,*APT] #ac 
,! ,UTOPI/S3 ,[51 ,SA9T ,SIMON1 & ,F\RI] 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 

,TEXT 3 

      ,IT IS N[ NECESS>Y = US TO TURN = A :ILE FROM ! 
      POLITICAL PROGRESS ( ,SOCIALISM1 TO NOTE ! S*OOL ( ?9K]S :O PREC$$ ! 
      BIR? ( MOD]N SCI5TIFIC OR REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALISM4 ,!SE M5 ?\<T IT 
      POSSIBLE TO REG5]ATE ,SOCIETY BY LAY+ BE=E IT ITS %ORT-COM+S1 FOLLIES1 & 
      9JU/ICE1 & BY TEA*+ ?R\< PRECEPT & EXAMPLE C]TA9 S*EMES ( 
      RECON/RUCTION BUILT UP FROM ! ASPIRATIONS & 9SI<T ( ! TEA*]S 
      !MSELVES4 ,!Y HAD NOT LE>N$ TO RECOGNIZE ! SEQU5CE ( EV5TS :I* =CES 
      SOCIAL *ANGES ON MANK9D :E!R !Y >E CONSCI\S ( ITS =CE OR NOT1 BUT 
      BELIEV$ ?AT !IR S*EMES W\LD W9 !IR WAY TO G5]AL ADOPTION BY M5'S 
      P]CEPTION ( !IR 9H]5T REASONABL5ESS4 ,!Y HOP$ TO CONV]T PEOPLE TO 
      ,SOCIALISM1 TO ACCEPT+ IT CONSCI\SLY & =MALLY1 BY %[+ !M ! CONTRA/ 
      BETWE5 ! CONFUSION & MIS]Y ( EXI/+ CIVILIZATION1 & ! ORD] & 
      HAPP9ESS ( ! WORLD :I* !Y =ESAW4 
     
     

      ,FROM ! ELABORATE & DETAIL$ S*EMES ( FUTURE ,SOCIETY :I* !Y BUILT UP !Y 
      HAVE BE5 CALL$ ! ,UTOPI/S2 ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! DIFF]5T PHASES ( !IR 
      S*OOL >E ?REE MO/ REM>KABLE M51 BORN )9 A FEW YE>S ( EA* O!R1 :OSE 
      ASPIRATIONS & 9SI<T HAVE DONE A V]Y GREAT DEAL TO FUR!R ! PROGRESS ( 
      ,SOCIALISM1 9 SPITE ( ! 9COMPLET5ESS ( !IR VIEWS4 
     
     

      ,ROB]T ,[5 WAS BORN AT ,NEWT[N1 ,MONTGOM]Y%IRE1 9 #a#g#g#a1 ( A L[] MIDDLE-CLASS 
      FAMILY2 HE BECAME A SUCCESSFUL MANUFACTUR] ?R\< HIS [N 9DU/RY & 
      QUICK-WITT$NESS 9 ! BEG9N+ ( ! RISE ( ! ,GREAT ,MA*9E ,9DU/RIES1 :5 
      'MANUFACTUR+' WAS ADVANC+ 'BY LEAPS & B\NDS'4 ,HE WAS A BORN PHILAN?ROPI/ 
      9 ! BETT] S5SE ( ! WORD1 & FROM ! FIR/ %[$ 9 ALL MATT]S UNB\ND$ 
      G5]OSITY & MAGNANIMITY4 ,9 ! YE> #a#h1 :5 HE WAS NOT YET ?IRTY1 HE BECAME 
      ! MANAG] ( ! ,NEW ,LAN>K ,MILLS1 & SET TO WORK ON HIS FIR/ GREAT EXP]IM5T1 
      :I* WAS BRIEFLY ! CONV]SION ( A MIS]ABLE1 /UPID1 & VICI\S SET ( PEOPLE 
      9TO A HAPPY1 9DU/RI\S1 & ORD]LY COMMUNITY1 ACT+ ON ! !ORY ?AT MAN IS 
      ! CREATURE ( HIS SURR\ND+S1 & ?AT BY DILIG5T ATT5TION TO ! DEVELOPM5T 
      ( HIS NATURE HE CAN BE BR\<T TO P]FECTION4 ,9 
      ?IS EXP]IM5T HE WAS 5TIRELY SUCCESSFUL1 BUT IT WAS NOT 9 HIM TO /OP !RE1 AS 
      ! PLA9 WORDS HE SAID ( HIS SUCCESS %[$ CLE>LY 5\<3 ',YET !SE M5 W]E 
      MY SLAVES4'7#a7 ,HE TOOK P>T 9 ALL K9DS ( 
      PROJECTS ( A PHILAN?ROPICAL NATURE1 /ILL F\ND+ ALL HIS ACTION ON HIS !ORY 
      ( ! P]FECTIBILITY ( MAN BY ! AMELIORATION ( HIS SURR\ND+S1 & BECAME 
      ! FIR/ GREAT *AMPION ( COOP]ATION1 AL?\< HE DID NOT SUPPOSE1 AS ! 
      COOP]ATORS ( ! PRES5T DAY DO1 ?AT ANY?+ %ORT ( UNIV]SAL COOP]ATION 
      W\LD SOLVE ! SOCIAL QUE/ION4 ,9 #a#h#a#e1 HE PRESS$ A MEET+ ( ,GLASG[ 
      MANUFACTUR]S TO PETITION ,P>LIAM5T TO %ORT5 ! H\RS ( LABOR 9 ! COTTON 
      MILLS1 & ! *ANGE :I* HE EXP]I5C$ FROM ! APPROBATION ( ! GOV]N+ 
      CLASSES TO !IR REPROBATION1 MAY WELL DATE FROM ?AT PROCE$+ ( HIS1 AS A 
      B\RGEOIS BIOGRAPH] ( HIS H9TS4 ,BUT HE /ILL KEPT HIS POSITION ( A POPUL> 
      PHILAN?ROPI/1 EV5 AFT] HIS DECL>ATION 9 FAVOR ( CC-OP]ATION1 UNTIL HE AT 
      LA/ CUT HIMSELF (F FROM RESPECTABILITY1 BY OP5LY ATTACK+ ,SOCIETY ?R\< ITS 
      RECEIV$ RELIGIONS 7,AUGU/ #b#a1 #a#h#a#f71 FROM :I* DATE ONW>D HE WAS SC\T$ BY ALL 
      ?AT ',SOCIETY'1 ( :I* HE WAS N[ ! DECL>$ 5EMY4 ,BUT HE WAS 9 N[ISE 
      DAUNT$4 ,9 #a#h#b#c1 HE PROPOS$ ,COMMUNI/IC VILLAGES AS A REM$Y FO ! DI/RESS 9 
      ,IREL&2 HE E/ABLI%$1 9 #a#h#c#b1 AN EX*ANGE 9 ,GRAY'S ,9N ,ROAD1 9 :I* LABOR 
      WAS EQUITABLY EX*ANG$ AGA9/ LABOR2 & 9 #ahbe HE B\<T ,NEW ,H>MONY FROM A 
      COMMUNITY ALREADY E/ABLI%$ !RE 7! ,RAPPITES71 & MADE HIS GREAT EXP]IM5T 
      9 LIV+ 9 COMMON2 & LATE 9 LIFE HE PUBLI%$ HIS ',BOOK ( ! ,NEW ,MORAL 
      ,WORLD'1 :I* CONTA9S ! EXPOSITION ( HIS DOCTR9E4 
     
     

      ,IT WILL BE ?US SE5 ?AT HE WAS UNWE>I$ 9 PRACTICAL EXP]IM5TS4 ,HIS 
      %ORTCOM+ WAS ! NECESS>Y ONE ( ! UTOPI/1 A TOTAL DISREG>D ( ! 
      POLITICAL SIDE ( PROGRESS2 HE FAIL$ TO SEE ?AT HIS EXP]IM5TS1 USEFUL AS !Y 
      W]E FROM ?AT PO9T ( VIEW1 C\LD NEV] DEVELOPE 7SIC7 \T ( ! 
      EXP]IM5TAL /ATE AS LONG AS ! GOV]NORS ( ,SOCIETY =CIBLY UPHOLD ! 
      SO-CALL$ 'RI<TS ( PROP]TY'1 & HE IGNOR$ ! ANTAGONISM ( CLASSES 
      NECESS>ILY EXI/+ UND] ?IS SY/EM1 & :I* 9 ! LONG RUN MU/ BR+ AB\T 
      ! ,SOCIALISM :I* HE1 ! MO/ G5]\S & BE/ ( M51 SP5T HIS :OLE LIFE 9 
      ATTEMPT+ TO REALIZE4 ,HE DI$ 9 #a#h#e#h4 
     
     

      ,SA9T ,SIMON WAS BORN ( A NOBLE FAMILY AT ,P>IS 9 #a#g#f4 ,HE ACQUIR$ & RAN 
      ?R\< A =TUNE1 DELIB]ATELY EXP]IM5T+ 9 ! V>I\S =MS ( 'LIFE' FROM 
      EXTRAVAGANCE TO ABJECT POV]TY4 ,!RE WAS 9 HIM NONE ( ?AT T5D5CY TO PRACTICAL 
      EXP]IM5T 9 QUASI-,SOCIALI/IC S*EMES :I* *>ACT]IZ$ ,ROB]T ,[54 ,HIS 
      PHILOSOPHY WAS M+L$ ) A MY/ICISM :I* HAD A T5D5CY TO 9CREASE1 A 
      T5D5CY TO =M A NEW RELIGION RA!R ?AN TO REALIZE A NEW CONDITION ( LIFE1 & 
      :I* WAS C>RI$ 9TO ! ABSURDITIES ( A K9D ( WOR%IP BY HIS IMM$IATE 
      FOLL[]S1 MORE OR LESS IMITAT$ BY ! ,POSITIVI/S ( \R [N DAY1 :OSE F\ND]1 
      ,AUGU/E ,COMTE1 WAS HIS MO/ *]I%$ DISCIPLE4 ,HIS ,SOCIALISM WAS ( A VAGUE K9D1 
      & ADMITT$ ! EXI/5CE ( CLASSES ( TAL5T AS EXPRESS$ BY ! MOTTO ( ,SA9T 
      ,SIMONISM1 ',FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS CAPACITY1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS DE$S'4 ,9 
      SPITE1 H[EV]1 ( ! T5D5CY TO MY/ICISM1 HE %[$ S+UL> FLA%ES ( 9SI<T 
      9 MATT]S HI/ORICAL & ECONOMIC1 & 9TELLECTUALLY WAS C]TA9LY AHEAD ( 
      ,ROB]T ,[54 ,HE MAY BE SAID TO HAVE SET HIMSELF ! TASK ( LE>N+ ALL LIFE BY 
      :ATEV] MEANS & AT :ATEV] EXP5SE1 9 ORD] TO DEVOTE HIMSELF TO ! NEW 
      RELIGION1 ':OSE GREAT AIM IS ! SWIFTE/ POSSIBLE AMELIORATION ( ! MORAL & 
      PHYSICAL CONDITION ( ! POORE/ & MO/ NUM]\S CLASS'4 
     
     

      ,FR$]ICK ,5GELS WELL SAYS ( HIM3 ',AS E>LY AS HIS 0,LETT]S FROM ,G5EVA01 ,SA9T 
      ,SIMON LAID D[N ?AT ALL M5 \<T TO WORK1 & ?AT ! ,REIGN ( ,T]ROR HAD BE5 
      ! REIGN ( ! NON-POSSESS+ MASSES4 ,TO FACE ! FACT 9 #ahb ?AT ! ,FR5* 
      ,REVOLUTION WAS A /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! NOBLESSE1 ! B\RGEOISIE1 & ! 
      NON-POSSESS+ CLASSES WAS A DISCOV]Y ( G5IUS4 ,9 #ahaf HE ASS]T$ ?AT POLITICS 
      W]E BUT ! SCI5CE ( PRODUCTION1 & PR$ICT$ !IR ABSORPTION BY ECONOMY4 ,! 
      KN[L$GE ?AT ECONOMIC CONDITIONS S]VE AS ! BASE ( POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS ONLY 
      %[S ITSELF H]E 9 ! G]M2 NEV]!LESS1 ?IS PROPOSITION CONTA9S CLE>LY ! 
      CONV]SION ( ! POLITICAL GOV]NM5T ( M5 9TO AN ADM9I/RATION ( ?+S & 
      A DIRECTION ( ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! ABOLITION ( ! 
      ,/ATE1 ( :I* SU* A NOISE HAS S9CE BE5 MADE'4 
     
     

      ,9T]NATIONALISM ALSO WAS CLE>LY 5UNCIAT$ BY ,SA9T ,SIMON4 ,WE QUOTE ,5GELS AGA93 
      ',) AN EQUAL SUP]IORITY OV] ! VIEWS ( HIS CONTEMPOR>IES1 HE DECL>$ 9 
      #a#h#a#d1 IMM$IATELY AFT] ! 5TRY ( ! ALLIES 9TO ,P>IS1 & AGA9 9 #ahae 
      DUR+ ! W> ( ! HUNDR$ DAYS1 ?AT ! SOLE GU>ANTEE ( ! PEACE & 
      PROSP]\S DEVELOPM5T ( ,EUROPE1 WAS AN ALLIANCE BETWE5 ,FRANCE & ,5GL&1 & 
      ( ?OSE TWO C\NTRIES ) ,G]MANY4 ,C]TA9LY IT NE$$ A C\RAGE BY NO MEANS 
      COMMON TO PREA* TO ! ,FR5* ( #ahae ALLIANCE ) ! VICTORS AT ,WAT]LOO4' 
     
     

      ,IT IS WOR? NOT+ ?AT ONE ( ! S*EMES ( ! ,SA9T ,SIMONIANS1 :I* WAS MO/ 
      RIDICUL$ AT ! TIME1 WAS ! CUTT+ ( ! ,I/HMUSES ( ,SUEZ & ,PANAMA1 & 
      ?AT ,M4 DE ,LESSEPS WAS A ,SA9T ,SIMONIAN4 
     
     

      ,SA9T ,SIMON DI$ 9 GREAT POV]TY 9 #a#h#b#e1 ) WORDS ( HOPE = ! FUTURE ( ! 
      P>TY ON HIS LIPS4 
     
     

      ,*>LES ,F\RI] WAS BORN 9 #aggb AT ,LYONS2 HIS FA!R WAS A DRAP]4 ,HE LO/ HIS 
      PROP]TY 9 ! ,REVOLUTION1 & AFT]W>DS W5T 9TO BUS9ESS AS A BROK]4 ,AMID 
      HIS DEAL+S ) ,SOCIETY1 HE WAS E>LY /RUCK BY ! %ORTCOM+S & 9JU/ICES 
      ( 9DIVIDUALISM & COMPETITION4 ,9 HIS FIR/ BOOK1 ',! ,!ORY ( ! ,F\R 
      ,MOVEM5TS'1 HE ELABORATES ! PROPOSITION ?AT HUMAN NATURE IS P]FECTIBLE ?R\< 
      ! FREE PLAY ( ! APPETITES & PASSIONS1 & ASS]TS ?AT MIS]Y & VICE 
      SPR+ FROM ! RE/RA9TS IMPOS$ BY ,SOCIETY4 ,HIS 
      CRITICISM ( MOD]N ,SOCIETY IS MO/ VALUABLE AS ANTICIPAT+ ?AT ( SCI5TIFIC 
      ,SOCIALISM2 UNLIKE HIS CONTEMPOR>IES HE HAS AN 9SI<T 9TO ! HI/ORICAL GR[? 
      ( ,SOCIETY3 ',HE DIVIDES IT 9TO F\R P]IODS ( DEVELOPM5T1 ,SAVAG]Y1 ,B>B>ISM1 
      ,PATRI>*ALISM1 & ,CIVILIZATION1 MEAN+ BY ! LATT] ! ,B\RGEOIS 
      ,CIVILIZATION7#b74' ,HIS SAY+1 ',9 CIVILIZATION 
      POV]TY IS BORN EV5 ( SUP]ABUNDANCE'1 MAY WELL BE NOT$ 9 !SE DAYS1 & 
      COMP>$ ) ,ROB]T ,[5'S 9 #a#h#a#f1 ',\R BE/ CU/OM]1 ! W>1 IS DEAD'4 
     
     

      ,AS A BASIS ( ! RECON/RUCTION ( ,SOCIETY1 ,F\RI] ADVOCAT$ ,9DU/RIAL 
      ,COOP]ATION2 BUT H]E HIS ,UTOPIANISM L$ HIM TO ! TRAP ( =MULAT+ 
      DOGMATICALLY AN ELECTORATE S*EME ( LIFE 9 ALL ITS DETAILS1 A S*EME :I* C\LD 
      NEV] BE C>RI$ \T1 H[EV] GOOD ! PR9CIPLSE 7SIC7 ON :I* IT WAS 
      BAS$ MI<T BE4 ,HIS S*EME >RANGES = PHALANX/]IES AS ! UNIT ( COOP]ATION1 
      9 :I* ALL LIFE & ALL 9DU/RY1 AGRICULTURAL & O!R1 %\LD BE C>RI$ ON1 
      & ALL DETAILS >E C>RI$ \T BY HIM MO/ M9UTELY1 ! NUMB] ( EA* 
      PHALANXT]Y BE+ SETTL$ AT #af S\LS4 ,HIS MO/ VALUABLE IDEA WAS ! POSSIBILITY 
      & NECESSITY ( APPORTION+ DUE LABOR TO EA* CAPACITY1 & !REBY ASSUR+ 
      ?AT IT %\LD BE ALWAYS PLEASURABLE1 & HIS DICTUM ?AT *ILDR51 :O G5]ALLY 
      LIKE MAK+ DIRT- PIES & GETT+ 9TO A MESS1 %\LD DO ! DIRTY WORK ( ! 
      COMMUNITY1 MAY AT LEA/ BE LOOK$ ON AS AN ILLU/RATION ( ?IS IDEA1 ?\< LAID 
      D[N AS A =MAL LAW4 ,HIS SY/EM WAS NOT ONE ( PURE EQUALITY1 BUT ADMITT$ 
      DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 RI* & 7COMP>ATIVELY7 POOR2 & ADVOCAT$ A FANTA/IC 
      DIVISION ( WEAL? BETWE5 LABOR1 CAPITAL1 & TAL5T4 ,! ABOLITION ( M>RIAGE 
      WAS A T5ET ( HIS DOCTR9E4 
     
     

      ,9 #a#h#a#b1 ,F\RI]'S MO!R DI$ & LEFT HIM SOME PROP]TY1 & HE RETIR$ 9TO ! 
      C\NTRY TO WRITE HIS ',TREATISE ON ! ,ASSOCIATION ( ,DOME/ICITY & ,AGRICULTURE'4 
      ,AFT]W>DS HE CAME TO ,P>IS AGA91 BECAME A CL]K 9 AN ,AM]ICAN FIRM1 & WROTE 9 
      #ahc HIS ',NEW ,9DU/RIAL ,WORLD'4 ,IT IS LAM5TABLE TO HAVE TO RELATE ?AT 9 #ahca HE 
      WROTE ATTACK+ BO? ,[5 & ,/ ,SIMON AS *>LATANS1 9 SPITE ( ! CURI\S 
      PO9TS ( RESEMBLANCE HE HAD TO EI!R ( !M4 ,HE DI$ 9 #a#h#c#g1 BUT NOT TILL HE 
      HAD F\ND$ A S*OOL1 ( :I* ,VICTOR ,CONSID]ANS1 AU?OR ( ! ',DE/9EE 
      ,SOCIALE'1 WAS ! MO/ DI/+UI%$ MEMB]4 ,! ,F\RI]I/S />T$ A PAP] 9 
      #a#h#c#b1 :I* EXPIR$ 9 TWO YE>S1 BUT WAS REVIV$ 9 #a#h#c#f1 & F9ALLY SUPPRESS$ 
      BY ,GOV]NM5T 9 #a#h#e4 ,A S*EME = REALIZ+ ! ,PHALANXT]Y EXP]IM5TALLY WAS 
      SET ON FOOT 9 #ahcb BY A DEPUTY ( ,FRANCE1 BUT IT FAIL$ = LACK ( FUNDS2 SO ?AT 
      ( ! ?REE GREAT ,UTOPI/S1 ,[5 WAS ! ONLY ONE :O HAD ! =TUNE1 GOOD OR BAD 
      AS IT MAY BE CONSID]$1 ( SEE+ HIS S*EMES TRI$ BY EXP]I5CE4 ,CABET1 9DE$1 
      A REVOLUTIONI/ ( '#d#h1 F\ND$ A COMMUNITY 9 ,AM]ICA UND] ! NAME ( ,IC>IA1 
      :I* WAS 7& IS1 = IT /ILL EXI/S7 MORE NE>LY AN APPROA* TO G5U9E 
      ,COMMUNISM ?AN ANY ( ! O!R COMMUNITIES :I* HAVE [$ !IR ORIG9 TO ,UTOPIAN 
      ,SOCIALISM4 ,( !SE COMMUNITIES !RE REMA9S A WORD TO BE SAID AS A W>N+ TO 
      ?OSE :O >E Y\NG 9 ,SOCIALISM4 ,AL?\< AS EXP]IM5TS 9 ASSOCIATION SOME?+ 
      MAY BE LE>N$ FROM !M1 !IR CONDITIONS ( LIFE HAVE NO CLAIM TO ! TITLE ( 
      ,COMMUNISM1 :I* MO/ UNLUCKILY HAS (T5 BE5 APPLI$ TO !M4 ,COMMUNISM CAN NEV] 
      BE REALIZ$ TILL ! PRES5T SY/EM ( ,SOCIETY HAS BE5 DE/ROY$ BY ! WORK]S 
      TAK+ HOLD ( ! POLITICAL P[]4 ,:5 ?AT HAPP5S IT WILL MEAN ?AT ,COMMUNISM 
      IS ON ! PO9T ( ABSORB+ & TRANSMUT+ ,CIVILIZATION4 
     
     

      #a4,YET 9 #a#h#f1 :5 [+ TO ! RISE 9 COTTON HE 
      C\LD NOT CONT9UE MANUFACTUR+1 HE /OPP$ ! MILLS & PAID HIS PEOPLE !IR 
      FULL WAGES TILL HE C\LD GO ON AGA9 9 F\ MON?S TIME1 A PRODE$+ :I* CO/ 
      HIM ,G,B,P#gBACK4 
     
     

      #b4,FR$]ICK ,5GELS 9 ',SOCIALISME ,UTOPIQUE'1 & 
      ',SOCIALISME ,SCI5TIFIQUE'1 AS ALSO ! QUOTATIONS ABOVEBACK4 
     
     

      ,COMMONWEAL1 ,VOLUME #b1 ,NUMB] #d#b1 #c ,OCTOB] #a#h#h#f1 ,P,P4 #bdb - #bdc 
     

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b#h1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #ac -- ,ADD$4 

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