,*APT] #ad 
,! ,TRANSITION FROM ,UTOPI/S TO ,MOD]N ,SOCIALISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 

,TEXT 3 

      ,( ! ,SOCIALI/ ?9K]S :O S]VE AS A K9D ( L9K 
      BETWE5 ! ,UTOPI/S & ! S*OOL ( ! ,SOCIALISM ( HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION1 OR 
      SCI5TIFIC ,SOCIALI/S1 BY F> ! MO/ NOTEWOR?Y FIGURE IS ,PR\DHON :O WAS BORN 
      AT ,BESANCON 9 #a#h#i4 ,BY BIR? HE BELONG$ TO ! WORK+-CLASS1 HIS FA!R 
      BE+ A BREW]'S COOP]1 & HE HIMSELF AS A Y\? FOLL[$ ! OCCUPATION ( 
      CO:]D+4 
     
     

      ,9 #a#h#c#h1 H[EV]1 HE PUBLI%$ AN ESSAY ON G5]AL GRAMM>1 & 9 #ahci HE GA9$ A 
      S*OL>%IP TO BE HELD = ?REE YE>S1 A GIFT ( ONE ,MADAME ,SU>D TO HIS NATIVE 
      T[N4 ,! RESULT ( ?IS ADVANTAGE WAS HIS MO/ IMPORTANT ?\< F> FROM HIS MO/ 
      VOLUM9\S WORK1 PUBLI%$ ! SAME YE>1 AS ! ESSAY :I* ! ,MADAME ,SU>D'S 
      S*OL>S W]E B\ND TO WRITE3 IT BORE ! TITLE ( ',:AT IS ,PROP]TY8' HIS ANSW] 
      BE+1 ,PROP]TY IS ,ROBB]Y4 
     
     

      ,AS MAY BE IMAG9$1 ?IS REM>KABLE ESSAY CAUS$ MU* /IR & 9DIGNATION1 & 
      ,PR\DHON WAS C5SUR$ BY ! ,BESANCON ,ACADEMY = ?IS PRODUCTION1 & 
      N>R[LY ESCAP$ A PROSECUTION4 ,9 #ahda HE WAS TRI$ AT ,BESANCON = A 
      LETT] HE WROTE TO ,VICTOR ,CONSID]ANT1 ! ,F\RI]I/1 BUT WAS ACQUITT$4 ,9 #ahdf 
      HE WROTE HIS ',PHOLISOPHIE DE LA ,MIS]E' 7,PHILOSOPHY ( ,POV]TY71 :I* 
      RECEIV$ AN ELABORATE REPLY & REFUTATION FROM ,K>L ,M>X4 
     
     

      ,9 #ahdg HE W5T TO ,P>IS4 ,9 ! ,REVOLUTION ( #ahdh HE %[$ HIMSELF A VIGOR\S 
      CONTROV]SIALI/1 & WAS ELECT$ ,DEPUTY = ! ,SE9E2 HE WROTE NUM]\S >TICLES 
      9 SEV]AL J\RNALS1 MO/LY CRITICISMS ( ! PROGRESS ( ! REVOLUTION3 9 ! 
      ,*AMB] HE PROPOS$ A TAX ( ONE-?IRD TO BE LEVI$ ON ALL 9T]E/ & R5T1 :I* 
      WAS1 AS A MATT] ( C\RSE1 REJECT$4 ,HE ALSO PUT =W>D A S*EME = A MUTUAL 
      CR$IT BANK1 BY :I* HE HOP$ TO SIMPLIFY EX*ANGE & R$UCE 9T]E/ TO A 
      VANI%+ PO9T3 BUT ?IS S*EME WAS ALSO REJECT$4 
     
     

      ,AFT] ! FAILURE ( ! REVOLUTION ( '#d#h1 ,PR\DHON WAS IMPRISON$ = ?REE 
      YE>S1 DUR+ :I* TIME HE M>RI$ A Y\NG WOMAN ( ! WORK+-CLASS4 
     
     

      ,9 #aheh HE DEVELOP$ HIS SY/EM ( ',MUTUALISM' FULLY 9 HIS LA/ WORK1 5TITL$ 
      ',JU/ICE 9 ! ,REVOLUTION & ! ,*UR*'4 ,9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! PUBLICATION ( 
      ?IS BOOK HE HAD TO RETIRE TO ,BRUSSELS1 BUT WAS AMNE/I$ 9 #a#h#f1 CAME BACK TO 
      ,FRANCE1 & DI$ AT ,PASSY 9 #a#h#f#e4 
     
     

      ,PR\DHON'S OP9IONS & WORKS MAY BE BROADLY DIVID$ 9TO TWO P]IODS3 ,9 HIS ',:AT 
      IS ,PROP]TY8' HIS POSITION IS ?AT ( A ,COMMUNI/ PURE & SIMPLE2 BUT AFT] ?IS 
      ONE CLE> DEVELOPM5T ( A DEF9ITE !SIS WE MEET 9 HIS WORKS1 & WE MU/ ADD1 
      9 HIS POLITICAL ACTIONS ALSO1 ) SO MU* P>ADOX ?AT IT IS NEXT TO IMPOSSIBLE 
      TO =MULATE 9 BRIEF ANY DEF9ITE ,PR\DHONIAN DOCTR9E4 ,AT ONE TIME A ,COMMUNI/1 
      AT ANO!R ! VEHEM5T OPPON5T ( ,COMMUNISM2 AT ONE TIME PR(ESS+ ,AN>*Y1 AT 
      ANO!R L5D+ HIMSELF TO S*EMES ( ! CRUDE/ ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM2 AT ONE TIME AN 
      5?USIA/IC ,!I/1 AT ANO!R APP>5TLY AS /RONG AN ,A!I/2 9 ONE PASSAGE ( 
      HIS WORKS GIV+ HIS EAG] ADHESION TO ,AUGU/E ,COMTE'S WOR%IP ( WOM51 9 ANO!R 
      A DECID$ CONTEMN] ( ! FEMALE SEX1 -- IT IS ) A S5SE ( CONFUSION ?AT ONE 
      RISES FROM ! P]USAL ( HIS WORKS4 
     
     

      ,HIS CONNECTION ) ! ,REVOLUTION ( '#d#h SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 ! TURN+ PO9T 9 
      ! HI/ORY2 9 HIS ADDRESS TO ! ELECTORS ( ! ,SE9E1 9 :I* HE PUT =W>D 
      ! S*EME = A CR$IT BANK BACK$ BY A NUMB] ( DECREES ( A ,/ATE- ,SOCIALI/IC 
      NATURE1 & /RONGLY SMACK+ ( ,BISM>CK1 HE ANN\NCES HIMSELF AS ! MAN :O SAID 
      ,PROP]TY IS ,ROBB]Y1 SAYS ?AT HE /ILL MA9TA9S ?AT OP9ION1 & !N GOES ON TO 
      DEF5D ! RI<TS ( PROP]TY :I* HE HAD SO SUCCESSFULLY ANNIHILAT$ 9 HIS FIR/ 
      WORK4 
     
     

      ,BUT AS TO HIS POLITICAL C>E]1 ! ELEM5T HE HAD TO WORK 9 WAS AN IMPOSSIBLE ONE 
      = ! SUCCESS ( A MAN HOLD+ DEF9ITE ,SOCIALI/IC IDEAS4 ,ON ! ONE H& W]E 
      ! ,JACOB9S ) !IR >*AEOLOGICAL RE/ORATIONS ( ! IDEAS & POLITICS 
      ( #a#g#h#i2 ON ! O!R ,SOCIALISM %[+ ITSELF & TAK+ HOLD ( PEOPLE'S M9DS1 
      BUT ATTEMPT+ TO REALIZE ITS DOCTR9ES BY CRUDE DISLOCAT$ & CONSEQU5TLY 
      HOPELESS S*EMES ( ACTION4 ,9TO ALL !SE AFFAIRS ,PR\DHON LOOK$ %REWDLY & 
      ) 9SI<T1 & HIS BITT] CRITICISMS ( ! CONFUSION' ( ! P]IOD W]E %[N 
      BY ! EV5T TO HAVE BE5 WELL F\ND$4 
     
     

      ,PR\DHON DEF5D$ ! MOD]N FAMILY & MONOGAMY 9 ITS /RICTE/ S5SE1 & DOES 
      NOT SEEM TO HAVE TR\BL$ HIMSELF TO /UDY ! HI/ORY ( ?OSE 9/ITUTIONS EV5 
      SUP]FICIALLY3 9 %ORT1 HE SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 S+UL>LY LACK+ 9 ! 
      7SIC7 HI/ORICAL S5SE1 & HAD NOT =M$ ANY CONCEPTION ( ! EVOLUTION 
      ( SOCIETY4 ,?OSE :O READ HIS WORKS WILL F9D !MSELVES =C$ TO RETURN TO HIS 
      FIR/ ESSAY1 ',:AT IS ,PROP]TY8' IF !Y >E SEEK+ 9 HIM = ANY CONSI/5T 
      S]IES ( IDEAS4 ,HE WAS AN EAG] & R\< CONTROV]SIALI/1 & HIS /YLE IS 
      BRILLIANT & ATTRACTIVE 9 SPITE ( ITS DISCURSIV5ESS4 
     
     

      ,WE MAY N[ M5TION ! NAMES ( TWO M5 ( NO GREAT IMPORTANCE 9 !MSELVES1 BUT 
      WOR? NOT+ AS =]UNN]S ( ! S5TIM5TAL ,SOCIALI/S & ,*RI/IAN ,SOCIALI/S 
      ( ! PRES5T DAY4 ,HU<ES ,FELICITE ,ROB]T DE ,LAM5NAIS 7BORN #a#g#h#b1 DI$ 
      #a#h#e#d71 IS ! TYPE ( ! ,*RI/IAN ,SOCIALI/3 HE WAS 9T5D$ = A PRIE/ FROM 
      ! FIR/1 & DULY TOOK ORD]S4 ,HE BEGAN BY EF=TS TO RE=M ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*1 
      SO AS TO MAKE IT AN EFFECTIVE 9/RUM5T = HAPP9ESS & SOCIAL MORALITY & 
      RE=M4 ,HE EXPECT$ TO BE HELP$ & 5C\RAG$ BY ! CL]GY 9 !SE EF=TS1 & 
      AT FIR/1 BE=E !Y P]CEIV$ !IR REAL T5D5CY1 HE RECEIV$ SOME 
      ACKN[L$GM5T FROM !M4 ,AT LA/1 9 HIS PAP] ,L',AV5IR 7! FUTURE71 HE 
      TOOK SO DECID$LY A DEMOCRATIC TURN ?AT HE 9CURR$ ! ANIMOSITY ( ! :OLE 
      ,*UR*1 ESPECIALLY ( ! !N ,POPE1 ,GREGORY ,X,V,I4 ,! SIGNAL = HIS COMPLETE 
      RUPTURE ) ! ,*UR*1 H[EV] WAS ! PUBLICATION 79 #a#h#c#d7 ( HIS ',P>OLES D'UN 
      ,CROYANT' 7WORDS ( A BELIEV]71 :I* ! ,POPE *>ACT]IZ$ AS 'SMALL 9 SIZE BUT 
      IMM5SE 9 P]V]SITY'4 ,AFT] ?AT HE BECAME ?OR\<LY DEMOCRATIC OR EV5 
      ,COMMUNI/IC1 AS ,COMMUNISM WAS !N UND]/OOD4 ,A S]IES ( POLITICAL WORKS & 
      PAMPHLETS FOLL[$1 ALL 9 ! S5SE ( HIS NEW DEP>TURE4 ,HE />T$1 9 #a#h#d#h1 TWO 
      PAP]S1 ONE AFT] ANO!R1 :I* W]E SUPPRESS$4 ,HE SAT 9 ! ,REPUBLICAN 
      ,CON/ITU5T ,*AMB] TILL ! C\P D'ETAT2 & :ILE ,DEPUTY DREW UP = ! 
      ,LEFT A PLAN ( ,CON/ITUTION :I* WAS REJECT$ AS TOO REVOLUTION>Y4 ,HE WAS BURI$ 
      BY HIS [N DIRECTION )\T ECCLESIA/ICAL RITES4 
     
     

      ,PI]RE LE ,R\X 7BORN #a#g#i#h1 DI$ #a#h#g#a7 WAS ORIG9ALLY A DISCIPLE ( ,/ ,SIMON4 ,9 
      #ahd HE PUBLI%$ HIS MO/ IMPORTANT WORK1 ',DE ,L',HUMANITE'1 :5CE ! NAME 
      ( HIS S*OOL1 ! ,HUMANIT>IANS4 ,HE JO9$ ,GEORGE ,S& & ,NI>D( 9 A LIT]>Y 
      REVIEW1 & IT WAS [+ TO ?IS CONNECTION ?AT ! HUMANIT>IAN T5D5CIES ( SOME 
      ( H] NOVELS >E TO BE TRAC$4 ,9 #ahdc HE SET ON FOOT A CO- OP]ATIVE PR9T+ 
      ASSOCIATION1 & />T$ A J\RNAL ADVOCAT+ COOP]ATION1 OR AS HE T]M$ IT1 
      '! PACIFIC SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM ( ! PROLET>IAT'4 ,HE ALSO SAT 9 ! 
      ,REPUBLICAN ,*AMB] ( #a#h#d#h3 WAS EXIL$ 9 #ahea & LIV$ 9 ,J]SEY1 NOT RETURN+ 
      TO ,FRANCE TILL #a#h#f#i4 ,HE DI$ 9 ,P>IS UND] ! ,COMMUNE1 :O DEPUT$ TWO ( ITS 
      MEMB]S TO ATT5D HIS FUN]AL1 9 ! WORDS ( ! ,(FICIAL ,J\RNAL1 'NOT 
      9 HONOR ( ! P>TIZAN ( ! MY/ICAL IDEAS ( :I* WE N[ FEEL ! EVIL1 BUT 
      ( ! POLITICIAN :O C\RAGE\SLY UND]TOOK ! DEF5SE ( ! VANQUI%$ AFT] 
      ! DAYS ( ,JUNE'4 ,?IS IS AN ALLUSION TO ! UNPRACTICAL & NONPOLITICAL 
      T5D5CY ( HIS TEA*+1 :I* UND]TOOK TO RE=M SOCIETY BY ! 9CULCATION ( 
      MORALITY BL5D$ ) MY/ICISM1 ! RESULT ( :I* WAS TO BE ! GRADUAL SPREAD 
      ( VOLUNT>Y COOP]ATION4 
     
     

      ,WE F9I% ?IS S]IES ) ! WELL-KN[N NAME ( ,L\IS ,BLANC1 A P]SONAGE MORE 
      IMPORTANT ?AN ! LA/-NAM$1 & MORE DEF9ITELY ,SOCIALI/IC 9 PR9CIPLES ?AN 
      EI!R HE OR ,LAM5NAIS1 ?\< HIS POLITICAL C>E] F9I%$ 9 A WAY UNWOR?Y ( 
      ?OSE PR9CIPLES1 EV5 IF WE ACCEPT ! EXCUSE ?AT HE NEV] GRASP$ ! GREAT 
      TRU? ?AT ONLY ?R\< ! CLASS /RUGGLE CAN ! REG5]ATION ( SOCIETY BE 
      ACCOMPLI%$4 ,HE WAS BORN 9 #a#h#a#c1 ( A MIDDLE-CLASS FAMILY :I*1 ON ! MAT]NAL 
      SIDE1 WAS ,CORSICAN1 & AN 9CID5T ( ! RELATIONS BETWE5 HIM & HIS BRO!R 
      ,*>LES IS SAID TO HAVE SUGGE/$ TO ,DUMAS HIS FAM\S NOVELETTE & PLAY ( ! 
      ',CORSICAN ,BRO!RS'4 
     
     

      ,9 #ahd HE 'PUBLI%$ HIS ',ORGANIZATION ( ,LABOR'1 ! IDEAS ( :I* HE ATTEMPT$ 
      TO REALIZE 9 HIS FAM\S ',NATIONAL ,WORK%OPS'1 BY :I* HE IS BE/ KN[N4 ,9 ?IS 
      WORK HE PUT =W>D ! G5U9E ,SOCIALI/IC MAXIM ( ',FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS 
      CAPACITY1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S' AS ! BASIS ( ! PRODUCTION ( A TRUE 
      SOCIETY4 
     
     

      ,HE TOOK AN ACTIVE P>T 9 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,GOV]NM5T ( #a#h#d#h1 & GOT AN $ICT 
      PASS$ ABOLI%+ ! PUNI%M5T ( DEA? = POLITICAL (F5SES4 ,& WE \<T H]E 
      TO NOTICE ?AT ! COMMON IMPRESSION ?AT HIS ,NATIONAL ,WORK%OPS FAIL$ FROM 
      9H]5T DEFECTS IS WRONG2 !Y W]E SUPPRESS$ AS DANG]\S BY ! ,GOV]NM5T1 & 
      !IR SUPPRESSION WAS L>GELY 9/RUM5TAL 9 CAUS+ ! ,JUNE REVOLUTION4 ,WE MU/1 
      H[EV]1 ALSO NOTE ?AT ?IS S*EME WAS NOT F\ND$ ON PURELY ,SOCIALI/IC 
      PR9CIPLES1 DANG]\S AS IT WAS ?\<T TO BE AT ! TIME4 ,9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! 
      EV5TS ( ,JUNE ,L\IS ,BLANC WAS COMPELL$ TO FLEE FROM ,FRANCE TO ,5GL&1 :]E HE 
      WROTE HIS ',HI/ORY ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION'4 
     
     

      ,HE RETURN$ TO ,FRANCE #a#h#f#i1 WAS ELECT$ TO ! LEGISLATIVE BODY1 BUT PLAY$ ONLY A 
      SUBORD9ATE P>T 9 ! /IRR+ TIMES ?AT FOLL[$4 ,IT REMA9S1 9DE$1 AN 
      9DELIBLE /A9 ON HIS *>ACT] ?AT HE DES]T$ ! CAUSE ( ! PEOPLE 9 ! 
      DAYS ( ,M>*1 LEAV+ ,P>IS TO SIT AMONG ! ',LIB]ALS' 9 ! REACTION>Y 
      ,*AMB] AT ,V]SAILLES4 
     
     

      ,HE DI$ 9 #a#h#h#c1 HAV+ \TLIV$ HIS REPUTATION & 9FLU5CE4 
     
     

      ,COMMONWEAL1 ,VOLUME #c1 ,NUMB] #e#f1 #e ,FEBRU>Y #a#h#h#g1 ,P,P4 #db - #dc 
     

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b#h1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #ad -- ,ADD$4 

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