,*APT] #a 
,POLITICAL ,MOVEM5TS 9 ,5GL& 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 

,TEXT 3 

      ,DUR+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ESPECIALLY DUR+ ITS 
      E>LI] /AGES !RE WAS A CORRESPOND+ MOVEM5T 9 ,5GL&4 ,IT MADE SOME NOISE AT 
      ! TIME1 BUT WAS M]ELY AN 9TELLECTUAL MATT]1 L$ BY A FEW >I/OCRATS -- 
      EG41 ! ,E>L ( ,/ANHOPE -- & HAD NO SYMPA?Y ) ! LIFE ( ! 
      PEOPLE2 IT WAS RA!R A PIECE ( >I/OCRATIC ,BOHEMIANISM1 A T5D5CY TO :I* HAS 
      BE5 SE5 9 V>I\S TIMES1 EV5 \R [N4 ,= ! RE/1 !RE C]TA9LY WAS 9 
      ,5GL& A FEEL+1 \TSIDE ?IS UNREAL REPUBLICANISM -- A FEEL+ ( :I* ,PRIE/LY 
      ! ,UNIT>IAN MAY BE LOOK$ ON AS A REPRES5TATIVE2 ?IS FEEL+ WAS ( ! NATURE 
      ( ?AT FELT BY RESPECTABLE & ?\<TFUL ,RADICALS ( LAT] DAYS1 & WAS 
      DI/9CTLY B\RGEOIS1 AS ! O!R WAS >I/OCRATIC4 
     
     

      ,! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION NATURALLY BR\<T AB\T A GREAT REACTION1 NOT ONLY 9 
      ABSOLUTI/ C\NTRIES1 BUT ALSO 9 ,5GL&1 ! C\NTRY ( ,CON/ITUTIONALISM2 & 
      ?IS REACTION WAS MU* FUR!R$ & CONFIRM$ BY ! FALL ( ,NAPOLEON & ! 
      RE/ORATION ( ! ,B\RBONS 9 ,FRANCE4 ,WE MAY TAKE AS REPRES5TATIVE NAMES ( ?IS 
      REACTION ! ,AU/RIAN ,PR9CE ,METTT]NI* 7SIC7 ON ! ,CONT95T & ,LORD 
      ,CA/L]EA< 9 ,5GL&4 ,! /UPID & F]OCI\S REPRESSION ( ! GOV]NM5TS 
      ACT+ UND] ?IS 9FLU5CE1 AS WELL AS ! LIMITLESS CORRUPTION BY :I* !Y W]E 
      SUPPORT$1 W]E MET 9 ,5GL& BY A CORRESPOND+ PROGRESSIVE AGITATION1 :I* WAS 
      ! BEG9N+ ( ,RADICALISM4 ,BURDETT & ,C>TWRI<T >E REPRES5TATIVES ( ! 
      E>LI] DAYS ( ?IS AGITATION1 & LAT] ON ,HUNT1 ,C>LILE1 ,LOVETT1 & O!RS4 
      ,WILLIAM ,COBBETT MU/ ALSO BE M5TION$ AS BELONG+ TO ?IS P]IOD -- A MAN ( 
      GREAT LIT]>Y CAPACITY ( A K9D1 & ) FLA%ES ( 9SI<T AS TO SOCIAL MATT]S 
      F> BE=E HIS TIME1 BUT CL\D$ BY VIOL5T IRRATIONAL PREJUDICES & PRODIGI\S 
      EGOTISM2 )AL A PEASANT RA!R ?AN A B\RGEOIS -- A P[]FUL DISRUPTIVE AG5T1 
      BUT 9CAPABLE ( ASSOCIATION ) O!RS4 ,?IS P]IOD ( ,RADICAL AGITATION WAS 
      M>K$ BY A PIECE ( VIOL5T REPRESSION 9 ! %APE ( ! SO-CALL$ ,PET]LOO ,MASSACRE1 :]E AN UN>M$ CR[D AT A /RICTLY 
      POLITICAL MEET+ WAS *>G$ & CUT D[N BY ! YEOMANRY1 & ELEV5 PEOPLE 
      KILL$ \TRI<T7#a74 
     
     

      ,?IS AGITATION1 :I* WAS P>TLY MIDDLE-CLASS & P>TLY POPUL>1 WAS SUCCE$$ BY 
      ! ,*>TI/ MOVEM5T1 :I* WAS ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY SUPPORT$ BY ! PEOPLE1 ?\< 
      SOME ( ! LEAD]S -- AS ,FE>GUS ,O',CONNOR & ,]NE/ ,JONES -- BELONG$ TO ! 
      MIDDLE-CLASS4 ,*>TISM1 ON ! FACE ( IT1 WAS AS MU* A POLITICAL MOVEM5T AS ! 
      E>LI] ,RADICAL ONE2 ITS PROGRAM WAS :OLLY DIRECT$ T[>DS P>LIAM5T>Y 
      RE=M2 BUT AS WE HAVE SAID1 IT WAS A POPUL> MOVEM5T1 & ITS FIR/ MOTIVE P[] 
      WAS ! SPECIAL TEMPOR>Y SUFF]+ ( ! PEOPLE1 DUE1 AS WE SAID 9 \R LA/ 
      *APT]1 TO ! DI/URBANCE ( LABOR CAUS$ BY ! GR[? ( ! MA*9E 9DU/RY2 
      & ! ELECTORAL & P>LIAM5T>Y RE=MS ( ITS PROGRAM W]E PUT =W>D 
      BECAUSE IT WAS SUPPOS$ ?AT IF !Y W]E C>RI$ !Y W\LD AFFECT ! MAT]IAL 
      CONDITION ( ! PEOPLE DIRECTLY3 AT ! SAME TIME1 H[EV]1 !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT 
      ! PRESSURE ( HUNG] & MIS]Y GAVE RISE TO O!R HOPES BESIDES ! 
      ABOVE-M5TION$ DELUSION AS TO RE=M1 & IDEAS ( ,SOCIALISM W]E CURR5T AMONG 
      ! ,*>TI/S ?\< !Y W]E NOT OP5LY PUT =W>D ON !IR PROGRAM4 
      ,ACCORD+LY ! CLASS-9/9CT ( ! B\RGEOISIE SAW ! SOCIAL DANG] ?AT LURK$ 
      UND] ! APP>5TLY POLITICAL CLAIMS ( ! *>T]1 & SO F> FROM ITS RECEIV+ 
      ANY ( ! MIDDLE-CLASS SYMPA?Y :I* HAD BE5 ACCORD$ TO ! ,RADICAL AGITATION1 
      ,*>TISM WAS LOOK$ UPON AS ! 5EMY1 & ! B\RGEOIS PROGRESSIVE MOVEM5T WAS 
      S$UL\SLY HELD ALO( FROM IT4 ,IT IS WOR?Y ( NOTE ?AT ,*>TISM WAS MA9LY A 
      GR[? ( ! MIDL& & NOR!RN C\NTIES -- ?AT IS1 ( ! GREAT MANUFACTUR+ 
      DI/RICTS -- & ?AT IT NEV] REALLY FL\RI%$ 9 ,LONDON4 ,9 ,BIRM+HAM ! 
      MOVEM5T HAD ! GREATE/ =CE1 & S]I\S RIOTS TOOK PLACE !RE :ILE A 
      ,*>TI/ CONF]5CE WAS SITT+ 9 ! T[N4 ,! MOVEM5T GAVE BIR? TO A GOOD DEAL 
      ( POPUL> LIT]ATURE2 & IT MU/ BE REMEMB]$ ?AT ! PRESS WAS V]Y /RICTLY 
      CONTROLL$ BY ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,NO PAP] WAS ALL[$ TO BE ISSU$ )\T A /AMP1 
      ! EXP5SE ( :I* PREV5T$ ! ISSUE ( *EAP PAP]S2 & ONE ( ! 9CID5TS 
      ( ! /RUGGLE WAS ! DET]M9$ OPPOSITION TO ?IS LAW KEPT UP BY SOME 
      C\RAGE\S AGITATORS1 :O PUBLI%$ UN/AMP$ PAP]S 9 ! TEE? ( ! C]TA9 
      IMPRISONM5T ?AT AWAIT$ !M4 
     
     

      ,! ,*>TI/ MOVEM5T W5T ON VIGOR\SLY 5\< TILL ! 9SUFFICI5CY BO? ( ITS 
      AIMS & ( KN[L$GE AS TO H[ TO C>RY !M \T F\ND \T ! WEAK PLACES 9 IT4 
      ,! IMM$IATE EXT]NAL CAUSE ( ITS WRECK WAS ! UN=TUNATE S*ISM ?AT >OSE 
      BETWE5 ! SUPPORT]S ( MORAL =CE & PHYSICAL =CE 9 ! BODY ITSELF4 ,! 
      FANTA/IC FOLLY ( SUPPOS+ ?AT !RE CAN BE ANY 'MORAL =CE' 9 MATT]S 
      POLITICAL :I* DOES NOT RE/ ON ! RESOLUTION ( A P>TY TO ATTA9 !IR 5D BY 
      ! USE ( :AT 'PHYSICAL =CE' !Y MAY HAYE1 IF IT %\LD BECOME NECESS>Y TO 
      USE IT1 DOES NOT CALL = MU* COMM5T H]E2 AL?\< SOME ?\<TLESS P]SONS MAY 
      EV5 AT PRES5T ?9K ?AT !Y BELIEVE SU* A 'MORAL =CE' EXI/S4 ,ON 
      ! O!R H&1 IT IS CLE> TO US N[ ?AT A ,*>TI/ REVOLT HAD NO *ANCE ( 
      SUCCESS AT ?AT TIME1 & BUT = SELF-DECEPTION W\LD HAVE BE5 CLE> TO BO? 
      LEAD]S & RANK & FILE ( ! P>TY !N4 ,IT MAY H]E BE M5TION$ ?AT ! 
      TRUMP-C>D :I* ! ,*>TI/S W]E ALWAYS ?9K+ ( PLAY+ WAS ! ORGANIZATION 
      ( AN UNIV]SAL /RIKE1 UND] ! PICTURESQUE TITLE ( ! ,HOLY ,MON?4 ,9 
      CONSID]+ ! 5ORM\S DIFFICULTIES1 OR RA!R IMPOSSIBILITIES1 ( ?IS 
      5T]PRISE1 WE %\LD REMEMB] ?AT ITS SUPPORT]S UND]/OOD ?AT ! BEG9N+S 
      ( IT W\LD BE AT ONCE REPRESS$ =CIBLY1 & ?AT IT W\LD LEAD DIRECTLY TO CIVIL 
      W>4 
     
     

      ,! TRU? IS ?AT !RE W]E TWO DI/9CT GR\PS 9 ! P>TY1 ONE ( :I* W5T 
      AB\T AS F> AS \R ULTRA-,RADICALS ( ! PRES5T DAY2 & ANO!R :I* WAS AT 
      HE>T ,SOCIALI/1 ONLY DEFICI5T 9 KN[L$GE1 & CONSEQU5TLY )\T DEF9ITE 
      PR9CIPLES ON :I* TO BASE ACTION2 & !SE TWO GR\PS PRETTY MU* CORRESPOND$ 
      TO ! DIVISION BETWE5 ! SUPPORT]S ( MORAL & PHYSICAL =CE4 
     
     

      ,FROM #a#h#d#b1 :5 ! S*ISM CAME TO A HEAD1 ,*>TISM BEGAN TO DIE \T4 ,ITS DECAY1 
      H[EV]1 WAS F> MORE DUE TO ! *ANGE ?AT WAS COM+ OV] ! ECONOMICAL /ATE 
      ( AFFAIRS ?AN EV5 TO ITS 9COMPLETE DEVELOPM5T ( PR9CIPLE & ILL-CONSID]$ 
      TACTICS4 ,?+S W]E SETTL+ D[N FROM ! DISLOCATION CAUS$ BY ! RISE ( ! 
      GREAT 9DU/RIES4 ,! WORK]S %>$ 9 ! ADD$ WEAL? BR\<T AB\T BY 5ORM\S 
      EXPANSION ( TRADE1 AL?\< 9 AN ABSURDLY SMALL PROPORTION TO ! %>E ( ! 
      MIDDLE-CLASSES2 BUT ?OSE CLASSES T5D$ EV] TO BECOME MORE NUM]\S & MORE 
      CONT5T$4 ,! TRADES' UNIONS BEGAN TO BE P[]FUL1 & IMPROV$ ! PROSPECTS ( 
      ! SKILL$ WORKM54 ,SO-CALL$ COOP]ATION BEGAN TO FL\RI%3 IT WAS REALLY AN 
      IMPROV$ =M ( JO9T-/OCK]Y1 :I* C\LD BE 5GAG$ 9 BY ! WORKM51 BUT WAS 
      & IS FONDLY ?\<T BY SOME TO BE IF NOT A %OE+-HORN TO ,SOCIALISM AT LEA/ A 
      SUB/ITUTE = IT2 9DE$ ,*>TISM ITSELF AT ?IS TIME BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 A K9D ( 
      HALF COOP]ATIVE HALF PEASANT-PROPRIETOR%IP L& S*EME1 :I* ( C\RSE PROV$ 
      UTT]LY ABORTIVE4 
     
     

      ,AS ?IS IMPROVEM5T 9 ! CONDITION ( ! WORK+-CLASSES WEAK5$ ?AT P>T ( 
      ! LIFE ( ,*>TISM :I* DEP5D$ ON M]E HUNG] DESP]ATION1 SO ! GR[+ 
      POLITICAL P[] 9 ! MIDDLE-CLASSES & ! WEAK5+ ( ! M]E ,TORY REACTION 
      SWALL[$ UP ! POLITICAL P>T ( ITS LIFE4 
     
     

      ,*>TISM1 !RE=E1 FLICK]$ \T 9 ! YE>S ?AT FOLL[$ #a#h#d#b1 BUT ITS LA/ 
      ACT WAS ! CELEBRAT$ ABORTIVE ?REAT AT REVOLT :I* TOOK PLACE 9 ,APRIL #a#h#d#h4 
      ,& IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT !RE WAS SOME?+ APPROPRIATE 9 SU* A LA/ ACT4 ,= 
      ?IS DEMON/RATION WAS DI/9CTLY CAUS$ BY SYMPA?Y ) ! ATTACKS ON ABSOLUTISM 
      !N TAK+ PLACE ON ! ,CONT95T1 & ,*>TISM WAS ALWAYS ON ONE SIDE ( IT A 
      P>T ( ! MOVEM5T :I* WAS GO+ ON ALL OV] ,EUROPE1 & WAS DIRECT$ AGA9/ 
      ! REACTION :I* FOLL[$ ON ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 & :I* WAS REPRES5T$ BY 
      ! ',HOLY ,ALLIANCE' ( ! ABSOLUTI/ SOV]EIGNS AGA9/ BO? B\RGEOISIE & ! 
      PEOPLE4 
     
     

      ,ON ! FALL ( ,*>TISM1 ! ,LIB]AL ,P>TY1 A NONDESCRIPT & FLACCID CREATION ( 
      B\RGEOIS SUPREMACY1 A P>TY )\T PR9CIPLES OR DEF9ITION1 BUT A ?OR\<LY 
      ADEQUATE EXPRESSION ( ,5GLI% MIDDLE-CLASS HYPOCRISY1 C[>DICE1 & 
      %ORT-SI<T$NESS1 5GROSS$ ! :OLE ( ! POLITICAL PROGRESSIVE MOVEM5T 9 
      ,5GL&1 & DRAGG$ ! WORK+-CLASSES ALONG ) IT1 BL9D AS !Y W]E TO !IR 
      [N 9T]E/S & ! SOLID>ITY ( LABOR4 ,?IS P>TY HAS %[N LITTLE OR NO 
      SYMPA?Y = ! PROGRESSIVE MOVEM5T ON ! ,CONT95T1 UNLESS :5 !Y DEEM$ IT 
      CONNECT$ ) !IR ANTI-,CA?OLIC PREJUDICE4 ,IT SAW NO DANG] 9 ! 
      ,CAES>ISM :I* TOOK ! PLACE ( ! CORRUPT %AM ,CON/ITUTIONALISM ( ,L\IS 
      ,PHILIPPE AS ! HEAD ( ! POLICE & /OCK-JOBB+ REGIME1 :I* DOM9AT$ 
      ,FRANCE 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 & HAIL$ ,L\IS ,NAPOLEON ) DELI<T 
      AS ! *AMPION ( LAW & ORD]4 
     
     

      ,ANY ONE1 EV5 A ?\<TFUL P]SON1 MI<T HAVE BE5 EXCUS$ = ?9K+ 9 ! 
      YE>S ?AT FOLL[$ ON #ahdh ?AT ! P>TY ( ! PEOPLE WAS AT LA/ EXT+UI%$ 
      9 ,5GL&1 & ?AT ! CLASS-/RUGGLE HAD DI$ \T & GIV5 PLACE TO ! 
      PEACEABLE RULE ( ! MIDDLE-CLASSES1 SC>CELY DI/URB$ BY OCCASIONAL BICK]+S 
      C>RI$ ON 9 A LAWFUL MANN] BETWE5 ! TWO P>TIES TO ?AT FALSE FREE-CONTRACT1 
      :I* IS ! LY+ F\NDATION ON :I* ,COMM]CIAL ,SOCIETY RE/S4 ,BUT1 AS WE %ALL 
      %[ 9 A FUTURE *APT]1 UND] ALL ?IS1 ,SOCIALISM WAS MAK+ GREAT /RIDES & 
      DEVELOP+ A NEW & SCI5TIFIC PHASE1 :I* AT LA/ RESULT$ 9 ! E/ABLI%M5T 
      ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ASSOCIATION1 :OSE AIM WAS TO UNITE ! WORK]S ( ! WORLD 
      9 AN ORGANIZATION :I* %\LD CONSCI\SLY OPPOSE ITSELF TO ! DOM9ATION ( 
      MIDDLE-CLASS CAPITALISM4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS 9AUGURAT$ 9 ,5GL& 9 #a#h#f#d1 AT A 
      MEET+ HELD AT ,/ ,M>T9'S ,HALL1 ,LONDON1 & AT :I* ,PR(ESSOR ,BEESLY TOOK ! 
      *AIR4 ,IT MADE CONSID]ABLE PROGRESS AMONG ! ,TRADES' ,UNIONS1 & MADE A GREAT 
      IMPRESSION 7BEYOND 9DE$ :AT ITS G5U9E /R5G? W>RANT$7 ON ! >BITR>Y 
      ,GOV]NM5TS ( ,EUROPE4 ,IT CULM9AT$ 9 ! ,SOCIALI/IC 9FLU5CE IT HAD1 9 ! 
      ,COMMUNE ( ,P>IS1 ( :I* WE %ALL TREAT 9 A SEP>ATE *APT]4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL 
      DID NOT LONG \T-LIVE ! ,COMMUNE1 & ONCE MORE = SEV]AL YE>S ALL PROLET>IAN 
      9FLU5CE WAS DORMANT 9 ,5GL&1 EXCEPT = :AT ACTIVITY WAS POSSIBLE AMONG ! 
      =EIGN REFUGEES LIV+ !RE1 ) :OM SOME FEW ( ! ,5GLI% WORK+-M5 HAD 
      RELATIONS4 ,FROM ?IS CONNECTION SPRANG1 H[EV]1 A NEW MOVEM5T1 :I* WE MU/ 
      B>ELY M5TION1 ?\< IT CANNOT YET BE CONSID]$ A MATT] ( HI/ORY4 ,9 #a#h#h#a1 AN 
      ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO F$]ATE ! V>I\S ,RADICAL ,CLUBS 9TO A BODY1 ) A 
      PROGRAM :I*1 ?\< = ! MO/ P>T M]ELY ,RADICAL1 HAD AN 9FUSION ( 
      ,SOCIALISM 9 IT1 & :I* TOOK ! NAME ( ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,F$]ATION4 ,! ,RADICAL 
      ,CLUBS1 H[EV]1 ?AT HAD JO9$ SOON SEC$$1 MO/LY FROM DISAGREEM5T ) ! 
      REVOLU- TION>Y ATTITUDE TAK5 BY ! ,F$]ATION ON ! ,IRI% QUE/ION4 ,9 #a#h#h#c1 
      ! PROGRAM BECAME MORE DEF9ITELY ,SOCIALI/IC1 & ! NEXT YE> ! TITLE WAS 
      *ANG$ TO ?AT ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,F$]ATION2 BUT 9 ! LA/ DAYS ( #ahhd 
      DIFF]5CES ( OP9ION :I* HAD BE5 DEVELOP+ = SOME TIME1 *IEFLY C5T]+ 
      ON ! QUE/IONS ( ,P>LIAM5T>Y ,OPPORTUNISM & ,NATIONALISM1 5D$ 9 A SECESSION 
      :I* F\ND$ ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE AS A DEF9ITE ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/ BODY E>LY 
      9 #a#h#h#e4 
     
     

      ,AT ! PRES5T TIME ! ,SOCIALI/ BODIES1 ?\< RELATIVELY SMALL1 T5D TO ATTRACT 
      V>I\S ELEM5TS TO !M2 ! DISCONT5T ( ! WORKM5 ) AN \TLOOK ( EV] 
      9CREAS+ GLOOM2 ?AT ALSO ( ! ,ULTRA-,RADICALS UNABLE TO MAKE ANY REAL 
      IMPRESSION ON ! D5SE MASS ( M+L$ ,CONS]VATISM & ,:IGG]Y1 :I* REALLY 
      GOV]NS ! C\NTRY4 ,! ASPIRATIONS ( ?\<TFUL PEOPLE :O HAVE /UDI$ ! 
      WORKS ( ! GREAT ,SOCIALI/ ?9K]S2 ! P]MEATION ( ,SOCIALI/ FEEL+ FROM ITS 
      C5T]S ON ! ,CONT95T2 & LA/LY & *IEFLY ! /EADY M>* ( EV5TS T[>DS 
      A NEW /ATE ( ,SOCIETY1 :I* IS MAK+ ITSELF FELT EV5 AMONG ?OSE :O >E 
      UNCONSCI\S ( ! ADVANCE ( ,SOCIALISM1 OR HO/ILE TO IT -- ALL !SE CAUSES 
      COMB9+ TOGE!R1 >E =C+ EV5 ,5GL&1 ! /RON<OLD ( MIDDLE-CLASS 
      DOM9ATION1 TO PAY ATT5TION TO ! SUBJECT1 & WILL C]TA9LY BE=E LONG =M A 
      NEW & P[]FUL ,P>TY ( ! ,PEOPLE1 :OSE \TLOOK WILL BE F> MORE HOPEFUL ?AN 
      ?AT ( ANY ( ?OSE WE HAVE TOLD (2 S9CE ITS AIM WILL NO LONG] BE P>TIAL OR 
      ONE-SID$1 BUT WILL BE ! REALIZATION ( A NEW ,SOCIETY ) NEW POLITICS1 E?ICS1 
      & ECONOMICS1 9 %ORT1 ! TRANS=MATION ( CIVILIZATION 9TO ,SOCIALISM4 
     
     

      #a ,! READ]S ( ,COMMONWEAL WILL F9D AN 
      >TICLE ON ?IS SUBJECT 9 ! FIR/ NUMB] 7,FEB4 #a#h#h#e71 BY \R COMRADE ,E4 ,T4 
      ,CRAIG1 :O WAS 9 ,MAN*E/] AT ! TIME1 ?\< NOT AN EYE-WITNESS4 ,IT IS 
      9T]E/+ TO NOTE ?AT ! SC5E ( ! MASSACRE1 ,/ ,PET]'S ,FIELDS1 IS N[ A 
      MASS ( /REETS 9 ! V]Y C5T] ( ! CITY ( ,MAN*E/]4BACK 
     

      ,COMMONWEAL1 ,VOLUME #b1 ,NUMB] #c#c1 #bh ,AUGU/ #a#h#h#f1 ,P,P4 #a#g-#a#g#a 
     

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b#h1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

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