,*APT] #f 
,PREP>+ = ,REVOLUTION - ,FRANCE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 

,TEXT 3 

      ,AS WE HAVE SAID1 ,L\IS ,X,I,V SUCCE$$ 9 MAK+ ! ,FR5* 
      MON>*Y A PURE AUTOCRATIC BUREAUCRACY1 COMPLETELY C5TRALIZ$ 9 ! P]SON ( ! 
      MON>*4 ,?IS ) AN AMBITI\S K+ LIKE ,L\IS ,X,I,V 9VOLV$ CON/ANT W>1 = HE 
      FELT HIMSELF B\ND TO SATISFY HIS IDEAL ( ! NECESS>Y EXPANSION ( ! T]RITORY 
      & 9FLU5CE ( ,FRANCE1 :I* HE LOOK$ UPON AS ! ABSOLUTE PROP]TY ( ! K+4 
      ,! G5]AL SUCCESS ( ,L\IS ,X,I,V BR\<T ) IT ! SUCCESS ( !SE W>S ( 
      AGGR&ISM5T1 & ,FRANCE BECAME V]Y P[]FUL UND] HIS RULE4 ,UND] ! RULE ( 
      HIS M9I/] ,COLB]T 9DU/RIALISM 9 ,FRANCE BECAME COMPLETELY COMM]CIALIZ$4 
      ,COLB]T SP>$ NO PA9S OR 5]GY 9 BR++ ?IS AB\T4 ,(T51 ) MORE OR LESS 
      SUCCESS1 HE DROVE AN 9DU/RY =W>D >TIFICIALLY1 AS ) ! SILK & WOOL5 
      MANUFACTURES4 ,= HE WAS EAG] TO W9 = ,FRANCE A =EMO/ PLACE 9 ! 
      WORLD-M>KET1 :I* HE ?\<T BUT ! DUE ACCOMPANIM5T ( H] MON>*IAL GLORY2 
      & HE KNEW ?AT )\T IT ?AT GLORY W\LD HAVE DI$ ( />VATION1 S9CE ! 
      TAXES W\LD NOT HAVE YIELD$ ! NECESS>Y FOOD4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT EV5 9 ,5GL& 
      GR[+ COMM]CIALISM WAS SUBORD9ATE TO CON/ITUTIONALISM1 ! ,5GLI% =M ( 
      BUREAUCRACY2 BUT ! IDEA WAS ALREADY AFOOT !RE ?AT ! =M] WAS RA!R AN 5D 
      ?AN A MEANS1 :]EAS 9 ,FRANCE COMM]CIALISM WAS COMPLETELY SUBORD9AT$ TO ! 
      GLORY ( ! AUTOCRATIC MON>*Y -- A M]E FE$] ( IT4 
     
     

      ,! RELIGION ( ?IS P]IOD ( ! ',GR& ,MON>QUE' %[S LITTLE MORE ?AN AN 
      ECCLESIA/ICAL /RUGGLE BETWE5 ,GALLICANISM ON ! ONE H&1 :I* CLAIM$ A FEEBLE 
      SP>K ( 9DEP5D5CE AS REG>DS ,ROME = ! ,FR5* ,*UR*1 & IS REPRES5T$ BY 
      ,F5ELON & ,BOSSUET1 & ,JESUITRY ON ! O!R H&1 :I* WAS ! 
      EXPON5T ( ,ROMAN C5TRAL IZATION4 ,! LEAD+ 9TELLIG5CE ( ! TIME WAS ON ! 
      ,GALLICAN SIDE2 BUT ! K+ 9 ! LONG RUN FAVOR$ ! ,JESUITS1 AS BE+ ! 
      READI] 9/RUM5TS ( HIS BUREAUCRATIC RULE4 ,\TSIDE ?IS ECCLESIA/ICAL QU>REL 
      !RE WAS NO LIFE :ATEV] 9 RELIGION1 EXCEPT :AT WAS %[N BY ! EXI/5CE ( A 
      FEW ]RATIC SECTS ( MY/ICS1 CONF9$ TO CULTIVAT$ P]SONS LIKE ! ,QUIETI/S & 
      ,JANS5I/S4 ,! =M] ( !SE MAY BE SAID TO HAVE PUT =W>D ! COMPLETE 
      ABNEGATION ( HUMANITY 9 ! PRES5CE ( ,GOD1 :ILE ! LATT] ATTEMPT$ A 
      REVIVIFICATION ( ! PIETISM ( ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*4 
     
     

      ,! ,REG5CY :I* SUCCE$$ TO ! REIGN ( ,L\IS ,X,I,V SAW ! DEF9ITE BEG9N+S 
      ( ! LA/ CORRUPTION :I* BETOK5$ ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,! W>S ( AGGR&IZEM5T 
      /ILL W5T ON BUT W]E N[ G5]ALLY UNSUCCESSFUL2 ! 9DU/RIALISM SET A-GO+ BY 
      ,COLB]T W5T ON /EADILY1 BUT ! PR(ITS TO BE GA9$ BY IT DID NOT SATISFY ! 
      MORE ADV5TUR\S SPIRIT ( ! P]IOD1 & ! ,REG5CY SAW A CURI\S EXPOSITION ( 
      /OCK-JOBB]Y BE=E ITS TIME 9 ! =M ( ! ,MISSISSIPPI S*EME ( ,LAW1 :I* 
      HAD ITS C\NT]P>T 9 ,5GL& 9 ! ,S\?-,SEA ,BUBBLE4 ,IT WAS A F9ANC+ 
      OP]ATION -- AN ATTEMPT TO GET SOME?+ \T ( NO?+ -- F\ND$ ON ! 
      M]CANTILE !ORY ( ECONOMY !N CURR5T1 :I* %[$ BUT AN IMP]FECT KN[L$GE 
      ( ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION BEG9N+ UND] M5'S V]Y EYES1 & ASSUM$ ?AT ! 
      WEAL? ( A C\NTRY CONSI/S 9 ! AM\NT ( ! PRECI\S METALS :I* IT CAN 
      RETA94 ,?IS ASSUMPTION1 BY ! WAY1 IS CURI\SLY EXEMPLIFI$ 9 ! 
      HALF-COMM]CIAL HALF-BUCCANE]+ ROMANCES ( ,DANIEL ,DEFOE1 :OSE WORKS WE %\LD 
      HAVE M5TION$ 9 \R LA/ *APT] AS A RELIEF TO ! MONOTONY ( DULLNESS ( 
      EI<TE5? C5TURY LIT]ATURE 9 ,5GL&4 
     
     

      ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO SAY SOME?+ AB\T ! LIT]ATURE & >T ( ?IS P]IOD ?AT 
      GOES BE=E ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ,FRANCE1 BECAUSE ?AT C\NTRY IS ! ESPECIAL 
      EXPON5T1 P>TICUL>LY 9 >T1 ( ! DEGRADATION :I* 9DICAT$ ! ROTT5NESS ( 
      SOCIETY4 ,AS 9 ,5GL&1 LIT]ATURE WAS =MAL & /ILT$1 & PRODUC$ LITTLE 
      EXCEPT WOR?LESSLY CLEV] ESSAYS & /ILL MORE WOR?LESS V]SES ?AT HAVE NO CLAIM 
      TO BE CALL$ POETRY4 ,! ,FR5* V]SE-MAK]S1 H[EV]1 AIM$ AT SOME?+ 
      HI<] ?AN ! ,5GLI%1 & PRODUC$ WORKS :I* DEP5D ON POMP & /YLE = ANY 
      CLAIM TO ATT5TION !Y MAY HAVE1 & = ! RE/ >E UNREAL & LIFELESS4 ,AMID 
      !M ALL ONE NAME /&S =W>D AS REPRES5T+ SOME REALITY -- ,MOLI]E1 TO 
      WIT4 ,BUT ! LIFE & G5U95ESS ( HIS COM$IES S]VE TO %[ ! CORRUPTION ( 
      ! TIMES AS CLE>LY AS ! DEAD CLASSICALISM ( ,RAC9E2 = ?IS1 ! ONE MAN ( 
      G5IUS ( ! TIME1 WAS DRIV5 9TO ! EXPRESSION ( M]E CYNICISM2 ?\< 9 ONE 
      REM>KABLE PASSAGE ( HIS WORKS HE %[S A SYMPA?Y = ! BALLAD-POETRY ( ! 
      PEOPLE1 :I*1 :5 NOTIC$ AT ALL 9 ,5GL& AT ! SAME P]IOD1 & EV5 MU* 
      LATT]1 RECEIV$ A K9D ( 9DULG5T PATRONAGE RA!R ?AN ADMIRATION4 ,AT ! SAME 
      TIME AS !RE WAS A %AM TRAG$Y CURR5T AT ?IS TIME1 SO ALSO !RE WAS A %AM 
      LOVE ( SIMPLICITY4 ,! LADIES & G5TLEM5 ( ! P]IOD IGNOR$ ! REAL 
      PEASANTS :O W]E ! MIS]ABLE SLAVES ( ! ,FR5* L&LORDS1 & 9V5T$ 9 
      !IR DRAMAS1 POEMS1 & PICTURES %AM %EPH]DS & PEASANTS1 :O W]E BUNDLES ( 
      CONSCI\S UNREALITY1 9ANE IMITATIONS ( ! LAT] CLASSICS4 ,?IS LIT]ATURE & 
      >T W\LD BE 9DE$ TOO CONTEMPTIBLE = M5TION1 IF IT W]E NOT A SIGN ( A 
      SOCIETY ROTT+ 9TO REVOLUTION4 
     
     

      ,! F9E >TS1 :I* HAD 9 ! 5D ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY DESC5D$ FROM ! 
      EXPRESSION ( ! PEOPLE'S FAI? & ASPIRATIONS 9TO ?AT ( ! FANCY1 +5UITY1 
      & :IM ( GIFT$ 9DIVIDUALS1 FELL L[] /ILL4 ,!Y LO/ EV]Y ATOM ( BEAUTY 
      & DIGNITY1 & RETA9$ LITTLE EV5 ( ! +5UITY ( ! E>LI] ,R5AISSANCE1 
      & BECAME M]E EXP5SIVE & PRET5TI\S ?\< C>EFULLY F9I%$ UPHOL/]Y1 
      M]E ADJUNCTS ( POMP & /ATE1 ! EXPRESSION ( ! 9SOL5CE ( RI*ES & ! 
      COMPLAC5CY ( RESPECTABILITY4 ,ONCE AGA9 IT MU/ BE SAID ( ! >T AS ( ! 
      G5]AL LIT]ATURE ( ! P]IOD1 ?AT NO REASONABLE MAN C\LD EV5 BE/[ A 
      PASS+ GLANCE AT !M BUT = ! 9CURABLE CORRUPTION ( ,SOCIETY :I* !Y 
      BETOK5$4 
     
     

      ,SO ! TIME WORE AWAY ?R\< ! DISGRACEFUL YE>S ( ! ,REG5CY & ( ,L\IS ,X,V1 
      TILL ! ACCESSION ( ! ONCE ,DAUPH91 N[ ,L\IS ,X,V,I1 TO ! ?RONE1 :I* WAS 
      HAIL$ AS A NEW ]A BY ! RESPECTABILITY ( ,FRANCE2 & WAS1 9DE$1 ! 
      9AUGURATION ( A NEW ]A UNDREAM$ ( BY ! ACTORS 9 IT4 ,( ! CONSCI\S HOPES 
      & AIMS :I* CAME TO ! SURFACE ) ?IS *ANGE1 !RE W]E 9DICATIONS 9 ! 
      OPPOSITION ( ! HI<] B\RGEOISIE TO ! :IMSICAL & SC&AL\S 
      C\RTESAN-,ABSOLUTISM1 ! RULE ( ! ,POMPAD\RS & ,DUB>RYS1 :I* WAS 
      PR$OM9ANT UND] ,L\IS ,X,V1 ?IS OPPOSITION TOOK ! =M1 AMONG O!RS1 ( ! 
      ASS]TION ( ! =MAL LEGAL RI<TS ( ,P>LIAM5T SO- CALL$1 :I* 9 ,FRANCE WAS 
      BUT A PRIVILEG$ BODY ( LAWY]S1 REPRES5TATIVE ( NO?+ BUT ! CRY/ALIZATION 
      7SIC7 ( ! ABUSES ( A %AM FEUDALITY1 BUT :I*1 NEV]!LESS1 BO? 
      UND] ,L\IS ,X,V & HIS SUCCESSOR1 F\ND ITSELF PUT =W>D AS A *AMPION ( ! 
      RESPECTABILITY ( ,B\RGEOIS$OM AGA9/ ! RAMPANT CORRUPTION ( ! ,C\RT4 ,BUT ON 
      ! ACCESSION ( ,L\IS ,X,V,I ?IS T5D5CY ( RESPECTABILITY TO ASS]T ITSELF 
      RECEIV$ FRE% IMPULSE1 & TOOK A MORE DEF9ITE =M1 & BECAME ALMO/ A P>TY 9 
      ! C\NTRY1 ?\< IT HAD NO *ANCE ( EX]CIS+ ANY DIRECT 9FLU5CE ON ! 
      GOV]NM5T1 :I* WAS A M]E MASS ( ABUSES4 ,?IS RESPECTABLE RE=M+ P>TY1 
      AL?\< = ! MO/ P>T \TW>DLY OR?ODOX1 AMONG !MSELVES PR(ESS$ 
      MAT]IALISM & ! WOR%IP ( REASON1 & WAS 9SPIR$ BY A B\RGEOIS 
      HUMANIT>IANISM :I* WAS ITS MO/ G5U9E SIDE1 & :I* WAS L>GELY F$1 IF NOT 
      CREAT$1 BY ! WRIT+S ( ,VOLTAIRE1 & /ILL MORE ( ,JEAN ,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU & 
      ,DID]OT4 ,?IS P>TY WAS A MO/ IMPORTANT ELEM5T AMID ! CAUSES ( ! 
      REVOLUTION2 IT RALLI$ TO IT ALL :O HAD ANY PRET5SE TO CULTIVAT$ PROGRESS1 & 
      ?\< IT MEANT NO?+ BUT 9TELLIG5T ,CONS]VATIVISM1 IT =M$ A SCRE5 AS IT 
      W]E BEH9D :I* ! TRUE REVOLUTION>Y =CES C\LD GA!R = ! ATTACK ON 
      PRIVILEGE4 ,ITS =MATION WAS ! LA/ SIGN ( ! APPROA*+ 5D ( ! ABSOLUTI/ 
      BUREAUCRACY :I* WAS1 SO TO SAY1 PROPP$ UP BY ! BODIES ( ITS =M] 5EMIES 
      :I* IT HAD TRIUMPH$ OV]1 ! FEUDAL RI<TS ( ! OLD] NOBILITY4 ,?AT GREAT 
      ,FR5* C5TRALIZ$ MON>*Y HAD BE5 A LONG TIME RIP5+1 BUT ONCE RIPE IT DECAY$ 
      V]Y SPE$ILY1 & NO WOND] S9CE IT WAS ! CORRUPTION ( A CORRUPTION4 
     
     

      ,H]E1 !N1 WE HAVE 9 ,FRANCE A CONTRA/ TO ! /ATE ( ?+S 9 ,5GL&4 ,NO 
      CON/ITUTIONALISM H]E2 AN ABSOLUTISM DESPIS$ EV5 BY ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES2 
      UNABLE TO MOVE 9 ! DIRECTION ( PROGRESS1 EV5 :51 AS 9 ! CASE ( ,L\IS 
      ,X,V,I1 ITS HEAD HAS A T5D5CY TO ! 9TELLIG5T CONS]VATISM ABOVE M5TION$2 
      BANKRUPT ALSO AMID A PEOPLE BROK5 D[N1 & A COMM]CE HAMP]$ BY ! EXACTIONS 
      ( ! H]$IT>Y PRIVILEGE :I* IS ITS SOLE SUPPORT1 DISCR$IT$ BY UNSUCCESSFUL 
      W>S1 SO ?AT ! DOOR IS %UT TO ITS AMBITION 9 ?AT ROAD2 AT HOME IT HAS TO FACE 
      UNEASILY ! NEW AB/RACT IDEAS ( LIB]TY & ! RI<TS ( M54 ,!SE IDEAS >E 
      PR(ESS$1 9DE$1 BY ?OSE :O HAVE AN 9T]E/ 9 PRES]V+ ! PRES5T /ATE ( 
      ?+S1 BUT >E LI/5$ TO & POND]$ BY PEOPLE :O F9D ?AT /ATE ( ?+S 
      UNBE>ABLE4 ,9 %ORT1 :ILE ,5GL&1 AT PEACE AT HOME & PROSP]\S UND] 
      REASONABLE CONS]VATISM1 IS =C$ TO BE SEEK+ COLONIES & M>KETS ABROAD1 :ILE 
      )9 H] [N B\NDS 9DU/RIALISM IS QUIETLY DEVELOP+ T[>D ! GREAT *ANGE1 
      ,FRANCE1 DRIV5 BACK ON H]SELF1 IS =C$ FACE TO FACE ) ! ELEM5TS ( VIOL5T 
      *ANGE AT HOME2 ON ! ONE H& BANKRUPTCY & DEADLOCK1 ON ! O!R 9TELLECTUAL 
      ACTIVITY DIRECT$ :OLLY T[>DS !ORIES ( MAT]IAL WELL-BE+ ( A 
      WELL-TO-DO-CLASS4 ,& AT ! BACK ( ALL A COMM]CIAL B\RGEOISIE OPPRESS$ BY 
      PRIVILEGE1 & A MIS]ABLE PROLET>IAT ( M]E />VEL+S4 ,FROM SU* ELEM5TS 
      POLITICAL REVOLUTION MU/ BE BORN4 
     
     

      ,COMMONWEAL1 ,VOLUME #b1 ,NUMB] #b#e1 #c ,JULY #a#h#h#f1 ,P,P4 #a#h-#a#i 
     

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b#h1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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