,*APT] #b 
,M>X'S ,D$UCTION ( ! ,HI/ORICAL ,EVOLUTION ( ,MOD]N ,9DU/RY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 

,TEXT 3 

      ,CAPITALISM CANNOT BE SAID EV5 TO BEG9 BE=E A NUMB] 
      ( 9DIVIDUAL [N]S ( MONEY EMPLOY SIMULTANE\SLY A NUMB] ( WORKM5 ON ! SAME 
      T]MS1 ?AT IS TO SAY BE=E ! DEVELOPM5T ( A CONC]T ( ACTION T[>DS PR(IT 
      AMONG ! EMPLOY]S1 & A CONC]T ( ACTION T[>DS PRODUCTION = ! PR(IT ( 
      ! EMPLOY]S AMONG ! EMPLOY$4 
     
     

      ',A GREAT] NUMB] ( LABOR]S WORK+ TOGE!R AT ! SAME TIME 9 ONE PLACE 7OR 
      IF Y\ WILL1 9 ! SAME FIELD ( LABOR7 9 ORD] TO PRODUCE ! SAME SORT ( 
      COMMODITY UND] ! MA/]%IP ( ONE CAPITALI/1 CON/ITUTES1 BO? HI/ORICALLY 
      & LOGICALLY ! />T+-PO9T ( CAPITALI/ PRODIUCTION4' 
     
     

      ,IT DIFF]S FROM ! M$IAEVAL SY/EM1 ?AT ( 
      ! GILDS & !IR CRAFTSM5 ONLY BY ! GREAT] NUMB] ( ! WORKM5 EMPLOY$2 
      BUT ?IS *ANGE TO A NEW =M ( ORGANIZATION MADE AT ONCE CONSID]ABLE DIFF]5CE 
      9 ! RATE & MANN] ( PRODUCTION3 !RE WAS LESS COMP>ATIVE EXP5SE ( ! 
      MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 IE41 BUILD+S1 TOOLS1 W>EH\SES1 ETC7#a74 ,A CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS CONC5TRATION ( WORKM5 UND] 
      ONE RO( WAS ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! FUNCTION ( DIRECTION 9 ! MA/] AS 
      9DEP5D5T ( HIS QUALITIES AS A CRAFTSM5 7SIC71 & ! =C+ ON ! 
      SY/EM ( ?IS FUNCTION AS A NECESS>Y P>T ( PRODUCTION4 ,! MA/] ( ! GILD 
      CRAFTSMAN P]IOD HELD HIS PLACE BECAUSE HE WAS A BETT] WORKMAN & MORE 
      EXP]I5C$ ?AN HIS FELL[S2 HE DID NOT DIFF] FROM !M 9 K9D BUT 9 DEGREE 
      ONLY2 IF HE FELL SICK1 = 9/ANCE1 HIS PLACE W\LD BE TAK5 BY ! NEXT BE/ 
      WORKMAN )\T ANY DI/URBANCE 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK%OP2 BUT ! MA/] 
      ( EV5 ! E>LIE/ P]IOD ( CAPITALISM WAS FROM ! BEG9N+ UNIMPORTANT AS A 
      WORKMAN 7EV5 :5 HE WORK$1 AS HE (T5 DID AT FIR/7 BUT ALL-IMPORTANT AS A 
      DIRECTOR ( WORK4 
     
     

      ',SIMPLE COOP]ATION'1 SAYS ,M>X1 'IS ALWAYS ! PREVAIL+ =M1 9 ?OSE BRAN*ES 
      ( PRODUCTION 9 :I* CAPITAL ACTS ON A L>GE SCALE1 & DIVISION ( LABOR & 
      MA*9]Y PLAY BUT A SUBORD9ATE P>T4' ,?IS S5T5CE LEADS TO ! NEXT DEVELOPM5T 
      ( CAPITALISM1 ?AT ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 :I* BR+S US 9TO ! SY/EM ( 
      MANUFACTURE1 AS ! WORD IS G5]ALLY UND]/OOD2 ?\< IT HAS A F9AL 
      DEVELOPM5T1 ?AT ( MA*9]Y & ! FACTORY4 ,?IS P]IOD ( ! DIVISION ( 
      LABOR1 MORE OR LESS PURE1 EXT5DS FROM ! MIDDLE ( ! #a#f? TO ! 5D ( ! 
      #a#h? C5TURIES1 :5 IT WAS BR\<T TO P]FECTION2 BUT IT MU/ BE UND]/OOD ?AT 
      !SE SY/EMS OV]LAPP$ ONE ANO!R CONSID]ABLY4 
     
     

      ,! DIVISION-(-LABOR OR MANUFACTUR+ SY/EM />TS UND] TWO CONDITIONS4 
     
     

      ,! FIR/ IS :]E ! EMPLOY] COLLECTS 9TO ONE WORK%OP WORKM5 ( V>I\S 
      CRAFTS1 ! RESULTS ( :OSE LABORS >E F9ALLY COMB9$ 9TO ONE >TICLE1 AS 
      EG41 A C>RIAGE-MAK]'S 9 :I* :EEL-WRI<T1 COA*-BUILD]1 UPHOL/]]1 
      PA9T]1 ETC41 WORK EA* AT HIS [N OCCUPATION1 & !IR PRODUCTS >E COMB9$ 
      9TO ! ONE >TICLE1 A F9I%$ C>RIAGE4 
     
     

      ,! O!R IS ! SY/EM 9 :I* ! EMPLOY] COLLECTS HIS WORKM5 UND] ONE RO(1 
      & EMPLOYS ! :OLE ( !M AS ONE MA*9E 9 ! SIMULTANE\S PRODUCTION ( ONE 
      >TICLE :I* HAS TO GO ?R\< V>I\S PROCESSES1 !SE PROCESSES BE+ 
      APPORTION$ TO V>I\S P>TS ( ! WORKMAN-MA*9E4 ,?IS SY/EM AF=DS A DI/9CT 
      EXAMPLE ( EVOLUTION BY MEANS ( SURVIVAL ( ! FITTE/2 SUDD5 9CREASE ( 
      PRODUCTION SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 CALL$ =1 & ! WORK ACCORD+LY HAD TO BE 
      REORGANIZ$ BY BE+ APPORTION$ TO DIFF]5T WORKM5 9 ORD] TO SAVE TIME4 ,?US 
      ?IS SY/EM IS ! REV]SE ( ?AT ILLU/RAT$ BY ! C>RIAGE-MAK+1 9 :I* A 
      NUMB] ( CRAFTS HAD TO BE COMB9$ 9TO ! MANUFACTURE ( ONE >TICLE2 :]EAS 9 
      ?IS 7P9 OR NE$LE-MAK+ MAY BE TAK5 AS AN ILLU/RATION7 A NUMB] ( PROCESSES 
      :I* ONCE =M$ PORTIONS ( ONE CRAFT1 N[ BECOME EA* ( !M A SEP>ATE CRAFT 
      9 ITSELF4 
     
     

      ,FROM ?IS FOLL[S ! COMPLETE 9T]DEP5D5CE ( EA* HUMAN BE+ =M+ A P>T 
      ( ! WORKMAN MA*9E1 NO ONE ( :OM CAN PRODUCE ANY?+ BY HIMSELF4 ,! UNIT ( 
      LABOR IS N[ NO LONG] AN 9DIVIDUAL1 BUT A GR\P4 
     
     

      ,BUT ALL !SE PROCESSES1 H[EV] SUB-DIVID$1 & H[EV] COMB9$1 W]E /ILL ACTS 
      ( H&ICRAFT2 ! SAME NECESSITIES :I* =C$ ! SIMPLE COOP]ATION ( ! 
      FIR/ CAPITALI/IC P]IOD 9TO DIVISION ( LABOR1 N[ =C$ ! LATT] SY/EM TO 
      YET FUR!R DEVELOPM5T2 ?\<1 9DE$1 O!R CAUSES BESIDES M]ELY ECONOMIC ONES 
      W]E AT WORK1 SU* AS ! GR[+ AGGREGATION ( PEOPLE 9TO T[NS & ! 
      CONSEQU5T 9CREAS+ DIVISION ( LABOR 9 ,SOCIETY ITSELF AS TO ! OCCUPATIONS ( 
      ITS MEMB]S4 ,?IS F9AL DEVELOPM5T WAS ! SUB/ITUTION ( ! MA*9E & ! 
      COMPLETE FACTORY-SY/EM = ! DIVISION ( LABOR & WORK%OP-SY/EM4 ,UND] ! 
      NEW SY/EM ! GR\P ( WORKM51 EV]Y MEMB] ( :I* BY ! P]=MANCE ( A 
      SPECIAL PIECE ( H&ICRAFT TURNS \T SOME SPECIAL P>T ( ! >TICLE MADE1 GIVES 
      PLACE TO A MA*9E :I* PRODUCES ! RESULTS ( ALL !SE MANEUV]S COMB9$ 
      TOGE!R2 OR TO AN ASSOCIATION ( MA*9ES ACT+ 9 A GR\P1 AS ! WORKM5 ACT$4 
      ,! WORKMAN IS NO LONG] ! PR9CIPAL FACTOR 9 ! WORK1 ! TOOLS :I* HE 
      H&L$ >E N[ WORK$ BY A ME*ANISM CONNECT$ BY ANO!R ME*ANISM ) ! 
      P[]1 :ATEV] IT MAY BE1 :I* PUTS ! :OLE 9 MOTION4 ,?IS IS ! TRUE MA*9E 
      ( MOD]N TIMES1 AS CONTRA/$ ) ! M]E TOOL-MA*9E ( ! E>LI] P]IOD1 
      :I* WAS AN AID TO ! WORKMAN & NOT A SUB/ITUTE = HIM4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! 
      WORK%OP GIVES PLACE TO ! FACTORY :I* IS NOT A M]E ASSEMBLAGE ( MA*9ES 
      UND] ONE RO(1 BUT RA!R A GREAT MA*9E ITSELF1 ( :I* ! MA*9ES >E P>TS2 
      AS ,M>X SAYS3 ',AN ORGANIZ$ SY/EM ( MA*9ES TO :I* MOTION IS COMMUNICAT$ BY 
      ! TRANSMITT+ ME*ANISM FROM A C5TRAL AUTOMATON IS ! MO/ DEVELOP$ =M ( 
      PRODUCTION BY MA*9]Y4 ,H]E WE HAVE 9 PLACE ( ! ISOLAT$ MA*9E A ME*ANICAL 
      MON/] :OSE BODY FILLS :OLE FACTORIES1 & :OSE DEMON P[]1 AT FIR/ VEIL$ 
      UND] ! SL[ & MEASUR$ MOTION ( HIS GIANT LIMBS1 AT LA/ BREAKS \T 9TO ! 
      FA/ & FURI\S :IRL ( HIS C\NTLESS WORK+ ORGANS4' 
     
     

      ,?IS IS ! MA*9E :I* HAS PRODUC$ ! GREAT REVOLUTION 9 PRODUCTION ( \R 
      EPO*4 ,! WORKMAN ONCE A H&ICRAFTSMAN1 HAV+ ALL CONTROL OV] ! >TICLE HE 
      PRODUC$1 NEXT BECAME A P>T ( A HUMAN MA*9E1 & F9ALLY HAS BECOME ! S]VANT 
      & T5D] ( A MA*9E2 & BY MEANS ( ALL ?IS ! FULLY DEVELOP$ MOD]N 
      CAPITALI/ HAS COME 9TO EXI/5CE4 
     
     

      #a4 ,! MA/] WORK] ( ! GILD-SY/EM WAS NOT 
      REALLY A MA/] AT ALL EV5 AFT] HE BEGAN TO EMPLOY J\RNEYM51 BECAUSE !IR 
      NUMB] WAS LIMIT$ V]YY CLOSELY1 & !Y W]E ALL SURE TO BECOME MA/]S 9 !IR 
      TURN3 ! REALL 'EMPLOY] ( LABOR' WAS ! GILD & ! 'MA/]' ( ?AT P]IOD 
      WAS SIMPLY A =EMAN ( ! GILD2 ! GREAT *ANGE CONSI/$ 9 ! BREAK+ D[N 
      ( ! POSITION ( ! GILD AS EMPLOY]1 & ! TURN+ ( ITS =EMAN 9TO A REAL 
      MA/] OR CAPITALI/BACK4 
     
     

      ,COMMONWEAL1 ,VOLUME #c1 ,NUMB] #h1 #bc ,JULY #a#h#h#g1 ,P,P4 #b#c#d-#b#c#e 
     

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b#h1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,ADD$4 

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