,*APT] #ai 
,SCI5TIFIC ,SOCIALISM - ,CON/ANT & ,V>IABLE ,CAPITAL 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 

,TEXT 3 

      ,M>X GOES ON TO DEVELOPE 7SIC7 FUR!R ! 
      PROCESS BY :I* ! CAPITALI/ EXPLOITS ! LABOR] UND] ! PRES5T SY/EM ( 
      WAGES & CAPITAL4 
     
     

      ,WE N[ COME TO ! TWO 9/RUM5TS :I* ! CAPITALI/ USES 9 HIS EXPLOITATION ( 
      LABOR1 & :I* >E NAM$ CON/ANT & V>IABLE CAPITAL2 CON/ANT CAPITAL BE+ 
      ! RAW MAT]IAL & 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION1 & V>IABLE ! LABOR P[] TO BE 
      EMPLOY$ 9 PRODUC+ ON & BY MEANS ( ! =M]4 
     
     

      ,! LABOR]1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ADDS A VALUE TO ! RAW MAT]IAL UPON :I* HE 
      WORKS2 BUT BY ! V]Y ACT ( ADD+ A NEW VALUE HE PRES]VES ! OLD2 9 ONE 
      *>ACT] HE ADDS NEW VALUE1 9 ANO!R HE M]ELY PRES]VES :AT ALREADY EXI/$4 
      ,HE AFFECTS ?IS BY WORK+ 9 A P>TICUL> WAY1 EG41 BY SP9N+1 WEAV+1 
      OR =G+1 ?AT IS1 HE TRANS=MS ?+S :I* >E ALREADY UTILITIES 9TO NEW 
      UTILITIES PROPORTIONATELY GREAT] ?AN !Y W]E BE=E4 
     
     

      ',IT IS ?US'1 SAYS ,M>X1 '?AT ! COTTON & SP9DLE1 ! Y>N & ! LOOM1 ! 
      IRON & ! ANVIL BECOME CON/ITU5T ELEM5TS ( A NEW USE-VALUE4' 
     
     

      ,?AT IS1 9 ORD] TO ACQUIRE ?IS NEW VALUE1 ! LABOR MU/ BE DIRECT$ TO A 
      SOCIALLY USEFUL 5D1 TO A G5]AL 5D1 ?AT IS1 TO :I* ! G5]AL LABOR ( 
      SOCIETY IS DIRECT$1 & ! VALUE ADD$ IS TO BE MEASUR$ BY ! AV]AGE AM\NT ( 
      LABOR P[] EXP5D$2 I4E41 BY ! DURATION ( ! AV]AGE TIME ( 
      LABOR4 
     
     

      ,M>X SAYS3 ',WE HAVE SE5 ?AT ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION TRANSF] VALUE TO ! NEW 
      PRODUCT SO F> ONLY AS DUR+ ! LABOR-PROCESS !Y LOSE VALUE 9 ! %APE ( 
      !IR OLD USE-VALUE4 ,! MAXIMUM LOSS ( VALUE ?AT !Y CAN SUFF] 9 ! PROCESS 
      IS PLA9LY LIMIT$ BY ! AM\NT ( ! ORIG9AL VALUE ) :I* !Y CAME 9TO 
      ! PROCESS1 OR 9 O!R WORDS BY ! LABOR-TIME NECESS>Y = !IR PRODUCTION4 
      ,!RE=E1 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION CAN NEV] ADD MORE VALUE TO ! PRODUCT ?AN 
      !Y !MSELVES POSSESS 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! PROCESS 9 :I* !Y ASSI/4 ,H[EV] 
      USEFUL A GIV5 K9D ( RAW MAT]IAL1 OR A MA*9E1 OR O!R MEANS ( PRODUCTION MAY 
      BE1 ?\< IT MAY CO/ ,G,B,P#a#e1 OR SAY #e DAYS LABOR1 YET IT CANNOT UND] ANY 
      CIRCUM/ANCES ADD TO ! VALUE ( ! PRODUCT MORE ?AN ,G,B,P#a#e4 ,ITS VALUE IS 
      DET]M9$ NOT BY ! LABOR-PROCESS 9TO :I* IT 5T]S AS A MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 
      BUT BY ?AT \T ( :I* IT HAS ISSU$ AS A PRODUCT4 ,9 ! LABOR PROCESS IT ONLY 
      S]VES AS A M]E USE-VALUE1 A ?+ ) USEFUL PROP]TIES1 & C\LD NOT !RE=E 
      TRANSF] ANY VALUE TO ! PRODUCT UNLESS IT POSSESS$ SU* VALUE PREVI\SLY4' 
     
     

      ,! MATT] IS SUCC9CTLY PUT AS FOLL[S3 ',! MEANS ( PRODUCTION ON ! ONE H&1 
      LABOR-P[] ON ! O!R1 >E M]ELY ! DIFF]5T MODES ( EXI/5CE :I* ! 
      VALUE ( ! ORIG9AL CAPITAL ASSUM$ :5 FROM BE+ MONEY IT WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO 
      ! V>I\S FACTORS ( ! LABOR PROCESS4 ,?AT P>T ( CAPITAL :I* IS 
      REPRES5T$ BY ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 BY ! RAW MAT]IAL1 AUXILI>Y MAT]IAL1 
      & ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR1 DOES NOT 9 ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION UND]GO ANY 
      QUANTITATIVE ALT]ATION ( VALUE4 ,I !RE=E CALL IT ! CON/ANT P>T ( CAPITAL1 
      OR MORE %ORTLY CON/ANT CAPITAL4' 
     
     

      ,AT FIR/ SI<T IT MI<T BE ?\<T ?AT ! WE> & TE> ( ! MA*9]Y1 & ! 
      SEEM+ DISAPPE>ANCE ( P>T ( ! AUXILI>Y MAT]IAL 7AS EG41 ! 
      MORDAUNTS US$ 9 DYE+ CLO? OR Y>N1 OR ! GUMS1 ETC41 US$ 9 TEXTILE 
      PR9T+7 CONTRADICT ?IS /ATEM5T AS TO ! ALT]ATION ( VALUE2 BUT ON CLOS] 
      VIEW IT WILL BE SE5 ?AT ! ABOVE WE> & TE> & APP>5T CONSUMPTION 5T] 
      9TO ! NEW PRODUCT JU/ AS MU* AS ! VISIBLE RAW MAT]IAL DOES2 NEI!R >E 
      REALLY CONSUM$1 BUT TRANS=M$4 
     
     

      ,9 ! FOLL[+ *APT]S ,M>X 5T]S 9TO AN ELABORATE & EXHAU/IVE ANALYSIS ( 
      ! RATE ( SURPLUS VALUE1 IE41 ( ! RATE AT :I* ! CREATION ( 
      SURPLUS VALUE TAKES PLACE2 & HE ALSO DEALS ) ! IMPORTANT SUBJECT ( ! 
      DURATION ( ! WORK+-DAY4 ,BUT AS ?IS IS AFT] ALL A MATT] ( DETAIL1 9 SPITE 
      ( ITS V]Y GREAT 9T]E/ & IMPORTANCE WE MU/ OMIT IT1 AS IT W\LD C>RY US 
      BEYOND ! SCOPE ( !SE >TICLES4 
     
     

      ,M>X DI/+UI%ES BETWE5 ABSOLUTE & RELATIVE 'SURPLUS VALUE'2 
      ! ABSOLUTE BE+ ! PRODUCT ( A DAY'S LABOR OV] & ABOVE ! 
      NECESS>Y SUBSI/5CE ( ! WORKMAN1 :ATEV] ! TIME NECESS>Y = ! 
      PRODUCTION ( A DEF9ITE AM\NT ( PRODUCT MAY BE4 ,! RELATIVE 
      'SURPLUS-VALUE' ON ! O!R H& IS DET]M9$ BY ! 9CREAS$ PRODUCTIVITY ( 
      LABOR CAUS$ BY NEW 9V5TIONS1 MA*9]Y1 9CREAS$ SKILL1 EI!R 9 
      MANIPULATION1 OR ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR1 BY :I* ! TIME NECESS>Y = ! 
      PRODUCTION ( ! LABOR]'S MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE MAY BE 9DEF9ITELY %ORT5$4 
     
     

      ,IT WILL BE SE5 ONCE AGA9 BY ALL ?IS1 ?AT :ATEV] 9/RUM5TS MAY BE PUT 9TO 
      ! H&S ( ! LABOR] TO BR+ AB\T A RESULT FROM HIS LABOR1 9 SPITE ( ALL 
      PRET5SES TO ! CONTR>Y1 ! ONE 9/RUM5T NECESS>Y TO ! CAPITALI/ IS ! 
      LABOR] HIMSELF LIV+ UND] SU* CONDITIONS ?AT HE CAN BE US$ AS A M]E 
      9/RUM5T = ! PRODUCTION ( PR(IT4 ,! TOOLS1 MA*9]Y1 FACTORIES1 MEANS ( 
      EX*ANGE1 ETC41 >E ONLY 9T]M$IATE AIDS = PUTT+ ! LIV+ MA*9E 9TO 
      OP]ATION4 
     
     

      ,COMMONWEAL1 ,VOLUME #c1 ,NUMB] #g#e1 #ah ,JUNE #a#h#h#g1 ,P,P4 #a#i#f-#a#i#g 
     

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