,SOCIALISM & ! ,*UR*ES 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,WRITT53 #a#i#e4 
,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 BY ! ,POLI% ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY 9 #a#i#e4 
,S\RCE3 ,A ,RUSSIAN $ITION APPE>$ 9 ,MOSC[ 9 #a#i#b4 ,A ,FR5* $ITION WAS ISSU$ BY ! ,FR5* ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 9 #a#i#c#g4 ,FIR/ ,5GLI% ,$ITION PUBLI%$ BY ,SOCIALI/ ,REVIEW1 ,BIRM+HAM4 ,! TEXT H]E IS REPRODUC$ FROM ! #aigi ,COLOMBO $ITION4 ,COPYRI<T FREE /ATUS IS V]IFI$ BY A #aigb PUBLICATION ( ! SAME TRANSLATION1 BY ,M]L9 ,PRESS1 )\T ,COPYRI<T NOTICE4 
,TRANSLAT$3 FROM ! ,FR5* BY ,JUAN ,PUNTO4 
,TRANSCRIPTION_/,M>KUP3 ,Y\? = ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALISM_/,BRIAN ,BAGG9S4 
,COPYLEFT3 ,LUXEMBURG ,9T]NET ,>*IVE 7M>XI/S4ORG7 #b#c4 ,P]MISSION IS GRANT$ TO COPY &_/OR DI/RIBUTE ?IS DOCUM5T UND] ! T]MS ( ! ,G,N,U ,FREE ,DOCUM5TATION ,LIC5SE4 

,P>T ,ONE 

,FROM ! MOM5T :5 ! WORK]S ( \R C\NTRY & ( ,RUSSIA BEGAN TO /RUGGLE BRAVELY AGA9/ ! ,CZ>I/ ,GOV]NM5T & ! CAPITALI/ EXPLOIT]S1 WE NOTICE MORE & MORE (T5 ?AT ! PRIE/S1 9 !IR S]MONS1 COME \T AGA9/ ! WORK]S :O >E /RUGGL+4 ,IT IS ) EXTRAORD9>Y VIGOR ?AT ! CL]GY FI<T AGA9/ ! SOCIALI/S & TRY BY ALL MEANS TO BELITTLE !M 9 ! EYES ( ! WORK]S4 ,! BELIEV]S :O GO TO *UR* ON ,SUNDAYS & FE/IVALS >E COMPELL$1 MORE & MORE (T51 TO LI/5 TO A VIOL5T POLITICAL SPEE*1 A REAL 9DICTM5T ( ,SOCIALISM1 9/EAD ( HE>+ A S]MON & OBTA9+ RELIGI\S CONSOLATION !RE4 ,9/EAD ( COM=T+ ! PEOPLE1 :O >E FULL ( C>ES & WE>I$ BY !IR H>D LIVES1 :O GO TO *UR* ) FAI? 9 ,*RI/IANITY1 ! PRIE/S FULM9ATE AGA9/ ! WORK]S :O >E ON /RIKE1 & AGA9/ ! OPPON5TS ( ! GOV]NM5T2 FUR!R1 !Y EXHORT !M TO BE> POV]TY & OPPRESSION ) HUMILITY & PATI5CE4 ,!Y TURN ! *UR* & ! PULPIT 9TO A PLACE ( POLITICAL PROPAG&A4 

,! WORK]S CAN EASILY SATISFY !MSELVES ?AT ! /RUGGLE ( ! CL]GY AGA9/ ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS IS 9 NO WAY PROVOK$ BY ! LATT]4 ,! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS HAVE PLAC$ !MSELVES ! OBJECTIVE ( DRAW+ TOGE!R & ORGANIZ+ ! WORK]S 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITAL1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 AGA9/ ! EXPLOIT]S :O SQUEEZE !M D[N TO ! LA/ DROP ( BLOOD1 & 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,CZ>I/ GOV]NM5T1 :I* HOLDS ! PEOPLE TO RANSOM4 ,BUT NEV] DO ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS DRIVE ! WORK]S TO FI<T AGA9/ CL]GY1 OR TRY TO 9T]F]E ) RELIGI\S BELIEFS2 NOT AT ALL6 ,! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS1 ?OSE ( ! :OLE WORLD & ( \R [N C\NTRY1 REG>D CONSCI5CE & P]SONAL OP9IONS AS BE+ SACR$4 ,EV]Y MAN MAY HOLD :AT FAI? & :AT OP9IONS SEEM LIKELY TO HIM TO 5SURE HAPP9ESS4 ,NO ONE HAS ! RI<T TO P]SECUTE OR TO ATTACK ! P>TICUL> RELIGI\S OP9ION ( O!RS4 ,?AT IS :AT ! SOCIALI/S ?9K4 ,& IT IS = ?AT REASON1 AMONG O!RS1 ?AT ! SOCIALI/S RALLY ALL ! PEOPLE TO FI<T AGA9/ ! ,CZ>I/ REGIME1 :I* IS CONT9UALLY VIOLAT+ M5'S CONSCI5CES1 P]SECUT+ ,CA?OLICS1 ,RUSSIAN ,CA?OLICS1.<#a.> ,JEWS1 H]ETICS & FREE?9K]S4 ,IT IS PRECISELY ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS :O COME \T MO/ /RONGLY 9 FAVOR ( FRE$OM ( CONSCI5CE4 ,!RE=E IT W\LD SEEM AS IF ! CL]GY \<T TO L5D !IR TO ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS :O >E TRY+ TO 5LI<T5 ! TOIL+ PEOPLE4 ,IF WE UND]/& PROP]LY ! TEA*+S :I* ! SOCIALI/S BR+ TO ! WORK+ CLASS1 ! HATR$ ( CL]GY T[>DS !M BECOMES /ILL LESS UND]/&ABLE4 

,! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS PROPOSE TO PUT AN 5D TO ! EXPLOITATION ( ! TOIL+ PEOPLE BY ! RI*4 ,Y\ W\LD HAVE ?AT ! S]VANTS ( ! ,*UR* W\LD HAVE BE5 ! FIR/ TO MAKE ?IS TASK EASI] = ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS4 ,DID ,JESUS ,*RI/ 7:OSE S]VANTS ! PRIE/S >E7 TEA* ?AT 0IT IS EASI] = A CAMEL TO PASS ?R\< ! EYE ( A NE$LE ?AN = A RI* MAN TO 5T] ! ,K+DOM ( ,HEAV508.<#b.> ,! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS TRY TO BR+ AB\T 9 ALL C\NTRIES SOCIAL REGIMES BAS$ ON ! EQUALITY1 LIB]TY & FRAT]NITY ( ALL ! CITIZ5S4 ,IF ! CL]GY REALLY DESIRE ?AT ! PR9CIPLE 0,LOVE ?Y NEI<BOR AS ?YSELF0 BE APPLI$ 9 REAL LIFE :Y DO !Y NOT WELCOME KE5LY ! PROPAG&A ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS8 ,! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS TRY1 BY A DESP]ATE /RUGGLE1 BY ! $UCATION & ORGANIZATION ( ! PEOPLE1 TO DRAW !M \T ( ! D[NTRODD5 /ATE 9 :I* !Y N[ >E & TO (F] A BETT] FUTURE TO !IR *ILDR54 ,EV]YONE %\LD ADMIT1 ?AT AT ?IS PO9T1 ! CL]GY %\LD BLESS ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS1 = DID NOT HE :OM !Y S]VE1 ,JESUS ,*RI/1 SAY 0,?AT Y\ DO = ! POOR Y\ DO = ME08.<#c.> 

,H[EV] WE SEE ! CL]GY ON ! ONE H&1 EXCOMMUNICAT+ & P]SECUT+ ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS1 &1 ON ! O!R H&1 COMM&+ ! WORK]S TO SUFF] 9 PATI5CE1 ?AT IS1 TO LET !MSELVES PATI5TLY BE EXPLOIT$ BY ! CAPITALI/S4 ,! CL]GY /ORM AGA9/ ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 EXHORT ! WORK]S NOT TO 0REVOLT0 AGA9/ ! OV]LORDS1 BUT TO SUBMIT OB$I5TLY TO ! OPPRESSION ( ?IS GOV]NM5T :I* KILLS DEF5SELESS PEOPLE1 :I* S5DS TO ! MON/R\S BUT*]Y ( ! W> MILLIONS ( WORK]S1 :I* P]SECUTES ,CA?OLICS1 ,RUSSIAN ,CA?OLICS & 0,OLD ,BELIEV]S04.<#d.> ,?US1 ! CL]GY1 :I* MAKES ITSELF ! SPOKESMAN ( ! RI*1 ! DEF5D] ( EXPLOITATION & OPPRESSION1 PLACES ITSELF 9 FLAGRANT CONTRADICTION TO ! ,*RI/IAN DOCTR9E4 ,! BI%OPS & ! PRIE/S >E NOT ! PROPAGATORS ( ,*RI/IAN TEA*+1 BUT ! WOR%IP]S ( ! ,GOLD5 ,CALF.<#e.> & ( ! ,KN\T :I* :IPS ! POOR & DEF5SELESS4 

,AGA91 EV]YONE KN[S H[ ! PRIE/S !MSELVES MAKE PR(IT FROM ! WORK]1 EXTRACT MONEY \T ( HIM ON ! OCCASION ( M>RIAGE1 BAPTISM OR BURIAL4 ,H[ (T5 HAS IT HAPP5$ ?AT ! PRIE/1 CALL$ TO ! B$SIDE ( A SICK MAN TO ADM9I/] ! LA/ SACRAM5TS1 REFUS$ TO GO !RE BE=E HE HAD BE5 PAID HIS 0FEE08 ,! WORK] GOES AWAY 9 DESPAIR1 TO SELL OR PAWN HIS LA/ POSSESSION1 SO AS TO BE ABLE TO GIVE RELIGI\S CONSOLATION TO HIS K9DR$4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT WE DO MEET *UR*M5 ( ANO!R K9D4 ,!RE EXI/ SOME :O >E FULL ( GOODNESS & PITY & :O DO NOT SEEK GA92 !SE >E ALWAYS READY TO HELP ! POOR4 ,BUT WE MU/ ADMIT !SE >E 9DE$ UNCOMMON & ?AT !Y CAN BE REG>D$ 9 ! SAME WAY AS :ITE BLACKBIRDS4 ,! MAJORITY ( PRIE/S1 ) BEAM+ FACES1 B[ & SCRAPE TO ! RI* & P[]FUL1 SIL5TLY P>DON+ !M = EV]Y DEPRAVITY1 EV]Y 9IQUITY4 ,) ! WORK]S ! CL]GY BEHAVE QUITE O!RWISE3 !Y ?9K ONLY ( SQUEEZ+ !M PITY2 9 H>% S]MONS !Y CONDEMN ! 0COVETESS0 ( ! WORK]S :5 !SE LATT] DO NO MORE ?AN DEF5D !MSELVES AGA9/ ! WRONGS ( CAPITALISM4 ,! GL>+ CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! ACTIONS ( ! CL]GY & TEA*+S ( ,*RI/IANITY MU/ MAKE EV]YONE REFLECT4 ,! WORK]S WOND] H[ IT COMES AB\T ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ITS /RUGGLE = EMANCIPATION1 F9DS 9 ! S]VANTS ( ! ,*UR*1 5EMIES & NOT ALLIES4 ,H[ DOES IT HAPP5 ?AT ! ,*UR* PLAYS ! ROLE ( A DEF5SE ( WEAL? & BLOODY OPPRESSION1 9/EAD ( BE+ ! REFUGE ( ! EXPLOIT$8 ,9 ORD] TO UND]/& ?IS /RANGE PH5OM5ON1 IT IS SUFFICIC5T TO GLANCE OV] ! HI/ORY ( ! ,*UR* & TO EXAM9E ! EVOLUTION ?R\< :I* IT HAS PASS$ 9 ! C\RSE ( ! C5TURIES4 

  

,P>T ,TWO 

,! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS WANT TO BR+ AB\T ! /ATE ( 0COMMUNISM02 ?AT IS *IEFLY :AT ! CL]GY HAVE AGA9/ !M4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 IT IS /RIK+ TO NOTICE ?AT ! PRIE/S ( TODAY :O FI<T AGA9/ 0,COMMUNISM0 CONDEMN 9 REALITY FIR/ ,*RI/IAN ,APO/LES4 ,= !SE LATT] W]E NO?+ ELSE ?AN >D5T COMMUNI/S4 

,! ,*RI/IAN RELIGION DEVELOP$1 AS IS WELL KN[N1 9 ANCI5T ,ROME1 9 ! P]IOD ( ! DECL9E ( ! ,EMPIRE1 :I* WAS =M]LY RI* & P[]FUL1 COMPRIS+ ! C\NTRIES :I* TODAY >E ,ITALY & ,SPA91 P>T ( ,FRANCE1 P>T ( ,TURKEY1 ,PALE/9E & O!R T]RITORIES4 ,! /ATE ( ,ROME AT ! TIME ( ! BIR? ( ,JESUS ,*RI/ MU* RESEMBL$ ?AT ( ,CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA4 ,ON ONE SIDE !RE LIV$ A H&FUL ( RI* PEOPLE 9 IDL5ESS1 5JOY+ LUXURY & EV]Y PLEASURE2 ON ! O!R SIDE WAS AN 5ORM\S MASS ( PEOPLE ROTT+ 9 POV]TY2 ABOVE ALL1 A DESPOTIC GOV]NM5T1 RE/+ ON VIOL5CE & CORRUPTION1 EX]T$ A VILE OPPRESSION4 ,! :OLE ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE WAS PLUNG$ 9TO COMPLETE DISORD]1 R+$ R\ND BY ?REAT5+ EXT]NAL FOES2 ! UNBRIDL$ SOLDI]Y 9 P[] PRACTIC$ ITS CRUELTIES ON ! WRET*$ POPULACE2 ! C\NTRYSIDE WAS DES]T$1 ! L& LAY WA/E2 ! CITIES1 & ESPECIALLY ,ROME1 ! CAPITAL1 W]E FILL$ ) ! POV]TY /RICK5 :O RAIS$ !IR EYES1 FULL ( HATE1 TO ! PALACES ( ! RI*2 ! PEOPLE W]E )\T BREAD1 )\T %ELT]1 )\T CLO?+1 )\T HOPE1 & )\T ! POSSIBILITY ( EM]G+ FROM !IR POV]TY4 

,!RE IS ONLY ONE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ,ROME 9 H] DECAD5CE & ! ,EMPIRE ( ! ,CZ>S2 ,ROME KNEW NO?+ ( CAPITALISM2 HEAVY 9DU/RY DID NOT EXI/ !RE4 ,AT ?AT TIME SLAV]Y WAS ! ACCEPT$ ORD] ( ?+S 9 ,ROME4 ,NOBLE FAMILIES1 ! RI*1 ! F9ANCI]S1 SATISFI$ ALL !IR NE$S BY PUTT+ TO WORK ! SLAVES ) :I* W> HAD SUPPLI$ !M4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( TIME !SE RI* PEOPLE HAD LAID H&S ON NE>LY ALL ! PROV9CES ( ,ITALY BY /RIPP+ ! ,ROMAN PEASANTRY ( !IR L&4 ,AS !Y APPROPRIAT$ C]EALS 9 ALL ! CONQU]$ PROV9CES AS TRIBUTE )\T CO/1 !Y PR(IT$ !REBY TO LAY \T ON !IR [N E/ATES1 MAGNIFIC5T PLANTATIONS1 V9EY>DS1 PA/URES1 OR*>DS1 & RI* G>D5S1 CULTIVAT$ BY >MIES ( SLAVES WORK+ UND] ! :IP ( ! OV]SE]4 ,! PEOPLE ( ! C\NTRY-SIDE1 ROBB$ ( L& & BREAD1 FL[$ FROM ALL ! PROV9CES 9TO ! CAPITAL4 ,BUT !RE !Y W]E 9 NO BETT] A POSITION TO E>N A LIVELIHOOD1 = ALL ! TRADES W]E C>RI$ ON BY SLAVES4 ,?US !RE WAS =M$ 9 ,ROME A NUM]\S >MY ( ?OSE :O POSSESS$ NO?+ - ! PROLET>IAT.<#f.> - HAV+ NOT EV5 ! POSSIBILITY ( SELL+ !IR LABOR P[]4 ,?IS PROLET>IAT1 COM+ FROM ! C\NTRYSIDE1 C\LD NOT1 !RE=E1 BE ABSORB$ BY 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISES AS IS ! CASE TODAY2 !Y BECAME VICTIMS ( HOPELESS POV]TY & W]E R$UC$ TO BEGG>Y4 ,?IS NUM]\S POPUL> MASS1 />V+ )\T WORK1 CR[D+ ! SUBURBS & OP5 SPACES & /REETS ( ,ROME1 CONUT$ A P]MAN5T DANG] TO ! GOV]NM5T & ! POSSESS+ CLASSES4 ,!RE=E1 ! GOV]NM5T F\ND ITSELF COMPELL$ 9 ITS [N 9T]E/ TO RELIEVE ! POV]TY4 ,FROM TIME TO TIME IT DI/RIBUT$ TO ! PROLET>IAT CORN & O!R FOOD/UFFS /OR$ 9 ! W>EH\SES ( ! ,/ATE4 ,FUR!R1 TO MAKE ! PEOPLE =GET !IR H>D%IPS IT (F]$ !M FREE CIRCUS %[S4 ,UNLIKE ! PROLET>IAT ( \R TIME1 :I* MA9TA9S ! :OLE ( SOCIETY BY ITS LABORS1 ! 5ORM\S PROLET>IAT ( ,ROME EXI/$ ON *>ITY4 

,IT WAS ! WRET*$ SLAVES1 TREAT$ LIKE BEA/S1 :O WORK$ = ,ROMAN SOCIETY4 ,9 ?IS *AOS ( POV]TY & DEGRADATION1 ! H&FUL ( ,ROMAN MAGNATES SP5T !IR TIME 9 ORGIES & DEBAU*]Y4 ,!RE WAS NO WAY \T ( !SE MON/R\S SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 ,! PROLET>IAT GRUMBL$1 & ?REAT5$ FROM TIME TO TIME TO RISE 9 REVOLT1 BUT A CLASS ( BEGG>S1 LIV+ ON CRUMBS ?R[N FROM ! TABLE ( ! LORDS1 C\LD NOT E/ABLI% A NEW SOCIAL ORD]4 ,FUR!R1 ! SLAVES :O MA9TA9$ BY !IR LABOR ! :OLE ( SOCIETY W]E TOO D[N-TRODD51 TOO DISP]S$1 TOO CRU%$ UND] ! YOKE1 TREAT$ AS BEA/S & LIV$ TOO ISOLAT$ FROM ! O!R CLASSES TO BE ABLE TO TRANS=M SOCIETY4 ,!Y (T5 REVOLT$ AGA9/ !IR MA/]S1 TRI$ TO LIB]ATE !MSELVES BY BLOODY BATTLES1 EV]Y TIME ! ,ROMAN >MY CRU%$ !SE REVOLTS1 MASSACR+ ! SLAVES 9 ?\S&S & PUTT+ !M TO DEA? ON CROSS4 

,9 ?IS CRUMBL+ SOCIETY1 :]E !RE EXI/$ NO WAY \T ( !IR TRAGIC SITUATION = ! PEOPLE1 NO HOPE ( A BETT] LIFE1 ! WRET*$ TURN$ TO ,HEAV5 TO SEEK SALVATION !RE4 ,! ,*RI/IAN RELIGION APPE>$ TO !SE UNHAPPY BE+S AS A LIFE-BELT1 A CONSOLATION & AN 5C\RAGEM5T1 & BECAME1 RI<T FROM ! BEG9N+1 ! RELIGION ( ! ,ROMAN PROLET>IANS4 ,9 CON=MITY ) ! MAT]IAL POSITION ( ! M5 BELONG+ TO ?IS CLASS1 ! FIR/ ,*RI/IANS PUT =W>D ! DEM& = PROP]TY 9 COMMON - COMMUNISM4 ,:AT C\LD BE MORE NATURAL8 ,! PEOPLE LACK$ MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE & W]E DY+ ( POV]TY4 ,A RELIGION :I* DEF5D$ ! PEOPLE DEM&$ ?AT ! RI* %\LD %>E ) ! POOR ! RI*ES :I* \<T TO BELONG TO ALL & NOT TO A H&FUL ( PRIVILEG$ PEOPLE2 A RELIGION :I* PREA*$ ! EQUALITY ( ALL M5 W\LD HAVE GREAT SUCCESS4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS HAD NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! DEM& :I* ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS PUT =W>D TODAY ) A VIEW TO MAK+ 9TO COMMON PROP]TY ! 9/RUM5TS ( WORK1 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 9 ORD] ?AT ALL HUMANITY MAY WORK & LIVE 9 H>MONI\S UNITY4 

,WE HAVE BE5 ABLE TO OBS]VE ?AT ! ,ROMAN PROLET>IANS DID NOT LIVE BY WORK+1 BUT FROM ! ALMS :I* ! GOV]NM5T DOL$ \T4 ,SO ! DEM& ( ! ,*RI/IANS = COLLECTIVE PROP]TY DID NOT RELATE TO ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 BUT ! MEANS ( CONSUMPTION4 ,!Y DID NOT DEM& ?AT ! L&1 ! WORK%OPS & ! 9/RUM5TS ( WORK %\LD BECOME COLLECTIVE PROP]TY1 BUT ONLY ?AT EV]Y?+ %\LD BE DIVID$ UP AMONG !M1 H\SES1 CLO?+1 FOOD & F9I%$ PRODUCTS MO/ NECESS>Y TO LIFE4 ,! ,*RI/IAN COMMUNI/S TOOK GOOD C>E NOT TO 9QUIRE 9TO ! ORIG9 ( !SE RI*ES4 ,! WORK ( PRODUCTION ALWAYS FELL UPON ! SLAVES4 ,! ,*RI/IAN PEOPLE DESIR$ ONLY ?AT ?OSE :O POSSESS$ ! WEAL? %\LD EMBRACE ! ,*RI/IAN RELIGION & %\LD MAKE !IR RI*ES COMMON PROP]TY1 9 ORD] ?AT ALL MI<T 5JOY !SE GOOD ?+S 9 EQUALITY & FRAT]NITY4 

,IT WAS 9DE$ 9 ?IS WAY ?AT ! FIR/ ,*RI/IAN COMMUNITIES W]E ORGANIZ$4 ,A CONTEMPOR>Y WROTE1 

00!SE DO NOT BELIEVE 9 =TUNES1 BUT !Y PREA* COLLECTIVE PROP]TY & NO ONE AMONG !M POSSESSES MORE ?AN ! O!RS4 ,HE :O WI%ES TO 5T] !IR ORD] IS OBLIG$ TO PUT HIS =TUNE 9TO !IR COMMON PROP]TY4 ,?AT IS :Y !RE IS AM\NG !M NEI!R POV]TY NOR LUXURY - ALL POSSESS+ ALL 9 COMMON LIKE BRO!RS4 ,!Y DO NOT LIVE 9 A CITY AP>T1 BUT 9 EA* !Y HAVE H\SES = !MSELVES4 ,IF ANY /ANG]S BELONG+ TO !IR RELIGION COME !RE1 !Y %>E !IR PROP]TY ) !M1 & !Y CAN B5EFIT FROM IT AS IF IT !IR [N4 ,?OSE PEOPLE1 EV5 IF PREVI\SLY UNKN[N TO EA* O!R1 WELCOME ONE ANO!R1 & !IR RELATIONS >E V]Y FRI5DLY4 ,:5 TRAVEL+ !Y C>RY NO?+ BUT A WEAPON = DEF5SE AGA9/ ROBB]S4 ,9 EA* CITY !Y HAVE !IR /EW>D1 :O DI/RIBUTES CLO?+ & FOOD TO ! TRAVEL]S4 ,TRADE DOES NOT EXI/ AMONG !M4 ,H[EV]1 IF ONE ( ! MEMB]S (F]S TO ANO!R SOME OBJECT :I* HE NE$S1 HE RECEIVES SOME O!R OBJECTS 9 EX*ANGE4 ,BUT EA* CAN DEM& :AT HE NE$S EV5 IF HE CAN GIVE NO?+ 9 EX*ANGE40 

,WE READ 9 ! ,ACTS ( ! ,APO/LES 7#d3#c#b1 #c#d1 #c#e7 ! FOLL[+ DESCRIPTION ( ! FIR/ COMMUNITY AT ,J]USALEM3 0NO-ONE REG>D$ AS BE+ HIS :AT BELONG$ TO HIM2 EV]Y?+ WAS 9 COMMON4 ,?OSE :O POSSESS$ L&S OR H\SES1 AFT] HAV+ SOLD !M1 BR\<T ! PROCE$S & LAID !M AT ! FEET ( ! ,APO/LES4 ,& TO EA* WAS DI/RIBUT$ ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S40 

,9 #a#g#h1 ! ,G]MAN HI/ORIAN ,VOGEL WROTE NE>LY ! SAME AB\T ! FIR/ ,*RI/IANS3 

0,ACCORD+ TO ! RULE1 EV]Y ,*RI/IAN HAD ! RI<T TO ! PROP]TY ( ALL ! MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY2 9 CASE ( WANT1 HE C\LD DEM& ?AT ! RI*] MEMB]S %\LD DIVIDE !IR =TUNE ) HIM ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S4 ,EV]Y ,*RI/IAN C\LD MAKE USE ( ! PROP]TY ( HIS BRO!RS2 ! ,*RI/IANS :O POSSESS$ ANY?+ HAD NOT ! RI<T TO REFUSE ?AT !IR BRO!RS %\LD USE IT4 ,?US1 ! ,*RI/IAN :O HAD NO H\SE C\LD DEM& FROM HIM :O HAD TWO OR ?REE TO TAKE HIM 92 ! [N] KEPT ONLY HIS [N H\SE TO HIMSELF4 ,BUT BECAUSE ( ! COMMUNITY ( 5JOYM5T ( GOODS1 H\S+ ACCOMMODATION HAD TO BE GIV5 TO HIM :O HAD NONE40 

,MONEY WAS PLAC$ 9 A COMMON *E/ & A MEMB] ( ! SOCIETY1 SPECIALLY APPO9T$ = ?IS PURPOSE1 DIVID$ ! COLLECTIVE =TUNE AMONG ALL4 ,BUT ?IS WAS NOT ALL4 ,AMONG ! E>LY ,*RI/IANS1 COMMUNISM WAS PRESS$ SO F> ?AT !Y TOOK !IR MEALS 9 COMMON 7SEE ! ,ACTS ( ! ,APO/LES74 ,!IR FAMILY LIFE WAS !RE=E DONE AWAY )2 ALL ! ,*RI/IAN FAMILIES 9 ONE CITY LIV$ TOGE!R1 LIKE ONE S+LE L>GE FAMILY4 

,TO F9I%1 LET US ADD ?AT C]TA9 PRIE/S ATTACK ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS ON ! GR\ND ?AT WE >E = ! COMMUNITY ( WOM54 ,OBVI\SLY1 ?IS IS SIMPLY A HUGE LIE1 >IS+ FROM ! IGNORANCE OR ! ANG] ( ! CL]GY4 ,! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS CONSID] ?AT AS A %AMEFUL & BE/IAL DI/ORTION ( M>RIAGE4 ,& YET ?IS PRACTICE WAS USUAL AMONG ! FIR/ ,*RI/IANS4.<#g.> 

  

,P>T ,?REE 

,?US ! ,*RI/IANS ( ! ,FIR/ & ,SECOND ,C5TURIES W]E F]V5T SUPPORT]S ( COMMUNISM4 ,BUT ?IS COMMUNISM WAS BAS$ ON ! CONSUMPTION ( F9I%$ PRODUCTS & NOT ON WORK1 & PROV$ ITSELF 9CAPABLE ( RE=M+ SOCIETY1 ( PUTT+ AN 5D TO ! 9EQUALITY BETWE5 M5 & ?R[+ D[N ! B>RI] :I* SEP>AT$ RI* FROM POOR4 ,=1 EXACTLY AS BE=E1 ! RI*ES CREAT$ BY LABOR CAME BACK TO A RE/RICT$ GR\P ( POSSESSORS1 BECAUSE ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 7ESPECIALLY ! L&7 REMA9$ 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY1 BECAUSE ! LABOR - = ! :OLE SOCIETY - WAS FURNI%$ BY ! SLAVES4 ,! PEOPLE1 DEPRIV$ ( MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 ONLY RECEIV$ ONLY ALMS1 ACCORD+ TO ! GOOD PLEASURE ( ! RI*4 

,:ILE SOME1 A H&FUL 79 PROPORTION TO ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE71 POSSESS EXCLUSIVELY = !IR [N USE ALL ! >ABLE L&S1 =E/S & PA/URES1 F>M ANIMALS & F>M BUILD+S1 ALL ! WORK%OPS1 TOOLS & MAT]IALS ( PRODUCTION1 & O!RS1 ! IMM5SE MAJORITY1 POSSESS NO?+ AT ALL ?AT IS 9DISP5SABLE 9 PRODUCTION1 !RE CAN BE NO QUE/ION :ATEV] ( EQUALITY BETWE5 M54 ,9 SU* CONDITIONS SOCIETY EVID5TLY F9DS ITSELF DIVID$ 9TO TWO CLASSES1 ! RI* & ! POOR1 ?OSE ( LUXURY & POV]TY4 ,SUPPOSE1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT ! RI* PROPRIETORS1 9FLU5C$ BY ! ,*RI/IAN DOCTR9E1 (F]$ TO %>E UP BETWE5 ! PEOPLE ALL ! RI*ES :I* !Y POSSESS$ 9 ! =M ( MONEY1 C]EALS1 FRUIT1 CLO?+ & ANIMALS1 :AT W\LD ! RESULT BE8 ,POV]TY W\LD DISAPPE> = SEV]AL WEEKS & DUR+ ?IS ! TIME ! POPULACE W\LD BE ABLE TO FE$ & CLO! !MSELVES4 ,BUT ! F9I%$ PRODUCTS >E QUICKLY US$ UP4 ,AFT] A %ORT LAPSE ( TIME1 ! PEOPLE1 HAV+ CONSUM$ ! DI/RIBUT$ RI*ES1 W\LD ONCE AGA9 HAVE EMPTY H&S4 ,! PROPRIETORS ( ! L& & ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION C\LD PRODUCE MORE1 ?ANKS TO ! LABOR P[] PROVID$ BY ! SLAVES1 SO NO?+ W\LD BE *ANG$4 ,WELL1 H]E IS :Y ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS CONSID] !SE ?+S DIFF]5TLY FROM ! ,*RI/IAN COMMUNI/S4 ,!Y SAY1 0,WE DO NOT WANT ! RI* TO %>E ) ! POOR3 WE DO NOT WANT EI!R *>ITY OR ALMS2 NEI!R BE+ ABLE TO PREV5T ! RECURR5CE ( 9EQUALITY BETWE5 M54 ,IT IS BY NO MEANS A %>+ \T BETWE5 ! RI* & ! POOR :I* WE DEM&1 BUT ! COMPLETE SUPPRESSION ( RI* & POOR04 ,?IS IS POSSIBLE ON ! CONDITION ?AT ! S\RCE ( ALL WEAL?1 ! L&1 9 COMMON ) ALL O!R MEANS ( PRODUCTION & 9/RUM5TS ( WORK1 %ALL BECOME ! COLLECTIVE PROP]TY ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE :I* WILL PRODUCE = ITSELF1 ACCORD+ TO ! NE$S ( EA*4 ,! E>LY ,*RI/IANS BELIEV$ ?AT !Y C\LD REM$Y ! POV]TY ( ! PROLET>IAT BY MEANS ( ! RI*ES (F]$ BY ! POSSESSORS4 ,?AT W\LD BE TO DRAW WAT] 9 A SIEVE6 ,*RI/IAN COMMUNISM WAS NOT ONLY 9CAPABLE ( *ANG+ OR ( IMPROV+ ! ECONOMIC SITUATION1 & IT DID NOT LA/4 

,AT ! BEG9N+1 :5 ! FOLL[]S ( ! NEW ,SAVIOR CON/ITUT$ ONLY A SMALL GR\P 9 ,ROMAN SOCIETY1 ! %>+ ( ! COMMON /OCK1 ! MEALS 9 COMMON & ! LIV+ UND] ! SAME RO( W]E PRACTICABLE4 ,BUT AS ! NUMB] ( ,*RI/IANS SPREAD OV] ! T]RITORY ( ! ,EMPIRE1 ?IS COMMUNAL LIFE ( ITS ADH]5TS BECAME MORE DIFFICULT4 ,SOON !RE DISAPPE>$ ! CU/OM ( COMMON MEALS & ! DIVISION ( GOODS TOOK ON A DIFF]5T ASPECT4 ,! ,*RI/IANS NO LONG] LIV$ LIKE ONE FAMILY2 EA* TOOK *>GE ( HIS [N PROP]TY1 & !Y NO LONG] (F]$ ! :OLE ( !IR GOODS TO ! COMMUNITY1 BUT ONLY ! SUP]FLUITY4 ,! GIFTS ( ! RI*] ( !M TO ! G5]AL BODY1 LOS+ !IR *>ACT] ( P>TICIPATION 9 A COMMON LIFE1 SOON BECAME SIMPLE ALMSGIV+1 S9CE ! RI* ,*RI/IANS NO LONG] MADE ANY USE ( ! COMMON PROP]TY1 & PUT AT ! S]VICE ( ! O!RS ONLY A P>T ( :AT !Y HAD1 :ILE ?IS P>T MI<T BE GREAT] OR SMALL] ACCORD+ TO ! GOOD WILL ( ! DONOR4 ,?US 9 ! V]Y HE>T ( ,*RI/IAN COMMUNISM APPE>$ ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! RI* & ! POOR1 A DIFF]5CE ANALOG\S TO ?AT :I* REIGN$ 9 ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE & AGA9/ :I* ! E>LY ,*RI/IANS HAD F\<T4 ,SOON IT WAS ONLY ! POOR ,*RI/IANS - & ! PROLET>IAN ONES - :O TOOK P>T 9 ! COMMUNAL MEALS2 ! RI* HAV+ (F]$ A P>T ( !IR PL5TY1 HELD !MSELVES AP>T4 ,! POOR LIV$ FROM ! ALMS TOSS$ TO !M BY ! RI*1 & SOCIETY AGA9 BECAME :AT IT HAD BE54 ,! ,*RI/IANS HAD *ANG$ NO?+4 

,! ,FA!RS ( ! ,*UR* /RUGGL$ = A LONG TIME1 YET1 ) BURN+ WORDS1 AGA9/ ?IS P5ETRATION ( SOCIAL 9EQUALITY 9TO ! ,*RI/IAN COMMUNITY1 SC\RG+ ! RI* & EXHORT+ !M TO RETURN TO ! COMMUNISM ( ! E>LY ,APO/LES4 

,SA9T ,BASIL1 9 ! F\R? C5TURY AFT] ,*RI/1 PREA*$ ?US AGA9/ ! RI*3 

0,WRET*ES1 H[ WILL Y\ JU/IFY Y\RSELVES BE=E ! ,HEAV5LY ,JUDGE8 ,Y\ SAY TO ME1 ',:AT IS \R FAULT1 :5 WE KEEP :AT BELONGS TO US8' ,I ASK Y\1 ',H[ DID Y\ GET ?AT :I* Y\ CALL$ Y\R PROP]TY8 ,H[ DO ! POSSESSORS BECOME RI*1 IF NOT BY TAK+ POSSESSION ( ?+S BELONG TO ALL8 ,IF EV]YONE TOOK ONLY :AT HE /RICTLY NE$$ LEAV+ ! RE/ TO O!RS1 !RE W\LD BE NEI!R RI* NOR POOR'40 

,IT WAS ,/4 ,JOHN ,*RYSO/OM1 PATRI>* ( ,CON/ANT9OPLE1 7BORN AT ,ANTIO* 9 #c#d#g1 DI$ 9 EXILE 9 ,>M5IA 9 #d#g71 :O PREA*$ MO/ >D5TLY TO ! ,*RI/IANS ! RETURN TO ! FIR/ COMMUNISM ( ! ,APO/LES4 ,?IS CELEBRAT$ PREA*]1 9 HIS #a#a? ,HOMILY ON ! ,ACTS ( ! ,APO/LES1 SAID3 

0,& !RE WAS A GREAT *>ITY AMONG !M 7! ,APO/LES73 NONE WAS POOR AMONG !M4 ,NONE CONSID]$ AS BE+ AS BE+ HIS :AT BELONG$ TO HIM1 ALL !IR RI*ES W]E 9 COMMON 444 A GREAT *>ITY WAS 9 ALL ( !M4 ,?IS *>ITY CONSI/$ 9 ?AT !RE W]E NO POOR AMONG !M1 SO MU* DID ?OSE :O HAD POSSESSIONS HA/5 TO /RIP !MSELVES ( !M4 ,!Y NOT DIVIDE !IR =TUNES 9TO TWO P>TS1 GIV+ ONE & KEEP+ ! O!R BACK3 !Y GAVE :AT !Y HAD4 ,SO !RE WAS NO 9EQUALITY BETWE5 !M2 !Y ALL LIV$ 9 GREAT ABUNDANCE4 ,EV]Y?+ WAS DONE ) ! GREATE/ REV]5CE4 ,:AT !Y GAVE WAS NOT PASS$ FROM ! H& ( ! GIV] TO ?AT ( ! RECIPI5T2 !IR GIFTS W]E )\T O/5TATION2 !Y BR\<T !IR GOODS TO ! FEET ( ! APO/LES :O BECAME ! CONTROLL]S & MA/]S ( !M & :O US$ !M FROM !N ON AS ! GOODS ( ! COMMUNITY & NO LONG] AS ! PROP]TY ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,BY ?AT MEANS !Y CUT %ORT ANY ATTEMPT TO GET VA9 GLORY4 ,AH6 ,:Y HAVE !SE TRADITIONS BE5 LO/8 ,RI* & POOR1 WE %\LD ALL PR(IT FROM !SE PI\S USAGES & WE %\LD BO? FEEL ! SAME PLEASURE FROM CON=M+ TO !M4 ,! RI* W\LD NOT IMPOV]I% !MSELVES :5 LAY+ D[N !IR POSSESSIONS1 & ! POOR W\LD BE 5RI*$444,BUT LET US TRY TO GIVE AN EXACT IDEA ( :AT %\LD BE DONE 444 

0,N[1 LET US SUPPOSE - & NEI!R RI* NOR POOR NE$ BE AL>M$1 = ,I AM JU/ SUPPOS+ - LET US SUPPOSE ?AT WE SELL ALL ?AT BELONGS TO US TO PUT ! PROCE$S 9TO A COMMON POOL4 ,:AT SUMS ( GOLD W\LD BE PIL$ UP6 ,I CANNOT SAY EXACTLY H[ MU* ?AT W\LD MAKE3 BUT IF ALL AMONG US1 )\T DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! SEXES W]E TO BR+ H]E !IR TREASURES1 IF !Y W]E TO SELL !IR FIELDS1 !IR PROP]TIES1 !IR H\SES - ,I DO NOT SPEAK ( SLAVES = !RE W]E NONE 9 ! ,*RI/IAN COMMUNITY1 & ?OSE :O W]E !RE BECAME FREE - P]HAPS1 ,I SAY IF EV]YONE DID ! SAME1 WE W\LD REA* HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( P\NDS ( GOLD1 MILLIONS1 5ORM\S VALUES4 

0,WELL6 ,H[ MANY PEOPLE DO Y\ ?9K !RE >E LIV+ 9 ?IS CITY8 ,H[ MANY ,*RI/IANS8 ,W\LD Y\ AGREE ?AT !RE >E A HUNDR$ ?\S&8 ,! RE/ BE+ MADE UP ( ,JEWS & ,G5TILES4 ,H[ MANY %\LD WE NOT UNITE TOGE!R8 ,N[1 IF Y\ C\NT UP ! POOR1 :AT DO Y\ F9D8 ,FIFTY ?\S& NE$Y PEOPLE AT ! MO/4 ,:AT W\LD BE NE$$ TO FE$ !M EA* DAY8 ,I E/IMATE ?AT ! EXP5SE W\LD NOT BE EXCESSIVE1 IF ! SUPPLY & ! EAT+ ( ! FOOD W]E ORGANIZ$ 9 COMMON4 

0,Y\ WILL SAY1 P]HAPS1 ',BUT :AT WILL BECOME ( US :5 !SE GOODS >E US$ UP8' ,SO :AT6 ,W\LD ?AT EV] HAPP58 ,W\LD NOT ! GRACE ( ,GOD BE A ?\S& TIMES ABUNDANT8 ,W\LD WE NOT BE MAK+ A HEAV5 ON E>?80 

,IF =M]LY ?IS COMMUNITY ( GOODS EXI/$ AMONG ?REE TO FIVE ?\S& FAI?FUL & HAD SU* GOOD RESULTS & DID AWAY ) POV]TY AMID !M1 :AT W\LD NOT RESULT 9 SU* A GREAT MULTITUDE AS ?IS8 ,& AMONG ! PAGANS !MSELVES :O W\LD NOT HA/5 TO 9CREASE ! COMMON TREASURE8 ,WEAL? :I* IS [N$ BY A NUMB] ( PEOPLE IS MU* MORE EASILY & QUICKLY SP5T2 ! DIFFUSION ( [N]%IP IS ! CAUSE ( POV]TY4 ,LET US TAKE AS AN EXAMPLE A H\SEHOLD COMPOS$ ( A HUSB&1 A WIFE & T5 *ILDR51 ! WIFE BE+ OCCUPI$ 9 WEAV+ WOOL1 ! HUSB& 9 BR++ 9 ! WAGES ( HIS WORK \TSIDE2 TELL ME 9 :I* CASE ?IS FAMILY W\LD SP5D MORE2 IF !Y LIVE TOGE!R 9 COMMON1 OR LIV$ SEP>ATELY4 ,OBVI\SLY1 IF !Y LIV$ SEP>ATELY4 ,T5 H\SES1 T5 TABLES1 T5 S]VANTS1 & T5 SPECIAL ALL[ANCES W\LD BE NE$$ = ! *ILDR5 IF !Y W]E SEP>AT$4 ,:AT DO Y\ DO1 9DE$ IF Y\ HAVE MANY SLAVES8 ,IS IT NOT TRUE1 ?AT1 9 ORD] TO KEEP EXP5SES D[N1 Y\ FE$ !M AT A COMMON TABLE8 ,! DIVISION IS A CAUSE ( IMPOV]I%M5T2 CONCORD & ! UNITY ( WILLS IS A CAUSE ( RI*ES4 

,9 ! MONA/]IES1 !Y /ILL LIVE AS 9 ! E>LY ,*UR*4 ,& :O DIES ( HUNG] !RE8 ,:O HAS NOT F\ND 5\< TO EAT !RE8 ,YET ! M5 ( \R TIMES FE> LIV+ ?AT WAY MORE ?AN !Y FE> FALL+ 9TO ! SEA6 ,:Y HAVE WE NOT TRI$ IT8 ,WE W\LD FE> IT LESS4 ,:AT A GOOD ACT ?AT W\LD BE6 ,IF A FEW ( ! FAI?FUL1 H>DLY EI<T ?\S& D>$ 9 ! FACE ( A :OLE WORLD1 :]E !Y HAVE NO?+ BUT 5EMIES1 TO MAKE A C\RAGE\S ATTEMPT TO LIVE 9 COMMON1 )\T ANY \TSIDE HELP1 H[ MU* MORE C\LD WE DO IT TODAY1 N[ ?AT !RE >E ,*RI/IANS ?R\<\T ! :OLE WORLD8 ,W\LD !RE REMA9 ONE S+LE ,G5TILE8 ,NOT ONE4 ,I BELIEVE4 ,WE W\LD ATTRACT !M ALL & W9 !M TO US40.<#h.> 

,!SE >D5T S]MONS ( ,/4 ,JOHN ,*RYSO/OM W]E 9 VA94 ,M5 NO LONG] TRI$ TO E/ABLI% COMMUNISM EI!R AT ,CON/ANT9OPLE OR ANY:]E ELSE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME AS ,*RI/IANITY EXP&$ & BECAME1 AT ,ROME AFT] ! #d? ,C5TURY1 ! DOM9ANT RELIGION1 ! FAI?FUL W5T FUR!R & FUR!R AWAY FROM ! EXAMPLE ( ! FIR/ ,APO/LES4 ,EV5 )9 ! ,*RI/IAN COMMUNITY ITSELF1 ! 9EQUALITY ( GOODS BETWE5 ! FAI?FUL 9CREAS$4 

,AGA91 9 ! #f? ,C5TURY1 ,GREGORY ! ,GREAT SAID3 

0,IT IS BY NO MEANS 5\< NOT TO /EAL ! PROP]TY ( O!RS2 Y\ >E 9 ]ROR IF Y\ KEEP TO Y\RSELF ! WEAL? :I* ,GOD HAS CREAT$ = ALL4 ,HE :O DOES NOT GIVE TO O!RS :AT HE POSSESSES IS A MURD]]1 A KILL]2 :5 HE KEEPS = HIS [N USE :AT W\LD PROVIDE = ! POOR1 ONE CAN SAY ?AT HE IS SLAY+ ALL ?OSE :O C\LD HAVE LIV$ FROM HIS PL5TY2 :5 WE %>E ) ?OSE :O >E SUFF]+1 WE DO NOT GIVE :AT BELONGS TO US1 BUT :AT BELONGS TO !M4 ,?IS IS NOT AN ACT ( PITY1 BUT ! PAYM5T ( A DEBT40 

,!SE APPEALS REMA9$ FRUITLESS4 ,BUT ! FAULT WAS BY NO MEANS ) ! ,*RI/IANS ( ?OSE DAYS1 :O W]E 9DE$1 MORE RESPONSIVE TO ! WORDS ( ! ,FA!RS ( ! ,*UR* ?AN >E ! ,*RI/IANS ( TODAY4 ,?IS WAS NOT ! FIR/ TIME 9 ! HI/ORY ( HUMANITY ?AT ECONOMIC CONDITIONS HAVE %[N !MSELVES TO BE /RONG] ?AN F9E SPEE*ES4 

,! COMMUNISM1 ?IS COMMUNITY ( ! CONSUMPTION ( GOODS1 :I* ! E>LY ,*RI/IANS PROCLAIM$1 C\LD NOT BE BR\<T 9TO EXI/5CE )\T ! COMMUNAL LABOR ( ! :OLE POPULATION1 ON ! L&1 AS COMMON PROP]TY1 AS WELL AS 9 ! COMMUNAL WORK%OPS4 ,AT ! P]IOD ( ! E>LY ,*RI/IANS1 IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO 9AUGURATE COMMUNAL LABOR 7) COMMUNAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION7 BECAUSE AS WE HAVE ALREADY /AT$1 ! LABOR RE/$1 NOT UPON FREE M51 BUT UPON ! SLAVES1 :O LIV$ ON ! $GE ( SOCIETY4 ,*RI/IANITY DID NOT UND]TAKE TO ABOLI% ! 9EQUALITY BETWE5 ! LABOR ( DIFF]5T M51 NOR BETWE5 !IR PROP]TY4 ,& ?AT IS :Y ITS EF=TS TO SUPPRESS ! UNEQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( CONSUMPTION GOODS DID NOT WORK4 ,! VOICES ( ! ,FA!RS ( ! ,*UR* PROCLAIM+ ,COMMUNISM F\ND NO E*O3 ,BESIDES1 !SE VOICES SOON BECAME LESS & LESS FREQU5T & F9ALLY FELL SIL5T ALTOGE!R4 ,! ,FA!RS ( ! ,*UR* CEAS$ TO PREA* ! COMMUNITY1 & ! DIVID+ UP ( GOODS1 BECAUSE ! GR[? ( ! ,*RI/IAN COMMUNITY1 PRODUC$ FUNDAM5TAL *ANGES )9 ! ,*UR* ITSELF4 

  

,P>T ,F\R 

,9 ! BEG9N+1 :5 ! NUMB] ( ,*RI/IANS WAS SMALL1 ! CL]GY DID NOT EXI/ 9 ! PROP] S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,! FAI?FUL1 :O =M$ AN 9DEP5D5T RELIGI\S COMMUNITY1 UNIT$ TOGE!R 9 EA* CITY4 ,!Y ELECT$ A MEMB] RESPONSIBLE = CONDUCT+ ! S]VICE ( ,GOD & C>RY+ \T ! RELIGI\S RITES4 ,EV]Y ,*RI/IAN C\LD BECOME ! BI%OP OR PRELATE4 ,!SE FUNCTIONS W]E ELECTIVE1 SUBJECT TO RECALL1 HONOR>Y & C>RI$ NO P[] O!R ?AN ?AT :I* ! COMMUNITY GAVE ( ITS [N FREE WILL4.<#i.> ,9 PROPORTION AS ! NUMB] ( ! FAI?FUL 9CREAS$ & ! COMMUNITIES BECAME MORE NUM]\S & RI*]1 TO RUN ! BUS9ESS ( ! COMMUNITY & TO HOLD (FICE BECAME AN OCCUPATION :I* DEM&$ A GREAT DEAL ( TIME & FULL CONC5TRATION4 ,AS ! (FICE-BE>]S C\LD NOT C>RY \T !SE TASKS AT ! SAME TIME AS FOLL[+ !IR PRIVATE EMPLOYM5T1 ! CU/OM GREW UP ( ELECT+ FROM AMONG ! MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY1 AN ECCLESIA/IC :O WAS EXCLUSIVELY 5TRU/$ ) !SE FUNCTIONS4 ,!RE=E1 !SE EMPLOYES ( ! COMMUNITY HAD TO BE PAID = !IR EXCLUSIVE DEVOTION TO ITS AFFAIRS4 ,?US !RE =M$ )9 ! ,*UR* A NEW ORD] ( EMPLOYES ( ! ,*UR*1 :I* SEP>AT$ ITSELF FROM ! MA9 BODY ( ! FAI?FUL1 ! CL]GY4 ,P>ALLEL ) ! 9EQUALITY BETWE5 RI* & POOR1 !RE >OSE ANO!R 9EQUALITY1 ?AT BETWE5 ! CL]GY & ! PEOPLE4 ,! ECCLESIA/ICS1 AT FIR/ ELECT$ AMONG EQUALS ) A VIEW TO P]=M+ A TEMPOR>Y FUNCTION RAIS$ !MSELVES TO =M A CA/E :I* RUL$ OV] ! PEOPLE4 

,! MORE NUM]\S ! ,*RI/IAN COMMUNITIES BECAME 9 ! CITIES ( ! 5ORM\S ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 ! MORE ! ,*RI/IANS1 P]SECUT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 FELT ! NE$ TO UNITE TO GA9 /R5G?4 ,! COMMUNITIES1 SCATT]$ OV] ALL ! T]RITORY ( ! ,EMPIRE1 !RE=E ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES 9TO ONE S+LE ,*UR*4 ,?IS UNIFICATION WAS ALREADY A UNIFICATION ( ! CL]GY & NOT ( ! PEOPLE4 ,FROM ! #d? ,C5TURY1 ! ECCLESIA/ICS ( ! COMMUNITIES MET TOGE!R 9 ,C\NCILS4 ,! FIR/ C\NCIL TOOK PLACE AT ,NICAEA 9 #c#b#e4 ,9 ?IS WAY !RE WAS =M$ ! CL]GY1 AN ORD] AP>T & SEP>AT$ FROM ! PEOPLE4 ,! BI%OPS ( ! /RONG] & RI*] COMMUNITIES TOOK ! LEAD AT ! ,C\NCILS4 ,?AT IS :Y ! ,BI%OP ( ,ROME SOON PLAC$ HIMSELF AT ! HEAD ( ! :OLE ( ,*RI/IANITY & BECAME ! ,POPE4 ,?US AN ABYSS SEP>AT$ ! CL]GY1 DIVID$ UP 9 ! HI]>*Y1 FROM ! PEOPLE4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! ECONOMIC RELATIONS BETWE5 ! PEOPLE & ! CL]GY UND]W5T A GREAT *ANGE4 ,BE=E ! =MATION ( ?IS ORD]1 ALL ?AT ! RI* MEMB]S ( ! ,*UR* (F]$ TO ! COMMON PROP]TY BELONG$ TO ! POOR PEOPLE4 ,AFT]W>DS1 A GREAT P>T ( ! FUNDS WAS SP5T ON PAY+ ! CL]GY & RUNN+ ! ,*UR*4 ,:51 9 ! #d? ,C5TURY1 ,*RI/IANITY WAS PROTECT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T & WAS RECOGNIZ$ AT ,ROME AS BE+ ! DOM9ANT RELIGION1 ! P]SECUTIONS ( ! ,*RI/IANS 5D$1 & ! S]VICES W]E NO LONG] C>RI$ ON 9 CATACOMBS1 OR 9 MODE/ HALLS1 BUT 9 ,*UR*ES :I* BEGAN TO BE MORE & MORE MAGNIFIC5TLY BUILT4 ,!SE EXP5SES ?US R$UC$ ! FUNDS 9T5D$ = ! POOR4 ,ALREADY1 9 ! #e? ,C5TURY1 ! REV5UES ( ! ,*UR* W]E DIVID$ 9TO F\R P>TS2 ! FIR/ = ! BI%OP1 ! SECOND = ! M9OR CL]GY1 ! ?IRD = ! UPKEEP ( ! ,*UR*1 & IT WAS ONLY ! F\R? P>T :I* WAS DI/RIBUT$ AMONG ! NE$Y4 ,! POOR ,*RI/IAN POPULATION RECEIV$ !RE=E A SUM EQUAL TO :AT ! ,BI%OP RECEIV$ = HIMSELF ALONE4 

,9 C\RSE ( TIME ! HABIT WAS LO/ ( GIV+ TO ! POOR A SUM DET]M9$ 9 ADVANCE4 ,MOREOV]1 AS ! HI<] CL]GY GA9$ 9 IMPORTANCE1 ! FAI?FUL NO LONG] HAD CONTOL OV] ! PROP]TY ( ! ,*UR*4 ,! ,BI%OPS GAVE TO ! POOR ACCORD+ TO !IR GOOD PLEASURE4 ,! PEOPLE RECEIV$ ALMS FROM !IR [N CL]GY4 ,BUT ?AT IS NOT ALL4 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,*RI/IANITY1 ! FAI?FUL MADE GOODWILL (F]+S TO ! COMMON /OCK4 ,AS SOON AS ! ,*RI/IAN RELIGION BECAME A ,/ATE RELIGION1 ! CL]GY DEM&$ ?AT GIFTS MU/ BE BR\<T BY ! POOR AS WELL AS BY ! RI*4 ,FROM ! #f? C5TURY1 ! CL]GY IMPOS$ A SPECIAL TAX1 ! TI! 7T5? P>T ( ! CROPS71 :I* HAD TO BE PAID TO ! ,*UR*4 ,?IS TAX CRU%$ ! PEOPLE LIKE A HEAVY BURD52 9 ! C\RSE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES IT BECAME A REAL SC\RGE TO ! PEASANTS OPPRESS$ BY S]FDOM4 ,! TI! WAS LEVI$ ON EV]Y PIECE ( L&1 ON EV]Y PROP]TY4 ,BUT IT WAS ALWAYS ! S]F :O PAID IT BY HIS LABOR4 ,?US ! POOR PEOPLE NOT ONLY LO/ ! HELP & SUPPORT ( ! ,*UR*1 BUT !Y SAW ! PRIE/S ALLY !MSELVES ) !IR O!R EXPLOIT]S3 PR9CES1 NOBLES1 MONEYL5D]S4 ,9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 :ILE ! WORK+ PEOPLE SANK 9TO POV]TY ?R\< S]FDOM1 ! ,*UR* GREW RI*] & RI*]4 ,BESIDE ! TI! & O!R TAXES1 ! ,*UR* B5EFIT$ AT ?IS P]IOD FROM GREAT DONATIONS1 LEGACIES MADE BY RI* DEBAU*EES ( BO? SEXES :O WI%$ TO MAKE UP1 AT ! LA/ MOM5T1 = !IR LIFE ( S94 ,!Y GAVE & MADE OV] TO ! ,*UR*1 MONEY1 H\SES1 5TIRE VILLAGES ) !IR S]FS1 & (T5 GR\ND-R5TS OR CU/OM>Y LABOR DUES 7CORVEES74 

,9 ?IS WAY ! ,*UR* ACQUIR$ 5ORM\S WEAL?4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! CL]GY CEAS$ TO BE ! 0ADM9I/RATOR0 ( ! WEAL? :I* ! ,*UR* HAD 5TRU/$ IT4 ,IT OP5LY DECL>$ 9 ! #a#b? ,C5TURY1 BY =MULAT+ A LAW :I* IT SAID CAME FROM ,HOLY ,SCRIPTURE1 ?AT ! WEAL? ( ! ,*UR* BELONGS NOT TO ! FAI?FUL BUT IS ! 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY ( ! CL]GY & ( ITS *IEF ! ,POPE1 ABOVE ALL4 ,ECCLESIA/ICAL POSITIONS !RE=E (F]$ ! BE/ OPPORTUNITIES TO OBTA9 L>GE REV5UE4 ,EA* ECCLESIA/IC DISPOS$ ( ! PROP]TY ( ! ,*UR* AS IF IT W]E HIS [N & L>GELY 5D[$ FROM IT HIS RELATIVES1 SONS & GR&SONS4 ,BY ?IS MEANS ! GOODS ( ! ,*UR* W]E PILLAG$ & DISAPPE>$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! FAMILIES ( ! CL]GY4 ,= ?AT REASON1 ! ,POPES DECL>$ !MSELVES TO BE ! SOV]EIGN PROPRIETORS ( ! =TUNES ( ! ,*UR* & ORDA9$ ! CELIBACY ( ! CL]GY1 9 ORD] TO KEEP IT 9TACT & TO PREV5T !IR PATRIMONY FROM BE+ DISP]S$4 ,CELIBACY WAS DECRE$ 9 ! #a#a? ,C5TURY1 BUT IT WAS NOT PUT 9TO PRACTICE UNTIL ! #a#c? ,C5TURY1 9 VIEW ( ! OPPOSITION ( ! CL]GY4 ,FUR!R TO PREV5T ! DISP]SAL ( ! ,*UR*'S WEAL?1 9 #abig ,POPE ,BONIFACE ,V,I,I,I =BADE ECCLESIA/ICS TO MAKE A PRES5T ( !IR 9COMES TO LAYM51 )\T P]MISSION ( ! ,POPE4 ,?US ! ,*UR* ACCUMULAT$ 5ORM\S WEAL?1 ESPECIALLY 9 >ABLE L&S1 & ! CL]GY ( ALL ,*RI/IAN C\NTRIES BECAME ! MO/ IMPORTANT L&$ PROPRIETOR4 ,IT (T5 POSSESS$ A ?IRD1 OR MORE ?AN A ?IRD ( ALL ! L&S ( ! C\NTRY6 

,! PEASANT PEOPLE PAID NOT ONLY ! LABOR DUES 7CORVEE7 BUT ! TI! AS WELL & ?AT NOT ONLY ON ! L&S ( ! PR9CES & ! NOBLES BUT ON 5ORM\S TRACTS :]E !Y WORK$ DIRECTLY = ! BI%OPS1 >*BI%OPS1 P>SONS & CONV5TS4 ,AMONG ALL ! MI<TY LORDS ( FEUDAL TIMES ! ,*UR* APPE>$ AS ! GREATE/ EXPLOIT] ( ALL4 ,9 ,FRANCE = EXAMPLE AT ! 5D ( ! #a#h? C5TURY BE=E ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION ! CL]GY POSSESS$ ! FIF? P>T ( ALL ! T]RITORY ( ! C\NTRY ) AN ANNUAL 9COME ( AB\T #a MILLION FRANCS4 ,! TI!S PAID BY ! PROPRIETORS AM\NT$ TO #bc MILLION4 ,?IS SUM W5T TO FATT5 #b1#h PRELATES & BI%OPS1 #e1#f SUP]IORS & PRIORS1 #f1 P>SONS & CURATES1 & #b#d1 MONKS & #b#f1 NUNS :O FILL$ ! CLOI/]S4 

,?IS >MY ( PRIE/S WAS FRE$ FROM TAXATION & FROM ! REQUIREM5T TO P]=M MILIT>Y S]VICE4 ,9 TIMES ( 0CALAMITY0 - W>1 BAD H>VE/1 EPIDEMICS - ! ,*UR* PAID TO ! ,/ATE ,TREASURY A 0VOLUNT>Y0 TAX :I* NEV] EXCE$$ #af MILLION FRANCS4 

,! CL]GY1 ?US PRIVILEG$1 =M$1 ) ! NOBILITY1 A CLASS LIV+ ON ! BLOOD & SWEAT ( ! S]FS4 ,! HI< PO/S 9 ! ,*UR*1 & ?OSE :I* PAID BE/1 W]E DI/RIBUT$ ONLY TO ! NOBLES & REMA9$ )9 ! H&S ( ! NOBILITY4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 9 ! P]IOD ( S]FDOM1 ! CL]GY WAS ! FAI?FUL ALLY ( ! NOBILITY1 GIV+ IT SUPPORT & HELP+ IT TO OPPRESS ! PEOPLE1 TO :OM IT (F]$ NO?+ BUT S]MONS1 ACCORD+ TO :I* !Y %\LD REMA9 HUMBLE & RESIGN !MSELVES TO !IR LOT4 ,:5 ! C\NTRY & T[N PROLET>IAT ROSE UP AGA9/ OPPRESSION & S]FDOM1 IT F\ND 9 ! CL]GY A F]OCI\S OPPON5T4 ,IT IS ALSO TRUE EV5 )9 ! ,*UR* ITSELF !RE EXI/$ TWO CLASSES3 ! HI<] CL]GY :O 5GULF$ ALL ! WEAL? & ! GREAT MASS ( ! C\NTRY P>SONS :OSE MODE/ LIV+S BR\<T 9 NO MORE ?AN #e FRANCS TO #b1 FRANCS A YE>4 ,!RE=E ?IS UNPRIVILEG$ CLASS REVOLT$ AGA9/ ! SUP]IOR CL]GY & 9 #a#g#h#i1 DUR+ ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION1 IT JO9$ UP ) ! PEOPLE TO FI<T AGA9/ ! P[] ( ! LAY & ECCLESIA/ICAL NOBILITY4 

  

,P>T ,FIVE 

,?US W]E ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! ,*UR* & ! PEOPLE MODIFI$ ) ! PASSAGE ( TIME4 ,*RI/IANITY BEGAN AS A MESSAGE ( CONSOLATION TO ! DIS9H]IT$ & ! WRET*$4 ,IT BR\<T A DOCTR9E :I* COMBAT$ SOCIAL 9EQUALITY & ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 RI* & POOR2 IT TAU<T ! COMMUNITY ( RI*ES4 ,SOON ?IS TEMPLE ( EQUALITY & FRAT]NITY BECAME A NEW S\RCE ( SOCIAL ANTAGONISMS4 ,HAV+ GIV5 UP ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY :I* WAS =M]LY C>RI$ ON BY ! E>LY ,APO/LES1 ! CL]GY ITSELF GA!R$ RI*ES TOGE!R1 IT ALLI$ ITSELF ) ! POSSESS+ CLASSES :O LIV$ BY EXPLOIT+ ! LABOR ( ! TOIL+ CLASS4 ,9 FEUDAL TIMES ! ,*UR* BELONG$ TO ! NOBILITY1 ! RUL+ CLASS1 & FI]CELY DEF5D$ ! P[] ( ! LATT] AGA9/ REVOLUTION4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! #a#h? ,C5TURY & ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#i? ,C5TURY1 ! PEOPLE ( ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE SWEPT AWAY S]FDOM & ! PRIVILEGES ( ! NOBILITY4 ,AT ?AT TIME1 ! ,*UR* ALLI$ ITSELF AFRE% ) ! DOM9ANT CLASSES - ) ! 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL B\RGEOISIE4 ,TODAY1 ! SITUATION HAS *ANG$ & ! CL]GY NO LONG] POSSESS GREAT E/ATES1 BUT !Y [N CAPITAL :I* !Y TRY TO MAKE PRODUCTIVE BY ! EXPLOITATION ( ! PEOPLE ?R\< COMM]CE & 9DU/RY1 AS DO ! CAPITALI/S4 

,! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* 9 ,AU/RIA POSSESS$1 ACCORD+ TO ITS [N /ATI/ICS1 A CAPITAL ( MORE ?AN #hac MILLION CR[NS1.<#a.> ( :I* #c MILLION W]E 9 >ABLE L&S & 9 PROP]TY1 #*g MILLION ( DEB5TURES1 &1 FUR!R1 IT L5T AT 9T]E/ ! SUM ( #g MILLION TO FACTORY [N]S & BUS9ESSM54 ,& ?AT IS H[ ! ,*UR*1 ADAPT+ ITSELF TO MOD]N TIMES1 *ANG$ ITSELF 9TO AN 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL CAPITALI/ FROM BE+ A FEUDAL OV]LORD4 ,AS =M]LY1 IT CONT9UES TO COLLABORATE ) ! CLASS :I* 5RI*ES ITSELF AT ! EXP5SE ( ! RURAL PROLET>IAT4 

,?IS *ANGE IS EV5 MORE /RIK+ 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( CONV5TS4 ,9 C]TA9 C\NTRIES1 SU* AS ,G]MANY & ,RUSSIA1 ! ,CA?OLIC CLOI/]S HAVE BE5 SUPPRESS$ = A LONG TIME4 ,BUT :]E !Y /ILL EXI/1 9 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY & ,SPA91 ALL EVID5CE PO9TS H[ 5ORM\S IS ! P>T PLAY$ BY ! ,*UR* 9 ! CAPITALI/ REGIME4 

,9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES ! CONV5TS W]E ! REFUGE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,IT WAS !RE ?AT !Y S\<T %ELT] FROM ! SEV]ITY ( LORDS & PR9CES2 IT WAS !RE ?AT !Y F\ND FOOD & PROTECTION 9 CASE ( EXTREME POV]TY4 ,! CLOI/]S DID NOT REFUSE BREAD & N\RI%M5T TO ! HUNGRY4 ,LET US NOT =GET1 ESPECIALLY1 ?AT ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES KNEW NO?+ ( ! COMM]CE SU* AS IS USUAL 9 \R DAYS4 ,EV]Y F>M1 EV]Y CONV5T PRODUC$ 9 ABUNDANCE = ITSELF1 ?ANKS TO ! LABOR ( ! S]FS & ! CRAFTSM54 ,(T5 ! PROVISIONS 9 RES]VE F\ND NO \TLET4 ,:5 !Y HAD PRODUC$ MORE CORN1 MORE VEGETABLES1 MORE WOOD ?AN WAS NE$$ = ! CONSUMPTION ( ! MONKS1 ! EXCESS HAD NO VALUE4 ,!RE WAS NO BUY] = IT & NOT ALL PRODUCTS C\LD BE PRES]V$4 ,9 !SE CONDITIONS1 ! CONV5TS FREELY LOOK$ AFT] !IR POOR1 9 ANY CASE (F]+ !M ONLY A SMALL P>T ( :AT HAS BE5 EXTRACT$ FROM !IR S]FS4 7,?IS WAS ! USUAL CU/OM 9 ?IS P]IOD & NE>LY EV]Y F>M BELONG+ TO ! NOBILITY ACT$ SIMIL>LY47 ,9 FACT ! CLOI/]S PR(IT$ CONSID]ABLY FROM ?IS B5EVOL5CE2 HAV+ ! REPUTATION ( OP5+ !IR DOORS TO ! POOR1 !Y RECEIV$ L>GE GIFTS & LEGACIES FROM ! RI* & P[]FUL4 ,) ! APPE>ANCE ( CAPITALISM & PRODUCTION = EX*ANGE1 EV]Y OBJECT ACQUIR$ A PRICE & BECAME EX*ANGEABLE4 ,AT ?IS MOM5T ! CONV5TS1 ! H\SES ( ! LORDS1 & ! ECCLESIA/ICS CEAS$ !IR B5EFACTIONS4 ,! PEOPLE F\ND NO REFUGE ANY:]E4 ,H]E IS ONE REASON1 AMONG O!RS1 :Y AT ! BEG9N+ ( CAPITALISM1 9 ! #a#h? ,C5TURY1 :5 ! WORK]S W]E NOT YET ORGANIZ$ TO DEF5D !IR 9T]E/S1 !RE APPE>$ POV]TY SO APPALL+ ?AT HUMANITY SEEM$ TO HAVE GONE BACK TO ! DAYS ( ! DECADES ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE4 ,BUT :ILE ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* 9 =M] TIMES UND]TOOK TO BR+ HELP TO ! ,ROMAN PROLET>IAT BY ! PREA*+ ( COMMUNISM1 EQUALITY & FRAT]NITY1 9 ! CAPITALI/ P]IOD IT ACT$ 9 A :OLLY DIFF]5T FA%ION4 ,IT S\<T ABOVE ALL TO PR(IT FROM ! POV]TY ( ! PEOPLE2 TO PUT *EAP LABOR TO WORK4 ,! CONV5TS BECAME LIT]ALLY HELLS ( CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION1 ALL ! WORSE BECAUSE !Y TOOK 9 ! LABOR ( WOM5 & *ILDR54 ,! LAW CASE AGA9/ ! ,CONV5T ( ! ,GOOD ,%EPH]D 9 ,FRANCE 9 #aic GAVE A RES\ND+ EXAMPLE ( !SE ABUSES4 ,LITTLE GIRLS1 #a#b1 #a & #i YE>S OLD W]E COMPELL$ TO WORK 9 ABOM9ABLE CONDITIONS1 )\T RE/1 RU9+ !IR EYES & !IR HEAL?1 & W]E BADLY N\RI%$ & SUBJECT$ TO PRISON DISCIPL9E4 

,AT PRES5T ! CONV5TS >E ALMO/ 5TIRELY SUPPRESS$ 9 ,FRANCE & ! ,*UR* LOSES ! OPPORTUNITY ( DIRECT CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION4 ,! TI!1 ! SC\RGE ( ! S]FS1 HAS LIKEWISE LONG S9CE BE5 ABOLI%$4 ,?IS DOES NOT /OP ! CL]GY FROM EXTORT+ MONEY FROM ! WORK+ CLASS BY O!R ME?ODS & P>TICUL>LY ?R\< MASSES1 M>RIAGES1 BURIALS & BAPTISMS4 ,& ! GOV]NM5TS :I* SUPPORT ! CL]GY COMPEL ! PEOPLE TO PAY !IR TRIBUTE4 ,FUR!R1 9 ALL C\NTRIES1 EXCEPT ! ,U,S,A & ,SWITZ]L&1 :]E RELIGION IS A P]SONAL MATT]1 ! ,*UR* DRAWS FROM ! ,/ATE 5ORM\S SUMS :I* OBVI\SLY COME FROM ! H>D LABOR ( ! PEOPLE4 ,= 9/ANCE1 9 ,FRANCE ! EXP5DITURE ( ! CL]GY AM\NTS TO #d MILLION FRANCS A YE>4.<#a#a.> 

,TO SUM UP1 IT IS ! LABOR ( MILLIONS ( EXPLOIT$ PEOPLE1 :I* ASSURES ! EXI/5CE ( ! ,*UR*1 ! GOV]NM5T1 & ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,! /ATI/ICS CONC]N+ ! REV5UE ( ! ,*UR* 9 ,AU/RIA GIVE AN IDEA ( ! CONSID]ABLE WEAL? ( ! ,*UR*1 :I* WAS =M]LY ! REFUGE ( ! POOR4 ,FIVE YE>S AGO 7?AT IS1 9 #a#i7 ITS ANNUAL REV5UES AM\NT$ TO #f MILLION CR[NS1 & ITS EXP5DITURE DID NOT EXCE$ #ce MILLION4 ,?US1 9 ! C\RSE ( A S+LE YE>1 IT 0PUT ASIDE0 #be MILLION - AT ! CO/ ( ! SWEAT & BLOOD %$ BY ! WORK]S4 ,H]E >E A FEW DETAILS AB\T ?AT SUM3 

,! ,>*BI%OPRIC ( ,VI5NA1 ) AN ANNUAL REV5UE ( #c1 CR[NS & ! EXP5SES ( :I* W]E NOT MORE ?AN HALF ( ?AT SUM1 MADE #a#e1 CR[NS ( 0SAV+S0 A YE>2 ! FIX$ CAPITAL ( ! ,>*BI%OPRIC AM\NTS TO AB\T #g MILLION CR[NS4 ,! ,>*BI%OPRIC ( ,PRAGUE 5JOYS AN 9COME ( OV] HALF A MILLION & HAS AB\T #c1 9 EXP5SES2 ITS CAPITAL REA*ES NE>LY #aa MILLION CR[NS4 ,! ,>*BI%OPRIC ( ,OLOM\C 7,OLMUTZ7 HAS OV] HALF A MILLION 9 REV5UE & AB\T #d1 9 EXP5SES2 ITS =TUNE EXCE$S #ad MILLION4 ,! SUBORD9ATE CL]GY :I* SO (T5 PLEADS POV]TY EXPLOITS ! POPULATION NO LESS4 ,! ANNUAL 9COMES ( ! P>I% PRIE/S ( ,AU/RIA REA* MORE ?AN #ce MILLION CR[NS1 ! EXP5SES #ba MILLION ONLY1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ! 0SAV+S0 ( ! P>SONS YE>LY REA* #ad MILLION4 ,! P>I% PROP]TIES MAKE UP OV] #de MILLION4 ,F9ALLY1 ! CONV5TS ( FIVE YE>S AGO POSSESS$1 ) ALL EXP5SES D$UCT$1 A 0NET REV5UE0 ( #e MILLION A YE>4 ,!SE RI*ES GREW EV]Y YE>1 :ILE ! POV]TY ( ! TOIL]S EXPLOIT$ BY CAPITALISM & BY ! /ATE GREW FROM YE> TO YE>4 ,9 \R C\NTRY & EV]Y:]E ELSE1 ! /ATE ( ?+S IS EXACTLY AS 9 ,AU/RIA4 

  

,P>T ,SIX 

,AFT] HAV+ BRIEFLY REVIEW$ ! HI/ORY ( ! ,*UR*1 WE CANNOT BE SURPRIS$ ?AT ! CL]GY SUPPORTS ! ,CZ>I/ GOV]NM5T & ! CAPITALI/S AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S :O FI<T = A BETT] FUTURE4 ,! CLASS-CONSCI\S WORK]S ORGANIZ$ 9 ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 FI<T TO BR+ 9TO REALITY ! IDEA ( SOCIAL EQUALITY & ( FRAT]NITY AMONG M51 ! OBJECT :I* WAS =M]LY ?AT ( ! ,*RI/IAN ,*UR*4 

,NONE!LESS1 EQUALITY CANNOT BE REALIZ$ EI!R 9 A SOCIETY BAS$ ON SLAV]Y NOR 9 A SOCIETY BAS$ ON S]FDOM2 IT BECOMES CAPABLE ( BE+ REALIZ$ 9 \R PRES5T P]IOD1 ?AT IS1 ! REGIME ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM4 ,:AT ! ,*RI/IAN ,APO/LES C\LD NOT ACCOMPLI% BY !IR >D5T DISC\RSES AGA9/ ! EGOISM ( ! RI*1 ! MOD]N PROLET>IANS1 WORK]S CONSCI\S ( !IR CLASS-POSITION1 CAN />T WORK+ 9 ! NE> FUTURE1 BY ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] 9 ALL C\NTRIES BY TE>+ ! FACTORIES1 ! L&1 & ALL ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION FROM ! CAPITALI/S TO MAKE !M ! COMMUNAL PROP]TY ( ! WORK]S4 ,! COMMUNISM :I* ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS HAVE 9 VIEW DOES NOT CONSI/ ( ! DIVID+ UP1 BETWE5 BEGG>S & RI* & LAZY1 ( ! WEAL? PRODUC$ BY SLAVES & S]FS1 BUT 9 HONE/1 COMMON1 UNIT$ WORK & ! HONE/ 5JOYM5T ( ! COMMON FRUITS ( ?AT WORK4 ,SOCIALISM DOES NOT CONSI/ ( G5]\S GIFTS MADE BY ! RI* TO ! POOR1 BUT 9 ! TOTAL ABOLITION ( ! V]Y DIFF]5CE BETWE5 RI* & POOR1 BY COMPELL+ ALL ALIKE TO WORK ACCORD+ TO !IR CAPACITY BY ! SUPPRESSION ( ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN4 

,= ! PURPOSE ( E/ABLI%+ ! ,SOCIALI/ ORD]1 ! WORK]S ORGANIZE !MSELVES 9 ! WORK]S' ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY :I* PURSUES ?IS AIM4 ,& ?AT IS :Y ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY & ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T MEETS ) ! F]OCI\S HATR$ ( ! POSSESS+ CLASSES :I* LIVE AT ! EXP5SE ( ! WORK]S4 

,! 5ORM\S RI*ES PIL$ UP BY ! ,*UR* )\T ANY EF=T ON ITS P>T1 COME FROM ! EXPLOITATION & ! POV]TY ( ! LABOR+ PEOPLE4 ,! WEAL? ( ! >*BI%OPS & BI%OPS1 ! CONV5TS & ! P>I%ES1 ! WEAL? ( ! FACTORY-[N]S & ! TRAD]S & ! L&$ PROPRIETORS >E B\<T AT ! PRICE ( ! 9HUMAN EX]TIONS ( ! WORK]S ( T[N & C\NTRY4 ,= :AT CAN BE ! ONLY ORIG9 ( ! GIFTS & LEGACIES :I* ! V]Y RI* LORDS MAKE TO ! ,*UR*8 ,OBVI\SLY NOT ! LABOR ( !IR H&S & ! SWEAT ( !IR BR[S1 BUT ! EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK]S :O TOIL = !M2 S]FS YE/]DAY & WAGE-WORK]S TODAY4 ,FUR!R1 ! ALL[ANCE :I* ! GOV]NM5TS TODAY MAKE TO ! CL]GY COME FROM ! ,/ATE ,TREASURY1 MADE UP 9 ! GREAT] P>T FROM ! TAXES WRUNG FROM ! POPUL> MASSES4 ,! CL]GY1 NO LESS ?AN ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 LIVES ON ! BACKS ( ! PEOPLE1 PR(ITS FROM ! DEGRADATION1 ! IGNORANCE & ! OPPRESSION ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! CL]GY & ! P>ASITIC CAPITALI/S HATE ! ORGANIZ$ WORK+-CLASS1 CONSCI\S ( ITS RI<TS1 :I* FI<TS = ! CONQUE/ ( ITS LIB]TIES4 ,= ! ABOLITION ( CAPITALI/ MIX-RULE & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( EQUALITY BETWE5 M5 W\LD /RIKE A MORTAL BL[ ESPECIALLY AT ! CL]GY :I* EXI/S ONLY ?ANKS TO EXPLOITATION & POV]TY4 ,BUT ABOVE ALL1 ,SOCIALISM AIMS AT ASSUR+ TO HUMANITY AN HONE/ & SOLID HAPP9ESS H]E BEL[1 TO GIVE TO ! PEOPLE ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE $UCATION & ! FIR/ PLACE 9 ,SOCIETY4 ,IT IS PRECISELY ?IS HAPP9ESS H]E ON E>? :I* ! S]VANTS ( ! ,*UR* FE> LIKE ! PLAGUE4 

,! CAPITALI/S HAVE %AP$ ) HAMM] BL[S ! BODIES ( ! PEOPLE 9 *A9S ( POV]TY & SLAV]Y4 ,P>ALLEL TO ?IS ! CL]GY1 HELP+ ! CAPITALI/S & S]V+ !IR [N NE$S 5*A9 ! M9D ( ! PEOPLE1 HOLD IT D[N 9 CRASS IGNORANCE1 = !Y WELL UND]/& ?AT $UCATION W\LD PUT AN 5D TO !IR P[]4 ,WELL1 ! CL]GY FALSIFY+ ! E>LY TEA*+ ( ,*RI/IANITY1 :I* HAD AS ITS OBJECT ! E>?LY HAPP9ESS ( ! L[LY1 TRIES TODAY TO P]SUADE ! TOIL]S ?AT ! SUFF]+ & ! DEGRADATION :I* !Y 5DURE COME NOT FROM A DEFECTIVE SOCIAL /RUCTURE1 BUT FROM HEAV51 FROM ! WILL ( 0,PROVID5CE04 ,?US ! ,*UR* KILLS 9 ! WORK]S ! /R5G?1 ! HOPE1 & ! WILL = A BETT] FUTURE1 KILLS !IR FAI? 9 !MSELVES & !IR SELF-RESPECT4 ,! PRIE/S ( TODAY1 ) !IR FALSE & POISON\S TEA*+S1 CONT9UALLY MA9TA9 ! IGNORANCE & DEGRADATION ( ! PEOPLE4 ,H]E >E SOME IRREFUTABLE PRO(S4 

,9 ! C\NTRIES :]E ! ,CA?OLIC CL]GY 5JOYS GREAT P[] OV] ! M9DS ( ! PEOPLE1 9 ,SPA9 & 9 ,ITALY = 9/ANCE1 ! PEOPLE >E HELD D[N 9 COMPLETE IGNORANCE4 ,DRUNK5NESS & CRIME FL\RI% !RE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 LET US COMP>E TWO PROV9CES ( ,G]MANY1 ,BAV>IA & ,SAXONY4 ,BAV>IA IS AN AGRICULTURAL /ATE :]E ! POPULATION IS PREPOND]ANTLY UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,CA?OLIC CL]GY4 ,SAXONY IS AN 9DU/RIALIZ$ /ATE :]E ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS PLAY A L>GE P>T 9 ! LIFE ( ! WORK]S4 ,!Y W9 ! ,P>LIAM5T>Y ELECTIONS 9 NE>LY ALL ! CON/ITU5CIES1 A REASON :Y ! B\RGEOISIE %[S ITS HATR$ = ?IS 0,R$0 ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRAT ,PROV9CE4 ,& :AT DO WE SEE8 ,! (FICIAL /ATI/ICS %[ ?AT ! NUMB] ( CRIMES COMMITT$ 9 ULTRA-,CA?OLIC ,BAV>IA IS RELATIVELY MU* HI<] ?AN ?AT 9 0,R$ ,SAXONY04 ,WE SEE ?AT 9 #a#h#i#h1 \T ( EV]Y #a1 9HABITANTS !RE W]E3 

  
,BAV>IA 
  
 ,SAXONY  
,ROBB]Y ) ,VIOL5CE 
#bd 
#ahe 
,ASSAULT & ,BATT]Y 
#bif 
  #gb 
,P]JURY 
    #d 
    #a 

,A :OLLY SIMIL> SITUATION IS F\ND :5 WE COMP>E ! RECORD ( CRIME 9 PRIE/-DOM9AT$ ,POSS5 ) ?AT 9 ,B]L91 :]E ! 9FLU5CE ( ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY IS GREAT]4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( ! YE>1 WE SEE = EV]Y #a1 9HABITANTS 9 ,POSS51 #bcb CASES ( ASSAULT & BATT]Y1 & 9 ,B]L9 #agb ONLY4 

,9 ! ,PAPAL ,CITY1 9 ,ROME DUR+ ONE S+LE MON? ( ! YE> #ahfi 7! LA/ YE> BUT ONE ( ! TEMPORAL P[] ( ! ,POPES71 !RE W]E CONDEMN$3 #bgi = MURD]1 #gbh = ASSAULT & BATT]Y1 #big = ROBB]Y & #ba = >SON4 ,!SE >E ! RESULTS ( CL]ICAL DOM9ATION OV] ! POV]TY-/RICK5 PEOPLE4 

,?IS DOES NOT MEAN TO SAY ?AT ! CL]GY DIRECTLY 9CITE PEOPLE TO CRIME4 ,QUITE ! CONTR>Y1 9 !IR S]MONS ! PRIE/S (T5 CONDEMN !FT1 ROBB]Y1 & DRUNK5NESS4 ,BUT M5 DO NOT /EAL1 ROB1 OR GET DRUNK AT ALL BECAUSE !Y LIKE TO DO SO OR 9SI/ UPON IT4 ,IT IS POV]TY & IGNORANCE ?AT >E ! CAUSES ( IT4 ,!RE=E1 HE :O KEEPS ALIVE ! IGNORANCE & POV]TY ( ! PEOPLE1 HE :O KILLS !IR WILL & 5]GY TO ACT \T ( ?IS SITUATION1 HE :O PUTS ALL SORTS ( OB/ACLES 9 ! WAY ( ?OSE :O TRY TO $UCATE ! PROLET>IAT1 HE IS RESPONSIBLE = !SE CRIMES JU/ AS IF HE W]E AN ACCOMPLICE4 

,! SITUATION 9 ! M9+ >EAS ( ,CA?OLIC ,BELGIUM WAS SIMIL> UNTIL REC5TLY4 ,! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS W5T !RE4 ,!IR VIGOR\S APPEAL TO ! UNHAPPY & DEGRAD$ WORK]S S\ND$ ?R\< ! C\NTRY3 0,WORK]1 LIFT Y\RSELF UP6 ,DO NOT ROB1 DO NOT GET DRUNK1 DO NOT L[] Y\R HEAD 9 DESPAIR6 ,READ1 TEA* Y\RSELF6 ,JO9 UP ) Y\R CLASS BRO!RS 9 ! ORGANIZATION1 FI<T AGA9/ ! EXPLOIT]S :O MALTREAT Y\6 ,Y\ WILL EM]GE FROM POV]TY1 Y\ WILL BECOME A MAN60 

,?US ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS EV]Y:]E LIFT UP ! PEOPLE & /R5G!N ?OSE :O LOSE HOPE1 RALLY ! WEAK 9TO A P[]FUL ORGANIZATION4 ,!Y OP5 ! EYES ( ! IGNORANT & %[ !M ! WAY ( EQUALITY1 ( LIB]TY & ( LOVE = \R NEI<BORS4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ! S]VANTS ( ! ,*UR* BR+ TO ! PEOPLE ONLY WORDS ( HUMILIATION & DISC\RAGEM5T4 ,&1 IF ,*RI/ W]E TO APPE> ON E>? TODAY1 HE W\LD SURELY ATTACK ! PRIE/S1 ! BI%OPS & >*BI%OPS :O DEF5D ! RI* & LIVE BY EXPLOIT+ ! UN=TUNATE1 AS =M]LY HE ATTACK$ ! M]*ANTS :OM HE DROVE FROM ! TEMPLE SO ?AT !IR IGNOBLE PRES5CE %\LD NOT DEFILE ! ,H\SE ( ,GOD4 

,?AT IS :Y !RE HAS BROK5 \T A DESP]ATE /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! CL]GY1 ! SUPPORT]S ( OPPRESSION & ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS1 ! SPOKESM5 ( LIB]ATION4 ,IS ?IS FI<T NOT TO BE COMP>$ ) ?AT ( ! D>K NI<T & ! RIS+ SUN8 ,BECAUSE ! PRIE/S >E NOT CAPABLE ( COMBAT+ SOCIALISM BY MEANS ( 9TELLIG5CE OR TRU?1 !Y HAVE REC\RSE TO VIOL5CE & WICK$NESS4 ,!IR ,JUDAS-TALK CALUMNIATES ?OSE :O R\SE CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS4 ,BY MEANS ( LIES & SL&]1 !Y TRY TO BESMIR* ALL ?OSE :O GIVE UP !IR LIVES = ! WORK]S' CAUSE4 ,!SE S]VANTS & WOR%IP]S ( ! ,GOLD5 ,CALF SUPPORT & APPLAUD ! CRIMES ( ! ,CZ>I/ ,GOV]NM5T & DEF5D ! ?RONE ( ?IS LATE/ DESPOT :O OPPRESSES ! PEOPLE LIKE ,N]O4 

,BUT IT IS 9 VA9 ?AT Y\ PUT Y\RSELVES AB\T1 Y\ DEG5]ATE S]VANTS ( ,*RI/IANITY :O HAVE BECOME ! S]VANTS ( ,N]O4 ,IT IS 9 VA9 ?AT Y\ HELP \R MURD]]S & \R KILL]S1 9 VA9 ?AT Y\ PROTECT ! EXPLOIT]S ( ! PROLET>IAT UND] ! SIGN ( ! CROSS4 ,Y\R CRUELTIES & Y\R CALUMNIES 9 =M] TIMES C\LD NOT PREV5T ! VICTORY ( ! ,*RI/IAN IDEA1 ! IDEA :I* Y\ HAVE SACRIFIC$ TO ! ,GOLD5 ,CALF2 TODAY Y\R EF=TS WILL RAISE NO OB/ACLE TO ! COM+ ( ,SOCIALISM4 ,TODAY IT IS Y\1 9 Y\R LIES & Y\R TEA*+S1 :O >E PAGANS1 & IT IS WE :O BR+ TO ! POOR1 TO ! EXPLOIT$ ! TID+S ( FRAT]NITY & EQUALITY4 ,IT IS WE :O >E M>*+ TO ! CONQUE/ ( ! WORLD AS HE DID =M]LY :O PROCLAIM$ ?AT IT IS EASI] = A CAMEL TO PASS ?R\< ! EYE ( A NE$LE ?AN = A RI* MAN TO 5T] ! K+DOM ( HEAV54 

  

,P>T ,SEV5 

,A FEW F9AL WORDS4 

,! CL]GY HAS AT ITS DISPOSAL TWO MEANS TO FI<T ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,:]E ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T IS BEG9N+ TO W9 RECOGNITION1 AS IS ! CASE 9 \R C\NTRY 7,POL&71 :]E ! POSSESS+ CLASSES /ILL HOPE TO CRU% IT1 ! CL]GY FI<TS ! SOCIALI/S BY ?REAT5+ S]MONS1 SL&]+ !M & CONDEMN+ ! 0COVET\SNESS0 ( ! WORK]S4 ,BUT 9 ! C\NTRIES :]E POLITICAL LIB]TIES >E E/ABLI%$ & ! WORK]S' P>TY IS P[]FUL1 AS = EXAMPLE 9 ,G]MANY1 ,FRANCE & ,HOLL&1 !RE ! CL]GY SEEKS O!R MEANS4 ,IT HIDES ITS REAL PURPOSE & DOES NOT FACE ! WORK]S ANY MORE AS AN OP5 5EMY1 BUT AS A FALSE FRI5D4 ,?US Y\ WILL SEE ! PRIE/S ORGANIZ+ ! WORK]S & LAUN*+ 0,*RI/IAN0 ,TRADE ,UNIONS4 ,9 ?IS WAY !Y TRY TO CAT* ! FI% 9 !IR NET1 TO ATTRACT ! WORK]S 9TO ! TRAP ( !SE FALSE TRADE UNIONS1 :]E !Y TEA* HUMILITY1 UNLIKE ! ORGANIZATIONS ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY :I* HAVE 9 VIEW /RUGGLE & DEF5SE AGA9/ MALTREATM5T4 

,:5 ! ,CZ>I/ ,GOV]NM5T F9ALLY FALLS UND] ! BL[S ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT ( ,POL& & ,RUSSIA1 & :5 POLITICAL LIB]TY EXI/S 9 \R C\NTRY1 !N WE %ALL SEE ! SAME ,>*BI%OP ,POPIEL & ! SAME ECCLESIA/ICS :O TODAY ?UND] AGA9/ ! MILITANTS1 SUDD5LY BEG9N+ TO ORGANIZE ! WORK]S 9TO 0,*RI/IAN0 & 0,NATIONAL0 ASSOCIATIONS 9 ORD] TO MISLEAD !M4 ,ALREADY WE >E AT ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS UND]GR\ND ACTIVITY ( ! 0,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY0 :I* ASSURES ! FUTURE COLLABORATION ) ! PRIE/S & TODAY HELPS !M TO SL&] ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS4 

,! WORK]S MU/1 !RE=E1 BE W>N$ ( ! DANG] SO ?AT !Y WILL NOT LET !MSELVES BE TAK5 91 ON ! MORR[ ( ! VICTORY ( ! REVOLUTION1 BY ! HONEY$ WORDS ( ?OSE :O TODAY FROM ! HEI<TS ( ! PULPIT1 D>E TO DEF5D ! ,CZ>I/ ,GOV]NM5T1 :I* KILLS ! WORK]S1 & ! REPRESSIVE APP>ATUS ( CAPITAL1 :I* IS ! PR9CIPAL CAUSE ( ! POV]TY ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,9 ORD] TO DEF5D !MSELVES AGA9/ ! ANTAGONISM ( ! CL]GY AT ! PRES5T TIME1 DUR+ ! REVOLUTION1 & AGA9/ !IR FALSE FRI5D%IP TOMORR[1 AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 IT IS NECESS>Y = ! WORK]S TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES 9 ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY4 

,& H]E IS ! ANSW] TO ALL ! ATTACKS ( ! CL]GY3 ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY 9 NO WAY FI<TS AGA9/ RELIGI\S BELIEFS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT DEM&S COMPLETE FRE$OM ( CONSCI5CE = EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL & ! WIDE/ POSSIBLE TOL]ATION = EV]Y FAI? & EV]Y OP9ION4 ,BUT1 FROM ! MOM5T :5 ! PRIE/S USE ! PULPIT AS A MEANS ( POLITICAL /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! WORK+ CLASSES1 ! WORK]S MU/ FI<T AGA9/ ! 5EMIES ( !IR RI<TS & !IR LIB]ATION4 ,= HE :O DEF5DS ! EXPLOIT]S & :O HELPS TO PROLONG ?IS PRES5T REGIME ( MIS]Y1 HE IS ! MORTAL 5EMY ( ! PROLET>IAT1 :E!R HE BE 9 A CASSOCK OR 9 ! UNI=M ( ! POLICE4 

,NOTES 

.<#a.> ,OR?ODOX ,*RI/IANS :O RECOGNIZE ! SUPREMACY ( ! ,POPE4 

.<#b.> ,M>K #a3#b#e2 ,LUKE #a#h3#b#e2 ,MAT!W #a#i3#b#e4 

.<#c.> ,MAT!W #b#e3#d4 

.<#d.> ,O!RWISE KN[N AS 0,RASKILNIKI0 7,SPLITT]S71 A ,RUSSIAN RELIGI\S SECT :I* REG>D$ AS CONTR>Y TO ! TRUE FAI? ! REVISION ( ! TEXTS ( ! ,BIBLE & ! RE=M ( ! LITURGY BY ,PATRI>* ,NIKON 9 #a#f#e#d4 

.<#e.> ,SEE ,EXODUS #c#b3#a-#h4 

.<#f.> 0,PROLES IS ! ,LAT9 = *ILDR51 = (FSPR+4 ,PROLET>IANS1 !RE=E1 CON/ITUT$ ?AT CLASS ( CITIZ5S :O [N$ NO?+ BUT ! >MS ( !IR BODY & ! *ILDR5 ( !IR LO9S40 ,COMMUNI/ ,J\RNAL1 ,NO4 #a1 ,SEPTEMB] #ahdg 7,LONDON74 

0,! ,ROMAN PROLET>IAT LIV$ AT ! EXP5SE ( SOCIETY :]EAS MOD]N SOCIETY LIVES AT ! EXP5SE ( ! PROLET>IAT40 ,SISMONDI QUOT$ BY ,K>L ,M>X 9 ,! ,EI<TE5? ,BRUMAIRE4 

,SEE ALSO3 ,5GELS3 ,PR9CIPLES OR ,COMMUNISM 7QUE/ION #b7 

.<#g.> ,BUT SEE ,T]TULLIAN 7C4 #a#f-#b#c73 0,WE >E BRE?R5 9 \R PROP]TY1 :I* ) Y\ MO/LY DISSOLVES BRO!RHOOD4 ,WE !RE=E1 :O >E UNIT$ 9 M9D & S\L1 D\BT NOT AB\T HAV+ POSSESSIONS 9 COMMON4 ,) US ALL ?+S >E %>$ PROMISCU\SLY1 EXCEPT ! WIVES4 ,9 ?AT ALONE DO WE P>T FELL[%IP1 9 :I* ALONE O!RS 7,GREEKS & ,ROMAN PAGANS7 EX]CISE IT40 ,APOLOGETICS ,I4 #c#i4 

.<#h.> ,ABBE ,B>CILLE3 ,JEAN ,*RYCO/OME1 ,P>IS #a#h#f#i1 ,VOL4 #g1 PAGES #e#i#i-#f#c4 

.<#i.> ,ASSUR$LY H[EV] ! LOCAL M9I/RIES1 AS !Y APPE> 9 ,/4 ,PAUL'S ,EPI/LES & ! ,ACTS1 APPE> AS BE+ UND] AU?ORITY 7,I AM 9CL9$ TO USE A VULG>ISM & SAY7 0) A V5GEANCE04 ,H[EV] !Y W]E ELECT$1 & ?IS WAS (T5 PROBABLY BY ! NOM9ATION ( LOCAL PROPHETS1 ! ,APO/LES1 ,PAUL & ,B>NABAS APPO9T$ !M4 ,9 VIEW ( ! EVID5CE ( ,ACTS #f & ! PA/ORAL ,EPI/LES1 ,I ?9K1 ) ,H>NOCK1 ?AT WE CANNOT REASONABLY D\BT ?AT ! APPO9TM5T WAS BY PRAY] ) ! LAY+-ON ( H&S1 & RANK$ AS 0,SACRAM5TAL04 ,& :5 !Y W]E APPO9T$ DUR+ ,/4 ,PAUL'S LIFE1 !Y W]E C]TA9LY CONTROLL$ FROM ABOVE40 ,GORE3 ,DR4 ,/REET] & ! ,PRIMITIVE ,*UR*1 PAGES #ab & #a#c4 

.<#a.> ,9 #a#i1 A CR[N WAS WOR? AB\T ! SAME AS A FRANC OR #aD 7P5CE74 

.<#a#a.> ,IT MU/ NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT ?IS WAS WRITT5 9 #a#i#e4 ,S9CE !N ,FRANCE HAS %AK5 (F ! YOKE ( ! ,*UR*1 & ! ,/ATE NO LONG] APPO9TS ! CL]GY1 EXCEPT 9 ! DEP>TM5TS ( ,HAUT-,RH91 ,BAS-,RH9 & ,MOSELLE1 :]E ,REPUBLICAN ,FRANCE P]PETUATES1 = SOME UNKN[N REASON1 ! TRADITIONS ( ,IMP]IAL ,G]MANY & ! ,FR5* ,SECOND ,EMPIRE4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #e1 #bba 3 ,SOCIALISM & ! ,*UR*ES -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,SOCIALISM & ! ,*UR*ES -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/