,*APT] #c 
,! ,BREAK-UP ( ,FEUDALISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 

,TEXT 3 

      ,! P]IOD ( *ANGE FROM ! FEUDAL SY/EM 9TO ?AT ( 
      COMM]CE IS SO IMPORTANT1 & SO SIGNIFICANT TO \R SUBJECT1 ?AT IT DEM&S A 
      SEP>ATE *APT]4 
     
     

      ,! BEG9N+ ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY F\ND1 AS WE HAVE SAID1 ! CRAFT-GILDS 
      CORRUPT$ 9TO PRIVILEG$ BODIES HOLD+ )9 !M TWO ORD]S ( WORKM5 -- ! 
      PRIVILEG$ & ! UNPRIVILEG$ -- ! TWO =M+ ! G]M ( A SOCIETY F\ND$ ON 
      CAPITAL & WAGE-LABOR4 ,! PRIVILEG$ WORKM5 BECAME MIDDLE-CLASS2 ! 
      UNPRIVILEG$1 PROLET>IANS4 
     
     

      ,BUT AP>T FROM ! GILDS1 ! TWO CLASSES W]E BE+ CREAT$ BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( 
      COMM]CE1 :I* NE$$ !M BO? AS 9/RUM5TS = H] PROGRESS4 ,M$IAEVAL 
      COMM]CE KNEW NO?+ ( CAPITALI/IC EX*ANGE2 ! DEM&S ( LOCAL M>KETS W]E 
      SUPPLI$ BY ! DIRECT EX*ANGE ( ! SUP]FLUITY ( ! PRODUCE ( ! V>I\S 
      DI/RICTS & C\NTRIES4 ,ALL ?IS WAS N[ BE+ *ANG$1 & A WORLD-M>KET WAS 
      BE+ =M$1 9TO :I* ALL COMMODITIES HAD TO PASS2 & A HUCK/]+ CLASS GREW 
      UP = ! C>RY+ ON ( ?IS NEW COMM]CE1 & SOON ATTA9$ TO P[]1 AMID ! 
      RAPID BREAKUP ( ! OLD HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY ) ITS DULY ORD]$ GRADES4 
     
     

      ,! FALL ( ,CON/ANT9OPLE1 :I* WAS FOLL[$ 9 ?IRTY YE>S BY ! DISCOV]Y ( 
      ,AM]ICA1 WAS A TOK5 ( ?IS GREAT *ANGE4 ,! ,M$IT]RANEAN WAS NO LONG] ! 
      GREAT COMM]CIAL SEA1 ) NO?+ BEYOND IT BUT A FEW \TLY+ /ATIONS4 ,! T[NS 
      ( ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE -- EG41 ,AUGSBURG1 ,NUREMBURG1 ,BRUGES1 & ! ,HANSE T[NS 
      -- W]E N[ %>+ ! M>KET ) ,V5ICE & ,G5OA1 ! *ILDR5 ( 
      ,CON/ANT9OPLE3 !RE WAS NO LONG] ONE GREAT COMM&+ CITY 9 ,EUROPE4 ,BUT IT WAS 
      NOT ONLY ! RISE 9 ! COMM]CIAL T[NS ?AT WAS OV]TURN+ FEUDAL SOCIETY4 ,AS 
      !Y CONQU]$ !IR 5EMY1 ! FEUDAL NOBLES1 !Y FELL 9TO ! CLUT*ES ( 
      BUREAUCRATIC MON>*S1 :O EI!R SEIZ$ ON !M = !IR [N POSSESSIONS1 OR US$ 
      !M AS TOOLS = !IR PROJECTS ON CONQUE/ & C5TRALIZATION4 ,*>LES ,V41 
      EG41 PLAY$ ?IS GAME ?R\< ,S\? ,G]MANY1 ,AU/RIA1 & ! ,NE!RL&S1 
      & ) ,V5ICE1 UND] COV] ( ! SO-CALL$ ',HOLY ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE'1 :ILE AT ! 
      SAME TIME HE HAD FALL5 9TO POSSESSION ( ,SPA9 BY M>RIAGE2 & DISREG>D+ HIS 
      %AM FEUDAL EMPIRE1 HE B5T ALL HIS EF=TS 9TO TURN+ !SE C\NTRIES 9TO A 
      REAL BUREAUCRATIC ,/ATE4 ,9 ,FRANCE ! LA/ LIB]TIES ( ! T[NS W]E CRU%$ 
      \T4 ,9 ,5GL& ! PLUND] ( ! RELIGI\S H\SES 5ABL$ ,H5RY ,V,I,I,I TO F\ND A 
      NEW NOBILITY1 SUBS]VI5T TO HIS [N ABSOLUTISM1 9 PLACE ( ! ANCI5T FEUDAL 
      NOBILITY DE/ROY$ BY !IR LATE CIVIL W>4 
     
     

      ,EV]Y:]E ! MOD]N POLITICAL BUREAUCRATIC NATION WAS BE+ DEVELOP$4 ,9 ,FRANCE 
      ! LONG & FI]CE W>S ( ! ,BURGUNDIAN & ,>MAGNAC FACTIONS GAVE OPPORTUNITY 
      = ! CONSOLIDATION ( ! MON>*Y1 :I* WAS AT LA/ EFFECT$ BY ,L\IS ,X,I1 ! 
      =]UNN] ( ! MO/ SUCCESSFUL K+ ( ,FRANCE & ! LA/ SUCCESSFUL ONE -- 
      ,L\IS ,X,I,V4 ,9 ,5GL& ! ,W>S ( ! ,ROSES W]E NOT SO BITT] AS ! ,FR5* W>S1 
      & ! PEOPLE TOOK SMALL P>T 9 !M1 EXCEPT AS VASSALS OR ! H\SEHOLDS ( ! 
      CONT5D+ NOBLES2 BUT !Y NEV]!LESS PLAY$ !IR P>T 9 ! DISRUPTION ( 
      FEUDALITY1 NOT ONLY BY ! ?9N+-\T ( ! NOBLES SLA9 9 BATTLE OR ON ! 
      SCAFFOLD1 BUT ALSO BY HELP+ DIRECTLY TO DRAW ,5GL& 9TO ! WORLD-M>KET4 
     
     

      ,UND] ! M$IAEVAL SY/EM ! WORKM51 PROTECT$ & OPPRESS$ BY ! LORDS 
      ( ! MANOR & ! GILDS1 W]E NOT AVAILABLE = ! NE$S ( COMM]CE4 ,! S]FS 
      ATE UP ! P>T ( ! PRODUCE SP>$ !M BY !IR LORDS2 ! GILD CRAFTSM5 SOLD 
      ! PRODUCE ( !IR [N H&S TO !IR NEI<BORS )\T ! HELP ( A 
      MIDDLE-MAN4 ,9 NEI!R CASE WAS !RE ANY?+ LEFT OV] = ! SUPPLY ( A GREAT 
      M>KET4 
     
     

      ,BUT ,5GL&1 ONE ( ! BE/ PA/URE C\NTRIES ( ! WORLD1 HAD 9 H] EV5 !N 
      CAPACITIES = PR(IT-GR9D+1 IF ! TILLAGE SY/EM ( ! MANOR & ! YEOMAN'S 
      HOLD+S C\LD BE GOT RID (4 ,! L&[N]S1 RU9$ BY !IR LONG W>1 SAW ! 
      DEM& = ,5GLI% WOOL1 & SET !MSELVES TO ! TASK ( HELP+ EVOLUTION ) 
      MU* ( ! VIGOR & UNSCRUPUL\S PETTIFOGG+ :I* HAS S9CE WON = !IR RACE 
      ! TEMPOR>Y COMM& ( ! WORLD-M>KET4 ,! T5ANTS W]E RACK-R5T$1 ! YEOM5 
      W]E EXPROPRIAT$1 ! LABOR]S DRIV5 (F ! L& 9TO ! T[NS1 !RE TO WORK 
      AS 'FREE' LABOR]S1 & ,5GL& ?US CONTRIBUT$ H] %>E TO COMM]CE1 PAY+ = 
      IT ) NO?+ MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! LOSS ( ! R\< JOVIALITY1 PL5TY1 & 
      9DEP5D5CE ( SPIRIT1 :I* ONCE ATTRACT$ ! ADMIRATION ( =EIGN]S MORE 
      CRU%$ BY ! FEUDAL SY/EM & !IR ABUSES ?AN ! ,5GLI% W]E4 
     
     

      ,?US ALL OV] ,EUROPE COMM]CIALISM WAS RIS+4 ,NEW NE$S W]E BE+ DISCOV]$ BY 
      M5 :O W]E GA9+ FRE% MA/]Y OV] NATURE1 & W]E SET FREE FROM OLD 
      RE/RA9TS TO /RUGGLE = 9DIVIDUAL PREEM95CE4 ,A FRE% 9TELLIG5CE & M5TAL 
      5]GY WAS %$D+ ITS LI<T OV] ! MORE SORDID SIDE ( ! P]IOD ( *ANGE4 
      ,! /UDY ( ! ,GREEK LIT]ATURE AT FIR/ H& WAS AID+ ?IS NEW 9TELLIG5CE 
      AMONG CULTIVAT$ M51 & ALSO1 S9CE !Y DID BUT HALF UND]/& ITS SPIRIT1 WAS 
      W>P+ !IR M9DS 9TO FRE% ]ROR4 ,>T WAS NO LONG] RELIGI\S & SIMPLE -- ! 
      H>MONI\S EXPRESSION ( ! ?\<T ( ! PEOPLE -- BUT WAS GR[+ MORE & MORE 
      AMBITI\SLY 9DIVIDUALI/IC & >ROGANT1 & AT ! SAME TIME GREW MORE & MORE 
      RETROSPECTIVE & TA9T$ ) P$ANTRY4 
     
     

      ,AMID ALL ?IS IT IS CLE> ?AT ! OLD RELIGION W\LD NO LONG] S]VE ! NEW 
      SPIRIT ( ! TIMES4 ,! ,M$IAEVAL ,*UR*1 ! K+DOM ( HEAV5 ON E>?1 9 
      FULL SYMPA?Y ) ! TEMPORAL HI]>*Y1 9 :I* ALSO EV]Y ONE HAD HIS DIV9ELY 
      APPO9T$ PLACE1 & :I* RE/RICT$ COMM]CE & =BADE USURY1 SU* A ,*UR* WAS 
      NO RELIGION = ! NEW COMM]CIALISM2 ITS RELIGION MU/ HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) 
      ! BUS9ESS ( ?IS WORLD2 SO ! 9DIVIDUALI/ E?ICS ( ,E>LY ,*RI/IANITY1 
      :I* HAD BE5 KEPT 9 ! BACKGR\ND DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ! ,M$IAEVAL 
      ,*UR*1 W]E ONCE MORE BR\<T TO ! FRONT & TOOK ! PLACE ( ! CORPORATE 
      E?ICS ( ?AT ,*UR*1 ( :I* EA* ONE ( ! 'FAI?FUL' WAS BUT A P>T4 ,:ATEV] 
      BASE USES !IR 5?USIASM WAS PUT TO BY COOL] HEADS1 ?IS REVIV$ ,*RI/IANITY 
      TOOK A REAL HOLD ON MO/ ( ! PROGRESSIVE M9DS ( ! P]IOD1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! 
      NOR?2 SO ?AT ,PROTE/ANTISM BECAME ! REAL RELIGION ( ! EPO*1 & EV5 
      P]MEAT$ ,CA?OLICISM & GAVE IT :ATEV] TRUE VITALITY IT HAD2 = ITS POLITICAL 
      P>T WAS AN UNREAL SURVIVAL FROM ! ,M$IAEVAL ,*UR*1 & :ATEV] ( IT WAS 
      ( ANY =CE BECAME ! M]E ALLY ( BUREAUCRACY2 A WORD :I* APPLIES TO ! 
      ,PROTE/ANT ,*UR*ES JU/ AS MU* AS ! ,CA?OLIC2 &1 9 FACT1 EV]Y:]E ! NEW 
      RELIGION BECAME ! USEFUL S]VANT ( ,COMM]CIALISM1 FIR/ BY PROVID+ A NEW >MY 
      ( (FICIALS ALWAYS SUBS]VI5T TO ! AU?ORITY ( GOV]NM5T1 & SECONDLY BY 
      HOLD+ \T TO ! PEOPLE HOPES \TSIDE !IR WRET*$ LIFE ON E>?1 SO AS TO 
      QUIET !IR DISCONT5T BY TURN+ !IR E>?LY ASPIRATIONS HEAV5W>D4 ,ON ! ONE 
      H& LIKE ,E>LY ,*RI/IANITY1 IT BADE LET ! WORLD ALONE TO COMPETE = ! 
      POSSESSION ( PRIVILEGE1 & BADE ! POOR PAY NO HE$ TO ! PASS+ OPPRESSION ( 
      ! DAY1 :I* C\LD NOT DEPRIVE !M ( !IR TRUE REW>D 9 ANO!R WORLD2 BUT 
      UNLIKE ,E>LY ,*RI/IANITY1 ON ! O!R H& IT %>$ 9 ! POSSESSION ( 
      PRIVILEGE1 & ACTIVELY HELP$ 9 ! OPPRESSION :I* IT C\NSEL$ ! OPPRESS$ 
      NOT TO REBEL AGA9/4 ,BUT1 AS A TRULY DI/9CT & EQUAL P[] BESIDE ! ,/ATE1 
      ! ,*UR* WAS EXT9CT2 IT WAS A M]E SAL>I$ ADJUNCT ( ! ,/ATE4 ,! /ORY1 
      MOREOV]1 ( ! ROBB]Y BY PRIVATE P]SONS ( ! PUBLIC PROP]TY :I* ! 
      ,M$IAEVAL ,*UR* ONCE HELD1 WAS A DISGRACEFUL ONE EV]Y:]E1 BUT NO:]E SO 
      DISGRACEFUL AS 9 ,5GL&4 
     
     

      ,BUT :ILE MOD]N ,EUROPE WAS DEVELOP+ = ITSELF A NEW ECONOMY1 A NEW RELIGION1 
      & A NEW PATRIOTISM1 ! *ANGE DID NOT TAKE PLACE )\T A PROTE/ ( ! 
      DISAPPO9T$ HOPES ( ! PEOPLE 9 ! =M ( FRE% REBELLION2 ?\< IT WAS 
      LITTLE HE$$ AMID ! FURI\S W>S = ! PLACE & P[] ( K+S1 & ! 
      E/ABLI%M5T ( POLITICAL B\ND>IES ( ! NEWLY MADE 'NATIONS'4 ,! ,PEASANT ,W> 
      9 ,G]MANY1 & ! REVOLT ( ! ,ANABAPTI/S1 >E1 SO TO SAY1 ! FUN]AL TOR*ES 
      ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,! FIR/ WAS MU* ( ! NATURE ( O!R M$IAEVAL 
      9SURRECTIONS1 EXCEPT ?AT IT WAS FI]C] & LONG] LIV$2 IT 5DS ! S]IES ( 
      \TBREAKS :I* HAD BE5 SO COMMON 9 ,5GL& DUR+ ! FIR/ YE>S ( ! 
      C5TURY4 ,! REVOLT ( ! ,ANABAPTI/S WAS AN ATTEMPT TO REALIZE ! K+DOM ( ,GOD 
      UPON E>? LIT]ALLY & SIMPLY 9 A ,COMMUNI/IC ,SOCIETY BAS$ ON SUP]NATURALISM1 
      & WAS A PROTE/ ( IGNORANT & OPPRESS$ M5 AGA9/ ! H>D5+ ( 
      ,*RI/IANITY 9TO B\RGEOIS ,PROTE/ANTISM1 & ( ! H>D5+ ( FEUDAL 
      OPPRESSION 9TO COMM]CIAL EXPLOITATION4 
     
     

      ,?US1 !N1 WAS ! FEUDAL SY/EM BROK5 D[N1 TO GIVE PLACE TO A NEW WORLD1 :OSE 
      GOV]NM5T1 UND] COV] ( C>RY+ ON ! OLD MON>*IES & V>I$ CLASSES ( 
      FEUDALITY1 WAS EMPLOY$ 9 ONE BUS9ESS ONLY1 ! CONSOLIDATION & CONT9UANCE ( 
      ! ABSOLUTE PROP]TY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT 9 C>RY+ \T ?IS 
      FUNCTION1 ! NEW SOCIETY US$ ! =MS ( ! OLD1 & ASS]T$ H]$IT>Y RI<TS 
      /IFFLY 5\<2 BUT ?IS WAS ONLY 9 ITS TRANSITION FROM ! OLD TO ! NEW4 ,9 
      TRU? ! SPIRIT ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES WAS DEAD1 & ITS !ORY ( SOCIETY & 
      AU?ORITY 9 ,*UR* & ,/ATE WAS GONE4 ,! K+DOM ( HEAV5 ( ! ,M$IAEVAL 
      ,*UR* HAD LEFT ! E>?1 & DID NOT CONC]N ITSELF ) ITS DO+S EXCEPT SO F> 
      AS !Y CON/ITUT$ !OLOGICAL HOL9ESS OR S9S4 ,GOD NO LONG] [N$ ! L& 
      ALL[+ HUMAN BE+S TO USE IT AFT] A DIV9ELY ORDA9$ S*EME4 ,IT WAS N[ ! 
      PROP]TY ( ! ABSOLUTE MON>*1 :O MI<T GIVE IT TO :OMSOEV] HE 
      W\LD2 & IT WAS ONLY = A BRIEF SPACE ?AT A DIM %AD[ ( FEUDAL RESPONSIBILITY 
      CLUNG TO ! L&[N]4 
     
     

      ,S]FDOM WAS GONE1 & ! GILDS W]E N[ BUT CLOSE CORPORATIONS ( PRIVILEG$ 
      WORKM51 OR ( EMPLOY]S ( LABOR4 ,! ORD9>Y WORKMAN WAS N[ 'FREE'4 ,?AT IS TO 
      SAY HE C\LD WORK :]E & H[ HE PLEAS$1 IF HE C\LD F9D SOME ONE :O 
      W\LD SET HIM TO WORK AT ! PRICE ( TAK+ FROM HIM A P>T ( ! PRODUCE ( HIS 
      LABOR2 :I* LABOR WAS N[ A COMMODITY TO BE B\<T & SOLD 9 ! M>KET AS ! 
      BODY ( ! *ATTEL-SLAVE ONCE HAD BE54 
     
     

      ,( ! WORK+ ( ?IS NEW =M ( PRIVILEGE & SLAV]Y WE %ALL SEE MORE 9 \R 
      NEXT *APT]4 
     
     

      ,COMMONWEAL1 ,VOLUME #b1 ,NUMB] #b1 #bi ,MAY #a#h#h#f1 ,P4 #fi 
     

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b#h1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 

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