIVITIES - AFT] :I* M\?FUL ( WORDS1 ,WILSON DISPAT*ES ! READ] TO ,*APT] ,TWO ( ! BOOK4 

,IT IS VITALLY NECESS>Y UNLESS ONE IS A M9DLESS ACOLYTE1 TO KN[ :AT ,WILSON MEANS BY 0ORGANIZ$0 & 0COOP]ATIVE0 H]E - TWO CULTURALLY1 PHILOSOPHICALLY1 & E?ICALLY LAD5 T]MS ?AT HAVE F>-REA*+ IMPLICATIONS 9 SOCIAL !ORY1 NOT TO SPEAK ( BIOLOGY1 :]E !IR MEAN+S MAY DIFF] SO DRA/ICALLY 9 ! SAME SPECIES 7SU* AS BABOONS7 9 DIFF]5T ECOSY/EMS4 ,ONE F9DS1 9 FACT1 ?AT ,*APT] ,TWO 9 NO WAY CL>IFI$ ! MEAN+ ( !SE HI<LY *>G$ T]MS4 ,IF ANY?+1 ,WILSON W&]S ALL OV] ! PLACE4 ,WE NO MORE KN[ :AT 0COOP]ATION10 MEANS ?AN WE KN[ ! MEAN+ ( 0ORGANIZATION40 ,WILSON'S DEF9ITIONS >E AS >BITR>Y AS !Y >E 9TUITIVE4 ,WE >E URG$1 9 FACT1 TO DEF9E ! T]MS 0SOCIETY0 & 0SOCIAL0 SUFFICI5TLY 0BROADLY 9 ORD] TO PREV5T ! EXCLUSION ( MANY 9T]E/+ 767 PH5OM5A0 - 9 :OSE OP9ION & BY :AT CRIT]IA ,WILSON FAILS TO EXPLA94 

,ACCORD+LY1 ,WILSON IS N[ FREE TO OP9E ON ANY PH5OM5ON ?AT CAPTURES HIS FANCY - A TOTALLY LEGITIMATE RI<T IF SOCIOBIOLOGY IS A PURELY SPECULATIVE !ORY BUT C]TA9LY 9TELLECTUALLY \TRAGE\S IF IT IS 7AS ITS ACOLYTES DEM&S7 A 0SCI5CE40 ,WE >E TOLD1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT 0SW>MS ( C\RT+ MALES0 >E NOT 0TRUE SOCIETIES0 BECAUSE !Y >E 0(T5 DRAWN TOGE!R BY MUTUALLY ATTRACTIVE /IMULI1 BUT IF !Y 9T]ACT 9 NO O!R WAY IT SEEMS EXCESSIVE TO REF] TO !M BY A T]M /RONG] ?AT AGGREGATION40 ,BY CONTRA/1 ,WILSON DECL>ES1 BIRD FLOCKS1 WOLF PACKS1 & LOCU/ SW>MS >E 0GOOD EXAMPLES ( TRUE ELEM5T>Y SOCIETIES40 ,SO >E P>5T-(FSPR+ RELATION%IPS IF !Y 0COMMUNICATE RECIPROCALLY0 BECAUSE !Y HAVE 0(T5 COMPLEX & S]VE MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS40 ,9DE$ 09 MANY GR\PS ( ORGANISMS1 FROM ! SOCIAL 9SECTS TO ! PRIMATES1 ! MO/ ADVANC$ SOCIETIES APPE> TO HAVE EVOLV$ FROM FAMILY UNITS40 

,WE MU/ PAUSE1 H]E1 TO EXAM9E ?IS FASC9AT+ MUDDLE ( IDEAS & CATEGORIES4 ,IF SOCIETY IS TO BE SO BROADLY DEF9$ ?AT IT 9CLUDES BIRD FLOCKS & LOCUS SW>MS BUT NOT SW>MS ( C\RT+ MALES1 BY :AT SOLID CRIT]IA O!R ?AN ,WILSON'S CAVALI] USE ( ! WORD 0EXCESSIVE0 >E ! =M] DI/+UI%$ FROM ! LATT]8 ,ALL ?REE FLOCKS & SW>MS >E UNIT$ BY SOME K9D ( 0ATTRACTIVE /IMULI02 !Y P]=M SOME K9D ( 0FUNCTION0 & 9 ! 0BROADE/ S5SE0 >E APP>5TLY 0COOP]AT+0 TO FULFILL ?AT 0FUNCTION40 ,TAK5 AT FACE VALUE1 ,WILSON HAS ASSIGN$ ! NOTION ( 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION - ?AT IS1 SOME VAGUE IDEA ( 0GR\P BEHAVIOR0 - AS HIS CRIT]ION = DI/+UI%+ A 0SOCIETY0 FROM A M]E 0AGGREGATION40 ,BUT ! SW>M+ ( C\RT+ MALES1 OR = ?AT MATT]1 ! W9T] CONGREGATION ( RATTLESNAKES & LADYBIRD BEETLES 7:I* ,WILSON ALSO CONSIGNS TO ! /ATUS ( 0AGGREGATIONS07 >E =MS ( 0GR\P BEHAVIOR0 9 !MSELVES4 ,! FACT IS ?AT ,WILSON'S CRIT]IA 9 DI/+UI%+ 0SOCIETY0 FROM 0AGGREGATION0 >E MATT]S ( DEGREE RA!R ?AN ( K+4 ,C\RT+ MALES1 W9T]+ RATTLESNAKES & LADYBIRD BEETLES >E NOT SUFFICI5TLY 0ORGANIZ$0 & DO NOT SUFFICI5TLY 0COOP]ATE0 = ,WILSON'S TA/ES TO QUALIFY 9 HIS SOV]EIGN OP9ION AS 0TRUE SOCIETIES02 H5CE BY NO /&>DS O!R ?AN HIS P]SONAL JUDGM5T >E !Y R$UC$ TO 0AGGREGATIONS40 

,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$ ,WILSON'S BIASES PRIM>ILY TO >GUE SEV]AL KEY PO9TS4 ,M9IMALLY1 ) BIAS AS ITS CRIT]ION1 SOCIOBIOLOGY HOLDS TO PROMISE ( BECOM+ EV5 A REASONABLY PRECISE SCI5CE4 ,IF FACT1 IT RATES V]Y BADLY AS A 0NEW SYN!SIS40 ,9DE$1 ITS CLAIM BECOMES ALL ! MORE >ROGANT BECAUSE IT PR(ESSES TO HAVE A*IEV$ AN 0OBJECTIVITY0 ?AT IS O/5SIBLY LACK+ 9 ! 0METAPHYSICAL0 ORI5TATIONS IT EXPLICITLY OPPOSES4 ,ACTUALLY1 ONE 5C\NT]S >BITR>Y JUDGM5TS EV]Y:]E ?R\<\T ! SOCIOBIOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE & ! WRIT+S ( ,WILSON'S E?OLOGICAL ALLIES4 ,BUT :AT IS MORE IMPORTANT--& (T5 LESS APP>5T--IS ?AT ,WILSON IS SEEK+ SOME?+ ?AT HE NEV] FULLY F9DS 9 ! ANIMAL WORLD3 SOCIETY CONCEIV$ AS AN 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ SY/EM ( RELATION%IPS--?AT IS TO SAY1 ! CONSCI\S FABRICATION ( ASSOCIATIVE BEHAVIOR4 ,ANIMALS MAY =M LOOSELY OR TI<TLY AGGREGAT$ COMMUNITIES1 BUT DIFF]5CES 9 DEGREE ( AGGREGATION DO NOT DET]M9E :E!R !Y >E SOCIETIES4 ,!Y M]ELY DET]M9E H[ /ABLE !SE AGGREGATIONS >E AS COMMUNITIES & ! RANGE ( FUNCTIONS !Y P]=M4 

,! NE$ TO DI/+UI% SOCIETY1 A UNIQUELY HUMAN ATTRIBUTE1 FROM COMMUNITY1 A G5]ALLY ORGANIC ATTRIBUTE 7:I*1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 CAN APPLY EV5 TO ! ORGANIZATION ( A S+LE CELL71 IS BY NO MEANS ACADEMIC4 ,9DE$1 ! T5D5CY TO CONFUSE ! TWO--AN ]ROR ?AT IS EASILY MAKE BECAUSE EV]Y SOCIETY IS NECESS>ILY ALSO A COMMUNITY--M>S ! WORK ( SU* WIDELY DISP>ATE ?9K]S AS ,M>X1 ,D>W91 ,KROPOTK91 &1 ( C\RSE1 ,WILSON4 ,WE CAN ILL AF=D ?IS CONFUSION )\T YIELD+ ! MO/ DISCONC]T+ RESULTS4 ,A COMMUNITY ORGANIZ$ AT V>I\S LEVELS ( AGGREGATION BY *EMICAL /IMULI1 BY HORMONAL & NEURAL RELATION%IPS1 BY REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS 7MAMMALIAN MAT+ R>ELY OCCURS )\T EXTRASEXUAL OR 0RECIPROCAL COMMUNICATION071 BY LE>N+ SPECIFIC ADAPTIVE FUNCTIONS1 & F9ALLY1 BY FILIAL1 SYMBOLIC1 ECONOMIC1 & CONSCI\SLY COOP]ATIVE ACTIVITIES 7:E!R !Y BE RITUALLY1 MY?ICALLY1 OR RATIONALLY EXPRESS$7 -- ALL ( !SE >E PAT5TLY NOT COEQUAL 9 =M OR CONT5T4 ,TO PLACE A BEEHIVE1 :OSE BASIC FUNCTION IS REPRODUCTIVE1 & A T[N1 :OSE BASIC FUNCTION IS CULTURAL1 UND] A COMMON RUBRIC1 & !N TO M]ELY DI/+UI% !M BY !IR 0DEGREE0 ( COMPLEXITY IS NOT SIMPLY 9TELLECTUALLY FATU\S BUT IDEOLOGICALLY 9SIDI\S4 ,EV5 ! 0SOCIALIZ+ T5D5CY0 ,KROPOTK9 IMPUTES TO NATURE CAN BE OBFUSCATORY IF IT FAILS TO RECOGNIZE ?AT 9/ITUTIONS >E NEV] /RICTLY OR EV5 PRIM>ILY 0NATURAL10 H[EV] MU* !Y SEEM TO P>ALLEL FAIRLY COMPLEX ANIMAL 9T]ACTIONS4 ,H[EV] PREVAL5T MUTUAL AID MAY BE AMONG NONHUMAN ORGANISMS1 SOCIAL COOP]ATION PRESUPPOSES WILL & 9T5TIONALITY1 :I* IS ONLY DIMLY PRES5T 9 ! ANIMAL WORLD4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 ! WIDELY T\T$ 0DIVISION ( LABOR0 :I* IS FALSELY IMPUT$ TO ALL K9DS ( ANIMAL COMMUNITIES1 P>TICUL>LY ! 0SOCIAL 9SECTS10 IS AN ECONOMIC FACT - A SPECIFICALLY HUMAN ONE - NOT A V>IEGAT$ CON/ELLATION ( COMPLEM5T>Y FUNCTIONS & ACTIVITIES4 

,TO IGNORE !SE DI/9CTIONS IS TO 9VITE CONSID]ABLE IDEOLOGICAL MIS*IEF4 ,LIKE ! NOTIONS ?AT NATURE IS 0CRUEL0 OR 0K9D10 0/+Y0 OR 0G5]\S10 0H>%0 OR 0G5TLE10 WE READ BACK 9TO LEVELS ( ORGANIC DEVELOPM5T BEHAVIORAL CRIT]IA ?AT HAVE YET TO BE CONSOLIDAT$ BY HUMAN ?\<T4 ,POT5TIALITY IS NOT ACTUALITY1 ANY MORE ?AN T5D5CY IS ! FRUITION ( ! POSSIBILITIES IT MAY YIELD4 ,SOCIETY MAY BE LAT5T 9 NATURE1 BUT IT ONLY COMES 9TO ITS TRU? AS 0TRUE SOCIETIES0 7TO USE ,WILSON'S J>GON7 ?R\< ! CULTURAL1 ECONOMIC1 SYMBOLIC1 & SUBJECTIVE 9T]ACTION ( ORGANISMS - & LET ME EMPHASIZE1 NOT BY ! M]E PRES5CE ( ONE OR TWO ( !SE TRAITS BUT BY ! PRES5CE ( ALL ( !M1 WOV5 9TO A COMMON MOSAIC ?AT IS VISIBLY & P]MAN5TLY ORGANIZ$4 ,SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS MAY BE ROOT$ 9 CONSANGU9ITY OR CIVIL RELATIONS2 !Y MAY BE AGR>IAN1 ) RI* NATURAL OV]TONES1 OR URBAN1 ) /RONGLY POLITICAL ONES - BUT 9 ESS5CE !Y >E HUMAN BECAUSE !Y >E FABRICAT$ BY DISP>ATE ATTRIBUTES1 M9IMALLY CONSCI\S1 COMMUNICATIVE1 & COOP]ATIVELY ECONOMIC ONES4 ,BEES & WASPS >E DECID$LY NOT 0SOCIAL0 BECAUSE !IR MODES ( ORGANIZATION1 H[EV] ELABORATE & 9TRICATE1 >E MASSIVELY PR$ET]M9$ BY G5ETIC CODES4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 !Y >E RIGIDLY FIX$ ALONG UNCREATIVE1 UNDEVELOPM5TAL1 & L>GELY BIO*EMICAL L9ES4 ,?AT !Y ACTUALLY =M ! G5IC 0P>ADIGM0 = ,WILSON'S CONCEPT ( SOCIALITY IS ONE ( ! MO/ S9I/] FEATURES ( SOCIOBIOLOGY4 ,L>GELY REPRODUCTIVE 9 FUNCTION1 ! 0SOCIAL 9SECTS0 REPRES5T ! ANTI!SIS ( ANY CONCEPT ( EVOLUTION AS UNTRAMMEL$ & EM]G5T3 !Y OP5 NO FRE% OR CREATIVE PA?WAYS 9 ORGANIC DEVELOPM5T BUT RA!R ONLY AN UNSW]V+ FIXITY & SELF-REPLICATION ?AT =M ANY 9NOVATIVE VIEWPO9T ?AT REPRES5T A BL9D EVOLUTION>Y ALLEY4 

,9 FACT1 A G5ETIC /RATEGY ?AT MAKES ! BEHAVIOR ( ! 0SOCIAL 9SECTS0 COMPREH5SIBLE ACTUALLY R5D]S HUMAN SOCIETY 9COMPREH5SIBLE4 ,SO-CALL$ PRIMATE 0HI]>*IES0 7A COMPLETELY LIBEL\S T]M7 YIELD /RICTLY 9DIVIDUAL DOM9ANCE-SUBMISSION RELATION%IPS 7ANO!R LIBEL\S T]M7 ON ! BASIS ( L>GELY PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES - NOTABLY1 /R5G?1 HORMONAL =TITUDE1 & POSSIBLY EV5 9TELLIG5CE1 AL?\< ! VISIBLE DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 A 0SM>T0 APE & A 0DUMB0 ONE >E B>ELY NOTICEABLE 9 A PRIMATE COMMUNITY4 ,IT IS QUIXOTIC E?OLOGI/S LIKE ,JANE ,GOODALL-,LAWICK1 RA!R ?AN APES !MSELVES1 :O MAKE !SE UNIQUELY AN?ROPOMORPHIC DI/9CTIONS4 ,! MY? ( AN 9TRAGR\P 0HI]>*Y0 DISSOLVES COMPLETELY ONCE WE RECOGNIZE ?AT AN 0ALPHA0 MALE *IMPANZEE IS AN 9DIVIDUAL CREATURE1 NOT AN 9/ITUTION4 ,HIS 0DOM9ANT /ATUS0 7:ATEV] !SE WORDS MEANS7 LIVES OR DIES ) ! =TUNES ( ! APE1 NOT ) ! =TUNES ( ! GR\P4 ,H5CE1 0HI]>*Y0 9 ! MO/ 0CA/E-LIKE0 AP$OMS OR MONKEYDOMS MORE CLOSELY RESEMBLES ! L9KS 9 A *A9 ?AN LAY]S & CONSCI\SLY EMP[]$ COMMUNITY /RUCTURES4 

,! DIFF]5CE IS A CRUCIAL ONE4 ,A WEAK1 5FEEBL$1 UNN]V$1 & SICK APE IS H>DLY LIKELY TO BECOME AN 0ALPHA0 MALE1 MU* LESS RETA9 ?IS HI<LY EPHEM]AL 0/ATUS40 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! MO/ PHYSICALLY & M5TALLY PA?OLOGICAL HUMAN RUL]S HAVE EX]CIS$ AU?ORITY ) DEVA/AT+ EFFECT 9 ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY & ALT]$ ITS DE/9Y PR(\NDLY4 ,! CRY 0,! ,K+ IS ,DEAD6 ,LONG ,LIVE ! ,K+60 EXPRESSES A P[] ( HI]>*ICAL 9/ITUTIONS OV] P]SONS ?AT IS COMPLETELY REV]S$ 9 SO-CALL$ 0ANIMAL HI]>*IES10 :]E ! ABS5CE ( 9/ITUTIONS IS PRECISELY ! ONLY 9TELLIGIBLE WAY ( TALK+ AB\T 0ALPHA MALES0 OR 0QUE5 BEES40 ,SOCIOBIOLOGY1 ) ITS DEF9ITIONAL R$UCTIONISM1 TOTALLY DISSOLVES !SE CRUCIAL DI/9CTIONS4 0,HI]>*Y10 TO ,WILSON1 IS A 0SY/EM ( TWO OR MORE LEVELS ( UNITS1 ! HI<] LEVEL CONTROLL+ ! LEA/ TO SOME EXT5T ! ACTIVITIES ( ! L[] LEVELS 9 ORD] TO 9TEGRATE ! GR\P AS A :OLE40 ,ONE IS TEMPT$ TO OBS]VE ?AT ?IS 09TEGRATIVE0 FUNCTION MU/ BE HOT NEWS TO AN APE OR T]MITE4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ! T]MS 0SY/EM10 0LEVELS10 0UNITS10 & 0CONTROLL+0--SO WIDELY DISP>ATE ?R\<\T ! ANIMAL WORLD-->E PRECISELY ! CONCEPTS & CATEGORIES ?AT ,WILSON IS OBLIG$ TO EXPLA9 IF ! NOTION ( 0ANIMAL HI]>*Y0 IS TO HAVE MEAN+4 ,!SE EXPLANATIONS >E ALL ! MORE NECESS>Y BECAUSE 0CA/ES0 ( 0WORK] BEES0 7ANO!R GR\P ( JUICY T]MS7 >E 9 NO WAY COMP>ABLE TO ! 0ALPHA MALES0 AMONG PRIMATES4 ,WILSON'S FA/-&-LOOSE 9T]*ANG+ ( 0LEVELS0 & 0UNITS0 ALL[S HIM TO RECKLESSLY PIR\ETTE >\ND EV]Y P>T ( ANIMAL E?OLOGY1 FROM BEEHIVES TO BABOON TROOPS4 ,! G5ETIC ORIG9S ( BEEHIVE DIFF]5TIATION >E BLISSFULLY TRANSF]R$ TO LESS 9/9CT-GOV]N$ PRIMATE GR\PS & !N1 ALMO/ JOY\SLY1 TO /RICTLY CONTRIV$ HUMAN SOCIAL & POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS4 

,FROM A DEF9ITIONAL VIEWPO9T1 ,WILSON'S T]MS & CATEGORIES ALMO/ CONSI/5TLY B$ ! QUE/IONS !Y >E REQUIR$ TO ANSW]4 ,A 0CA/E0 IS 0ANY SET ( 9DIVIDUALS 444 ?AT P]=MS SPECIALIZ$ LABOR 9 A COLONY40 ,ONE IS IMPELL$ TO ASK :AT 0LABOR0 MEANS TO ,WILSON 91 SAY1 A BEEHIVE1 A WOLF PACK1 A BABOON TROOP1 & A ,DETROIT AUTOMOBILE FACTORY4 ,CAN ALL !SE 0LEVELS0 ( ASSOCIATIONS BE FLIPPANTLY SUBSUM$ UND] 0LABOR08 ,& IS 0SPECIALIZATION EVID5CE ( A 0CA/E10 A 0PR(ESSION10 A 0DISCIPL9E10 A 0PROCLIVITY10 A 0CALL+10 EA* GUID$ BY G5ETIC 9/9CTIVE1 PSY*OLOGICAL1 ECONOMIC1 OR CREATIVE S\RCES8 ,OR1 AFT] ALL1 AS ,WILSON W\LD HAVE IT1 >E ALL ( !M R$UCIBLE TO ! M]E EXPRESSION ( 0SELFI% G5ES0 & AN AN?ROPOMORPHIC MY? ( G5IC 0MORALITY08 

,IF ONE GOES ?R\< MO/ ( ,WILSON'S REMA9+ SOCIALLY *>G$ DEF9ITIONS1 SOCIOBIOLOGY'S L&SCAPE BECOMES 9CREAS+LY DEPRESS+4 ,MO/ S]I\SLY1 ,WILSON'S G5IC LIMITS & BIAS$ DEF9ITIONS D5Y BO? NATURE & SOCIETY'S FECUNDITY AT BE/--OR ELSE DISSOLVE !M 9TO ! CRASSE/ =M ( SOCIAL REACTIONISM AT WOR/4 ,WILSON'S G5IC 0LIMITS0 TO HUMAN BEHAVIOR >E NOT IDEOLOGICALLY EQUIVOCAL1 EV5 AS SOME ( HIS CRITICS T5D TO BELIEVE4 ,!Y >E SOCIALLY & POLITICALLY REACTION>Y4 ,9 ,ON ,HUMAN ,NATURE1 ,WILSON CLOSES HIS TRACT ) LYRICAL FUTURI/IC SPECULATIONS ?AT >E 9H]5TLY HO/ILE TO ANY EMANCIPATORY CONCEPTION ( HUMAN FRE$OM4 ,WE LE>N ?AT SOCIOBIOLOGY 05L>GES0 \R KN[L$GE ( HUMAN NATURE1 ?AT WE CAN ]ECT \R VALUES ON A MORE 0OBJECTIVE BASIS10 NOTABLY1 A G5ETIC ONE 9 :I* \R 0SET ( TRAJECTORIES0 OR EXPLANATIONS1 F> FROM 5L>G+1 0WILL N>R[ /ILL MORE40 ,ACCORD+LY1 ,WILSON1 AFT] HAV+ IMM]S$ US 9 A CLAW-&-FANG SOCIAL-,D>W9ISM1 9 ! V]Y ACT ( D5Y+ IT RHETORICALLY1 OP9ES ?AT 0WE ALREADY KN[1 TO TAKE TWO EXTREME EXAMPLES1 ?AT ! WORLDS ( ,WILLIAM ,GRAHAM ,SUMM]1 ! ABSOLUTE ,SOCIAL ,D>W9I/1 & ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN91 ! AN>*I/1 >E BIOLOGICALLY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,AS ! ,SOCIAL SCI5CES MATURE 9TO PR$ICTIVE DISCIPL9ES1 ! P]MISSIBLE TRAJECTORIES WILL NOT ONLY DIM9I% 9 NUMB] BUT \R DESC5DANTS WILL BE ABLE TO SI<T F>!R ALONG !M40 

,!SE REM>KS1 :I* ESS5TIALLY =ECLOSE ANY CREATIVE SOCIAL FLEXIBILITY BEYOND ! SPECI\S LIMITS ( A *ROMOSOME1 >E EVID5CE ( A TOTALIT>IAN GALL4 ,!Y CON/ITUTE A DOGMA ( TOTAL SURR5D] TO SOCIAL CONDITIONS AS !Y >E--SOCIAL CONDITIONS1 ,I W\LD ADD1 ?AT >E CLOS] TO SOCIAL ,D>W9ISM TODAY ?AN 9 ALMO/ ANY P]IOD 9 HUMANITY'S BLOODY HI/ORY4 ,IT IS EASY & RA!R SUP]FICIAL TO CRITICIZE ,WILSON = HIS ATTEMPTS TO VALIDATE HI]>*Y1 AGGRESSION1 W>1 SOCIAL DOM9ATION1 & CONFLICT ON BIOLOGICAL GR\NDS4 ,!SE NOTIONS HAVE BE5 ! FLOTSAM-&-JETSAM ( SOCIOLOGY = DECADES4 ,:AT R5D]S ,WILSON'S SOCIOBIOLOGY P>TICUL>LY S9I/] IS ?AT IT PRO/ITUTES ! ,HEGELIAN NOTION 7AS VULG>IZ$ BY ,5GELS7 ?AT 0FRE$OM IS ! RECOGNITION ( NECESSITY0 9TO A G5IC CLOSURE ( ALL NATURAL & SOCIAL CREATIVITY4 ,WILSON'S 0MORALITY ( ! G5E0 IS NOT ONLY 0SELFI%0 BUT SUFFOCAT+LY RIGID2 IT NOT ONLY IMP$ES ACTION ) ! AUTOCRACY ( A G5IC TYRANT1 BUT CLOSES ! DOOR TO ANY ACTION ?AT IS NOT BIO*EMICALLY DEF9$ BY ITS [N CONFIGURATION4 ,:5 FRE$OM IS NO?+ MORE ?AN ! RECOGNITION ( NECESSITY1 :5 \R EXPECTATIONS 0N>R[0 AS WE DISCOV] ! G5E'S TYRANNY OV] ! GREAT] TOTALITY ( LIFE1 WE >E OBLIG$ TO MAKE ! BE/ ( :AT WE KN[ WE CANNOT DO4 ,! POSSIBLE BECOMES AN EXPRESSION ( ! IMPOSSIBLE1 JU/ AS ,WILSON'S NOTION ( REASON IS 9T]PRET$ AS A M]E 0EPIPH5OM5ON0 ( NEUROLOGY4 

,IF SOCIOBIOLOGY HAS ANY?+ TO (F]1 IT IS A V]Y H>% CONCLUSION3 :5 KN[L$GE BECOMES DOGMA 7& FEW MOVEM5TS >E MORE DOGMATIC ?AN SOCIOBIOLOGY71 FRE$OM IS ULTIMATELY D5I$4 ,9 ,WILSON'S CASE1 ! FRE$OM ?AT IS D5I$ IS NOT ,SUMM]'S 0ABSOLUTE SOCIAL-,D>W9ISM0 - = ,SUMM]'S PREMISES >E BUILT 9TO SOCIOBIOLOGY BY DEF9ITION1 EV5 AS !Y >E PASS+LY REJECT$ TEXTUALLY--BUT PRECISELY ! 0EXTREME0 :I* ,WILSON'S S+LES \T FROM ALL O!RS3 ! AN>*ISM ( ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN94 

,I,I 

,\R DISCUSSION ( ! REACTION>Y CONT5T ( SOCIOBIOLOGY %\LD NOT BE P]MITT$ TO CONCEAL ! PROBLEM IT SEEKS TO RESOLVE4 ,BIOLOGY1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ITS RELATION%IP TO SOCIETY & E?ICS1 HAS BEGUN TO ACQUIRE 5ORM\S1 9DE$ HI<LY CONTROV]SIAL1 IMPORTANCE4 ,AFT] A G5]ATION 9 :I* !SE TWO TOPICS HAVE BE5 RU?LESSLY DISSOCIAT$ FROM ONE ANO!R BY ACADEMICS1 ! ISSUE ( OBJECTIVE E?ICAL CRIT]IA & SOCIETY'S 9T]FACE ) NATURE--AN ISSUE =C$ UPON US BY ECOLOGY--HAS MADE ! NE$ = A NEW CONT9UUM BETWE5 !M AN IMP]ATIVE ( PROGRAMMATIC IMPORTANCE4 ,\R 0PLACE 9 NATURE10 TO USE ,MAX ,S*EL]'S PHRASE1 IS NO LONG] TO BE EVOK$ 9 WI/FULLY ROMANTIC V]BIAGE4 ,IT HAS BECOME A PHILOSOPHICAL *ALL5GE TO OV]COME ! DUALISM WE 9H]IT$ FROM ,HOBBES1 ! MORAL RELATIVISM WE 9H]IT$ FROM ,HUME1 & ! NOTION ( A 0BL9D10 0MUTE0 ME*ANICAL NATURE WE 9H]IT$ FROM ,GALILEO4 

,TRAGICALLY1 ! NE$ = MEET+ !SE *ALL5GES & RESOLV+ !M IS NOT =C$ BY SOCIOBIOLOGY ALONE1 ) ITS SIMPLI/IC CRUDITIES4 ,LIKE ALL SWEEP+ ISSUES ( ANY HI/ORICAL P]IOD1 ! RELATION%IP ( SOCIETY & E?ICS TO NATURE HAS BE5 BURD5$ BY S]I\S IDEOLOGICAL T5SIONS :I* HAVE ONE-SID$LY W>P$ ALMO/ EV]Y 9TELLECTUAL CONTE/ANT4 ,G5IC R$UCTIONISM1 9 FACT1 IS M]ELY ! CO>SE/ WE$ 9 A L>G] B\QUET :OSE CON/ITU5TS >E ONLY SLI<TLY LESS CRUDE ?AN SOCIOBIOLOGY4 ,IT IS UN=TUNATE TO NOTE ?AT A GIFT$ EVOLUTION>Y !ORI/ LIKE ,/EPH5 ,JAY ,G\LD1 = EXAMPLE1 HAS REACT$ SO %>PLY TO ! REC5T POPUL>ITY ( CREATIONI/ !ORIES ( LIFE ?AT HE D5IES ANY MORAL CONT5T TO NATURAL HI/ORY4 ,! TEMPTATION TO REACT AGA9/ ONE EXTREME1 NOTABLY REBORN ,*RI/IANITY1 BY EVOK+ AN EQUALLY QUE/IONABLE EXTREME LIKE A ME*ANI/IC ,D>W9ISM1 DOES NO S]VICE TO !ORIES ( BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION4 

,ME*ANI/IC !ORIES ( EVOLUTION >E AS ROOT$ 9 SPECULATIVE PREJUDGM5TS AS CREATIONISM4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 ! %>$ FAILURE ( DIV9E CREATIONISM & ME*ANI/IC EVOLUTIONISM TO RESOLVE ! MORAL & ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS CREAT$ BY \R HI/ORIC CLEAVAGE FROM NATURE HAS NOT BE5 ELIM9AT$ BY 9FUS+ SY/EMS !ORY ) A SOV]EIGN1 ALL-5COMPASS+ IMPORTANCE--OR WORSE1 BY SURR\ND+ IT ) A MY/ICAL HALO BORR[$ FROM >*AIC1 (T5 QUIETI/IC ,ASIAN RELIGI\S SY/EMS4 ,! 0,CALI=NIA ,S*OOL ( ,MY/ICS0 IF ,I MAY BE P]MITT$ TO SO LABEL WRIT]S LIKE ,FRITJ( ,CAPRA1 ,]U* ,JANTS*1 & = ! HOV]+ <O/ ( ,GREGORY ,BATESON1 IS R$OL5T ( A SY/EMS !ORY AS UNSPIRITUAL & R$UCTIONI/ AS ! V]Y ME*ANISM IT PURPORTS TO OPPOSE4 ,! LAVI% QUOTATIONS FROM ,TAOI/ & ,BUDDHI/ LIT]ATURE DO NOT ALT] ! FACT ?AT SY/EMS !ORY IS AS ME*ANI/IC AS ! ,NEWTONIAN IMAGE ( ! WORLD AS A CLOCK4 ,FE$BACK LOOPS--:E!R NEGATIVE OR 79 ! CASE ( ,MANFR$ ,EIG5 & ,ILYA ,PRIGOG9E7 POSITIVE-->E ULTIMATELY ROOT$ 9 ! MASS-5]GY CASUALTIES & MA!MATICAL =MULATIONS ?AT N\RI%$ ,C>TESIAN-,NEWTONIAN ME*ANISMS4 ,WE %\LD NOT P]MIT \R NEWLY ACQUIR$ AV]SION TO A MEANS-5D 7OR 0L9E>07 RATIONALISM TO CLOAK ! FACT ?AT ! 0CIRCUL>0 RATIONALISM ( ! ,CALI=NIA ,MY/ICS HAS SIMPLY REPLAC$ ! CLOCK ) ! RAD> SET & ! LIBR>Y ) MAGNETIC TAPES4 0,SPACE%IP ,E>?0 IS /ILL A SPACE%IP1 NOT A FECUND1 LIV+ PLANET ?AT N\RI%ES LIFE4 

,ULTIMATELY1 IT IS NOT 9 OSCILLATORY MOVEM5TS ( FE$BACK LOOPS OR AN ILL DIGE/$ NOTION ( =M1 0M5TATION10 & 0ON5ESS0 ?AT A NEW ECOLOGICAL MONISM WILL BE =MULAT$4 ,! RECOV]Y ( ! NOTION ( 0DIRECTIV5ESS10 :I* SY/EMS !ORY HAS BR\<T TO ! =EGR\ND ( NATURAL & SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 IS AN ADVANCE ( CONSID]ABLE IMPORTANCE4 ,! NATURAL WORLD1 9 ?IS LI<T1 CAN NO LONG] BE SE5 AS 0MUTE10 NOT CAN LIFE & M9D BE VIEW$ AS ! ACCID5TAL EPIPH5OM5A ( 0BL9D0 COSMIC =CES4 0,NATURE10 TO USE A HI<LY AB/RACT T]M1 IS FECUND1 NOT PASSIVE1 & IT CONSI/S ( MORE ?AN 5]GY & MASS 7! TRADITIONAL 0MATT]0 & 0MOTION0 MY/IQUE ?AT OR*E/RAT$ ! CRUDE MAT]IALISM ( ! LA/ C5TURY74 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 ,TEILH>D DE ,*>D9'S 0NOOSPH]E0 IS MOD]N ,NEOPLATONISM WRIT L>GE1 & ,TAOI/ 0,ON5ESS0 ?AT R5D]S 0,GOD0 AS ! 0M9D ( ! UNIV]SE0 7,JANTS*7 REGRESSES TO A RELIGI\S >*AISM--& DUALISM--?AT CLASSICAL ,HELL5IC PHILOSOPHY CALL$ LOGOS4 

,LUDWIG VON ,B]TALANFFY1 :O MAY WELL 5JOY ! DI/9CTION ( BE+ ! MO/ $UCAT$ ( ! SY/EMS !ORI/S1 PRUD5TLY DI/+UI%ES ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT =MS ( DIRECTIV5ESS OR 0DYNAMIC TELEOLOGY40 ,!RE MAY BE ! SIMPLE DIRECTION ( EV5TS TO !IR F9AL /ATE OR A PURPOSIVE DIRECTIV5ESS :I* ,B]TALANFFY ASSOCIATES ) ,>I/OTLE'S NOTION ( 0F9AL CAUSE0 OR 0EQUIF9ALITY10 BY :I* HE MEANS A GIV5 F9AL /ATE ?AT CAN BE REA*$ 9 MANY DIFF]5T WAYS4 ,F9ALLY1 ,B]TALANFFY CITES A DIRECTIV5ESS 0BAS$ ON /RUCTURE0 :I*1 C>RI$ BEYOND HIS [N LIMIT$ EXAMPLES DRAWN FROM FE$BACK ME*ANISMS1 SUGGE/S A CONC]N ) ! NATURE ( ! NATURE ( ?+S4 ,MORE ?AN TWO MILL5NIA AGO1 ,PY?AGORAS EMPHASIZ$ MORE PO9T$LY ?AN HIS =MALI/S 7AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ANALYTIC7 HEIRS--,I REF] H]E TO SY/EMS !ORI/S :O HAVE NO SUB/ANTIAL KN[L$GE ( ! CLASSICAL TRADITION--?AT IT IS AS MU* 9 ! NATURE ( SUB/ANCE TO DIRECT ITSELF T[>D =M & COMPLEXITY1 TO DEVELOP & GR[--& ) GR[? TO A*IEVE 9CREAS+ SUBJECTIVITY--AS IT IS = MATT] TO MOVE4 ,NEI!R OSCILLATION ALONE NOR ACCID5T1 NEI!R MASS ALONE NOR MOTION1 BUT RA!R DEVELOPM5T & ! SELF-ORGANIZATION ( SUB/ANCE 7ALL !OLOGICAL QUALIFICATIONS ASIDE7 CON/ITUTE ! 9N]MO/ PROP]TIES ( BE+ ?AT R5D] A NATURAL HI/ORY1 & EVOLUTION ( REALITY1 POSSIBLE4 ,H5CE A COSMIC DRAMA1 IT C\LD BE >GU$1 DOES EXI/ ?AT IS 0DIRECT$0 NOT BE A DEITY EXOG5\S TO IT OR BY A DIV9E 0>*ITECT0 :O FA%IONS IT2 RA!R1 IT W\LD BE A SELF-DIRECT$ & SELF-UNFOLD+ DRAMA :OSE 0F9ALITY0 IS AS MU* AN 9H]5T PROP]TY ( SUB/ANCE AS IS MOTION4 ,IT IS NOT SIMPLY BY VIRTUE ( FE$BACK LOOPS & HOMEO/ATIC ME*ANISMS 7! LA/ IS A WELL-*OS5 WORD7 ?AT SUB/ANCE W\LD UNFOLD SELF-DIRECTIVELY1 BUT RA!R BY VIRTUE ( ?AT DELICI\S ,>I/OTELIAN-,HEGELIAN WORD 0POT5TIALITY10 ! 5TELE*IA ( PH5OM5A1 ?AT W\LD YIELD TO ! WORLD P>TICUL>S 9 !IR :OL5ESS & FULLNESS AS A RI* UNITY ( DIV]SITY4 ,H5CE1 09TEGRATION0 & 0ON5ESS0 W\LD BE REWORK$ TO CONVEY ! NOTION ( A FECUND PATT]N ( 9T]DEP5D5T PH5OM5A1 AN ECOSY/EM :OSE DEVELOPM5T COMES FROM ITS UNIQU5ESS1 NOT ITS HOMEO/ATIC OSCILLATIONS ALONE4 

,WE W\LD ?US LIVE 9 A WORLD ?AT IS NOT LACK+ 9 MEAN+4 ,P]HAPS MORE SIGNIFICANTLY1 SU* MEAN+ AS IT HAD W\LD BE LIB]AT+ 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT W\LD IMP>T TO HUMAN GOALS A PURPOSIV5ESS ?AT BR+S A HI<LY SELF-REFLECTIVE NATURE - M5TALITY ITSELF - 9TO ! COSMOS1 FRE$ FROM ! CONF9ES ( A PURELY PRIVATI/IC & EPI/EMOLOGICAL APPROA* TO E?ICS4 ,WE MI<T SAY ) ,HANS ,JONAS ?AT ?IS 0,ONTOLOGY AS ! GR\ND ( E?ICS WAS ! ORIG9AL T5ANT ( PHILOSOPHY4 ,!IR DIVORCE1 :I* IS ! DIVORCE ( ! 'OBJECTIVE' & 'SUBJECTIVE' REALMS1 IS ! MOD]N DE/9Y4 ,!IR REUNION CAN BE EFFECT$1 IF AT ALL1 ONLY FROM ! 'OBJECTIVE' 5D1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ?R\< A REVISION ( ! IDEA ( NATURE4 ,& IT IS 'BECOM+' RA!R ?AN 'ABID+' NATURE ?AT W\LD HOLD \T ANY SU* PROMISE4 ,FROM ! IMMAN5T DIRECTION ( ITS TOTAL EVOLUTION !RE C\LD BE ELICIT$ A DE/9ATION ( MAN BY :OSE T]MS ! P]SON1 9 ! ACT ( FULFILL+ HIMSELF1 W\LD AT ! SAME TIME REALIZE A CONC]N ( UNIV]SAL SUB/ANCE4 ,H5CE W\LD RESULT A PR9CIPLE ( E?ICS :I* IS ULTIMATELY GR\ND$ NEI!R 9 ! AUTONOMY ( ! SELF NOR 9 ! NE$S ( ! COMMUNITY1 BUT 9 AN OBJECTIVE ASSIGNM5T BY ! NATURE ( ?+S40 

,:AT IS MO/ FASC9AT+1 H[EV]1 IS ?AT 0,NATURE0 7METAPHORICALLY SPEAK+7 IS WRIT+ ITS [N NATURE PHILOSOPHY & E?ICS - NOT ! LOGICIANS1 POSITIVI/S1 SOCIOBIOLOGI/S1 MY/ICS1 & HEIRS ( ,GALILEAN SCI5TISM4 ,IT IS BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY EVID5T ?AT WE >E NOT 0ALONE0 9 ! UNIV]SE1 NOT EV5 9 ! EMPT9ESS ( SPACE1 AS ,B]TR& ,RUSSELL W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE4 ,[+ TO :AT IS A FAIRLY REC5T REVOLUTION 9 A/ROPHYSICS 7POSSIBLY COMP>ABLE ONLY TO ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ,COP]NICUS & ,KEPL]71 ! COSMOS IS OP5+ ITSELF UP TO US 9 NEW WAYS ?AT CALL = AN EXHIL>AT+ & SPECULATIVE TURN ( M9D & A MORE QUALITATIVE APPROA* TO NATURAL PH5OM5A4 ,IT IS BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY T5ABLE TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! 5TIRE UNIV]SE MAY BE ! CRADLE ( LIFE--NOT M]ELY \R [N PLANET OR PLANETS LIKE IT4 ,! 0,BIG ,BANG10 :OSE FA9T E*OES FROM MORE ?AN FIFTE5 BILLION YE>S AGO CAN N[ BE DETECT$ BY ! A/ROPHYSICI/'S 9/RUM5TS1 MAY BE EVID5CE LESS ( A S+LE ACCID5TAL EV5T ?AN ( A =M ( COSMIC 0BREA?+0 :OSE GRADUAL EXPANSIONS & CONTRADICTIONS EXT5D OV] AN 9F9ITY ( TIME4 ,IF ?IS IS SO--& WE >E ADMITT$LY ON HI<LY SPECULATIVE GR\PS--WE MAY BE DEAL+ ) COSMIC PROCESSES RA!R ?AN A S+LE EPISODE 9 ! =MATION ( ! UNIV]SE4 ,OBVI\SLY1 IF !SE PROCESSES EXPRESS AN UN5D+ =M ( UNIV]SAL 0HI/ORY10 AS IT W]E1 WE1 :O >E IRREVOCABLY LOCK$ 9TO \R [N COSMIC ]A1 MAY NEV] BE ABLE TO FA?OM !IR REALITY OR MEAN+4 ,BUT IT IS NOT COMPLETELY UNREASONABLE TO WOND] IF WE >E DEAL+ H]E ) A VA/1 CONT9U+ DEVELOPM5T ( ! UNIV]SE1 NOT SIMPLY ) A RECURR+ TYPE ( COSMIC 0RESPIRATION40 

,HI<LY CONJECTURAL AS !SE NOTIONS MAY BE1 ! =MATION ( ALL ! ELEM5TS FROM HYDROG5 & HELIUM1 !IR COMB9ATION 9TO SMALL MOLECULES & LAT] 9TO SELF-=M+ MACROMOLECULES1 & F9ALLY ! ORGANIZATION ( !SE MACROMOLECULES 9TO ! CON/ITU5TS ( LIFE & POSSIBLY ( M9D FOLL[ A SEQU5CE ?AT *ALL5GES ,RUSSELL'S IMAGE ( HUMANITY AS AN ACCID5TAL SP>K 9 AN EMPTY1 MEAN+LESS VOID4 ,C]TA9 PHASES ( ?IS SEQU5CE CON/ITUTE A /RONG *ALL5GE TO A VIEW 9 :I* ! WORD 0ACCID5T0 BECOMES A PRUD5T SUB/ITUTE = VIRTUAL 9EVITABILITIES4 ,A COSMOS 9T]SP]S$ ) DU/ COMPOS$ ( HYDROG51 C>BON1 NITROG51 & OXYG5 MOLECULES4 ,RADIO A/RONOM]S HAVE DETECT$ CYANOG51 C>BON MONOXIDE1 HYDROG5 CYANIDE1 =MALDEHYDE1 =MIC ACID1 ME?ANOL1 ACETALDEHYDE1 & ME?YL =MATE 9 9T]/ELL> SPACE4 ,9 %ORT1 ! CLASSICAL IMAGE ( SPACE AS A VOID IS GIV+ WAY TO ! IMAGE ( SPACE AS A RE/LESSLY ACTIVE *EMOG5ETIC GR\ND = AN A/ONI%+ SEQU5CE ( 9CREAS+LY COMPLEX ORGANIC COMP\NDS4 

,FROM !RE1 IT IS ONLY A %ORT LEAP TO ! SELF-ORGANIZATION ( RUDIM5T>Y LIFE-=M+ MOLECULES4 ,ANALYSIS ( C>BONACE\S *ONDRITES 7A GR\P ( /ONY METEORITES ) SMALL GLASSY 9CLUSIONS7 YIELDS LONG*A9 >OMATIC HYDROC>BONS SU* AS FATTY ACIDS1 AM9O ACIDS1 & PORPHYR9S - ! COMP\NDS FROM :I* *LOROPHYLL IS BUILT4 ,9 A S]IES ( LABORATORY /UDIES BEG9N+ ) ! FAM\S ,MILL]-,UREY 0SP>K-GAP0 EXP]IM5T1 SIMPLE AM9O ACIDS W]E =M$ BY PASS+ ELECTRICAL DIS*>GES ?R\< A FLASK CONTA9+ GASES ?AT PRESUMABLY COMPOS$ ! E>?'S E>LY ATMOSPH]E4 ,BY *ANG+ ! GASES 9 ACCORDANCE ) LAT] !ORIES ( ! PRIMAL ATMOSPH]E1 O!R RESE>*]S HAVE BE5 ABLE TO PRODUCE LONG-*A9 AM9O ACIDS1 RIBOSE & GLUCOSE SUG>S1 & NUCLEOSIDE PHOSPHATES - ! PRECURSORS ( ,D,N,A4 

,HYPO!TICALLY 7ALBEIT ) AN IMPRESSIVE DEGREE ( SUPPORT+ EVID5CE71 IT IS N[ POSSIBLE TO TRACE H[ ANA]OBIC MICROORGANISMS MI<T HAVE DEVELOP$ SIMPLE MEMBRANES & H[1 ) 9CREAS+ COMPLEXITY1 !Y HAVE EM]G$ AS DI/9CT LIFE =MS CAPABLE ( HI<LY DEVELOP$ METABOLIC PROCESSES4 ,FEW WORK+ HYPO!SES MORE /RIK+LY REVEAL ! HI<LY GRAD$ 9T]FACE BETWE5 ! 9ORGANIC & ! ORGANIC ?AN SPECULATIONS ON ! =MATION ( G5ETIC /RUCTURES4 ,SU* SPECULATIONS BR+ US CONCEPTUALLY TO ! MO/ C5TRAL FEATURE ( LIFE ITSELF3 ! ABILITY ( A COMPLEX MOSAIC ( ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES TO REPRODUCE ITSELF & YET TO DO SO ) *ANGES SIGNIFICANT 5\< TO R5D] EVOLUTION POSSIBLE4 ,AS E>LY AS #a#i#d#d1 ,]W9 ,S*ROD9] MAY HAVE PROVID$ A CLUE TO ORGANIC REPRODUCTION & EVOLUTION4 ,9 ,:AT IS ,LIFE8 ?IS EM95T PHYSICI/ OBS]V$ ?AT 0! MO/ ESS5TIAL P>T ( A LIV+ CELL--! *ROMOSOME FIB]--MAY SUITABLY BE CALL$ AN 'AP]IODIC CRY/AL4'0 ,! 0*ROMOSOME FIB]0 DOES NOT M]ELY REPEAT ITSELF & GR[ ADDITIVELY1 LIKE A 0P]IODIC0 CRY/AL2 9/EAD1 IT *ANGES SIGNIFICANTLY TO YIELD NEW =MS--MUTATIONS--?AT 9ITIATE & C>RY ON 9H]IT$1 EVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5TS4 

,GRAHAM ,CAIRNS-,SMI? HAS ADVANC$ ANO!R HYPO!SIS 7ONE AMONG ! MANY N[ BE+ PROPOS$ & SOON =?COM+7 ?AT MAY HELP CL>IFY ! NATURE ( E>LY REPRODUCTIVE PROCESSES4 ,D,N,A IS MU* TOO UN/ABLE *EMICALLY1 ,CAIRNS-,SMI? EMPHASIZES1 TO HAVE SURVIV$ ! RADIATION & HEAT TO :I* ! E>LY E>?'S SURFACE WAS EXPOS$4 ,9 AN ANALOGY ?AT C\LD BE> IMPROVEM5T1 ,CAIRNS-,SMI? COMP>ES ,D,N,A ) A 0MAGNETIC TAPE3 IT IS V]Y EFFICI5T IF PROVID$ ) A SUITABLY PROTECTIVE 5VIRONM5T1 SUITABLY MA*9$ RAW MAT]IALS & SUITABLY COMPLEX RECORD+ EQUIPM5T40 ,?IS MA*9+ EQUIPM5T1 HE CONT5DS1 CAN BE F\ND 9 ! ORGANIC WORLD ITSELF3 

,) A NUMB] ( O!R CONSID]ATIONS1 ?IS LEADS .<,CAIRNS-,SMI?.> TO ! IDEA ( A =M ( CRY/ALLIZATION PROCESS AS ! PR9T+ MA*9E1 ) SOME K9D ( CRY/AL DEFECTS AS ! PATT]N-=M+ ELEM5TS4 ,BR+ AS SPECIFIC AS POSSIBLE1 A MICA-TYPE CLAY SEEM$ ! MO/ PROMIS+ POSSIBILITY4 

,M9IMALLY1 ,CAIRNS-,SMI?'S HYPO!SIS SUGGE/S ?AT LIFE1 9 ITS [N WAYS & FOLL[+ ITS [N G5ETIC EVOLUTION1 IS NOT MIRACUL\SLY SEP>AT$ FROM PH5OM5A EXI/+ 9 ! 9ORGANIC WORLD4 ,I DO NOT MEAN TO IMPLY ?AT BIOLOGY CAN BE R$UC$ TO PHYSICS ANY MORE ?AN SOCIETY CAN BE R$UC$ TO BIOLOGY4 ,9S(> AS ,CAIRNS-,SMI? SUGGE/S ?AT C]TA9 CLAY CRY/ALS C\LD POSSIBLY BE TEMPLATES ( ORGANIC REPRODUCTIVE MAT]IAL & !REBY LAUN* ! EVOLUTION ( SECOND>Y & /ILL MORE ADVANC$ =MS ( ORGANIC H]$IT>Y MAT]IALS1 HE IS ALSO SUGGE/+ ?AT NATURE MAY BE UNIFI$ BY C]TA9 COMMON T5D5CIES4 ,SU* T5D5CIES W\LD %>E A LIKE ORIG9 9 ! REALITY ( ! COSMOS1 H[EV] DIFF]5TLY !Y FUNCTION AT DIFF]5T LEVELS ( SELF-ORGANIZATION4 

,MY PO9T H]E IS ?AT SUB/ANCE & ITS PROP]TIES >E NOT SEP>ABLE FROM LIFE4 ,H5RI ,B]GSON'S CONCEPTION ( ! BIOSPH]E AS AN 05TROPY-R$UCTION0 FACTOR1 9 A COSMOS ?AT IS SUPPOS$LY MOV+ T[>D GREAT] 5TROPY OR DISORD]1 W\LD SEEM TO PROVIDE LIFE ) A COSMIC RATIONALE = EXI/5CE4 ,?AT LIFE =MS MAY HAVE ?IS FUNCTION NE$ NOT SUGGE/ ?AT ! UNIV]SE HAS BE5 EXOG5\SLY 0DESIGN$0 BY A SUP]NATURAL DEMIURGE4 ,BUT IT DOES SUGGE/ ?AT 0MATT]0 OR SUB/ANCE HAS 9H]5T SELF-ORGANIZ+ PROP]TIES1 NO LESS VALID ?AN ! MASS & MOTION ATTRIBUT$ TO IT BY ,NEWTONIAN PHYSICS4 

,NOR IS !RE SO GREAT A LACK ( DATA1 BY COMP>ISON ) ! CONV5TIONAL ATTRIBUTES ( 0MATT]10 AS TO R5D] ! NEW PROP]TIES IMPLAUSIBLE4 ,AT ! V]Y LEA/1 SCI5CE MU/ BE :AT NATURE REALLY IS2 & 9 NATURE1 LIFE IS 7TO USE ,B]GSONIAN T]M9OLOGY7 A C\NT]ACT+ =CE TO ! SECOND LAW ( !RMODYNAMICS--OR AN 05TROPY-R$UCTION0 FACTOR4 ,! SELF-ORGANIZATION ( SUB/ANCE 9TO EV] MORE COMPLEX =MS - 9DE$1 ! IMPORTANCE ( =M ITSELF AS A CORRELATE ( FUNCTION & ( FUNCTION AS A CORRELATE ( SELF-ORGANIZATION - IMPLIES ! UNCEAS+ ACTIVITY TO A*IEVE /ABILITY4 ,?AT /ABILITY AS WELL AS COMPLEXITY IS A 0GOAL0 OR SUB/ANCE2 ?AT COMPLEXITY1 NOT ONLY 9]TNESS1 MAKES = /ABILITY2 & F9ALLY1 ?AT COMPLEXITY IS A P>AM\NT FEATURE ( ORGANIC EVOLUTION & ( AN ECOLOGICAL 9T]PRETATION ( BIOTIC 9T]RELATION%IPS--ALL !SE CONCEPTS TAK5 TOGE!R >E WAYS ( UND]/&+ ! NATURAL WORLD AS SU*1 NOT M]E MY/ICAL VAG>IES4 ,!Y >E SUPPORT$ MORE BY EVID5CE ?AN >E ! !ORETICAL PREJUDICES ?AT /ILL EXI/ TODAY AGA9/ A UNIV]SE *>G$ ) MEAN+4 

,?IS MU* IS CLE>3 WE CAN NO LONG] BE SATISFI$ ) A PASSIVE 0DEAD0 MATT] ?AT =TUIT\SLY COLLECTS 9TO LIV+ SUB/ANCE4 ,! UNIV]SE BE>S WITNESS TO AN EV]-/RIV+1 DEVELOP+ - NOT M]ELY A 0MOV+0 - SUB/ANCE1 :OSE MO/ DYNAMIC & CREATIVE ATTRIBUTE IS ITS CEASELESS CAPACITY = SELF-ORGANIZATION 9TO 9CREAS+LY COMPLEX =MS4 ,NATURAL FECUNDITY ORIG9ATES PRIM>ILY FROM GR[?1 NOT FROM SPATIAL 0*ANGES0 ( LOCATION4 ,NOR CAN WE REMOVE =M FROM ITS C5TRAL PLACE 9 ?IS DEVELOPM5TAL & GR[? PROCESS1 OR FUNCTION AS AN 9DISP5SABLE CORRELATE ( =M4 ,! ORD]LY UNIV]SE ?AT MAKES SCI5CE A POSSIBLE PROJECT & ITS USE ( A HI<LY CONCISE LOGIC - MA!MATICS - MEAN+FUL PRESUPPOSES ! CORRELATION ( =M ) FUNCTION4 ,FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 MA!MATICS S]VES NOT M]ELY AS ! 0LANGUAGE0 ( SCI5CE BUT ALSO AS ! LOGOS ( SCI5CE4 ,?IS SCI5TIFIC LOGOS IS ABOVE ALL A WORKABLE PROJECT BECAUSE IT GRASPS A LOGOS ?AT 9H]ES 9 NATURE - ! 0OBJECT0 ( SCI5TIFIC 9VE/IGATION4 

,ONCE WE /EP BEYOND ! ?RE%OLD ( A PURELY 9/RUM5TAL ATTITUDE T[>D ! 0LANGUAGE0 ( ! SCI5CES1 WE CAN ADMIT EV5 MORE ATTRIBUTES 9TO \R ACC\NT ( ! ORGANIC SUB/ANCE WE CALL LIFE4 ,CONCEIV$ AS SUB/ANCE ?AT IS P]PETUALLY SELF-MA9TA9+ OR METABOLIC AS WELL AS DEVELOPM5TAL1 LIFE MORE CLE>LY E/ABLI%ES ! EXI/5CE ( ANO!R ATTRIBUTE3 SYMBIOSIS4 ,REC5T DATA SUPPORTS ! VIEW ?AT ,PET] ,KROPOTK9'S MUTUALI/IC NATURALISM NOT ONLY APPLIES TO RELATION%IPS )9 & AMONG SPECIES1 BUT ALSO APPLIES MORPHOLOGICALLY - )9 & AMONG COMPLEX CELLUL> =MS4 ,AS ,WILLIAM ,TRAG] OBS]V$ MORE ?AN A DECADE AGO3 

,! CONFLICT 9 NATURE BETWE5 DIFF]5T K9DS ( ORGANISM HAS BE5 POPUL>LY EXPRESS$ 9 PHRASES LIKE 0/RUGGLE = EXI/5CE0 & 0SURVIVAL ( ! FITTE/40 ,YET FEW PEOPLE REALIZE ?AT MUTUAL COOP]ATION BETWE5 DIFF]5T K9DS ( ORGANISMS--SYMBIOSIS--IS JU/ AS IMPORTANT1 & ?AT ! 0FITTE/0 MAY BE ! ONE ?AT MO/ HELPS ANO!R TO SURVIVE4 

,:E!R 9T5TIONAL OR NOT1 ,TRAG]'S DESCRIPTION ( ! 0FITTE/0 IS NOT M]ELY A SCI5TIFIC JUDGM5T MADE BY AN EM95T BIOLOGI/2 IT IS ALSO AN E?ICAL JUDGM5T SIMIL> TO ! ONE ,KROPOTK9 D]IV$ FROM HIS [N WORK AS A NATURALI/ & HIS IDEALS AS AN AN>*I/4 ,TRAG] EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ! 0NE>LY P]FECT0 9TEGRATION ( 0SYMBIOTIC MICROORGANISMS 9TO ! ECONOMY ( ! HO/ 444 HAS LEAD TO ! HYPO!SIS ?AT C]TA9 9TRACELLUL> ORGANELLES MI<T HAVE BE5 ORIG9ALLY 9DEP5D5T MICROORGANISMS40 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! *LOROPLA/S ?AT >E RESPONSIBLE = PHOTOSYN!TIC ACTIVITY 9 PLANTS ) EUK>YOTIC1 OR NUCLEAT$1 CELLS >E DISCRETE /RUCTURES ?AT REPLICATE BY DIVISION1 HAVE !IR [N DI/9CTIVE ,D,N,A V]Y SIMIL> TO ?AT ( CIRCUL> BACT]IA1 SYN!SIZE !IR [N PROTE9S1 & >E B\ND$ BY TWO-UNIT MEMBRANES4 

,MU* ! SAME IS TRUE ( ! EUK>YOTIC CELL'S 0P[]H\SE10 ITS MITO*ONDRIA4 ,! EUK>YOTIC CELLS >E ! MORPHOLOGICAL UNITS ( ALL COMPLEX =MS ( ANIMAL & PLANT LIFE4 ,! ,PROTI/A & FUNGI ALSO %>E !SE WELL-NUCLEAT$ CELL /RUCTURES4 ,EUC>YOTES >E A]OBIC & 9CLUDE CLE>LY =M$ SUBUNITS1 OR ORGANELLES4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! PROK>YOTES LACK NUCLEI2 !Y >E ANA]OBIC1 LESS SPECIALIZ$ ?AN ! EUC>YOTICS1 & !Y CON/ITUTE ! EVOLUTION>Y PR$ECESSORS ( ! EUC>YOTICS4 ,9 FACT1 !Y >E ! ONLY LIFE =MS ?AT C\LD HAVE SURVIV$ & FL\RI%$ 9 ! E>LY E>?'S ATMOSPH]E1 ) ITS M]E TRACES ( FREE OXYG54 

,IT IS N[ WIDELY ACCEPT$ ?AT ! EUK>YOTIC CELLS CONSI/ ( HI<LY FUNCTIONAL SYMBIOTIC >RANGEM5TS ( PROC>YOTES ?AT HAVE BECOME TOTALLY 9T]DEP5D5T ) O!R CON/ITU5TS4 ,EUC>YOTIC FLAGELLA D]IVE FROM ANA]OBIC SPIRO*ETES2 MITO*ONDRIA1 FROM PROK>YOTIC BACT]IA ?AT W]E CAPABLE ( RESPIRATION AS WELL AS F]M5TATION2 & PLANT *LOROPLA/S FROM 0BLUE-GRE5 ALGAE10 :I* HAVE REC5TLY BE5 RECLASSIFI$ AS CYANOBACT]IA4 ,! !ORY1 N[ ALMO/ A BIOLOGICAL CONV5TION1 HOLDS ?AT PHAGOCYTIC ANCE/ORS ( :AT W]E TO BECOME EUC>YOTES ABSORB$ 7)\T DIGE/+7 C]TA9 SPIRO*ETES1 PROTOMITO*ONDRIA1 &1 9 ! CASE ( PHOTOSYN!TIC CELLS1 COCCOID CYANOBACT]IA & *LOROXYBACT]IA4 ,EXI/+ PHYLA ( MULTICELLUL> A]OBIC LIFE =MS ?US HAD !IR ORIG9S 9 A SYMBIOTIC PROCESS ?AT 9TEGRAT$ A V>IETY ( MICROORGANISMS 9TO :AT WE CAN REASONABLY BE CALL$ A COLONIAL ORGANISM1 ! EUK>YOTIC CELL4 ,MUTUALISM1 NOT PR$ATION1 SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 ! GUID+ PR9CIPLE = ! EVOLUTION ( ! HI<LY COMPLEX A]OBIC LIFE =MS ?AT >E COMMON TODAY4 

,! PROSPECT ?AT LIFE & ALL ITS ATTRIBUTES >E LAT5T 9 SUB/ANCE AS SU*1 ?AT BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION IS ROOT$ DEEPLY 9 SYMBIOSIS OR MUTUALISM1 9DICATES H[ IMPORTANT IT IS TO RECONCEPTUALIZE \R NOTION ( 0MATT]0 AS ACTIVE SUB/ANCE4 ,AS ,MANFR$ ,EIG5 HAS PUT IT1 MOLECUL> SELF-ORGANIZATION SUGGE/S ?AT EVOLUTION 0APPE>S TO BE AN 9EVITABLE EV5T1 GIV5 ! PRES5CE ( C]TA9 MATT] ) SPECIFI$ AUTOCATALYTIC PROP]TIES & UND] ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! F9ITE 7FREE7 5]GY FL[ .<?AT IS1 SOL> 5]GY.> NECESS>Y TO COMP5SATE = ! /EADY PRODUCTION ( 5TROPY40 ,9DE$1 ?IS SELF-ORGANIZ+ ACTIVITY EXT5DS BEYOND ! EM]G5CE & EVOLUTION ( LIFE TO ! SEEM+LY 9ORGANIC FACTORS ?AT PRODUC$ & MA9TA9 A BIOTICALLY FAVORABLE 05VIRONM5T0 = ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9CREAS+LY COMPLEX LIFE =MS4 ,! TRADITIONAL ASSUMPTION ?AT LIFE HAS BE5 =C$ M]ELY TO ADAPT TO AN 9DEP5D5T1 GEOLOGICALLY & METEOROLOGICALLY DET]M9$ 05VIRONM5T0 IS NO LONG] T5ABLE4 ,?IS DUALISM BETWE5 ! LIV+ & ! NONLIV+ WORLD 7:I* IS BAS$ ON ACCID5TAL PO9T MUTUATIONS 9 LIFE-=MS ?AT DET]M9E :AT SPECIES WILL EVOLVE OR P]I%7 IS BE+ REPLAC$ BY ! MORE *ALL5G+ NOTION ?AT LIFE CREATES TO A GREAT DEGREE ITS [N 5VIRONM5T ON A WORLDWIDE SCALE4 

,F9ALLY1 ! ,MOD]N ,SYN!SIS1 TO USE ,JULIAN ,HUXLEY'S T]M = ! NEO-,D>W9IAN MODEL ( ORGANIC EVOLUTION 9 =CE S9CE ! E>LY #a#i#dS1 HAS ALSO BE5 *ALL5G$ AS TOO N>R[ & P]HAPS ME*ANI/IC 9 ITS \TLOOK4 ,! IMAGE ( A SL[ PACE ( EVOLUTION>Y *ANGE EM]G+ FROM ! 9T]PLAY ( SMALL V>IATIONS1 :I* >E SELECT$ = !IR ADAPTABILITY TO ! 5VIRONM5T1 IS NO LONG] AS SUPPORTABLE AS IT SEEMS BY ! ACTUAL FACTS ( ! FOSSIL RECORD4 ,EVOLUTION SEEMS TO BE MORE SPORADIC1 M>K$ BY OCCASIONAL RAPID *ANGES1 (T5 DELAY$ BY LONG P]IODS ( /ASIS4 ,HI<LY SPECIALIZ$ G5]A T5D TO SPECIATE & BECOME EXT9CT BECAUSE ( ! V]Y N>R[1 RE/RICT$ NI*ES !Y OCCUPY ECOLOGICALLY1 :ILE FAIRLY G5]ALIZ$ G5]A *ANGE MORE SL[LY & BECOME EXT9CT LESS FREQU5TLY BECAUSE ( ! MORE DIV]SIFI$ 5VIRONM5TS 9 :I* !Y CAN EXI/4 ,?IS 0,EFFECT ,HYPO!SIS10 ADVANC$ BY ,ELIZABE? ,VRBA1 SUGGE/S ?AT EVOLUTION T5DS TO BE AN IMMAN5T /RIV+ RA!R ?AN ! PRODUCT ( EXT]NAL SELECTIVE =CES4 ,MUTATIONS APPE> MORE LIKE 9T5TIONAL MOSAICS ?AN SMALL1 SCRAT*-LIKE *ANGES 9 ! /RUCTURE & FUNCTION ( LIFE =MS4 ,AS ONE OBS]V] NOTES1 0:]EAS SPECIES SELECTION PUTS ! =CES ( *ANGE ON 5VIRONM5TAL CONDITIONS1 ! ,EFFECT ,HYPO!SIS LOOKS TO 9T]NAL P>AMET]S ?AT AFFECT ! RATES ( SPECIATION & EXT9CTION40 

,! NOTION ( SMALL1 GRADUAL PO9T MUTATIONS 7A !ORY ?AT ACCORD ) ! ,VICTORIAN M5TALITY ( /RICTLY =TUIT\S EVOLUTION>Y *ANGES7 CAN BE *ALL5G$ ON G5ETIC GR\NDS ALONE4 ,NOT ONLY A G5E BUT A *ROMOSOME1 BO? 9 V>Y+ COMB9ATIONS1 MAY BE ALT]$ *EMICALLY & ME*ANICALLY4 ,G5ETIC *ANGES MAY RANGE FROM 0SIMPLE0 PO9T MUTATIONS1 ?R\< JUMP+ G5ES & TRANSPOSABLE ELEM5TS1 TO MAJOR *ROMOSOMAL RE>RANGEM5TS4 ,IT IS ALSO CLE>1 MA9LY FROM EXP]IM5TAL WORK1 ?AT P]MUTATIONS ( G5ETICALLY DET]M9$ MORPHOLOGICAL %IFTS >E POSSIBLE4 ,SMALL G5ETIC *ANGES CAN GIVE RISE TO EI!R M9OR OR MAJOR MORPHOLOGICAL MODIFICATIONS2 ! SAME HOLDS TRUE = L>GE G5ETIC *ANGES4 

,TRAG]'S OBS]VATION ?AT ! 0FITTE/0 SPECIES MAY WELL BE 0! ONE ?AT MO/ HELPS ANO!R TO SURVIVE0 IS AN EXCELL5T =MULA = RECA/+ ! TRADITIONAL PICTURE ( NATURAL EVOLUTION AS A MEAN+LESS COMPETITIVE TABLEAU BLOODI$ BY ! /RUGGLE TO SURVIVE4 ,!RE IS A RI* LIT]ATURE1 DAT+ BACK TO ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ?AT EMPHASIZES ! ROLE PLAY$ BY 9TRASPECIFIC & 9T]SPECIFIC SYMBIOSIS 9 FO/]+ ! SURVIVAL ( LIFE =MS ON ! PLANET4 ,KROPOTK9'S FAM\S ,MUTUAL ,AID SUMM>IZ$ ! DATA AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 & MAY HAVE ADD$ ! WORD 0MUTUALISM0 TO ! BIOLOGICAL VOCABUL>Y ON SYMBIOSIS4 ,BU*N] HAS WRITT5 A HUGE VOLUME 7#a#i#e#c7 ON ! 5DOSYMBIOSIS ( ANIMALS ) PLANT MICROORGANISMS ALONE4 ,H5RY HAS COMPIL$ A TWO-VOLUME WORK1 ,SYMBIOSIS1 ?AT BR+S ! /UDY ( ?IS SUBJECT UP TO ! MID-#a#i#fS4 ,! EVID5CE = 9T]SPECIFIC SYMBIOSIS1 P>TICUL>LY MUTUALISM1 IS NO?+ LESS ?AN MASSIVE4 ,EV5 MORE ?AN ,KROPOTK9'S ,MUTUAL ,AID1 ,H5RY'S WORK TRACES ! EVID5CE ( MUTUALI/IC RELATION%IPS FROM ! 9T]SPECIFIC SUPPORT RELATION%IPS ( RHIZOBIA & LEGUMES1 ?R\< PLANT ASSOCIATIONS1 BEHAVIORAL SYMBIOSIS 9 ANIMALS1 & ! GREAT REGULATORY ME*ANISMS ?AT ACC\NT = HOMEO/ASIS 9 PLANET-WIDE BIOGEO*EMICAL RELATION%IPS4 

0,FITNESS0 IS R>ELY BIOLOGICALLY MEAN+FUL AS M]E SPECIES SURVIVAL & ADAPTATION4 ,LEFT ON ?IS SUP]FICIAL LEVEL1 IT BECOMES AN ALMO/ P]SONAL ADAPTIVE 5T]PRISE ?AT FAILS TO ACC\NT = ! NE$ ( ALL SPECIES = LIFE SUPPORT SY/EMS1 BE !Y AUTOTROPHIC OR HET]OTROPHIC4 ,TRADITIONAL EVOLUTION>Y !ORY T5DS TO AB/RACT A SPECIES FROM ITS ECOSY/EM1 TO ISOLATE IT1 & TO DEAL ) ITS SURVIVAL 9 A REM>KABLY AB/RACT FA%ION4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! MUTUALLY SUPPORTIVE 9T]PLAY BETWE5 PHOTOSYN!TIC LIFE =MS & H]BIVORES1 F> FROM PROVID+ EVID5CE ( ! SIMPLE/ =M ( 0PR$ATION10 OR HET]OTROPHY1 IS 9 FACT 9DISP5SABLE TO SOIL F]TILITY FROM ANIMAL WA/ES1 SE$ DI/RIBUTION1 & ! RETURN 7VIA DEA?7 ( BULKY ORGANISMS TO AN EV]-5RI*$ ECOSY/EM4 ,EV5 L>GE C>NIVORES ?AT PREY UPON L>GE H]BIVORES HAVE A VITAL FUNCTION 9 SELECTIVELY CONTROLL+ L>GE POPULATION SW+S BY REMOV+ WEAK5$ OR OLD ANIMALS = :OM LIFE W\LD 9 FACT BECOME A =M ( 0SUFF]+40 

,IRONICALLY1 IT *EAP5S ! MEAN+ ( ! REAL SUFF]+ & CRUELTY 9FLICT$ BY SOCIETY1 R$UC+ !M TO PA9 & PR$ATION1 JU/ AS IT *EAP5S ! MEAN+ ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION1 TO DE9/ITUTIONALIZE !SE SOCIALLY *>G$ T]MS & DISSOLVE !M 9TO ! 9DIVIDUAL TRANSITORY L9KS BETWE5 MORE OR LESS AGGRESSIVE 9DIVIDUALS )9 A SPECIFIC ANIMAL AGGREGATION4 ,! FE>1 PA91 & COMMONLY RAPID DEA? ?AT A WOLFPACK BR+S TO A SICK OR OLD C>IB\ >E EVID5CE NOT ( SUFF]+ OR CRUELTY 9 NATURE BUT ( A MODE ( DY+ ?AT IS 9TEGRALLY W$D$ TO ORGANIC R5EWAL & ECOLOGICAL /ABILITY4 ,SUFF]+ & CRUELTY PROP]LY BELONG TO ! REALM ( P]SONAL ANGUI%1 NE$LESS AFFLICTION1 & ! MORAL DEGRADATION ( ?OSE :O TORM5T ! VICTIM4 ,!SE NOTIONS CANNOT BE APPLI$ TO ! REMOVAL ( AN ORGANISM ?AT CAN NO LONG] FUNCTION ON A LEVEL ?AT R5D]S ITS LIFE TOL]ABLE4 ,IT IS %E] DI/ORTION TO ASSOCIATE ALL PA9 ) SUFF]+1 ALL PR$ATION ) CRUELTY4 ,TO SUFF] ! ANGUI% ( HUNG]1 PSY*IC 9JURY1 9SECURITY1 NEGLECT1 LONEL9ESS1 & DEA? 9 W>F>E1 AS WELL AS ( PROLONG$ TRAUMA & T]M9AL ILLNESS1 CANNOT BE EQUAT$ ) ! PA9 ASSOCIAT$ ) PR$ATION & ! UNKN[+ FACT ( DEA?4 ,! SPASMS ( ! NATURAL WORLD >E R>ELY AS CRUEL AS ! HI<LY ORGANIZ$ & SY/EMATIC AFFLICTIONS ?AT HUMAN SOCIETY VISITS UPON HEAL?Y1 VITAL BE+S--ANIMAL AS WELL AS HUMAN--AFFLICTIONS ?AT ONLY ! CUNN+ ( ! HOM9ID M9D CAN CONTRIVE4 

,NEI!R CRUELTY1 AGGRESSION1 NOR COMPETITION - ALL AN?ROPOMORPHIC T]MS - SATISFACTORILY EXPLA9S ! EM]G5CE & EVOLUTION ( LIFE4 ,= A BETT] EXPLANATION WE %\LD ALSO TURN TO MUTUALISM & A CONCEPT ( 0FITNESS0 ?AT RE9=CES ! SUPPORT SY/EMS = ! SEEM+LY 0FITTE/40 ,IF WE >E PREP>$ TO RECOGNIZE ! SELF-ORGANIZ+ NATURE ( LIFE1 ! DECISIVE ROLE ( MUTUALISM AS ITS EVOLUTION>Y IMPETUS OBLIGES US TO R$EF9E 0FITNESS0 9 T]MS ( AN ECOSY/EM'S SUPPORTIVE APP>ATUS4 ,& IF WE >E PREP>$ TO VIEW LIFE AS A PH5OM5ON ?AT CAN %APE & MA9TA9 ! V]Y 05VIRONM5T0 ?AT IS REG>D$ AS ! 0SELECTIVE0 S\RCE ( EVOLUTION1 A CRUCIAL QUE/ION >ISES3 ,IS IT MEAN+FUL ANY LONG] TO SPEAK ( 0NATURAL SELECTION0 AS ! MOTIVE =CE ( BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION8 ,OR MU/ WE N[ SPEAK ( 0NATURAL 9T]ACTION0 TO TAKE FULL ACC\NT ( LIFE'S [N ROLE 9 CREAT+ & GUID+ ! 0=CES0 ?AT EXPLA9 ITS EVOLUTION8 ,CONTEMPOR>Y BIOLOGY LEAVES US ) A PICTURE ( ORGANIC 9T]DEP5D5CIES ?AT F> & AWAY PROVE TO BE MORE IMPORTANT 9 %AP+ LIFE =MS ?AT A ,D>W91 A ,HUXLEY1 OR ! =MULATORS ( ! ,MOD]N ,SYN!SIS C\LD EV] HAVE ANTICIPAT$4 ,LIFE IS NECESS>Y NOT ONLY = ITS [N SELF-MA9T5ANCE BUT ALSO = ITS [N SELF-=MATION4 ,COMPLEXITY & SUBJECTIVITY >E MORE ?AN ! EFFECTS ( LIFE2 !Y >E ITS 9TEGRAL ATTRIBUTES4 

,! GR&EUR ( AN AU!NTIC ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! SUP]FICIAL 5VIRONM5TALISM SO PREVAL5T TODAY1 IS ?AT IT PROVIDES US ) ! ABILITY TO G5]ALIZE 9 ! MO/ RADICAL WAY !SE FECUND1 SUPPORTIVE1 9T]RELATION%IPS & !IR RELIANCE ON V>IETY AS ! F\NDATION ( /ABILITY4 ,AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY GIVES US A COH]5T \TLOOK ?AT IS EXPLANATORY 9 ! MO/ MEAN+FUL S5SE ( ! T]M1 & ALMO/ OV]TLY E?ICAL4 

,FROM ! DI/ANT ,HELL5IC ]A TO ! E>LY ,R5AISSANCE1 NATURE WAS SE5 PRIM>ILY AS A S\RCE ( E?ICAL ORI5TATION1 A MEANS BY :I* HUMAN ?\<T F\ND ITS NORMATIVE BE>+S & COH]5CE4 ,NONHUMAN NATURE WAS NOT EXT]NAL TO HUMAN NATURE & SOCIETY4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 ! M9D WAS UNIQUELY P>T ( A COSMIC LOGOS ?AT PROVID$ OBJECTIVE CRIT]IA = SOCIAL & P]SONAL CONCEPTS ( GOOD & EVIL1 JU/ICE & 9JU/ICE1 BEAUTY & UGL9ESS1 LOVE & HATR$ - 9DE$1 = AN 9T]M9ABLE NUMB] ( VALUES BY :I* TO GUIDE ONESELF T[>D ! A*IEVEM5T ( VIRTUE & ! GOOD LIFE4 ,! WORDS DIKE & &IKE--JU/ICE & 9JU/ICE--P]MEAT$ ! COSMOLOGIES ( ! ,GREEK NATURE PHILOSOPH]S4 ,!Y L+] ON 9 MANY T]M9OLOGICAL V>IATIONS AS P>T ( ! J>GON ( MOD]N NATURAL SCI5CE--NOTABLY AS 0ATTRACTION0 & 0REPULSION40 

,! PR9CIPAL FALLACIES ( >*AIC COSMOLOGY G5]ALLY LIE NOT 9 ITS E?ICAL ORI5TATION BUT 9 ITS DUALI/IC APPROA* TO NATURE4 ,= ALL ITS EMPHASIS ON SPECULATION AT ! EXP5SE ( EXP]IM5TATION1 ANCI5T COSMOLOGY ]R$ MO/ :5 IT TRI$ TO CO-JO9 A SELF-ORGANIZ+1 FECUND NATURE ) A VITALIZ+ =CE ALI5 TO ! NATURAL WORLD ITSELF4 ,P>M5IDE'S ,DIKE1 LIKE ,H5RI ,B]GSON'S ELAN VITAL1 >E SUB/ITUTES = ! SELF-ORGANIZ+ PROP]TIES ( NATURE1 NOT MOTIVAT+ =CES )9 NATURE ?AT ACC\NT = AN ORD]$ WORLD4 ,A LAT5T DUALISM EXI/S 9 MONI/IC COSMOLOGIES ?AT TRY TO BR+ HUMANITY & NATURE 9TO E?ICAL COMMONALITY - A DEUS EX MA*9E ?AT CORRECTS IMBALANCES EI!R 9 A DISEQUILIBRIAT$ COSMOS OR 9 AN IRRATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,TRU? WE>S AN UNSE5 CR[N 9 ! =M ( ,GOD OR ,SPIRIT1 = NATURE CAN NEV] BE TRU/$ TO DEVELOP ON ITS [N SPONTANE\S GR\NDS1 ANY MORE ?AN ! BODY POLITIC BEQUEA!D TO US BY 0CIVILIZATION0 CAN BE TRU/$ TO MANAGE ITS [N AFFAIRS4 

,!SE >*AISMS1 ) !IR !OLOGICAL NUANCES & !IR TI<TLY =MULAT$ TELEOLOGIES1 HAVE BE5 JU/LY VIEW$ AS SOCIALLY REACTION>Y TRAPS4 ,9 FACT1 !Y TA9T$ ! WORKS ( ,>I/OTLE & ,HEGEL AS SURELY AS !Y MESM]IZ$ ! M9DS ( ! M$IEVAL ,S*OOLM54 ,BUT ! ]RORS ( CLASSICAL NATURE PHILOSOPHY LIE NOT 9 ITS PROJECT ( ELICIT+ AN E?ICS FROM ! NATURAL WORLD1 BUT 9 ! SPIRIT ( DOM9ATION ?AT POISON$ IT FROM ! />T ) A PRESID+1 (T5 AU?ORIT>IAN1 ,SUP]NATURAL 0>BIT]0 :O WEI<$ \T & CORRECT$ ! IMBALANCES OR 09JU/ICES0 ?AT ]UPT$ 9 NATURE4 ,H5CE ! D>K ANCI5T GODS W]E !RE ALL ! TIME1 H[EV] RATIONALI/IC !SE E>LY COSMOLOGIES MAY SEEM2 !Y HAD TO BE EXORCIZ$ 9 ORD] TO R5D] AN E?ICAL CONT9UUM BETWE5 ! NATURAL WORLD & HUMANITY MORE MEAN+FUL4 ,TRAGICALLY1 LATE ,R5AISSANCE ?\<T WAS H>DLY MORE EVOLUTION>Y ?AN ITS ANTEC$5TS1 & NEI!R ,GALILEO 9 SCI5CE NOR ,DESC>TES 9 PHILOSOPHY P]=M$ ?IS MU*-NE$$ ACT ( SURG]Y SATISFACTORILY4 ,!Y & !IR MORE REC5T HEIRS SEP>AT$ ! DOMA9S ( NATURE & M9D1 RECREAT+ DEITIES ( !IR [N 9 ! =M ( SCI5TI/IC & EPI/EMOLOGICAL BIASES ?AT >E NO LESS TA9T$ BY DOM9ATION ?AN ! CLASSICAL TRADITION !Y DEMOLI%$4 

,TODAY1 WE >E FAC$ ) ! POSSIBILITY ( P]MITT+ NATURAL EVOLUTION--NOT ,DIKE1 ,JU/ITIA1 ,GOD1 ,SPIRIT1 OR AN ELAN VITAL--TO OP5 ITSELF TO US = E?ICAL PURPOSES ON ITS [N T]MS4 ,MUTUALISM IS A GOOD BY VIRTUE ( ITS FUNCTION 9 FO/]+ ! EVOLUTION ( NATURAL V>IETY4 ,WE REQUIRE NO ,DIKE ON ! ONE H& OR CANONS ( 0SCI5TIFIC OBJECTIVITY0 ON ! O!R TO AFFIRM ! ROLE ( COMMUNITY AS A DESID]ATUM 9 NATURE & SOCIETY4 ,SIMIL>LY1 FRE$OM IS A GOOD2 ITS CLAIMS >E VALIDAT$ BY :AT ,H&S ,JONAS SO P]CEPTIVELY CALL$ ! 09W>DNESS0 ( LIFE =MS1 !IR 0ORGANIC ID5TITY0 & 0ADV5TURE ( =M40 ,! CLE>LY VISIBLE EF=T1 V5TURE1 9DE$ SELF-RECOGNITION1 :I* EV]Y LIV+ BE+ EX]CISES 9 ! C\RSE ( 0ITS PREC>I\S METABOLIC CONT9UITY0 TO PRES]VE ITSELF REVEAL--EV5 9 ! MO/ RUDIM5T>Y ( ORGANISMS--A S5SE ( ID5TITY & SELECTIVE ACTIVITY :I* ,JONAS HAS V]Y APPROPRIATELY CALL$ EVID5CE ( A 0G]M9AL FRE$OM40 

,F9ALLY1 FROM ! EV]-GREAT] COMPLEXITY & V>IETY ?AT RAISES SUBATOMIC P>TICLES ?R\< ! C\RSE ( EVOLUTION TO ?OSE CONSCI\S1 SELF-REFLEXIVE LIFE =MS WE CALL HUMAN BE+S1 WE CANNOT HELP BUT SPECULATE AB\T ! EXI/5CE ( A BROADLY & LAT5T SUBJECTIVITY 9 SUB/ANCE ITSELF ?AT EV5TUALLY YIELDS M9D & 9TELLECTUALITY4 ,9 ! REACTIVITY ( SUB/ANCE1 9 ! S5SIBILITY ( ! LEA/-DEVELOP$ MICROORGANISMS1 9 ! ELABORATION ( N]VES1 GANGLIA1 ! SP9AL CORD1 & ! LAY]$ DEVELOPM5T ( ! BRA91 ONE S5SES AN EVOLUTION ( M9D SO COH]5T & COMPELL+ ?AT !RE IS A /RONG TEMPTATION TO DESCRIBE IT ) ,MANFR$ ,EIG5'S T]M1 09EVITABLE40 ,IT IS H>D TO BELIEVE ?AT M]E =TUITY ACC\NTS = ! CAPACITY ( LIFE =MS TO RESPOND NEUROLOGICALLY TO /IMULI2 TO DEVELOP HI<LY ORGANIZ$ N]V\S SY/EMS2 TO BE ABLE TO =ESEE H[EV] DIMLY1 ! RESULTS ( !IR BEHAVIOR & LAT] CONCEPTUALIZE ?IS =ESI<T CLE>LY & SYMBOLICALLY4 ,A TRUE HI/ORY ( M9D MAY HAVE TO BEG9 ) ! ATTRIBUTES ( SUB/ANCE ITSELF2 P]HAPS 9 ! HIDD5 OR COV]T EF=TS ( ! SIMPLE/ CRY/ALS TO P]PETUATE !MSELVES1 9 ! EVOLUTION ( ,D,N,A FROM UNKN[N *EMICAL S\RCES TO A PO9T :]E IT %>ES A PR9CIPLE ( REPLICATION ALREADY PRES5T 9 ! 9ORGANIC WORLD1 & 9 ! SPECIATION ( NONLIV+ AS WELL AS LIV+ MOLECULES AS A RESULT ( ?OSE 9TR9SIC SELF-ORGANIZ+ FEATURES ( REALITY WE CALL !IR 0PROP]TIES40 

,H5CE \R /UDY ( NATURE--ALL >*AIC PHILOSOPHIES & EPI/EMOLOGICAL BIASES ASIDE--EXHIBITS A SELF-EVOLV+ PATT]N+1 A 0GRA910 SO TO SPEAK1 ?AT IS IMPLICITLY E?ICAL4 ,MUTUALISM1 FRE$OM1 & SUBJECTIVITY >E NOT /RICTLY HUMAN VALUES OR CONC]NS4 ,!Y APPE>1 H[EV] G]M9ALLY1 9 L>G] COSMIC & ORGANIC PROCESSES ?AT REQUIRE NO ,>I/OTELIAN ,GOD TO MOTIVATE !M1 NO ,HEGELIAN ,SPIRIT TO VITALIZE !M4 ,IF SOCIAL ECOLOGY PROVIDES LITTLE MORE ?AN A COH]5T FOCUS TO ! UNITY ( MUTUALISM1 FRE$OM1 & SUBJECTIVITY AS ASPECTS ( A COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY ?AT IS FREE ( DOM9ATION & GUID$ BY REFLECTION & REASON1 IT WILL REMOVE ! TA9TS ?AT BLEMI%$ A NATURALI/IC E?ICS FROM ITS 9CEPTION2 IT WILL PROVIDE BO? HUMANITY & A NATURAL WORLD ) A COMMON E?ICAL VOICE4 ,NO LONG] W\LD WE HAVE NE$ ( A ,C>TESIAN--& MORE REC5TLY1 A NEO-,KANTIAN--DUALISM ?AT LEAVES ! NATURAL WORLD MUTE & M9D ISOLAT$ FROM ! L>G] WORLD ( PH5OM5A >\ND IT4 ,TO VITIATE COMMUNITY1 TO >RE/ ! SPONTANEITY ?AT LIES AT ! CORE ( A SELF-ORGANIZ+ REALITY T[>D EV] GREAT] COMPLEXITY & RATIONALITY1 TO ABRIDGE FRE$OM - !SE ACTIONS W\LD CUT ACROSS ! GRA9 ( NATURAL EVOLUTION1 D5Y \R H]ITAGE 9 ITS EVOLUTION>Y PROCESSES1 & DISSOLVE \R LEGITIMACY & FUNCTION 9 ! WORLD ( LIFE4 ,NO LESS ?AN ?IS E?ICALLY ROOT$ LEGITIMATION IS AT /ATE - ALL ITS GRIM ECOLOGICAL CONSEQU5CES ASIDE--9 A*IEV+ AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY & >TICULAT+ AN ECOLOGICAL E?ICS4 

,MUTUALISM1 SELF-ORGANIZATION1 FRE$OM1 & SUBJECTIVITY1 TOGE!R ) SOCIAL ECOLOGY'S PR9CIPLES ( UNITY 9 DIV]SITY1 9=M$ SPONTANEITY1 & NONHI]>*ICAL RELATION%IPS1 COHE]S 9TO AN E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY ?AT SEES HUMAN BE+S 9 A RATIONAL1 ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY AS PLAY+ ! CREATIVE ROLE ( 0NATURE0 R5D]$ SELF-CONSCI\S4 ,ASIDE FROM ! ECOLOGICAL RESPONSIBILITIES ?IS E?ICS CONF]S ON \R SPECIES AS ! SELF-REFLEXIVE VOICE ( NATURE1 IT LIT]ALLY DEF9ES US4 0,NATURE10 CONCEIV$ AS NATURAL EVOLUTION1 DOES NOT 0EXI/0 = US TO USE2 IT LEGITIMATES US & \R UNIQU5ESS ECOLOGICALLY4 ,LIKE ! CONCEPT ( 0BE+10 !SE PR9CIPLES ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY REQUIRE NO EXPLANATION1 M]ELY V]IFICATION4 ,!Y >E ELEM5TS ( AN E?ICAL ONTOLOGY1 NOT 0RULES ( A GAME0 ?AT CAN BE *ANG$ TO SUIT ONE'S P]SONAL NE$S4 

,A SOCIETY ?AT CUTS ACROSS ! GRA9 ( ?IS E?ICAL ONTOLOGY RAISES ! 5TIRE QUE/ION ( ITS V]Y REALITY AS A MEAN+FUL & RATIONAL 5TITY4 0,CIVILIZATION0 HAS BEQUEA!D US A VISION ( O!RNESS AS 0POL>IZATION0 & 0DEFIANCE10 & ( ORGANIC 09W>DNESS0 AS A P]PETUAL 0W>0 = SELF-ID5TITY4 ,:ATEV] ITS VALIDITY 9 ! PA/1 ?IS VISION N[ ?REAT5S TO UTT]LY SUBV]T ! ECOLOGICAL LEGITIMATION ( HUMANITY & ! REALITY ( SOCIETY AS A POT5TIALLY RATIONAL DIM5SION ( ! WORLD >\ND US4 ,TRAPP$ BY ! P]CEPTION ( A 0NATURE0 ?AT /&S 9 P]PETUAL OPPOSITION TO \R HUMANITY1 WE HAVE R$EF9$ HUMANITY ITSELF TO MEAN /RIFE AS A CONDITION = H>MONY1 CONTROL AS A CONDITION = CONSCI\SNESS1 DOM9ATION AS A CONDITION = FRE$OM1 & OPPOSITION AS A CONDITION = RECONCILIATION4 

,YET AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T E?ICAL1 PHILOSOPHICAL1 & SOCIAL DISP5SATION CAN BE READ FROM ! CONCEPT ( O!RNESS & ! 9W>DNESS ( LIFE4 ,GIV5 A WORLD ?AT LIFE ITSELF MADE CONDUCIVE TO EVOLUTION - 9DE$1 B5IGN1 9 VIEW ( A L>G] ECOLOGICAL VISION ( 0,NATURE0 - WE CAN =MULATE AN E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY ?AT IS N\RI%$ BY V>IETY & CREATIVE P>TICIPATION 9 ! NATURAL WORLD GUID$ BY REASON & EMPA?Y1 RA!R ?AN ONE ?AT GU>DS 9DIVIDUAL 9W>DNESS FROM A ?REAT5+1 HO/ILE1 9VASIVE O!RNESS4 ,9DE$1 ! 9W>DNESS ( LIFE CAN BE SE5 AS AN EXPRESSION ( MUTUALISM1 NOT AS M]E RESI/ANCE TO 5TROPY & ! T]M9US ( ALL ACTIVITY4 ,5TROPY ITSELF CAN BE SE5 AS ONE FEATURE 9 A L>G] COSMIC METABOLISM1 ) LIFE AS ITS ANABOLIC DIM5SION4 ,F9ALLY1 SELF HOOD CAN BE VIEW$ AS ! RESULT ( 9TEGRATION1 COMMUNITY1 SUPPORT1 & %>+ )\T ANY LOSS ( 9DIVIDUAL ID5TITY & P]SONAL SPONTANEITY4 

,CIVILIZATION AS WE KN[ IT TODAY IS MORE MUTE ?AT ! NATURE = :I* IT PR(ESSES TO SPEAK & MORE BL9D ?AT ! ELEM5TAL =CES IT PR(ESSES TO CONTROL4 ,9DE$1 CIVILIZATION TODAY LIVES 9 HATR$ ( ! WORLD >\ND IT & 9 GRIM HATR$ ( ITSELF4 ,ITS GUTT$ CITIES1 WA/$ L&S1 POISON$ AIR & WAT]1 & MEAN-SPIRIT$ GRE$ CON/ITUTE A DAILY 9DICTM5T ( ITS ODI\S IMMORTALITY4 ,A WORLD SO DEMEAN$ MAY WELL BE BEYOND R$EMPTION1 AT LEA/ )9 ! T]MS ( ITS [N 9/ITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK4 ,! !RMONUCLE> FIRES & ! ECOLOGICAL DISA/]S ?AT MAY 5GULF \R PLANET WILL R5D] IT IRRETRIEVABLY 9HOSPITABLE TO LIFE--A DEAD WITNESS TO COSMIC FAILURE4 ,IF ONLY BECAUSE ?IS PLANET'S HI/ORY1 9CLUD+ ITSELF HUMAN HI/ORY1 HAS BE5 SO FULL ( PROMISE1 HOPE1 CREATIVITY1 IT DES]VES A BETT] FATE ?AN :AT SEEMS TO CONFRONT IT 9 ! YE>S AHEAD4 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiib 3 ,SOCIOBIOLOGY OR ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #a1 #bai 3 ,SOCIOBIOLOGY OR ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,SOCIOBIOLOGY OR ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY -- ,UPDAT$4 

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