,SOCIETY & ,M9D 9 ,M>XIAN ,PHILOSOPHY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK 

,TEXT 3 

,PUBLI%$3 ,SCI5CE & ,SOCIETY1 NO4 #d4 ,SUMM] #a#i#c#g4 
,TRANSCRIPTION_/,M>KUP3 ,&Y ,BLUND51 = M>XI/S4ORG #b#c4 
,PRO($3 ,MICAH ,MU]1 #b#a#g4 
,S\RCE3 ,JOHN ,GRAY'S ,>*IVE 

,I 

,M>X'S !ORY ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T IS KN[N AS ! 0MAT]IALI/IC CONCEPTION 
( HI/ORY0 OR 0HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM40 ,BE=E ,M>X ! WORD 0MAT]IALISM0 HAD 
LONG BE5 US$ 9 OPPOSITION TO IDEALISM1 = :]EAS IDEALI/IC PHILOSOPHICAL 
SY/EMS ASSUM$ SOME SPIRITUAL PR9CIPLE1 SOME 0,ABSOLUTE ,IDEA0 AS ! PRIM>Y 
BASIS ( ! WORLD1 ! MAT]IALI/IC PHILOSOPHIES PROCE$$ FROM ! REAL 
MAT]IAL WORLD4 ,9 ! MIDDLE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ANO!R K9D ( 
MAT]IALISM WAS CURR5T :I* CONSID]$ PHYSICAL MATT] AS ! PRIM>Y BASIS 
FROM :I* ALL SPIRITUAL & M5TAL PH5OM5A MU/ BE D]IV$4 ,MO/ ( ! 
OBJECTIONS ?AT HAVE BE5 RAIS$ AGA9/ ,M>XISM >E DUE TO ! FACT ?AT IT HAS 
NOT BE5 SUFFICI5TLY DI/+UI%$ FROM ?IS ME*ANICAL MAT]IALISM4 

,PHILOSOPHY IS COND5S$ 9 ! WELL-KN[N QUOTATION 0IT IS NOT ! 
CONSCI\SNESS ( M5 ?AT DET]M9ES !IR EXI/5CE1 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 
!IR SOCIAL EXI/5CE DET]M9ES !IR CONSCI\SNESS40 ,M>XISM IS NOT CONC]N$ 
) ! ANTI!SIS MATT]-M9D2 IT DEALS ) ! REAL WORLD & ! IDEAS 
D]IV$ !REFROM4 ,?IS REAL WORLD COMPRISES EV]Y?+ OBS]VABLE -- ?AT IS1 
ALL ?AT BY OBS]VATION MAY BE DECL>$ AN OBJECTIVE FACT4 ,! WAGE-RELATIONS 
BETWE5 WORKMAN & EMPLOY]1 ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! SCI5CE 
( MA!MATICS1 AL?\< NOT CONSI/+ ( PHYSICAL MATT]1 >E QUITE AS REAL 
& OBJECTIVE AS ! FACTORY MA*9E1 ! ,CAPITOL OR ! ,OHIO ,RIV]4 ,EV5 IDEAS 
!MSELVES 9 !IR TURN ACT AS REAL1 OBS]VABLE FACTS4 ,ME*ANICAL MAT]IALISM 
ASSUMES ?AT \R ?\<TS >E DET]M9$ BY ! MOTIONS ( ATOMS 9 ! CELLS ( 
\R BRA9S4 ,M>XISM CONSID]S \R ?\<TS TO BE DET]M9$ BY \R SOCIAL 
EXP]I5CE OBS]V$ ?R\< ! S5SES OR FELT AS DIRECT BODILY NE$S4 

,! WORLD = MAN IS SOCIETY4 ,( C\RSE1 ! WID] WORLD IS NATURE1 & 
SOCIETY IS NATURE TRANS=M$ BY MAN4 ,BUT 9 ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY ?IS 
TRANS=MATION WAS SO ?OR\< ?AT N[ SOCIETY IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT P>T ( 
\R WORLD4 ,SOCIETY IS NOT SIMPLY AN AGGREGATE ( M52 M5 >E CONNECT$ BY 
DEF9ITE RELATIONS NOT *OS5 BY !M AT WILL1 BUT IMPOS$ UPON !M BY ! 
ECONOMIC SY/EM UND] :I* !Y LIVE & 9 :I* EA* HAS HIS PLACE4 

,! RELATIONS :I* ! PRODUCTIVE SY/EM E/ABLI%ES BETWE5 M5 HAVE ! 
SAME /R+5CY AS BIOLOGICAL FACTS2 BUT ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT M5 ?9K ONLY 
( !IR FOOD4 ,IT MEANS ?AT ! MANN] 9 :I* MAN E>NS HIS LIV+ -- ?AT 
IS1 ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION -- PLACES EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL 9 
DET]M9ATE RELATIONS ) HIS FELL[-M5 ?US DET]M9+ HIS ?9K+ & 
FEEL+4 ,IT IS TRUE1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT EV5 UP TO ! PRES5T NE>LY ALL ! 
?\<TS ( M5 HAVE BE5 ORI5TAT$ >\ND ! GETT+ ( FOOD1 BECAUSE A 
LIVELIHOOD HAS NEV] BE5 ASSUR$ = EV]YBODY4 ,! FE> ( WANT & HUNG] HAS 
WEI<$ LIKE A NI<TM>E ON ! M9DS ( M54 ,BUT1 9 A SOCIALI/ SY/EM1 :5 
?IS FE> WILL HAVE BE5 REMOV$1 :5 MANK9D WILL BE MA/] ( ! MEANS ( 
SUBSI/5CE1 & ?9K+ WILL BE FREE & CREATIVE1 ! SY/EM ( PRODUCTION 
WILL ALSO CONT9UE TO DET]M9E IDEAS & 9/ITUTIONS4 

,! MODE ( PRODUCTION 7,PRODUKTIONSWEISE71 :I* =MS ! M9D ( 
MAN1 IS1 AT ! SAME TIME1 A PRODUCT ( MAN4 ,IT HAS BE5 BUILT UP BY MANK9D 
DUR+ ! C\RSE ( C5TURIES1 EV]YONE P>TICIPAT+ 9 ITS DEVELOPM5T4 ,AT 
ANY GIV5 MOM5T1 ITS /RUCTURE IS DET]M9$ BY GIV5 CONDITIONS1 ! MO/ 
IMPORTANT ( :I* >E TE*NICS & LAW4 ,MOD]N CAPITALISM IS NOT SIMPLY 
PRODUCTION BY L>GE SCALE MA*9]Y2 IT IS PRODUCTION BY SU* MA*9ES UND] ! 
RULE ( PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,! GR[? ( CAPITALISM WAS NOT ONLY A *ANGE FROM AN 
ECONOMY UTILIZ+ SMALL TOOLS TO L>GE SCALE 9DU/RY1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 A 
DEVELOPM5T ( ! GUILD-B\ND CRAFTSM5 9TO WAGE LABOR]S & BUS9ESSM54 ,A 
SY/EM ( PRODUCTION IS A DET]M9ATE SY/EM ( TE*NICS REGULAT$ = ! 
B5EFIT ( ! [N]S BY A SY/EM ( JURIDICAL RULES4 

,! (T-QUOT$ !SIS ( ! ,G]MAN JURI/1 ,/AMML]1 ?AT LAW DET]M9ES ! 
ECONOMIC SY/EM 70DAS ,RE*T BE/IMMT DIE ,WIRTS*AFT071 IS BAS$ UPON 
?IS CIRCUM/ANCE4 ,/AMML] ?\<T ?AT BY ?IS S5T5CE HE HAD REFUT$ 
,M>XISM1 :I* PROCLAIM$ ! DOM9ANCE ( ECONOMICS OV] JURIDICAL IDEAS4 ,BY 
PROCLAIM+ ?AT ! MAT]IAL ELEM5T1 ! TE*NICAL SIDE ( ! LABOR PROCESS1 
IS RUL$ & DOM9AT$ BY IDEOLOGICAL ELEM5TS1 ! JURIDICAL RULES BY :I* M5 
REGULATE !IR RELATIONS AT !IR [N WILL1 ,/AMML] FELT CONV9C$ ?AT HE HAD 
E/ABLI%$ ! PR$OM9ANCE ( M9D OV] MATT]4 ,BUT ! ANTI!SIS 
TE*NICS-LAW DOES NOT CO9CIDE AT ALL ) ! ANTI!SIS MATT]-M9D4 ,LAW IS 
NOT ONLY SPIRITUAL RULE BUT ALSO H>D CON/RA9T1 NOT ONLY AN >TICLE ON ! 
/ATUTE BOOKS1 BUT ALSO ! CLUB ( ! POLICEMAN & ! WALLS ( ! JAIL4 ,& 
TE*NICS IS NOT ONLY ! MAT]IAL MA*9ES BUT ALSO ! P[] TO CON/RUCT !M1 
9CLUD+ ! SCI5CE ( PHYSICS4 

,! TWO CONDITIONS1 TE*NICS & LAW1 PLAY DIFF]5T ROLES 9 DET]M9+ ! 
SY/EM ( PRODUCTION44 ,! WILL ( ?OSE :O CONTROL TE*NICS CANNOT BY ITSELF 
CREATE !SE TE*NICS1 BUT IT CAN1 & DOES1 MAKE ! LAWS4 ,!Y >E VOLUNT>Y1 
BUT NOT CAPRICI\S4 ,!Y DO NOT DET]M9E PRODUCTIVE RELATIONS1 BUT TAKE 
ADVANTAGE ( !SE RELATIONS = ! B5EFIT ( ! [N]S & !Y >E ALT]$ 
TO MEET ADVANCES 9 ! MODES ( PRODUCTION4 ,MANUFACTURE US+ ! TE*NICS ( 
SMALL TOOLS L$ TO A SY/EM ( CRAFT PRODUCTION1 ?US MAK+ ! JURIDICAL 
9/ITUTION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY NECESS>Y4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( BIG 9DU/RY MADE 
! GR[? ( L>GE SCALE MA*9]Y POSSIBLE & NECESS>Y1 & 9DUC$ PEOPLE 
TO REMOVE ! JURIDICAL OB/ACLES TO ITS DEVELOPM5T & TO E/ABLI% 
LAISSEZ-FAIRE TRADE LEGISLATION4 ,9 ?IS WAY TE*NICS DET]M9ES LAW2 IT IS ! 
UND]LY+ =CE1 :]EAS LAW BELONGS TO ! SUP]/RUCTURE RE/+ ON IT4 ,?US 
,/AMML]1 :ILE CORRECT 9 HIS !SIS 9 A RE/RICT$ S5SE1 IS WRONG 9 ! 
G5]AL S5SE4 ,JU/ BECAUSE LAW RULES ECONOMICS1 PEOPLE SEEK TO MAKE SU* LAWS 
AS >E REQUIR$ BY A GIV5 PRODUCTIVE EQUIPM5T2 9 ?IS WAY TE*NICS DET]M9ES 
LAW4 ,!RE IS NO RIGID1 ME*ANICAL1 ONE-TO-ONE DEP5D5CE4 ,LAW DOES NOT 
AUTOMATICALLY ADJU/ ITSELF TO EV]Y NEW *ANGE ( TE*NICS4 ,! ECONOMIC NE$ 
MU/ BE FELT & !N MAN MU/ *ANGE & ADJU/ HIS LAWS ACCORD+LY4 ,TO 
A*IEVE ?IS ADJU/M5T IS ! DIFFICULT & PA9FUL PURPOSE ( SOCIAL 
/RUGGLES4 ,IT IS ! QU9TESS5CE & AIM ( ALL POLITICAL /RIFE & ( ALL 
GREAT REVOLUTIONS 9 HI/ORY4 ,! FI<T = NEW JURIDICAL PR9CIPLES IS 
NECESS>Y TO =M A NEW SY/EM ( PRODUCTION ADAPT$ TO ! 5ORM\S MOD]N 
DEVELOPM5T ( TE*NICS4 

,TE*NICS AS ! PRODUCTIVE =CE IS ! BASIS ( SOCIETY4 ,9 PRIMITIVE 
SOCIETY1 ! NATURAL CONDITIONS PLAY ! *IEF ROLE 9 DET]M9+ ! SY/EM ( 
PRODUCTION4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY TE*NICAL IMPLEM5TS >E GRADUALLY IMPROV$ 
BY ALMO/ IMP]CEPTIBLE /EPS4 ,NATURAL SCI5CE1 BY 9VE/IGAT+ ! =CES ( 
NATURE1 DEVELOPS 9TO ! IMPORTANT PRODUCTIVE =CE4 ,ALL ! TE*NICALITIES 9 
DEVELOP+ & APPLY+ SCI5CE1 9CLUD+ ! MO/ AB/RACT MA!MATICS1 :I* 
IS TO ALL APPE>ANCES AN EX]CISE 9 PURE REASON1 MAY !RE=E BE RECKON$ AS 
BELONG+ TO ! TE*NICAL BASIS ( ! SY/EM ( PRODUCTION1 TO :AT ,M>X 
CALL$ ! 0PRODUCTIVE =CES40 ,9 ?IS WAY MAT]IAL 79 A PHYSICAL S5SE7 & 
M5TAL ELEM5TS >E COMB9$ 9 :AT ,M>XI/S CALL ! MAT]IAL BASIS ( 
SOCIETY4 

,! ,M>XIAN CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY PUTS LIV+ MAN 9 ! C5T] ( ITS S*EME 
( DEVELOPM5T1 ) ALL HIS NE$S & ALL HIS P[]S1 BO? PHYSICAL & M5TAL4 
,HIS NE$S >E NOT ONLY ! NE$S ( HIS /OMA* 7?\< !SE >E ! MO/ 
IMP]ATIVE71 BUT ALSO ! NE$S ( HEAD & HE>T4 ,9 HUMAN LABOR1 ! MAT]IAL1 
PHYSICAL SIDE & ! M5TAL SIDE >E 9SEP>ABLE2 EV5 ! MO/ PRIMITIVE WORK 
( ! SAVAGE IS BRA9 WORK AS MU* AS MUSCLE WORK4 ,ONLY BECAUSE UND] 
CAPITALISM ! DIVISION ( LABOR SEP>AT$ !SE TWO P>TS 9TO FUNCTIONS ( 
DIFF]5T CLASSES1 !REBY MAIM+ ! CAPACITIES ( BO?1 DID 9TELLECTUALS 
COME TO OV]LOOK !IR ORGANIC & SOCIAL UNITY4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 WE MAY UND]/& 
!IR ]RONE\S VIEW ( ,M>XISM AS A !ORY DEAL+ EXCLUSIVELY ) ! 
MAT]IAL SIDE ( LIFE4 

,I,I 

,M>X'S HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM IS A ME?OD ( 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY4 
,HI/ORY CONSI/S ( ! DE$S1 ! ACTIONS ( M54 ,:AT 9DUCES !SE ACTIONS8 
,:AT DET]M9ES ! ACTIVITY ( MAN8 

,MAN1 AS AN ORGANISM ) C]TA9 NE$S :I* MU/ BE SATISFI$ AS CONDITIONAL 
TO HIS EXI/5CE1 /&S )9 A SURR\ND+ NATURE1 :I* (F]S ! MEANS TO 
SATISFY !M4 ,HIS NE$S & ! IMPRESSIONS ( ! SURR\ND+ WORLD >E ! 
IMPULSES1 ! /IMULI TO :I* HIS ACTIONS >E ! RESPONSES1 JU/ AS ) ALL 
LIV+ BE+S4 ,9 ! CASE ( MAN1 CONSCI\SNESS IS 9T]POS$ BETWE5 /IMULUS 
& ACTION4 ,! NE$ AS IT IS DIRECTLY FELT1 & ! SURR\ND+ WORLD AS 
OBS]V$ ?R\< ! S5SES1 WORK UPON ! M9D1 PRODUCE ?\<TS1 IDEAS & 
AIMS1 /IMULATE ! WILL & PUT ! BODY 9 ACTION4  

,! ?\<TS & 
AIMS ( AN ACTIVE MAN >E CONSID]$ BY HIM AS ! CAUSE ( HIS DE$S2 HE DOES 
NOT ASK :]E !SE ?\<TS COME FROM4 ,?IS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE BECAUSE 
?\<TS1 IDEAS & AIMS >E NOT AS A RULE D]IV$ FROM ! IMPRESSIONS BY 
CONSCI\S REASON+1 BUT >E ! PRODUCT ( SUBCONSCI\S SPONTANE\S PROCESSES 
9 \R M9DS4 ,= ! MEMB]S ( A SOCIAL CLASS1 LIFE'S DAILY EXP]I5CES 
CONDITION1 & ! NE$S ( ! CLASS MOLD1 ! M9D 9TO A DEF9ITE L9E ( 
FEEL+ & ?9K+1 TO PRODUCE DEF9ITE IDEAS AB\T :AT IS USEFUL & :AT IS 
GOOD OR BAD4 ,! CONDITIONS ( A CLASS >E LIFE NECESSITIES TO ITS MEMB]S1 & 
!Y CONSID] :AT IS GOOD OR BAD = !M TO BE GOOD OR BAD 9 G5]AL4 ,:5 
CONDITIONS >E RIPE M5 GO 9TO ACTION & %APE SOCIETY ACCORD+ TO !IR 
IDEAS4 ,! RIS+ ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 FEEL+ ! 
NECESSITY ( LAISSEZ-FAIRE LAWS1 ( P]SONAL FRE$OM = ! CITIZ5S1 
PROCLAIM$ FRE$OM AS A SLOGAN1 & 9 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION CONQU]$ P[] & 
TRANS=M$ SOCIETY4 

,! IDEALI/IC CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY EXPLA9S ! EV5TS ( HI/ORY1 AS 
CAUS$ BY ! IDEAS ( M54 ,?IS IS WRONG1 9 ?AT IT CONFUSES ! AB/RACT 
=MULA ) A SPECIAL CONCRETE MEAN+1 OV]LOOK+ ! FACT ?AT1 = EXAMPLE1 
! ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE WANT$ ONLY ?AT FRE$OM ?AT WAS GOOD = ITSELF4 
,MOREOV]1 IT OMITS ! REAL PROBLEM1 ! ORIG9 ( !SE IDEAS4 ,! 
MAT]IALI/IC CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY EXPLA9S !SE IDEAS AS CAUS$ BY ! SOCIAL 
NE$S >IS+ FROM ! CONDITIONS ( ! EXI/+ SY/EM ( PRODUCTION4 
,ACCORD+ TO ?IS VIEW1 ! EV5TS ( HI/ORY >E DET]M9$ BY =CES >IS+ 
\T ( ! EXI/+ ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,! HI/ORICAL MAT]IALI/'S 9T]PRETATION 
( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION 9 T]MS ( A RIS+ CAPITALISM :I* REQUIR$ A MOD]N 
/ATE ) LEGISLATION ADAPT$ TO ITS NE$S DOES NOT CONTRADICT ! CONCEPTION 
?AT ! ,REVOLUTION WAS BR\<T AB\T BY ! DESIRE ( ! CITIZ5 = FRE$OM 
FROM RE/RA9T2 IT M]ELY GOES FUR!R TO ! ROOT ( ! PROBLEM4 ,= 
HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM CONT5DS ?AT RIS+ CAPITALISM PRODUC$ 9 ! 
B\RGEOISIE ! CONVICTION ?AT ECONOMIC & POLITICAL FRE$OM WAS NECESS>Y1 
& ?US AWAK5$ ! PASSION & 5?USIASM ?AT 5ABL$ ! B\RGEOISIE TO 
CONQU] POLITICAL P[] & TO TRANS=M ! /ATE4 

,9 ?IS WAY ,M>X E/ABLI%$ CAUSALITY 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN SOCIETY4 
,IT IS NOT A CAUSALITY \TSIDE ( MAN1 = HI/ORY IS AT ! SAME TIME ! 
PRODUCT ( HUMAN ACTION4 ,MAN IS A L9K 9 ! *A9 ( CAUSE & EFFECT2 
NECESSITY 9 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T IS A NECESSITY A*IEV$ BY MEANS ( HUMAN 
ACTION4 ,! MAT]IAL WORLD ACTS UPON MAN1 DET]M9ES HIS CONSCI\SNESS1 HIS 
IDEAS1 HIS WILL1 HIS ACTIONS1 & SO HE REACTS UPON ! WORLD & *ANGES IT4 ,TO 
! TRADITIONAL MIDDLE-CLASS MODE ( ?9K+ ?IS IS A CONTRADICTION -- ! 
S\RCE ( 5DLESS MISREPRES5TATIONS ( ,M>XISM4 ,EI!R ! ACTIONS ( MAN 
DET]M9E HI/ORY1 !Y SAY1 & !N !RE IS NO NECESS>Y CAUSALITY BECAUSE 
MAN IS FREE2 OR IF1 AS ,M>XISM CONT5DS1 !RE IS CAUSAL NECESSITY IT CAN ONLY 
WORK AS A FATALITY TO :I* MAN HAS TO SUBMIT )\T BE+ ABLE TO *ANGE4 ,= 
! MAT]IALI/IC MODE ( ?9K+1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! HUMAN M9D IS B\ND BY 
A /RICT CAUSAL DEP5D5CE TO ! :OLE ( ! SURR\ND+ WORLD4 

,! ?\<TS1 ! !ORIES1 ! IDEAS1 ?AT =M] SY/EMS ( SOCIETY HAVE 
?US WR\<T 9 ! HUMAN M9D1 HAVE BE5 PRES]V$ = PO/]ITY1 FIR/ 9 
MAT]IAL =M 9 SUBSEQU5T HI/ORICAL ACTIVITY4 ,BUT !Y HAVE ALSO BE5 
PRES]V$ 9 A SPIRITUAL =M4 ,! IDEAS1 S5TIM5TS1 PASSIONS & IDEALS ?AT 
9CIT$ =M] G5]ATIONS TO ACTION W]E LAID D[N 9 LIT]ATURE1 9 SCI5CE1 
9 >T1 9 RELIGION & 9 PHILOSOPHY4 ,WE COME 9TO DIRECT CONTACT ) !M 9 
! /UDY ( ! HUMANITIES4 ,!SE SCI5CES BELONG TO ! MO/ IMPORTANT FIELDS 
( RESE>* = ,M>XIAN S*OL>S2 ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! PHILOSOPHIES1 ! 
LIT]ATURES1 ! RELIGIONS ( DIFF]5T PEOPLES 9 ! C\RSE ( C5TURIES CAN 
ONLY BE UND]/OOD 9 T]MS ( ! MOLD+ ( M5'S M9DS ?R\< !IR 
SOCIETIES1 ?AT IS1 ?R\< !IR SY/EMS ( PRODUCTION4 ,IT HAS BE5 SAID ABOVE1 
?AT ! EFFECTS ( SOCIETY UPON ! HUMAN M9D HAVE BE5 DEPOSIT$ 9 MAT]IAL 
=M 9 SUBSEQU5T HI/ORICAL EV5TS4 ,! *A9 ( CAUSE & EFFECT ( PA/ 
EV5TS :I* PROCE$S FROM ECONOMIC NE$S TO NEW IDEAS1 FROM NEW IDEAS TO SOCIAL 
ACTION1 FROM SOCIAL ACTION TO NEW 9/ITUTIONS & FROM NEW 9/ITUTIONS TO NEW 
ECONOMIC SY/EMS IS COMPLETE & EV] RE5ACT$4 ,BO? ORIG9AL CAUSE & ! 
F9AL EFFECT >E ECONOMIC & WE MAY R$UCE ! PROCESS TO A %ORT =MULA BY 
OMITT+ ! 9T]M$IATE T]MS :I* 9VOLVE ! ACTIVITY ( ! HUMAN M9D4 ,WE 
CAN !N ILLU/RATE ! TRU? ( ,M>XIAN PR9CIPLES BY %[+ H[1 9 ACTUAL 
HI/ORY1 EFFECT FOLL[S CAUSE4 ,9 ANALYZ+ ! PRES5T1 H[EV]1 WE SEE 
NUM]\S CAUSAL *A9S :I* >E NOT F9I%$4 ,:5 SOCIETY WORKS UPON ! M9DS 
( M51 IT (T5 PRODUCES IDEAS1 IDEALS & !ORIES :I* DO NOT SUCCE$ 9 
>\S+ M5 TO SOCIAL OR CLASS-MOTIVAT$ ACTION1 OR FAIL TO BR+ AB\T ! 
NECESS>Y POLITICAL1 JURIDICAL & ECONOMIC *ANGES4 ,FREQU5TLY TOO1 WE F9D 
?AT NEW CONDITIONS DO NOT AT ONCE IMPRESS !MSELVES UPON ! M9D4 ,BEH9D 
APP>5T SIMPLICITIES LURK COMPLEXITIES SO UNEXPECT$ ?AT ONLY A SPECIAL 
9/RUM5T ( 9T]PRETATION CAN UNCOV] !M AT ! MOM5T4 ,M>XIAN ANALYSIS 
5ABLES US TO SEE ?+S MORE CLE>LY4 ,WE BEG9 TO SEE ?AT WE >E 9SIDE ( A 
PROCESS FRAU<T ) CONV]G+ 9FLU5CES1 9 ! MID/ ( ! SL[ RIP5+ ( 
NEW IDEAS & T5D5CIES :I* CON/ITUTE ! GRADUAL PREP>ATION ( REVOLUTION4 
,?IS IS :Y IT IS IMPORTANT TO ! PRES5T G5]ATION1 :I* TODAY HAS TO FRAME 
! SOCIETY ( TOMORR[1 TO KN[ H[ ,M>XIAN !ORY MAY BE ( USE TO !M1 9 
UND]/&+ ! EV5TS & 9 DET]M9+ !IR [N CONDUCT4 ,H5CE A MORE 
?OR\< CONSID]ATION ( H[ SOCIETY ACTS UPON ! M9D WILL BE NECESS>Y 
H]E4 

,I,I,I 

,! HUMAN M9D IS 5TIRELY DET]M9$ BY ! SURR\ND+ REAL WORLD4 ,WE HAVE 
ALREADY SAID ?AT ?IS WORLD IS NOT RE/RICT$ TO PHYSICAL MATT] ONLY1 BUT 
COMPRISES EV]Y?+ ?AT IS OBJECTIVELY OBS]VABLE4 ,! ?\<TS & IDEAS ( 
\R FELL[ M51 :I* WE OBS]VE BY MEANS ( !IR CONV]SATION OR BY \R 
READ+ >E 9CLUD$ 9 ?IS REAL WORLD4 ,AL?\< FANCIFUL OBJECTS ( !SE 
?\<TS SU* AS ANGELS1 SPIRITS OR AN ,ABSOLUTE ,IDEA DO NOT BELONG TO IT1 ! 
BELIEF 9 SU* IDEAS IS A REAL PH5OM5ON1 & MAY HAVE A NOTABLE 9FLU5CE ON 
HI/ORICAL EV5TS4 

,! IMPRESSIONS ( ! WORLD P5ETRATE ! HUMAN M9D AS A CONT9U\S /REAM4 
,ALL \R OBS]VATIONS ( ! SURR\ND+ WORLD1 ALL EXP]I5CES ( \R LIVES >E 
CONT9UALLY 5RI*+ ! CONT5TS ( \R MEMORIES & \R SUBCONSCI\S 
M9DS4 

,! RECURR5CE ( NE>LY ! SAME SITUATION & ! SAME EXP]I5CE LEADS TO 
DEF9ITE HABITS ( ACTION2 !SE >E ACCOMPANI$ BY DEF9ITE HABITS ( ?\<T4 
,! FREQU5T REPETITION ( ! SAME OBS]V$ SEQU5CE ( PH5OM5A IS RETA9$ 
9 ! M9D & PRODUCES AN EXPECTATION ( ! SEQU5CE4 ,! RULE ?AT !SE 
PH5OM5A >E ALWAYS CONNECT$ 9 ?IS WAY IS !N ACT$ UPON4 ,BUT ?IS RULE -- 
SOMETIMES ELEVAT$ TO A LAW ( NATURE -- IS A M5TAL AB/RACTION ( A MULTITUDE 
( ANALOG\S PH5OM5A1 9 :I* DIFF]5CES >E NEGLECT$1 & AGREEM5T 
EMPHASIZ$4 ,! NAMES BY :I* WE D5OTE DEF9ITE SIMIL> P>TS ( ! WORLD ( 
PH5OM5A 9DICATE CONCEPTIONS :I* LIKEWISE >E =M$ BY TAK+ !IR COMMON 
TRAITS1 ! G5]AL *>ACT] ( ! TOTALITY ( !SE PH5OM5A1 & 
AB/RACT+ !M FROM !IR DIFF]5CES4 ,! 5DLESS DIV]SITY1 ! 9F9ITE 
PLURALITY ( ALL ! UNIMPORTANT1 ACCID5TAL TRAITS1 >E NEGLECT$ & ! 
IMPORTANT1 ESS5TIAL *>ACT]I/ICS >E PRES]V$4 ,?R\< !IR ORIG9 AS 
HABITS ( ?\<T !SE CONCEPTS BECOME FIX$1 CRY/ALLIZ$1 9V>IABLE2 EA* 
ADVANCE 9 CL>ITY ( ?9K+ CONSI/S 9 MORE EXACTLY DEF9+ ! CONCEPTS 9 
T]MS ( !IR PROP]TIES1 & 9 MORE EXACTLY =MULAT+ ! RULES4 ,! WORLD 
( EXP]I5CE1 H[EV]1 IS CONT9UALLY EXP&+ & *ANG+2 \R HABITS >E 
DI/URB$ & MU/ BE MODIFI$1 & NEW CONCEPTS SUB/ITUT$ = OLD ONES4 
,MEAN+S1 DEF9ITIONS1 SCOPES ( CONCEPTS ALL %IFT & V>Y4 

,:5 ! WORLD DOES NOT *ANGE V]Y MU*1 :5 ! SAME PH5OM5A & ! 
SAME EXP]I5CES ALWAYS RETURN1 ! HABITS ( ACT+ & ?9K+ BECOME FIX$ 
) GREAT RIGIDITY2 ! NEW IMPRESSIONS ( ! M9D FIT 9TO ! IMAGE =M$ 
BY =M] EXP]I5CE & 9T5SIFY IT4 ,!SE HABITS & !SE CONCEPTS >E NOT 
P]SONAL BUT COLLECTIVE PROP]TY2 !Y >E NOT LO/ ) ! DEA? ( ! 
9DIVIDUAL4 ,!Y >E 9T5SIFI$ BY ! MUTUAL 9T]C\RSE ( ! MEMB]S ( ! 
COMMUNITY1 :O ALL >E LIV+ 9 ! SAME WORLD1 & !Y >E TRANSF]R$ TO ! 
NEXT G5]ATION AS A SY/EM ( IDEAS & BELIEFS1 AN IDEOLOGY -- ! M5TAL 
/ORE ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,:]E = MANY C5TURIES ! SY/EM ( PRODUCTION DOES 
NOT *ANGE P]CEPTIBLY1 AS = EXAMPLE 9 OLD AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES1 ! 
RELATIONS BETWE5 M51 !IR HABITS ( LIFE1 !IR EXP]I5CE ( ! WORLD 
REMA9 PRACTICALLY ! SAME4 ,9 EV]Y NEW G5]ATION LIV+ UND] SU* A /ATIC 
PRODUCTIVE SY/EM ! EXI/+ IDEAS1 CONCEPTS & HABITS ( ?9K+ WILL 
PETRIFY MORE & MORE 9TO A DOGMATIC1 UNASSAILABLE IDEOLOGY ( ET]NAL 
TRU?4 

,:51 H[EV]1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES1 
! WORLD IS *ANG+1 NEW & DIFF]5T IMPRESSIONS 5T] ! M9D :I* DO NOT 
FIT 9 ) ! OLD IMAGE4 ,!RE !N BEG9S A PROCESS ( REBUILD+1 \T ( 
P>TS ( OLD IDEAS & NEW EXP]I5CES4 ,OLD CONCEPTS >E REPLAC$ BY NEW ONES1 
=M] ROLES & JUDGM5TS >E UPSET1 NEW IDEAS EM]GE4 ,N[ EV]Y MEMB] ( A 
CLASS OR GR\P IS AFFECT$ 9 ! SAME WAY & AT ! SAME TIME4 ,IDEOLOGICAL 
/RIFE >ISES 9 CONNECTION ) ! CLASS /RUGGLES & IS EAG]LY PURSU$1 
BECAUSE ALL ! DIFF]5T 9DIVIDUAL LIVES >E L9K$ 9 DIV]SE WAYS ) ! 
PROBLEM ( H[ TO PATT]N SOCIETY & ITS SY/EM ( PRODUCTION4 ,UND] MOD]N 
CAPITALISM1 ECONOMIC & POLITICAL *ANGES TAKE PLACE SO RAPIDLY ?AT ! HUMAN 
M9D CAN H>DLY KEEP PACE ) !M4 ,9 FI]CE 9T]NAL /RUGGLES1 IDEAS >E 
REVOLUTIONIZ$1 SOMETIMES RAPIDLY1 BY SPECTACUL> EV5TS1 SOMETIMES SL[LY1 BY 
CONT9U\S W>F>E AGA9/ ! WEI<T ( ! OLD IDEOLOGY4 ,9 SU* A PROCESS ( 
UNCEAS+ TRANS=MATION1 HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS ADAPTS ITSELF TO SOCIETY1 TO ! 
REAL WORLD4 

,H5CE ,M>X'S !SIS ?AT ! REAL WORLD DET]M9ES CONSCI\SNESS DOES NOT 
MEAN ?AT CONTEMPOR>Y IDEAS >E DET]M9$ SOLELY BY CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY4 ,\R 
IDEAS & CONCEPTS >E ! CRY/ALLIZATION1 ! COMPREH5SIVE ESS5CE ( ! 
:OLE ( \R EXP]I5CE1 PRES5T & PA/4 ,:AT WAS ALREADY FIX$ 9 ! PA/ 9 
AB/RACT M5TAL =MS MU/ BE 9CLUD$ ) SU* ADAPTATIONS ( ! PRES5T AS 
>E NECESS>Y4 ,NEW IDEAS ?US APPE> TO >ISE FROM TWO S\RCES3 PRES5T REALITY 
& ! SY/EM ( IDEAS TRANSMITT$ FROM ! PA/4 ,\T ( ?IS DI/9CTION 
>ISES ONE ( ! MO/ COMMON OBJECTIONS AGA9/ ,M>XISM4 ,! OBJECTION1 NAMELY1 
?AT NOT ONLY ! REAL MAT]IAL WORLD1 BUT 9 NO LESS DEGREE1 ! IDEOLOGICAL 
ELEM5TS -- IDEAS1 BELIEFS & IDEALS -- DET]M9E MAN'S M9D & ?US HIS 
DE$S1 & !RE=E ! FUTURE ( ! WORLD4 ,?IS W\LD BE A CORRECT CRITICISM 
IF IDEAS ORIG9AT$ BY !MSELVES1 )\T CAUSE1 OR FROM ! 9NATE NATURE ( 
MAN1 OR FROM SOME SUP]NATURAL SPIRITUAL S\RCE4 ,M>XISM1 H[EV]1 SAYS ?AT 
!SE IDEAS ALSO MU/ HAVE !IR ORIG9 9 ! REAL WORLD UND] SOCIAL 
CONDITIONS4 

,AS =CES 9 MOD]N SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 !SE TRADITIONAL IDEAS HAMP] ! 
SPREAD ( NEW IDEAS ?AT EXPRESS NEW NECESSITIES4 ,9 TAK+ !SE TRADITIONS 
9TO ACC\NT WE NE$ NOT LEAVE ! REALM ( ,M>XISM4 ,= EV]Y TRADITION IS A 
PIECE ( REALITY1 JU/ AS EV]Y IDEA IS ITSELF A P>T ( ! REAL WORLD1 LIV+ 
9 ! M9D ( M52 IT IS (T5 A V]Y P[]FUL REALITY AS A DET]M9ANT ( 
M5'S ACTIONS4 ,IT IS A REALITY ( AN IDEOLOGICAL NATURE ?AT HAS LO/ ITS 
MAT]IAL ROOTS BECAUSE ! =M] CONDITIONS ( LIFE :I* PRODUC$ !M HAVE 
S9CE DISAPPE>$4 ,?AT !SE TRADITIONS C\LD P]SI/ AFT] !IR MAT]IAL 
ROOTS HAVE DISAPPE>$ IS NOT SIMPLY A CONSEQU5CE ( ! NATURE ( ! HUMAN 
M9D1 :I* IS CAPABLE ( PRES]V+ 9 MEMORY OR SUBCONSCI\SLY ! IMPRESSIONS 
( ! PA/4 ,MU* MORE IMPORTANT IS :AT MAY BE T]M$ ! SOCIAL MEMORY1 ! 
P]PETUATION ( COLLECTIVE IDEAS1 SY/EMIZ$ 9 ! =M ( PREVAIL+ BELIEFS 
& IDEOLOGIES1 & TRANSF]R$ TO FUTURE G5]ATIONS 9 ORAL COMMUNICATIONS1 9 
BOOKS1 9 LIT]ATURE1 9 >T & 9 $UCATION4 ,! SURR\ND+ WORLD :I* 
DET]M9ES ! M9D CONSI/S NOT ONLY ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y ECONOMIC WORLD1 BUT 
ALSO ( ALL ! IDEOLOGICAL 9FLU5CES D]IV$ FROM CONT9U\S 9T]C\RSE ) 
\R FELL[ M54 ,H5CE COMES ! P[] ( TRADITION1 :I* 9 A RAPIDLY 
DEVELOP+ SOCIETY CAUSES ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! IDEAS TO LAG BEH9D ! 
DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY4 ,9 ! 5D TRADITION MU/ YIELD TO ! P[] ( ! 
9CESSANT BATT]+ ( NEW REALITIES4 ,ITS EFFECT UPON SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T IS ?AT 
9/EAD ( P]MITT+ A REGUL> GRADUAL ADJU/M5T ( IDEAS & 9/ITUTIONS 9 
L9E ) ! *ANG+ NECESSITIES1 !SE NECESSITIES :5 TOO /RONGLY 9 
CONTRADICTION ) ! OLD 9/ITUTIONS1 LEAD TO EXPLOSIONS1 TO REVOLUTION>Y 
TRANS=MATIONS1 BY :I* LAGG+ M9DS >E DRAWN ALONG & >E !MSELVES 
REVOLUTIONIZ$4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #a1 #bba 3 ,SOCIETY & ,M9D 9 ,M>XIAN ,PHILOSOPHY -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,SOCIETY & ,M9D 9 ,M>XIAN ,PHILOSOPHY -- ,UPDAT$4 

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