,*APT] #d 
,MOD]N ,SOCIETY3 ,E>LY ,/AGES 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 

,TEXT 3 

      ,BY ! BEG9N+ ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY ! 
      C5TRALIZ+1 BUREAUCRATIC MON>*IES W]E FAIRLY E/ABLI%$3 NAY1 9 ,FRANCE AT 
      LEA/1 !Y W]E EV5 %[+ ! BIR? ( MOD]N P>TY-GOV]NM5T1 :I* S9CE - 
      C>RI$ ON1 9DE$1 UND] ! VEIL ( CON/ITUTIONALISM -- HAS BE5 ! TYPE ( 
      MOD]N GOV]NM5T4 ,RI*ELIEU -- ! ,BISM>CK ( HIS TIME & C\NTRY -- BEG9S ! 
      S]IES ( PRIME M9I/]S OR REAL TEMPOR>Y K+S1 :O GOV]N 9 ! 9T]E/ ( 
      CLASS SOCIETY1 NOT MU* 5CUMB]$ & A GOOD DEAL PROTECT$ BY !IR CLOAKS1 ! 
      H]$IT>Y =MAL %AM K+S4 ,9 ,5GL& ?IS PRIME-M9I/]%IP WAS MORE 
      9COMPLETE1 ?\< M5 LIKE ,BURLEI< APPROA*$ ! TYPE4 ,ELIZABE? R$UC$ ! 
      ,TUDOR MON>*Y TO AN ABSURDITY1 A V]Y BURLESQUE ( MON>*Y1 UND] :I* 
      FL\RI%$ RANKLY AN UTT]LY UNPR9CIPL$ & CORRUPT /RUGGLE = ! SATISFACTION 
      ( 9DIVIDUAL AMBITION & GRE$4 ,?IS GREW /ILL MORE RANKLY1 P]HAPS1 UND] ,JAMES 
      ,I1 :O ADD$ M]E C[>DICE TO ALL ! O!R VICES :I* >E MORE COMMON TO 
      >BITR>Y HI< PLACE & P[]4 
     
     

      ,AS TO ! CONDITION ( ! PEOPLE DUR+ ! LATT] YE>S ( ! SIXTE5? & 
      BEG9N+ ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 ! ECONOMICAL & RELIGI\S REVOLUTION :I* 
      HAD TAK5 PLACE HAD OPPRESS$ !M T]RIBLY1 & ! 'FREE WORKMAN' HAD TO FEEL ! 
      FULL =CE ( ! CAUSES :I* HAD PRES5T$ HIM ) HIS 'FRE$OM' 9 ! 9T]E/ 
      ( GR[+ COMM]CE4 ,9 ,5GL&1 ON ! ONE H&1 ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! YEOMANRY 
      FROM ! L& & ! CONV]SION ( TILLAGE 9TO PA/URE HAD PROVID$ A L>GE 
      POPULATION ( !SE FREE WORKM51 :O1 ON ! O!R H&1 W]E NOT SPE$ILY WORK$ 
      UP BY ! /ILL SCANTY MANUFACTURES ( ! C\NTRY1 BUT MADE A SORT ( 
      SEMI-VAGABOND POPULATION1 TR\BLESOME 5\< TO ! UPP] & MIDDLE-CLASSES4 ,! 
      LAWS MADE AGA9/ !SE PAUP]S 9 ! REIGNS ( ,H5RY ,V,I,I,I & ,$W>D ,V,I W]E 
      ABSOLUTELY F]OCI\S1 & M5 W]E HANG$ \T ( ! WAY BY ! ?\S&4 
     
     

      ,BUT 9 ! REIGN ( ,ELIZABE? IT WAS F\ND \T ?AT EV5 ?IS WAS NOT 5\< TO 
      CURE ! EVIL1 :I* ( C\RSE HAD BE5 MU* AGGRAVAT$ BY ! SUPPRESSION ( ! 
      RELIGI\S H\SES1 P>T ( :OSE FUNCTION WAS ! H\S+ & FE$+ ( ANY P>T ( 
      ! WORKM5 TEMPOR>ILY DISPLAC$4 ,A ,POOR ,LAW1 !RE=E1 WAS PASS$ = DEAL+ 
      ) ?IS MIS]Y1 & /RANGE TO SAY1 IT WAS F> MORE HUMANE ?AN MI<T HAVE BE5 
      EXPECT$ FROM ! WAY 9 :I* ! POOR HAD BE5 DEALT ) UP TO ?AT TIME2 SO 
      MU* SO1 9DE$1 ?AT ! UTILIT>IAN PHILAN?ROPI/S ( ! BEG9N+ ( 
      ?IS C5TURY FELT !MSELVES OBLIG$ TO DEAL ) IT 9 A V]Y SEV]E WAY1 :I* 
      LEFT US A ,POOR ,LAW AS 9HUMANE -- OR LET US SAY AS CRUEL -- AS C\LD WELL BE4 
      ,T[>D ! MIDDLE ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY ?+S BEGAN TO IMPROVE ) \R 
      WORK+ POPULATION3 ! GR[? ( ! T[NS /IMULAT$ AGRICULTURE1 & TILLAGE 
      BEGAN TO REVIVE AGA91 ?\< ( C\RSE UND] ! NEW SY/EM ( CULTIVATION = 
      PR(IT4 ,MATT]S W]E 9 FACT SETTL+ D[N1 & PREP>+ ! C\NTRY BY A TIME ( 
      SOME?+ LIKE PROSP]ITY = ! NEW REVOLUTION 9 9DU/RY4 
     
     

      ,! CONDITION ( ! PEOPLE WAS ON ! :OLE WORSE ON ! ,CONT95T ?AN 9 
      ,5GL&4 ,S]FDOM WAS BY NO MEANS EXT9CT 9 ,FRANCE &1 ESPECIALLY1 9 ,G]MANY1 & 
      ?AT S]FDOM WAS F> MORE BURD5SOME & SE>*+ SIDE BY SIDE ) ! 
      EXPLOITATION ( ! M>KET ?AN IT HAD BE5 9 ! FEUDAL P]IOD4 ,O!R SURVIVALS 
      ( ! M$IAEVAL EPO* !RE W]E ALSO -- EG41 9 ,G]MANY ! GILDS 
      HAD /ILL SOME LIFE & P[]1 & ! PEOPLE W]E NOT UTT]LY DIVORC$ FROM ! 
      L& AS 9 ,5GL&1 AL?\< ! PR$OM9ANT COMPETITION ( ! M>KETS PREV5T$ 
      :ATEV] GOOD MI<T L+] 9 !SE HALF-EXT9CT CU/OMS FROM ACT+ = ! 
      B5EFIT ( ! PEOPLE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! POPULATIONS W]E CRU%$ BY ! 
      FRI<TFUL W>S :I* PASS$ OV] !M - 9 ALL :I* RELIGION WAS ! IMM$IATE 
      EXCUSE4 
     
     

      ,! FIR/ ( ?IS S]IES WAS ! W> C>RI$ ON 9 ,HOLL& AGA9/ ! ,CA?OLIC 
      =EIGN]S -- ! ,SPANI>DS -- 9TO :OSE H&S !Y HAD BE5 ?R[N BY ! FAMILY 
      AFFAIRS ( ,*>LES ,V4 ,AL?\< NOBLEM5 TOOK UP ! SIDE ( ! REBELS -- 
      EG41 ,EGMONT & ,HORN1 EXECUT$ = SO DO+ -- ?IS W> WAS 9 ! MA9 A 
      W> ( ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY ON BEHALF ( ,PROTE/ANTISM1 EMBITT]$ BY ! 
      FEEL+ ( A ,TEUTONIC RACE AGA9/ A ,LAT9IZ$ ONE4 ,!RE IS TO BE F\ND 9 IT EV5 
      SOME =ETA/E ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SANSCULLOTE ELEM5T1 AS %[N BY ! 
      EXTREME BITT]NESS ( ! RUD] SEAF>+ POPULATION1 ! M5 :OSE HATS BORE ! 
      9SCRIPTION1 ',BETT] ,TURK ?AN ,POPE'4 
     
     

      ,9 ,G]MANY ! /RUGGLE KN[N AS ! ',?IRTY ,YE>S' ,W>' WAS BETWE5 ! GREAT 
      VASSALS ( ! ,G]MAN EMPIRE1 ! %AD[ ( :OSE =M] P[] WAS US$ = ! 
      AGGR&IZEM5T ( ! H\SE ( ,*>LES ,V1 & ALSO = ! 5=CEM5T ( 
      ,CA?OLICISM ON ! MORE NOR!RN C\NTRIES4 ,IT MU/ BE REMEMB]$1 BY ! WAY1 ?AT 
      !SE C\NTRIES W]E TO ! FULL AS ABSOLUTI/ AS ?OSE :I* OBEY$ ! BIDD+ ( 
      ! ,EMP]OR4 ,?IS MIS]ABLE W>1 AFT] 9FLICT+ ! MO/ T]RIBLE SUFF]+ ON 
      ! UNHAPPY PEOPLE1 :O W]E ?R\<\T TREAT$ ) F> LESS M]CY & 
      CONSID]ATION ?AN IF !Y HAD BE5 BEA/S2 AFT] HAV+ CRU%$ ! RIS+ 
      9TELLIG5CE ( ,G]MANY 9TO A CONDITION FROM :I* IT HAS ONLY >IS5 9 DAYS 
      CLOSE TO \R [N1 DRIBBL$ \T 9 A MIS]ABLE & AIMLESS MANN]1 LEAV+ ! 
      LIMITS ( ,PROTE/ANT & ,CA?OLIC PRETTY MU* :]E IT HAD F\ND !M3 BUT IT ALSO 
      LEFT ! PEOPLE QUITE DEF5SELESS AGA9/ !IR MA/]S1 ! BUREAUCRATIC K+S & 
      KNI<TS4 
     
     

      ,9 ,FRANCE ?IS RELIGI\S /RUGGLE TOOK A V]Y BITT] =M1 BUT IT WAS F> MORE 
      POLITICAL ?AN 9 ,G]MANY4 ,! LEAD]S W]E EV5 PREP>$ TO *ANGE !IR CRE$ 
      :5 DRIV5 9TO A CORN] -- AS ,H5RY ( ,NAV>RE AT ! TIME ( ! ,MASSACRE ( ,/ 
      ,B>?OLOMEW4 ,9 ,FRANCE ! POPUL> SYMPA?Y WAS BY NO MEANS 9 FAVOR ( 
      ,PROTE/ANTISM3 ! ,MASSACRE ( ,/ ,B>?OLOMEW1 :I* 9FLICT$ SU* A T]RIBLE BL[ 
      ON ! ,HUG5OT 7SIC7 CAUSE1 W\LD O!RWISE HAVE BE5 H>DLY POSSIBLE4 ,IT 
      IS TRUE ?AT ! GREAT ,HUG5OT 7SIC7 LEAD]1 ,H5RY ( ,NAV>RE1 BECAME 
      ,HUG5OT 7SIC7 K+ ( ,FRANCE1 BUT HIS ACCESSION DID NOT C>RY ) IT A 
      TRIUMPH AS A CONSEQU5CE4 ,H5RY HAD TO ABJURE ,PROTE/ANTISM2 A ,PROTE/ANT K+ ( 
      ,FRANCE WAS IMPOSSIBLE4 
     
     

      ,! GREAT /RUGGLE 9 ,5GL& CAME LAT]1 & CONSEQU5TLY PROBABLY ! VICTORY WAS 
      MORE DECID$ ON ! ,PURITAN SIDE4 ,! 5?USIASM ) :I* ,M>Y ,TUDOR - ',BLOODY 
      ,M>Y' -- WAS RECEIV$1 & ! ,CA?OLIC 9SURRECTIONS 9 ! REIGN ( H] 
      SUCCESSOR1 %[$ ?AT !RE WAS AT FIR/ SOME POPUL> FEEL+ ON ! ,CA?OLIC 
      SIDE2 BUT BY ! TIME ( ,JAMES ,I ,CA?OLICISM WAS DEAD 9 ,5GL&4 ,! ,BOOK ( 
      ,SPORTS ISSU$ BY HIS ,GOV]NM5T1 :I* 5C\RAG$ ! PEOPLE TO PLAY V>I\S GAMES 
      ON ,SUNDAY1 WAS WIDELY RECEIV$ AS AN \TRAGE ON ! FEEL+S ( ! GR[+ 
      MIDDLE-CLASS 9 T[N & C\NTRY2 & ALL WAS T5D+ T[>DS ! IRRECONCILABLE 
      QU>REL :I* TOOK PLACE 9 ! NEXT REIGN BETWE5 ! ,C\RT & ! ,B\RGEOISIE1 
      & :I* WAS NE>LY AS MU* RELIGI\S AS POLITICAL4 ,= ! RE/1 ! 
      ,P>LIAM5T>Y P>TY WAS ON ! ADVANC+ L9E ( HI/ORY BO? AS REG>DS POLITICS 
      & RELIGION1 & ! ,K+'S P>TY WAS SIMPLY REACTION>Y2 BUT ! W> WAS AT 
      FUR!/ WAG$ BY A B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACT1 L$ AT FIR/ BY A CON/ITUTIONAL OLIG>*Y 
      AGA9/ A NOBILITY 9SPIR$ BY A K9D ( ROMANTIC AFT]-GL[ ( M$IAEVAL 
      *IVALRY4 ,! SUCCESSFUL \TCOME ( ! 9DIVIDUAL AMBITION ( ,CROMWELL 
      EXT+UI%$ :ATEV] ASPIRATIONS T[>DS REPUBLICANISM W]E *]I%$ BY A FEW 
      PURI/S1 AS WELL AS ! 5?USIASM ( ! WILD SECT>IES :OSE HOPES ( A RULE ( 
      SA9TS ON ! E>? W]E T+$ BY SOME K9D ( COMMUNI/IC IDEAS2 :I* W]E 
      FUR!R =E-%AD[$ BY ! ,LEVEL]S1 ?\< P]V]T$ BY ! M]E ASCETICISM 
      :I* !Y HELD4 ,NEV]!LESS1 !SE M5 MAY BE P>ALLEL$ TO ! ,ANABAPTI/S ( 
      ,MUN/]1 AL?\< ! LATT] W]E QUITE M$IAEVAL 9 SPIRIT1 & !IR 
      FANATIC RELIGION HAD LITTLE 9 COMMON ) ,PURITANISM2 & ?\<1 ALSO1 ! /EADY 
      P[] ( B\RGEOIS RULE CONC5TRAT$ 9 ,CROMWELL'S ABSOLUTISM =BADE !M ANY 
      OPPORTUNITY ( APPROA*+ EV5 ! MO/ TEMPOR>Y REALIZATION ( !IR IDEA4 
      ,MEAN:ILE ,5GL& WAS UNABLE TO 5DURE ! WEI<T ( ! ABSOLUTE RULE ( ,CROMWELL1 
      L9$ ) FULLY DEVELOP$ ,PURITANISM1 & A FEW PLOTT]S W]E ALL[$ TO RE/ORE 
      ! ,/U>T MON>*1 UND] :OM ! WILD RELIGION ( ! >M$ M5 -- ! VICTORS 
      OV] ! NOBILITY ( ,5GL& & !IR REVIV$ %AM *IVALRY -- SANK 9TO M]E 
      ,QUAK]ISM1 & ! RELIGI\S W> WAS AT 5D1 EXCEPT = A FEW SMOLD]+ EMB]S 
      AMONG ! ,CAM]ONIANS 9 ,SCOTL&4 
     
     

      ,MEANTIME 9 ,FRANCE ! LA/ REMNANTS ( ! OLD FEUDALISM /RUGGL$ 9 ! P>TY 
      W>F>E ( ! ',FRONDE' AGA9/ ,MAZ>9 & HIS BUREAUCRACY ( SIMPLE CORRUPTION1 
      TILL ,L\IS ,X,I,V PUT ! COP+-/ONE ON ! ,FR5* MON>*Y BY =C+ HIS NOBILITY1 
      HI< & L[1 9TO ! POSITION ( HIS C\RTI]S1 :ILE HIS M9I/] ,COLB]T 
      DEVELOP$ ! MON>*Y AS A TAX-GA!R+ MA*9E BY ! C>E & TAL5T ) :I* 
      HE FO/]$ ! MANUFACTURES ( ,FRANCE1 :I* JU/ BE=E HIS TIME W]E AT A V]Y 
      L[ EBB2 SO ?AT !RE WAS NO NE$ TO T\* ! REV5UES ( ! NOBILITY1 :O W]E 
      FREE TO SP5D !M 9 DANC+ ATT5DANCE ON ! ,C\RT3 NAY1 W]E NOT FREE TO DO 
      O!RWISE4 ,! C5TURY BEGAN ) ! ,FR5* MON>*Y TRIUMPHANT OV] ALL ITS GREAT 
      VASSALS2 IT F9I%$ BY R$UC+ ALL ITS VASSALS1 GREAT & SMALL1 TO ! CONDITION 
      ( C\RTI]S1 ) LITTLE 9FLU5CE 9 ! C\NTRY-SIDE1 & DIM9I%$ R5TS -- 
      M]E ABS5TEE L&LORDS ( ! WOR/ TYPE1 5D[$ ) PRIVILEGES :I* C\LD ONLY 
      BE EX]CIS$ AT ! CO/ ( ! />VATION ( ! PEOPLE & ! EXASP]ATION ( 
      ! ,B\RGEOISIE1 :O FURNI%$ ! FUNDS = ! ,C\RT GLORY4 ,EV]Y?+ 9 ,FRANCE1 
      !RE=E1 =E%AD[$ POLITICAL REVOLUTION4 ,:AT ! ADVANC+ CON/ITUTIONALISM 
      ( ,5GL& =E%AD[$ WE %ALL HAVE TO SPEAK ( 9 \R NEXT *APT]4 
     
     

      ,COMMONWEAL1 ,VOLUME #b1 ,NUMB] #b#a1 #e ,JUNE #a#h#h#f1 ,P4 #gg 
     

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b#h1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 

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