,P>T #b 
,5GAG+ ) ! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX&ROS ,S*ISM5OS 

,AU?OR 3 ,BRIAN ,MORRIS 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAN ,*ODORK(F 

,TEXT 3 

,P,>,T #b3 ,5GAG+ ) ! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY 

,IS ! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY A ,RI<T OR A ,REVOLUTION8 

,MAGALI ,FRICAUDET 

,FROM A CATA/ROPHI/ PO9T ( VIEW1 WE C\LD PROBABLY SAY ?AT ! UNPREC$5T$ RATE ( URBANIZATION ?AT ! WORLD IS CURR5TLY EXP]I5C+ IS A REALIZATION ( ! MORE DE/RUCTIVE T5D5CIES ( CAPITALISM1 :]E LIFE IS AT S]I\S /AKE4 ,9DE$1 URBANIZATION SEEMS TO HAVE NO 5D1 AS ! IDEOLOGY ( GR[? PR$OM9ATES4 ,9 #a#i#b1 URBAN C5T]S REPRES5T$ JU/ #c P] C5T ( ! WORLD POPULATION2 ! PROPORTION ( URBAN DWELL]S OV] RURAL ONES WILL BE 9V]T$ >\ND #b#c--RIS+ TO #ff P] C5T ACCORD+ TO ! ,U,N ,HUMAN ,SETTLEM5T ,PROGRAM1 ,U,N-,HABITAT4.<#c.> ,9 ?AT CONTEXT1 S9CE ! LATE #a#i#iS1 ,H5RI ,LEFEBVRE'S 0RI<T TO ! CITY0 HAS APPE>$ AS A CLAIM AMONG A DIV]SITY ( VOICES--FROM NEI<BORHOOD /RUGGLES TO LOCAL GOV]NM5T CALLS = LOCAL DEMOCRACY--?AT D5\NCES ! 0COMPETITIVE CITY MODEL40 

,AS CITIES 9CREAS+LY REPRES5T C5T]S ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION1 & ! COMMODIFICATION ( LIFE 9 ALL ITS ASPECTS1 ,LEFEBVRE'S ,! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY IS ALL ! MORE POIGNANT AS AN 9SPIRATION = ! 0URBAN REVOLUTION0 ?AT HE CALL$ = AS A SOCIAL PRACTICE4 ,CONCEIV+ ! RI<T TO ! CITY BAS$ ON ITS USE VALUE1 9/EAD ( ITS EX*ANGE VALUE1 AS A WAY TO FREE CITIZ5S FROM PRIVATE PROP]TY & SPATIALIZ$ CLASS RELATIONS1 HAS 9FLU5C$ A DIV]SITY ( 9T]PRETATIONS & PRACTICES ?AT %>E ! GOAL TO TAKE BACK ! CITY AS A COMMON GOOD--A PLACE = COLLECTIVE EMANCIPATION & FRE$OM4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! EX]CISE ( MUNICIPAL P[] 9SPIR$ BY ! RI<T TO ! CITY1 9 ! CASE ( MUNICIPALI/ EXP]I5CES 9 ,SPA9 S9CE #b#a#d1 HAVE ALSO %[N ! LIMITS ( REALIZ+ SU* RI<TS AT ! LOCAL LEVEL1 AS WELL AS ! CONTRADICTIONS 9 EX]CIS+ 9/ITUTIONAL P[] 9 ! HEGEMONIC CAPITALI/ CITY MODEL4 

,! ,P>ADIGM ( ! ,URBAN ,MIRACLE1 OR ,H[ ,GLOBAL ,CAPITALISM ,HAS ,REA*$ ,MASSIVE ,CONS5T 

,! PREAMBLE ( ! 0,NEW ,URBAN ,AG5DA10 ADOPT$ BY ,U,N-,HABITAT MEMB] ,/ATES AT ,QUITO 9 ,OCTOB] #b#a#f1 5%R9ES ! BL9DNESS ( ! SO-CALL$ 09T]NATIONAL COMMUNITY0 ?R\< DESCRIB+ URBANIZATION AS AN 
UNPREC$5T$ OPPORTUNITY = HUMANITY1 & CITIES AS GREAT 5G9ES ( GR[?4 

,! CURR5T HEGEMONIC VIEW ( CITIES CORRESPONDS TO :AT ,BOOK*9 D5\NC$ AS A POOR 0SPATIAL & DEMOGRAPHIC0 CONCEPTION1 0VIEW+ ! CITY AS AN >EA OCCUPI$ BY A CLOSELY 9T]LOCK$1 D5SELY POPULAT$ HUMAN COMMUNITY0--A DEF9ITION 9 0QUANTITATIVE T]MS40 ,?AT IS1 TOTALLY 9 CONTRADICTION ) HIS VIEW ON ! CITY1 :I* HE CONSID]$ TO BE A 0UNIQUELY HUMAN1 E?ICAL & ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY :OSE MEMB]S (T5 LIV$ 9 BALANCE ) NATURE & CREAT$ 9/ITUTIONAL =MS ?AT %>P5$ HUMAN SELF-AW>5ESS1 FO/]$ RATIONALITY1 CREAT$ A SECUL>IZ$ CULTURE1 5HANC$ 9DIVIDUALITY & E/ABLI%$ 9/ITUTIONAL =MS ( FRE$OM0 7,BOOK*91 ,URBANIZATION AGA9/ ,CITIES1 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#i#b1 ,9TRODUCTION1 P4 ,X,I,V74 ,9 ,BOOK*9'S P]CEPTION1 CITIFICATION DOES NOT MEAN AN OPPOSITION BETWE5 NATURE & HUMAN BE+S4 ,REF]R+ TO :AT ,CIC]O CALL$ A 0SECOND NATURE10 ?AT IS 0A HUMANLY MADE NATURE ?AT EXI/S 9 BALANCE ) ! FIR/ NATURE0 7IBID1 ,9TRODUCTION1 P4 ,X71 CITIFICATION IS A REALIZATION ( ! NATURAL MUTUALI/ T5D5CY ( HUMANS TO GA!R & =M FREELY CONS5T+ COMMUNITIES4 ,?IS IS :Y ,BOOK*9 D5\NC$ URBANIZATION AS A RESULT ( ! ACCUMULATION ( P[] BY SOME ELITES1 BAS$ ON 9DIVIDUALISM & 5DLESS CONSUMPTION AS A 0CANC]\S PH5OM5ON40 

,TODAY1 CITIES >E :]E #h P] C5T ( GLOBAL ,G,D,P IS PRODUC$ &1 AL?\< CITIES >E RESPONSIBLE = #g P] C5T ( GRE5H\SE GAS EMISSIONS & 9EQUALITIES AT CITY LEVELS HAVE GR[N FA/] ?AN AT NATIONAL LEVELS 9 ! PA/ TWO DECADES1.<#d.> ,U,N-,HABITAT AFFIRMS ?AT 0GOOD MANAGEM5T & PLANN+ PROCESSES0 C\LD C\NT] !SE NEGATIVE EXT]NALITIES4 

,MEGACITIES HAVE GR[N AT AN UNPREC$5T$ RATE2 9 #b#a#e1 !RE W]E #ec CITIES ( MORE ?AN ONE MILLION 9HABITANTS1 COMP>$ ) #afb 9 #a#i#g#e4 ,L>GE METROPOLITAN >EAS >E KEY HUBS ( VALUE 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL ECONOMY1 REPRES5T+ HUGE M>KETS & EXTREMELY RAPID FL[S ( CAPITAL4 ,!Y >E /RATEGIC PLACES ( SPECIALIZATION )9 ! 9T]NATIONAL DIVISION ( WORK1 AS SOME CITIES 9 ! GLOBAL S\?1 SU* AS ,DHAKA1 ,BANGLADE%1 HO/ A V]Y *EAP WORK=CE ) LIMIT$ LABOR RI<TS1 :ILE O!RS1 SU* AS ,LONDON1 ,NEW ,YORK OR ,TOKYO1 COMPETE TO BE C5T]S ( HI<-LEVEL DECISIONMAK+ )9 ! M>KETS & :]E ELITES >E CONC5TRAT$4 ,CITIES >E C5TRAL TO ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY AS !Y ALSO REPRES5T HUGE M>KETS1 :]E 0CONSUMPTION0 PATT]NS BELIE HI< LEVELS ( 9EQUALITY4 ,MO/ ( ! TIME1 ! MASS ( 0URBAN POOR0 SETTL$ 9 ! 09=MAL NEI<BORHOODS0 ( P]IPH]AL >EAS >E COMPELL$ TO PAY HI<] PRICES = BASIC S]VICES1 :I* ! PUBLIC SECTOR DOES NOT PROVIDE4 

,) #a BILLION PEOPLE LIV+ 9 SLUMS AMONG OV] #c BILLION URBAN DWELL]S1 CITIES HAVE BECOME ! ONLY VIABLE OPTION = A L>GE NUMB] ( 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL MIGRANTS1 PU%$ >\ND BY GLOBAL CLIMATE *ANGE1 & FREE TRADE AGREEM5TS IMPOS$ BY ! ,EUROPEAN ,UNION1 ,CANADA & ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ON !IR C\NTRIES1 DEVA/AT+ !IR AGRICULTURE4 ,MO/ PEOPLE MOVE TO URBAN >EAS 
) ! HOPE ( ACCESS+ ! K9DS ( S]VICES & OPPORTUNITIES CONC5TRAT$ 9 CITIES4 

,AS ,DAVID ,H>VEY 7#b#c7 WRITES1 CITY ECONOMIES >E ALSO L>GELY BAS$ ON A PROCESS ( 0ACCUMULATION BY DISPOSSESSION10 MEAN+ ?AT 9 FRONT ( ! HI< DEM& = URBAN L& & H\S+1 ! UNREGULAT$ REAL E/ATE M>KET IS REALIZ+ HUGE PR(ITS ON PEOPLE'S HOMES1 CREAT+ MASSIVE SEGREGATION PROCESSES4 ,9DE$1 ! REAL E/ATE M>KET WAS SO HI< 9 ! GLOBAL M>KETS DUR+ ! SUBPRIME CRISIS ( #bh ?AT IT M>K$ ! BEG9N+ ( A GLOBAL F9ANCIAL & ECONOMIC CRISIS1 UNPREC$5T$ S9CE ! #a#i#cS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,SASKIA ,SASS5 7#b#a#f71 ! HUGE FL[S ( 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL ONTO REAL E/ATE M>KETS 9 SOME METROPOLISES1 SU* AS ,LONDON1 >E N[ PROVOK+ MU* FUR!R CONSEQU5CES ?AN G5TRIFICATION3 !Y REPLACE TRADITIONAL ELITES ) 9T]NATIONAL ONES 7,SASS51 #b#a#f7--! FAM\S #a P] C5T ?AT CONTROLS #hb P] C5T ( ! WEAL? 7,OXFAM1 #b#a#h74 ,! ,U,N ,SPECIAL ,RAPPORTEUR ON H\S+ RI<TS1 9 H] REPORT ( ,FEBRU>Y #b#a#g1 COMM5T$3 

,! VALUE ( GLOBAL REAL E/ATE IS AB\T ,U,S@s #bag TRILLION1 NE>LY #f P] C5T ( ! VALUE ( ALL GLOBAL ASSETS1 ) RESID5TIAL REAL E/ATE COMPRIS+ #ge P] C5T ( ! TOTAL4444 ,H\S+ IS AT ! C5T] ( AN HI/ORIC /RUCTURAL TRANS=MATION 9 GLOBAL 9VE/M5T & ! ECONOMIES ( ! 9DU/RIALIZ$ WORLD ) PR(\ND CONSEQU5CES = ?OSE 9 NE$ ( ADEQUATE H\S+4 7,REPORT ( ! ,SPECIAL ,RAPPORTEUR ON ADEQUATE H\S+ AS A COMPON5T ( ! RI<T TO AN ADEQUATE /&>D ( LIV+1 & ON ! RI<T TO NONDISCRIM9ATION 9 ?IS CONTEXT ,A_/,H,R,C_/#c#d_/#e#a1 P4 #c7 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 FI]CE URBANIZATION HAS L$ TO A PROGRESSIVE CONC5TRATION ( P[] 9 SOME DEC5TRALIZ$ METROPOLITAN >EAS1 & RESI/ANCE MOVEM5TS HAVE DEVELOP$ LOCALLY & GLOBALLY4 

,LEFEBVRE & ! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,URBAN ,REVOLUTION 

,9 ! LATE #a#i#fS1 FROM ! RADICAL URBAN SOCIOLOGI/1 ! 0,M>XIAN0 ,H5RI ,LEFEBVRE1 ,! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY CALL$ = 0! RI<T TO URBAN LIFE1 TO A R5EW$ C5TRALITY1 TO PLACES ( MEET+S & EX*ANGES1 TO A RHY?M ( LIFE ?AT ALL[S ! FULL & 5TIRE USE ( !SE MOM5TS & PLACES40.<#e.> ,= ,LEFEBVRE1 ! RI<T TO ! CITY REF]S BO? TO A SOCIAL PRACTICE ( ! WORK+ CLASS ?AT DEF5DS ! USE VALUE ( ! CITY1 9/EAD ( ITS EX*ANGE VALUE1 & TO A N>RATIVE ?AT HE CALLS 0URBAN REVOLUTION40 ,LEFEBVRE REF]S TO A PO/-MOD]N ACCEPTATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS ! 0DISPOSSESS$ ( ! CITY40 ,LEFEBVRE WRITES1 0,AS ONE HUNDR$ YE>S AGO1.<#f.> AL?\< 9 NEW CONDITIONS1 ! WORK+ CLASS GA!R ! 9T]E/S 7BEYOND TIME & SUP]FICIALITY7 ( ! :OLE SOCIETY & FIR/ ( ALL1 ( ?OSE :O 9HABIT0 7,IBID1 P4 #a#h74.<#g.> 

,HE REF]S TO ! 9HABITANTS AS SUFF]+ ! MIS]Y ( 0EV]YDAYNESS10 AS MANAG$ BY ! BUREAUCRATIC B\RGEOISIE LEAD+ ! CITY4 ,! EV]YDAYNESS ( ! /UD5TS1 ( ! 9TELLECTUALS1 ( ! WORK]S1 ( ! 
COLONIZ$ :O GO EV]Y DAY FROM !IR H\SE TO ! /ATION TO TAKE A CR[D$ TRA9 OR BUS TO GO TO ! (FICE & GO BACK HOME TO BEG9 AGA9 ! DAY AFT]4 ,HE PICTURES ! G5]ALIZ$ MIS]Y ( ! MASSES ?AT ESCAPE OR DISSIMULATE ! POORNESS ( EV]YDAY LIFE ?R\< ! SATISFACTIONS ( URBAN SOCIETY1 SU* AS COMMODIFI$ CULTURE1 HOBBIES & EV5 NATURE4 

,LEFEBVRE D5\NCES URBANISM & ! FUNCTIONALI/ APPROA* ( CITIES AS A POLITICAL PROCESS ?AT UND]P9S ! F9ANCIAL SECTOR1 :I* TOGE!R PRODUCES SPACE & ALI5AT$ TIME1 ?US PRODUC+ P[]4 ,! TE*NOCRATIC APPROA* ( CAPITALI/ P[] TO PRODUCE ! CITY & SPACE SEP>ATES ! FUNCTIONS ( LIFE ORIG9ALLY GA!R$ 9 CITIES 9 ORD] TO PRODUCE & REPRODUCE CLASS RELATIONS4 

,9 ,M>XI/ !ORY1 SOCIAL CLASSES >E DEF9$ AS A FUNCTION ( !IR POSITION 9 ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION BETWE5 CAPITAL & WORK 9 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 ,! MOD]N URBANIZATION PH5OM5ON MAKES ?IS FRAME ( ANALYSIS BUR/4 ,LEFEBVRE 9TRODUCES SPACE & ! PRODUCTION ( SPACE AS ! C5T] ( ! PRODUCTION ( SOCIAL RELATIONS & ( ! REPRODUCTION ( ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 BECAUSE ( ! 9CREAS+ EX*ANGE VALUE ( SPACE4 ,9 ?AT REG>D1 WE/]N CITIES1 FROM ! POLITICAL CITIES ( ANTIQUITY & ! COMM]CIAL CITIES ( ! MIDDLE AGES HAVE SUFF]$ FROM ! 9CREASE ( EX*ANGE RELATIONS CREAT$ BY CAPITALI/ ELITES4 ,! CRITICAL TURN+ PO9T ( ! CITY IS ! PROCESS ( 9DU/RIALIZATION--URBANIZATION AT ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 :I* MADE ! CITY BUR/1 LEAD+ TO ITS EXPANSION 9 A DIALECTIC PH5OM5ON ( EXPLOSION--IMPLOSION4 ,SO SPACE & 9]TIA EXPLA9S ! SURVIVAL ( CAPITALISM & ! ET]NALLY R5EW$ EXPECTATION ( ! F9AL CRISIS4 

,RATIONAL PLANN+ ( ! PRODUCTION1 ORGANIZATION ( ! T]RITORY1 9DU/RIALIZATION & URBANIZATION >E ESS5TIAL FEATURES ( ! 0SOCIALIZATION ( SOCIETY10 :I* FIX PR$ET]M9$ FUNCTIONS 9 ! SPACE ( ! CITY & ALL[ IT TO MA9TA9 ORD]4 ,9 ?AT REG>D1 URBAN /RUGGLES1 ?R\< RE[N+ ! CITY1 >E /RATEGIC 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITAL 7,CLAIRE ,REVOL1 #b#a#g74 

,?US ! SPACE ( CITIES DEP5DS ON CLASS /RATEGIES ?AT PRODUCE A SEGREGATION ( URBAN SPACES1 DEMOLI%+ ! IDEA ( CITIES AS %>$ COMMON SPACES1 & ( ! C5TRALITY ( ! NOTION ( ! SOCIAL =M ( ! CITY-- ONE ( GA!R+ & COEXI/5CE4 ,9 ?AT S5SE1 AS ,BOOK*9 DOES1 ,LEFEBVRE %[S ?AT ?R\<\T HI/ORY1 CITIES HAVE BE5 ! WORK ( SOCIETIES1 SPACES ?AT RELATE TO USAGE & URBAN LIFE 9/EAD ( ! PRODUCT ( AN EX*ANGE VALUE4 ,! RI<T TO ! CITY IS A CLAIM = TRANS=M+ LIFE ?R\< TRANS=M+ CITIES1 CREAT+ !M AS COLLECTIVE PIECES ( WORK4 ,H5CE1 ! PRAXIS ( ! RI<T TO ! CITY REF]S TO ! IDEAS ( /RUGGLE & CELEBRATION AT ! SAME TIME4 ,LEFEBVRE US$ TO REF] TO ! CREATIVE DIM5SION ( ! ,COMMUNE ( ,P>IS AS A WAY = ! WORK+ CLASSES TO TAKE BACK ! CITY ?AT ,HAUSSMAN'S WORK HAD SPOIL$ FROM PEOPLE4 ,AGA9/ ! FUNCTIONALI/ CITY 
?AT SEP>ATES ! DIV]SE DIM5SIONS ( LIFE 9 ! SPACE1 HE 9VITES US TO TAKE BACK CITIZ5%IP ?R\< CREATIVITY1 SPONTANEITY & SELF-ORGANIZATION PROCESSES ( RE-[N+ ! CITY4 ,9 ?AT S5SE1 HE IS 9 TUNE ) ! ,MAY #fh MOVEM5T4 

,9DE$1 ,LEFEBVRE WAS A RESE>*] & TEA*] AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,NANT]RE1 A NEWLY BUILT CAMPUS LOCAT$ BETWE5 ! SLUMS ( ! ,P>ISIAN WORK+ CLASS P]IPH]Y4 ,! ,MAY #fh MOVEM5T REALLY BEGAN ON #bb ,M>* #aifh 9 ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,NANT]RE :5 A GR\P ( /UD5TS OCCUPI$ ! ADM9I/RATION T[] ( ! CAMPUS1 D5\NC+ ! >BITR>Y AU?ORITY ( ! SO-CALL$ 0,M&>910 ! OMNIPOT5T ADM9I/RATIVE C\NCIL ( ! UNIV]SITY L$ BY PR(ESSORS4 ,HIS GR\P ( RESE>*]S FROM ! PHILOSOPHY DEP>TM5T ( ,NANT]RE 9SPIR$ ! #fh MOVEM5T4 ,:5 REF]R+ TO ! IDEA ( CELEBRATION & 5JOYM5T ( ! CITY1 HIS ?\<T IS SITUAT$ 9 AN 9SURRECTIONAL & CREATIVE MOVEM5T1 /RONGLY M>K$ BY LEFTI/ IDEALS ?AT DEM& FRE$OM & NEW MODELS AGA9/ ! CLASS DOM9ATION ( WORK & CONSUMPTION4 

,! ,EM]G5CE ( ! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY AS A ,GLOBAL ,CLAIM = ,SOCIO-,SPATIAL ,JU/ICE 

,S9CE ! #a#i#gS1 ,LEFEBVRE'S IDEAS HAVE ACT$ AS A REF]5CE = DIV]SE =MS ( 9SURG5T CITIZ5%IP ?AT CLAIMS [N]%IP ( ! CITY--9 FRONT ( MASSIVE 9VE/M5TS ?AT EVICT PEOPLE FROM CITIES1 9 FRONT ( G5TRIFICATION PROCESSES4 ,!Y ALSO CON/ITUTE A !ORETICAL BASIS = MOVEM5TS ?AT OCCUPY PUBLIC SPACE AGA9/ ITS PRIVATIZATION4 ,! ,S\? ,AFRICAN MOVEM5T ,ABAHLALI BASE,MJONDOLO1.<#h.> 9SPIR$ BY ,LEFEBVRE1 DEF5DS ! LEGITIMACY ( SQUATT]S TO OCCUPY URBAN SPACE4 ,!Y >GUE AGA9/ ! 9T]PRETATION BY ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,WORLD ,BANK'S SLOGAN 0CITIES )\T SLUMS10 :I* HAS L$ TO EVICTIONS ?R\< 5TITL+ ! [N]S ( %ACKS 7BUT NOT DWELL]S7 AS L& T5ANTS & ?R\< PRIVATIZ+ ! MANAGEM5T ( S]VICES 9 R5EW$ NEI<BORHOODS4 ,9 ,DURBAN1 #b#f1 ?IS MOVEM5T ASSEMBL$ #e1 %ACK DWELL]S FROM ACROSS ! C\NTRY TO FI<T = L& RE=MS & DIGNITY4 ,!Y OCCUPY L& AS A WAY ( RECLAIM+ ! DISPOSSESSION-- URBANIZATION PROCESS1 & D5\NCE ! ACCUMULATION ( L& BY ELITES1 AS WELL AS ! 9ACTION ( ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN ,/ATE TO FULFILL SOCIAL H\S+ PROGRAMS4 ,! ANTI-,/ATE.<#i.> PROCESS APPROA* ( ?IS MOVEM5T CLE>LY FITS )9 ,LEFEBVRE'S VISION 7,M>IANNE ,MORANGE1 #b#a#g74 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 ,LEFEBVRE 9SI/$ ?AT ! MO/ REVOLUTION>Y PR9CIPLES ( ! RI<T TO ! CITY W\LD 9CLUDE L& RE=M1 AS ?IS W\LD HAVE OCCURR$ DUR+ REVOLUTIONS ( ! AGR>IAN AGE1 :]E ! T5ANCY ( L& WAS KEY TO FREE+ PEASANTS & AGR>IAN WORK]S FROM L&LORDS4 ,= ,LEFEBVRE1 ! COLLECTIVE T5URE ( L& 9 CITIES AGA9/ PRIVATE PROP]TY1 :I* MA9TA9S ! MONOPOLY ( PRODUCTION ( SPACE UND] F9ANCIAL 9T]E/S1 IS ONE ( ! KEY ISSUES ( ! URBAN REVOLUTION4.<#a.> 

,! SOCIAL FUNCTION ( L& & ! CITY AS A /RONG FEATURE ( ! RI<T TO ! CITY HAS 9SPIR$ ! CLAIM ( MANY UN5TITL$ OCCUPANTS1 MA9LY 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA :]E URBAN RI<TS & HUMAN RI<TS HAVE A LONG COMMON HI/ORY4 ,SUPPORT$ BY ,N,G,OS SU* AS ,HABITAT ,9T]NATIONAL ,COALITION 7,H,I,C7 9 !IR /RUGGLE TO /AY 9 ! CITY & BE RECOGNIZ$ AS CITY PRODUC]S1 ! RI<T TO ! CITY BECAME A MORE HOLI/IC CLAIM ?AN ! RI<T TO H\S+ 9 ! LATE #a#i#iS4 ,PROMOT$ ?R\< ! ,WORLD ,9HABITANTS ,ASSEMBLY DUR+ ! ,E>? ,SUMMIT ( ,RIO 9 #aiib UND] ! BANN] 0CITIES = LIFE1 NOT = PR(IT10 ,H,I,C DEVELOP$ A 0,WORLD ,*>T] = ! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY10 LAT] ADOPT$ BY SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 9 ! ,WORLD ,SOCIAL ,=UM 9 #b#e4 ,! ,*>T] WAS DEVELOP$ AS AN 9/RUM5T TO PROMOTE ! RECOGNITION & LEGISLATION ( HUMAN RI<TS 9 AN URBAN CONTEXT & TO *ANGE ! N>RATIVE >\ND ! 0URBAN POOR0 AS B5EFICI>IES ( T9Y NEI<BORHOOD IMPROVEM5T PROGRAMS4 ,9 ! CONTEXT ( ! ,*>T]1 ! RI<T TO ! CITY IS DEF9$ AS3 

! EQUITABLE USUFRUCT ( CITIES )9 ! PR9CIPLES ( SU/A9ABILITY1 DEMOCRACY1 EQUITY1 & SOCIAL JU/ICE4 ,IT IS ! COLLECTIVE RI<T ( ! 9HABITANTS ( CITIES1 9 P>TICUL> ( ! VULN]ABLE & M>G9ALIZ$ GR\PS1 ?AT CONF]S UPON !M LEGITIMACY ( ACTION & ORGANIZATION1 BAS$ ON !IR USES & CU/OMS1 ) ! OBJECTIVE TO A*IEVE FULL EX]CISE ( ! RI<T TO FREE SELF-DET]M9ATION & AN ADEQUATE /&>D ( LIV+4 ,! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY IS 9T]DEP5D5T ( ALL 9T]NATIONALLY RECOGNIZ$ & 9TEGRALLY CONCEIV$ HUMAN RI<TS1 & !RE=E 9CLUDES ALL ! CIVIL1 POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL1 CULTURAL & 5VIRONM5TAL RI<TS :I* >E ALREADY REGULAT$ 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL HUMAN RI<TS TREATIES4 7,WORLD ,*>T] = ! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY1 ,>T4 #b 7 

,! ,WORLD ,*>T] IS A COMPROMISE1 ! RESULT ( ITS 9/ITUTIONAL PURPOSE TO S]VE AS AN ADVOCACY TOOL AIM$ AT 9TRODUC+ ! RI<T TO ! CITY 9 9T]NATIONAL1 NATIONAL & LOCAL LEGISLATION AS AN URBAN COMPON5T ( ! 0RI<T TO DEVELOPM5T0 & AS A WAY TO PROTECT PEOPLE FROM ! >BITR>Y P[] ( CITY DEVELOP]S4 ,?IS CLAIM HAS RECEIV$ /RONG OPPOSITION FROM GOV]NM5TS1 MA9LY 9 9T]NATIONAL NEGOTIATIONS >\ND ! SO-CALL$ 0,NEW ,URBAN ,AG5DA10 ,! ,DECL>ATION ( ,QUITO 7#b#a#f7 :]E ! 9CLUSION ( ! RI<T TO ! CITY & SOME ( ITS PR9CIPLES1 SU* AS ! SOCIAL VALUE ( L& & ! CITY OR ! PREV5TION ( =C$ EVICTIONS1 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL DOCUM5T CRY/ALLIZ$ T5SE DISCUSSIONS BETWE5 ! RI*E/ C\NTRIES 7L$ BY ! ,U,S & ! ,E,U7 & SOME ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN C\NTRIES1 SU* AS ,MEXICO1 ,*ILI1 & ,ECUADOR4 

,9 ! MEANTIME1 BY ! 5D ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ,LEFEBVRE'S ,! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY HAD 9SPIR$ LOCAL & NATIONAL LEGISLATIONS TRY+ TO C\NT]BALANCE ! COMMODIFICATION ( L&1 H\S+ &1 MO/ G5]ALLY1 ! CITY4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ FAM\S EXAMPLES IS ! ,BRAZILIAN ,CON/ITUTION ( #a#i#h#h1 
TRANSLAT$ 9TO ! ,CITY ,/ATUTE ( #b#a4 ,! ,CITY ,/ATUTE REF]S TO ! 0SOCIAL FUNCTION ( PROP]TY10 9TRODUC+ TOOLS TO CONTROL ! L&1 FACILITAT+ ! REGUL>IZATION ( OCCUPY+ PEOPLE & E/ABLI%+ F9ANCIAL ME*ANISMS TO CORRECT SOCIO-SPATIAL 9EQUALITIES4 ,9 #b#h1 ! ,CON/ITUTION ( ,ECUADOR 5%R9ES ! RI<T TO ! CITY 9 ! FOLL[+ WORDS3 

,P]SONS HAVE ! RI<T TO FULLY 5JOY ! CITY & ITS PUBLIC SPACES1 ON ! BASIS ( PR9CIPLES ( SU/A9ABILITY1 SOCIAL JU/ICE1 RESPECT = DIFF]5T URBAN CULTURES & A BALANCE BETWE5 ! URBAN & RURAL SECTORS4 ,EX]CIS+ ! RI<T TO ! CITY IS BAS$ ON ! DEMOCRATIC MANAGEM5T ( ! CITY1 ) RESPECT TO ! SOCIAL & 5VIRONM5TAL FUNCTION ( PROP]TY & ! CITY & ) ! FULL EX]CISE ( CITIZ5%IP4 7,>T4#a#a74 

,?IS 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( ! RI<T TO ! CITY ALSO QUE/IONS ! POLYSEMIOTIC NOTION ( RI<TS ?AT ,LEFEBVRE US$4 ,A RI<T IS ESS5TIALLY ATTA*$ TO ALL HUMAN BE+S AS A GU>ANTEE AGA9/ >BITR>9ESS 7CIVIL & POLITICAL RI<TS7 & A GU>ANTEE ( DEC5T LIFE 7ECONOMIC1 CULTURAL & 5VIRONM5TAL RI<TS74 ,RI<TS >E 9/RUM5TS PROTECT$ & GU>ANTE$ BY NATION-/ATES & AIM AT PROTECT+ PEOPLE AGA9/ ! >BITR>Y P[] ( ?OSE SAME /ATES4 ,LEFEBVRE'S 9ITIAL CONCEPTION WAS PROBABLY MORE P]=MATIVE 9 ! S5SE ( AFFIRM+ A RI<T AS A SOCIAL PRACTICE & A P]SPECTIVE = URBAN REVOLUTION4 ,= ,LEFEBVRE1 :O WAS A DIALECTICAL ?9K]1 09 DIFFICULT CONDITIONS1 )9 ?IS SOCIETY ?AT CANNOT TOTALLY OPPOSE !M BUT AT ! SAME TIME BLOCK !M1 RI<TS >E F9D+ !IR WAY1 DEF9+ CIVILIZATION 7RI<TS >E AT ! SAME TIME 9 & AGA9/ SOCIETY1 ?R\< BUT (T5 AGA9/ CULTURE4710.<#a#a.> HE WRITES4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! POLYSEMIOTIC NATURE ( ! WORD RI<T 9TR9SICALLY CONNECTS ! RI<T TO ! CITY ) A DIV]SITY ( 9T]PRETATIONS & ?AT IS P]HAPS ! MORE P[]FUL MEAN+ ( ! RI<T TO ! CITY1 AL?\< IT C\LD ALSO BE ITS MA9 WEAKNESS AS ?IS MAKES IT VULN]ABLE TO POSSIBLE MISUND]/&+S4 

,9 A R\< CAPITALI/ URBANIZATION CONTEXT1 ! RI<T TO ! CITY IS AN 9SPIRATION = AN APPROA* ?AT PROTECTS ! USE VALUE AGA9/ ! VORACI\S APPETITES ( ! M>KETS4 ,>E ! EXP]I5CES ( MUNICIPALISM RELEVANT = ! PROCESS ( TAK+ BACK ! CITY AGA9/ ! LONG-LA/+ PROCESS ( CAPITALI/ DISPOSSESSION ?AT ! PEOPLE ( CITIES HAVE SUFF]$8 

,MUNICIPALITIES3 ,AT ! ,=EFRONT ( ! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY8 

,FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ! #bS1 UND] ! LEAD ( ,PORTO ,ALEGRE & ,B>CELONA ,CITY ,HALL1 ! LOCALLY ELECT$ ,LEFT TOOK !IR PLACE 9 P>ALLEL ) ! ,WORLD ,SOCIAL ,=UM AS A PLACE TO R5EW POLITICAL VIEWS AFT] ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,SOVIET BLOC4 

,9 ?AT FRAMEWORK1 LOCALLY ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES ( URBAN SOCIAL MOVEM5TS & ,N,G,OS 5ABL$ A DIALOGUE ?AT L$ TO DISCUSSIONS >\ND 
! N>RATIVE ( ! RI<T TO ! CITY AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! 0COMPETITIVE & SM>T CITY0 MODEL4 ,AS A RESULT ( ?IS PROCESS1 ! 0,GLOBAL ,*>T] ,AG5DA = ,HUMAN ,RI<TS 9 ! ,CITY10 ADOPT$ 9 #baa 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! ORGANIZATION ,UNIT$ ,CITIES & ,LOCAL ,GOV]NM5TS1.<#a#b.> REF]S TO ! RI<T TO ! CITY4 

,LAT]1 9 #b#a#f1 ! RI<T TO ! CITY BECAME A COMMON CLAIM >\ND ! PREP>ATION ( ! ,HABITAT ,I,I,I ,SUMMIT4 ,?R\< ! ,GLOBAL ,PLAT=M = ! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY1.<#a#c.> CREAT$ BY ! ,H,I,C & ,POLIS ,9/ITUTE 7A ,BRAZILIAN ,N,G,O ?AT HAS SUPPORT$ ! ,BRAZILIAN MOVEM5TS ( OCCUPANTS 9 ! CITY & PU%$ = ! ADOPTION ( ! ,CITY ,/ATUTE71 ,N,G,OS1 SE>*]S & LOCAL GOV]NM5TS GA!R$ TO ADVOCATE = ! 9CLUSION ( ! RI<T TO ! CITY 9 ! ,NEW ,URBAN ,AG5DA4 

,9 #b#a1 ! ,*>T] = ! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY ( ! CITY ( ,MEXICO1 DRIV5 BY SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 REPRES5T$ A FUR!R /EP 9 ! 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( ! RI<T TO ! CITY4 ,)\T 5\< B9D+ PROCESSES TO TRANSLATE IT 9TO CONCRETE ACTIONS1 IT DEF9ES A FRAMEWORK ( %>$ RESPONSIBILITY BETWE5 ! V>I\S ACTORS )9 ! CITY4 ,! RI<T TO ! CITY RE/S UPON SIX PR9CIPLES3 

RESPECT1 PROTECTION & REALIZATION ( ALL HUMAN RI<TS 7CIVIC1 POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL1 CULTURAL & 5VIRONM5TAL72 

! SOCIAL FUNCTION ( PROP]TY1 L& & ! CITY2 

! DEMOCRATIC GOV]NANCE ( VILLAGES1 T[NS & METROPOLITAN >EAS1 :I* SUPPOSES A /RONG DEC5TRALIZATION FRAMEWORK2 

RECOGNITION ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCTION ( HABITAT & ( ! SOCIAL & SOLID>ITY-BAS$ NATURE ( ! ECONOMY1 AS SUPPORT$ BY ! SOCIAL PRODUCTION ( HABITAT2 

DEMOCRATIC & COLLECTIVE MANAGEM5T ( COMMON GOODS-- 5VIRONM5TAL & CULTURAL--?R\< A GLOBAL VISION ?AT IS NOT LIMIT$ BY ADM9I/RATIVE B\ND>IES2 

! PROTECTION & IMPROVEM5T ( PUBLIC SPACES1 9CLUD+ 9FRA/RUCTURE & COMMUNITY FACILITIES1 ?R\< SUPPORT+ 9HABITANTS' 9ITIATIVES & PRECLUD+ PRIVATIZATION4 

,?IS RE=MI/ VIEW ( ! RI<T TO ! CITY HAS 9FLU5C$ ! CREATION ( COMMUNITY-BAS$ DI/RICT IMPROVEM5T PROGRAMS1 9ITIAT$ BY CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS & !N 9CLUD$ AS PUBLIC POLICY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,MEXICO ,CITY IS (T5 US$ AS A REF]5CE AGA9/ ! ,WORLD ,BANK DOCTR9E ( 0CITIES )\T SLUMS40 ,! TRANSLATION ( ! RI<T TO ! CITY 9TO LOCAL PUBLIC POLICIES UND]L9ES ! T5SIONS ?AT CON/ITUTE ! CITY1 RESULT+ 9 A V]Y CONTRADICTORY EX]CISE ( P[] BY SO-CALL$ PROGRESSIVE LOCAL GOV]NM5TS4 

,S9CE ! #bae MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS 9 ,SPA91 IT SEEMS ?AT O!R N>RATIVES HAVE APPE>$ ?AT AFFIRM ! C5TRALITY ( ! RI<T TO ! CITY & ! [N]%IP ( PEOPLE BE=E CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S4 ,AFT] ! OCCUPATIONS ( PLACES 9 #b#a#a1 ! 09DIGNADOS0 ROOT$ ! MOVEM5T 9TO NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES4 ,9 ! ,SPANI% MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS ( #b#a#d1 9 #f T[NS & CITIES1 LOCAL COALITIONS COMPRIS$ ( DIV]SE /RUGGLES & MOVEM5TS & SUPPORT$ BY LEFTI/ & ECOLOGICAL P>TIES /RUCTUR$ !MSELVES TO TAKE ! CITY BACK4 ,!IR ORGANIZATION WAS BAS$ ON /RONG E?ICAL CODES TO PREV5T CORRUPTION & TO GU>ANTEE ACC\NTABILITY ( LOCALLY ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES1 & ON P>TICIPATORY PROGRAMS BAS$ ON FEM9IZ$ POLITICS 9 CONTRA/ TO ! CONCEPTION ( A CONC5TRAT$ & COMPETITIVE EX]CISE ( P[]4 ,CITIES MEANT ! POSSIBILITY ( *ANG+ EV]YDAY LIFE1 IMPLEM5T+ MUTUALI/ & COMMUNITY-BAS$ SOLUTIONS1 :I* NATION-/ATES 7) !IR PROMISCU\S RELATION%IPS ) PRIVATE 9T]E/S7 >E 9CAPABLE (4 ,SPANI% MUNICIPALISM RELIES ON ! COMMONS AS A NECESS>Y ALT]NATIVE TO ! M>KET4 ,IT ORGANIZES PROGRAMS ?AT >TICULATE MOVEM5TS & HET]OG5E\S SPACES ( /RUGGLE1 :I* HAVE ?US F> ACT$ 9 P>ALLEL 7ECOLOGI/S1 ACTIVI/S = WAT] AS A COMMON GOOD1 ACTIVI/S = ! RI<T TO HEAL? & $UCATION1 FEM9I/ GR\PS1 ANTI-RACI/ MOVEM5TS1 HACK]S1 & SUPPORT]S ( FREE CULTURE & ( ! NEUTRALITY ( NETWORKS1 DEF5D]S ( SOCIAL & SOLID>ITY ECONOMY1 ETC47 7,SUBIRATS1 #b#a#h74 

,NEV]!LESS1 9 MORE ?AN ?REE YE>S ( EX]CIS+ P[]--SOMETIMES BAS$ ON WEAK MAJORITIES 9 ! C\NCILS--!IR IMPACT ON ! DISA/R\S EFFECTS ( ! F9ANCIALIZ$ ECONOMY HAVE BE5 LIMIT$4 ,! /RUCTURE ( ! ADM9I/RATION BAS$ ON RIGID HI]>*IES & LIMIT$ DEC5TRALIZATION /RONGLY LIMITS !IR CAPACITY = ACTION4 ,9 ,B>CELONA1 = 9/ANCE1 ! TEAM ( ,ADA ,COLAU 7! MAYOR ELECT$ ON A MUNICIPALI/ AG5DA :O CAME FROM A H\S+ RI<TS MOVEM5T7 MADE /RONG EF=TS TO TAKE BACK EMPTY BUILD+S & SPACES TO CREATE H\S+ COOP]ATIVES1 TO NEGOTIATE ) BANKS TO CREATE SOCIAL H\S+ 9 ! FLATS LEFT EMPTY BY MORTGAGE-RELAT$ EVICTIONS1 TO F9E ,AIRBNB & L&LORDS :O R5T FLATS )\T AU?ORIZATION1 TO C\NT & TAX VACANT H\S+1 TO /OP T\RI/IC FLATS & HOTEL 9 ! CITY C5T]1 TO PUR*ASE PROP]TY = SOCIAL H\S+1 TO IMPOSE RE/RICTIONS ?AT EV]Y NEW CON/RUCTION OR REHABILITATION PROJECT 9CLUDES A M9IMUM ( #c P] C5T ( AF=DABLE H\S+4 ,YET1 DESPITE ALL ( !SE MEASURES1 ! R5TAL M>KET H\S+ SPECULATION PROCESS IS AT A CLIMAX 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,! EX]CISE ( P[] 9 CITIES1 :I* IS 9TR9SICALLY M>K$ BY A DIV]SITY ( 9T]E/S1 IS ALWAYS 9H]5TLY CONTRADICTORY4 

,= 9/ANCE1 ONE ( ! MORE P>ADOXICAL ASPECTS ( GOV]N+ IS ?AT ,B>CELONA'S ADM9I/RATION1 9 ORD] TO FI<T REAL E/ATE COMPANIES OP]AT+ 9 CONNIVANCE ) DRUG DEAL]S1 IS N[ CLOS+ EMPTY FLATS & 9/ALL+ ANTI-SQUATT] DOORS 9 ! POPUL> C5TRAL NEI<BORHOOD ( ! ,RAVAL4 ,9DE$1 AFT] ! MORTGAGE CRISIS ( #b#h1 LEAD+ TO ! EVICTION ( 
?\S&S ( DWELL]S FROM !IR FLATS 9 ,B>CELONA1 A HI< QUANTITY ( H\S+ WAS RECLAIM$ BY BANKS & REMA9$ VACANT4 ,N[ ?AT ! PRICES ( H\S+ >E 9CREAS+ AGA9 UND] ! PRESSURE ( T\RISM & FEW R5TAL PROP]TIES >E AVAILABLE1 REAL E/ATE COMPANIES HAVE BE5 ACCUS$ ( COLLABORAT+ ) DRUG DEAL]S TO DESPOIL ! DI/RICT ( ! ,RAVAL4 ,9 #b#a#f1 A WAVE ( FLAT OCCUPATIONS BY DRUG DEAL]S L$ TO ! MOBILIZATION ( !IR NEI<BORS1 D5\NC+ !IR OCCUPATION1 & ! VIOL5CE ASSOCIAT$ ) DRUG DEAL+ & ! SPECULATIVE GOAL ( !SE OCCUPATIONS4 ,ORGANIZ+ ?R\< ,:ATS,APP1 & GA!R+ TO D5\NCE TRAFFICK]S 9 ! /REETS1 NEI<BORHOOD GR\PS PROMPT$ ! 5D ( SPECULATIVE 0N>CO-FLATS40 ,9 FRONT ( ! 9ACTION ( 9T]NATIONAL BANKS & 9VE/M5T FUNDS TO EVICT OCCUPY+ DEAL]S FROM !IR PROP]TIES--DESPITE ,CITY ,HALL DEM&S--! ELECT$ TEAM HAD NO ALT]NATIVE O!R ?AN TO USE POLICE 9T]V5TION TO EVICT DEAL]S FROM ! FLATS & CLOSE !M ) ANTI-SQUATT] DOORS4 

,ANO!R CONTRADICTORY ACTION ( ,B>CELONA'S MUNICIPALITY WAS ALSO BE ! WAY ?AT ,CITY ,HALL ACT$ T[>DS ! ,S5EGALESE /REET V5DORS1 :O SURVIVE BY SELL+ C\NT]FEIT GOODS4 ,9DE$1 UND] PRESSURE FROM LOCAL M]*ANTS TO D5\NCE ! UNFAIR COMPETITION FROM /REET V5DORS1 9 ! SUMM] #b#a#f1 ,B>CELONA ,CITY ,HALL LAUN*$ AN ANTI-C\NT]FEIT CAMPAIGN 9 MULTIPLE LANGUAGES--9VIT+ PEOPLE NOT TO BUY FROM ILLEGAL /REET V5DORS BUT TO BUY FROM LOCAL %OPS 9/EAD4 

,CITIES >E 9T]SECT$ BY A DIV]SITY ( 9T]E/S1 :]E C]TA9 9T]E/S CLE>LY PR$OM9ATE4 ,9 ?AT CONTEXT1 ! PRESSURE TO ACT 9 FAVOR ( ! MO/ P[]FUL IS HI<4 ,AL?\< GOV]N+ ACCORD+ TO 0! PEOPLE'S WI%ES0 IS A COMMITM5T1 ?IS IS SOMEH[ DIFFICULT TO RESPECT4 ,GOV]NANCE AS ACTION IS A COMPLEX EX]CISE4 ,B>CELONA'S GOV]NM5T ASS]TS ?AT IT TRIES TO DO ITS BE/ )9 A V]Y HO/ILE POLITICAL & M$IA CONTEXT1 & = ?IS !Y NE$ PEOPLE TO /AY 9 ! /REETS & ATTEMPT TO F9D A 0CONFLICTUAL COLLABORATION0 BETWE5 ! /REET & ! 9/ITUTION4 

,:AT IF ,URBAN ,REVOLUTION ,MEANT ,P]MAN5T ,9SURRECTION8 

,FIFTY YE>S AFT] ,LEFEBVRE WROTE ,! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY1 :]E HE D5\NC$ ! TOTAL ABSURDITY ( ! DOM9ANT ALLIANCE ( BUREAUCRATIC & PRIVATE 9T]E/S1 :I* L$ ! CITY TO FULFILL ! 9T]E/S ( ELITES1 NEOLIB]ALISM HAS 9CREAS+LY FOI/$ ! TOTALITIES ( ! ECONOMIC SY/EM UPON CITY LIFE4 ,IS IT POSSIBLE !N1 )9 ! CURR5T F9ANCIALIZ$ ECONOMY1 TO GU>ANTEE ! RI<T TO ! CITY FROM A MUNICIPALI/ P]SPECTIVE :5 CITIES >E PLACES :]E SO MU* WEAL? IS G5]AT$ & :I* HAVE S]V$ ! 9T]E/S ( PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION S9CE TIMES ( 9DU/RIALIZATION8 

,REF]R+ TO ! PROGRESSIVE CONC5TRATION ( L& 9TO FEW] H&S1 ,LEFEBVRE SPOKE AB\T ! RURALIZATION ( CITIES4 ,FROM ?AT VIEW1 P]HAPS IT IS TIME TO LOOK TO OCCUPY+ RURAL >EAS TO PREV5T !IR URBANIZATION1 & !N TRY TO CITIFY ! RURAL WORLD--9 ! S5SE ( ,BOOK*9'S CITY AS AN 
ECOSOCIETY1 F> AWAY FROM ! NECROTIC METROPOLITAN WAY ( LIFE4 ,WORLDWIDE MOBILIZATIONS AGA9/ MEGAPROJECTS 9 ! LA/ DECADES HAVE C>V$ A NEW PA? = CREAT+ ECOSOCIETIES4 

,9 ITS RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ,NANTES' NEW AIRPORT 9 ,NOT]-,DAME-DES-,L&ES 9 ,FRANCE1 ! ,Z,A,D MOVEM5T IS A CLE> EXAMPLE ( ?IS4 ,9 ,FR5* LAW1 ,ZONE D',AM5AGEM5T ,DIFF]E 7,Z,A,D7 MEANS AN >EA [N$ BY PUBLIC AU?ORITIES TO MAKE A PROJECT 9 P>TN]%IP ) BUS9ESS COMPANIES4 ,9 ,NOT]-,DAMES-DES-,L&ES1 A ,Z,A,D WAS CREAT$ 9 ! #a#i#fS TO BUILD A NEW AIRPORT 9 ,NANTES4 ,F>M]S & LOCAL RESID5TS HAVE RESI/$ ?IS PROJECT S9CE ?AT TIME4 ,9 #b#i1 :5 ! PROJECT WAS RELAUN*$ BY PUBLIC AU?ORITIES1 ECOLOGI/S & LIB]T>IAN ACTIVI/S FROM ! ,CLIMATE ,CAMP OCCUPI$ ?IS L&4 ,!Y R5AM$ ! T]RITORY ,Z,A,D = ,ZONE D',AUTONOMIE ET DE ,DEF5SE 7,ZONE ( ,DEF5SE & ,AUTONOMY71 CREAT+ A SELF-ORGANIZ$ >EA BAS$ ON AUTONOMY FROM CAPITALISM1 RADICAL ECOLOGY & DE-GR[?4 ,FI<T+ A HI< DEGREE ( REPRESSION1 ! MOVEM5T RECEIV$ SUPPORT FROM A L>GE P>T ( LEFTI/ & ECOLOGI/ MOVEM5TS1 LEAD+ TO ! CANCELLATION ( ! PROJECT BY ! ,FR5* GOV]NM5T 9 #b#a#h4 ,S9CE ! AIRPORT PROJECT WAS HALT$1 ,ZADI/S HAVE CONT9U$ TO FI<T TO LIVE 9 AUTONOMY 9 ! >EA1 FREE FROM ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,! ,/ATE IS D5Y+ ?IS1 DECL>+ IT A 0NO RI<TS ZONE40 

,F9ALLY1 URBANIZATION IS PROBABLY ! LA/ /EP ( 9DU/RIAL CIVILIZATION BAS$ ON ! EXPLOITATION ( NATURE4 ,BEYOND CLIMATE *ANGE1 SCI5TI/S FROM DIFF]5T DISCIPL9ES AGREE ?AT A PROCESS ( COLLAPS+ ECOSY/EMS & CIVILIZATION IS 9 M>*1 ?REAT5+ 5TIRE SPECIES4 ,! 5D ( FOSSIL-BAS$ 5]GY & ! SC>CITY ( RES\RCES ?AT >E CURR5TLY ESS5TIAL TO MA9TA9 ! URBANIZ$ WAY ( LIFE ( AN 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( HUMAN BE+S HAS PUT ! NATURAL1 ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL & SOCIAL BALANCE AT S]I\S /AKE4 ,AS ,PABLO ,S]VIGNE WRITES1 0,IT'S TRUE ?AT ! POSSIBILITY ( COLLAPSE CLOSES FUTURES ?AT >E VALUABLE = US1 & ?IS IS VIOL5T1 BUT IT OP5S SOME FUTURES ?AT C\LD BE REALLY HAPPY4 ,:AT'S AT /AKE IS TO APPROA* !SE NEW FUTURES & MAKE !M LIVABLE40.<#a#d.> 

,9 ?AT CONTEXT1 FROM ! P]SPECTIVES ( BO? ! RI<T TO ! CITY & ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 CITIFY+ ! RURAL & REA*+ H>MONY BETWE5 ! FIR/ & SECOND NATURES1 BUILD+ AUTONOM\S COMMUNITIES ) A REAL POSSIBILITY ( CREAT+ A FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY1 & PREP>+ \RSELVES = ! 9EVITABLE 5D ( ! COLLAPSE ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM IS PROBABLY ! K9D ( P]MAN5T 9SURRECTION ?AT WE HAVE TO MAKE REAL4 

,REF]5CES 

,B>CELONA 5 COMU #b#a#d4 ,:Y DO WE WANT TO W9 BACK ,B>CELONA1 #b#a#d4 .<,ONL9E.>4 .<,ACCESS$ #ai ,AUGU/ #b#a#i.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTPS3_/_/GUANYEMB>CELONA4CAT_/WP-CONT5T_/UPLOADS_/#b#a#d_/#f_/PRICIPLES4PDF4 

,BOOK*91 ,M4 #a#i#i#b4 ,URBANIZATION AGA9/ ,CITIES4 ,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS4 ,F>HA1 ,L4 #b#a#g4 ,REPORT ( ! ,SPECIAL ,RAPPORTEUR ON ADEQUATE H\S+ AS A COMPON5T ( ! RI<T TO AN ADEQUATE /&>D ( LIV+1 & ON ! RI<T TO NONDISCRIM9ATION 9 ?IS CONTEXT ,A_/,H,R,C_/#c#d_/#e#a4 .<,ONL9E.>4 .<,ACCESS$ #ai ,AUGU/ #b#a#i.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTP3_/_/AP4OH*R4ORG_/DOCUM5TS_/ALLDOCS4ASPX8DOC.-ID"7#b#g#f ,H>VEY1 ,D4 #b#a#a4 ,LE ,CAPITALISME CONTRE LE ,DROIT A LA VILLE4 ,NEOLIB]ALISME1 URBANIZATION ET RESI/ANCES4 ,AM/]DAM3 ,$ITIONS ,AM/]DAM4 

,LEFEBVRE1 ,H4 #a#i#f#g4 ,LE ,DROIT A LA ,VILLE4 ,ECONOMICA4 

,O,X,F,A,M #b#a#h4 ,REW>D WORK1 NOT WEAL?4 ,TO 5D ! 9EQUALITY CRISIS1 WE MU/ BUILD AN ECONOMY = ORD9>Y WORK+ PEOPLE1 NOT ! RI* & P[]FU4 .<,ONL9E.>4 .<,ACCESS$ #ai ,AUGU/ #b#a#i.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTPS3_/_/WWW- 

CDN4OXFAM4ORG_/S#cFS-PUBLIC_/FILE.-ATTA*M5TS_/BP-REW>D-WORK-NOT-WEAL?-#b#b#a#a#h-54PDF 

,POLIS ,9/ITUTE #b#a#e4 ,! ,CITY ,/ATUTE1 ,NEW ,TOOL = 5SUR+ RI<T TO ! CITY 9 ,BRAZIL'4 .<,ONL9E.>4 .<,ACCESS$ #ai ,AUGU/ #b#a#i.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 

HTTP3_/_/WWW4POLIS4ORG4BR_/UPLOADS_/#i#a#f_/#i#a#f4PDF4 ,S]VIGNE1 ,P4 & ,/EV5S1 ,R4 #b#a#e4 ,COMM5T T\T PEUT S'EFFONDR]3 ,PETIT MANUEL DE COLLAPSOLOGIE A L'USAGE DES G5]ATIONS PRES5TES4 ,P>IS3 ,SEUIL4 

,REVOL1 ,C4 #b#a#g1 ,LE ,DROIT A LA VILLE1 ,QUELQUES ECLAIRAGES SUR LE TEXTE ET L'AUTEUR1 9 ,LE ,DROIT A LA VILLE1 ,CAHI] DES #b7,R7MES R5CONTRES DE GEOPOLITIQUE CRITIQUE1 S\S LA DIRECTION DE ,CLASKE ,DIJKEMA ET ,MORGANE ,COH51 ,M>S4 

,SASS51 ,S4 #b#a#f4 ,EXPULSIONS4 ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,M,A3 ,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 ,SUBIRATS1 ,J4 #b#a#h4 ,LES VILLES AU CREUR DE LA R$I/RIBUTION8 ,LE N\VEAU MUNICIPALISME1 ANTIDOTE A L',EUROPE DE L'AU/]ITE ET DES ,ETATS DANS L'IMPASSE4 ,M\VEM5TS1 #b7#i#d71 PP4#a#a-#b#c4 

,*>T] = ! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY ( ! CITY ( ,MEXICO #b#a4 .<,ONL9E.>4 .<,ACCESS$ #ai ,AUGU/ #b#a#i.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTP3_/_/WWW4HIC- 

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,U,C,L,G #b#a#a4 ,GLOBAL ,*>T] ,AG5DA = ,HUMAN ,RI<TS 9 ! ,CITY4 .<,ONL9E.>4 

.<,ACCESS$ #ai ,AUGU/ #b#a#i.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTPS3_/_/WWW4UCLG- 

CISDP4ORG_/5_/RI<T-TO-!-CITY_/WORLD-*>T]-AG5DA 

,WORLD ,*>T] = ! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY #b#e4 .<,ONL9E.>4 .<,ACCESS$ #ai 

,AUGU/ #b#a#i.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTP3_/_/HIC-GS4ORG_/DOCUM5T4PHP8PID"7#b#d#b#b 

,U,N ,WORLD ,CITIES ,REPORT #b#a#f4 .<,ONL9E.>4 .<,ACCESS$ #ai ,AUGU/ #b#a#i.>4 
,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTP3_/_/WCR4UNHABITAT4ORG_/MA9-REPORT_/ 

,NOTES3 
,MOV+ ,BEYOND ! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY3 ,URBAN ,COMMON+ 9 ,GREECE 

,!ODOROS ,K>YOTIS 

,! URBAN SPACE IS ! EPIC5T] ( SOCIAL ANTAGONISM4 ,AT ANY HI/ORICAL MOM5T1 IT REPRES5TS A CRY/ALLIZATION ( P[] RELATIONS4 ,:ILE POLITICAL & ECONOMIC P[]S 9CESSANTLY RE=M IT TO BETT] ISOLATE1 CONTROL & EXPLOIT ITS 9HABITANTS1 ! LATT] 9EVITABLY SEEK EMP[]M5T ?R\< COLLECTIVE MOBILIZATION4 ,AFT] ALL1 ?IS IS ! SPACE 9 :I* PEOPLE SEE !IR SOCIAL LIVES UNFOLD1 :]E !Y =M FAMILY & COMMUNITY BONDS1 :]E !Y SEEK SELF-REALIZATION4 ,RESI/ANCE1 !N1 IS NOT ! PR]OGATIVE ( RADICALS OR ! UND]PRIVILEG$4 ,MO/ CITY DWELL]S >E CALL$ TO CONFRONT ! NEOLIB]AL C>V+ UP ( URBAN SPACE IF !Y >E TO LEAD FULFILL+ LIVES 9 ECOLOGICALLY S\ND SURR\ND+S4 

,IT IS NOT A CO9CID5CE1 !N1 ?AT MOD]N SOCIAL /RUGGLES ]UPT AS URBAN PH5OM5A ) A /RONG SPATIAL COMPON5T4 ,:ILE SOME PEOPLE MAY LAM5T ! CONCURR5T DEMISE ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 IT C\LD BE >GU$ ?AT ! WORKPLACE IS BUT ONE--ALBEIT CRUCIAL--( ! DOMA9S 9 :I* CAPITAL EXPLOITS HUMAN LABOR4 ,! CITY IS COMMON WEAL? CREAT$ BY ! COLLECTIVE EF=TS ( G5]ATIONS2 CAPITALISM TRIES TO APPROPRIATE ?IS WEAL?1 TURN+ ! CITY 9TO A T]RA9 ( ACCUMULATION4 ,CAPITALIZATION ( HUMAN 5]GIES HAS EXP&$ TO ALL SPH]ES ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,PROCESSES ( 0ACCUMULATION BY DISPOSSESSION0 7,H>VEY #b#i7 >E UND]WAY 9 MO/ URBAN CONTEXTS3 L& GRABB+1 G5TRIFICATION1 PRIVATIZATION ( %>$ SPACE1 CULTURAL APPROPRIATION1 COMMODIFICATION ( BASIC HUMAN NE$S SU* AS H\S+1 FOOD1 WAT] & HEAL?C>E1 EVICTIONS & DISPLACEM5T1 NOT TO M5TION 9CREAS+ RACISM1 MILIT>IZATION & SURVEILLANCE4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! CIRCULATION ( /RUGGLES EXT5DS TO ALL FIELDS ( LIFE :]E CAPITAL IMPOSES ITS LOGIC4 ,MANY ?9K]S HAVE TRI$ TO CONCEPTUALIZE ?IS %IFT BY EXAM9+ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 CAPITALISM1 URBANISM & ECOLOGY4.<#a#e.> 

,CITY DWELL]S MAY DEF9E !IR DESIRE = FULL P>TICIPATION 9 ! CITY'S SOCIO-POLITICAL LIFE AS A RI<T TO ! CITY TO BE RECLAIM$ AGA9/ AU?ORITIES1 OR !Y MAY DOVE RI<T 9 & SELF-MANAGE ! URBAN SPACE AS A COMMONS1 OR !Y MAY DO BO?4 ,9 TURN1 !SE URBAN /RUGGLES--ALONG ) ! FRAMEWORKS US$ TO MAKE S5SE ( !M--WILL CON/ITUTE !M AS COLLECTIVE SUBJECTS4 

,!SE >E1 !N1 SOME ( ! ISSUES ?IS TEXT SEEKS TO RAISE1 EXEMPLIFI$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( ,GREEK URBAN /RUGGLES OV] ! PA/ DECADE4 

,! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY 

,S9CE ITS 9CEPTION BY PHILOSOPH] ,H5RI ,LEFEBVRE 9 ! #a#i#fS1 ! DISC\RSE ( ! RI<T TO ! CITY HAS P]VAD$ /RUGGLES AGA9/ URBAN EXCLUSION1 COMMODIFICATION & PRIVATIZATION4 ,EV5 :5 ,LEFEBVRE IS NOT 
OV]TLY REF]5C$1 AN 9TUITIVE GRASP ( ! RI<T TO ! CITY UND]LIES MANY DISCUSSIONS & CONFLICTS OV] :AT K9D ( CITIES WE DESIRE4 

,LEFEBVRE'S TAKE ON ! RI<T TO ! CITY WAS A RADICAL ONE4 ,HE NEV] CONCEIV$ ! RI<T TO ! CITY SIMPLY AS A LEGAL NOTION1 A JURIDICAL DEF5SE ( SPECIFIC HUMAN NE$S4 ,RA!R1 HE 5VISION$ AN ACTIVE SUBJECT ?AT W\LD 5ACT & MAT]IALIZE ?OSE RI<TS1 RA!R ?AN M]ELY DEM& !IR IMPLEM5TATION4 ,BE+ A ,M>XI/1 HE ID5TIFI$ ?IS COLLECTIVE SUBJECT AS ! WORK+ CLASS 7,LEFEBVRE #a#i#i#fA3#a#e#d74 ,NOT ! UNI=M1 9DU/RIAL WORK+ CLASS ( ! ,M>XIAN OEUVRE1 CONSOLIDAT$ 9 ! CAPITALI/ WORKPLACE1 BUT 0A V]Y DIFF]5T K9D ( CLASS =MATION--FRAGM5T$ & DIVID$1 MULTIPLE 9 ITS AIMS & NE$S1 MORE (T5 IT9]ANT1 DISORGANIZ$ & FLUID RA!R ?AN SOLIDLY IMPLANT$0 7,H>VEY #b#a#b3 XIII74 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 A CLASS =M$ >\ND ! EV]YDAY PRODUCTION & REPRODUCTION ( LIFE 9 ! URBAN SPACE4 

,AS ,H>VEY 7IBID3 XVI7 SUGGE/S1 ! TASK ( ?IS COLLECTIVE SUBJECT W\LD BE 0TO IMAG9E & RECON/ITUTE A TOTALLY DIFF]5T K9D ( CITY \T ( ! DISGU/+ MESS ( A GLOBALIZ+1 URBANIZ+ CAPITAL RUN AMOK40 ,UND] ?IS LI<T1 ! IDEA ( A RI<T TO ! CITY BECOMES G5U9ELY REVOLUTION>Y1 AS ! QUE/ION ( :AT K9D ( CITY WE DESIRE CANNOT BE SEP>AT$ FROM QUE/IONS ( :AT K9D ( SOCIAL RELATIONS1 :AT K9D ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OR :AT K9D ( RELATION%IP ) NATURE WE DESIRE4 

,LEFEBVRE'S 0RI<T TO ! CITY0 IS NOT R$UCIBLE TO ACCESS ( 9DIVIDUAL CITIZ5S TO URBAN RES\RCES 7H\S+1 PUBLIC SPACES1 S]VICES1 FACILITIES1 ETC472 RA!R1 HE 5VISION$ ! CITY AS MANAG$ BY ITS V]Y 9HABITANTS4 ,! RADICAL $GE ( ,LEFEBVRE'S RI<T TO ! CITY LIES PRECISELY 9 ! IMPLICIT CONFLICT BETWE5 ! RI<T TO ! USE VALUE ( ! CITY AGA9/ ! RI<T TO ITS EX*ANGE VALUE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IT IS A CONCEPT ?AT EMP[]S ! US]S ( ! CITY AGA9/ ! PROPRIETORS ( ! CITY1 :O >E 9 MO/ CASES NOT ! SAME PEOPLE4 

,LEFEBVRE'S AIM WAS TO REWORK ,M>X'S IDEA ( REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE BY EXP&+ & 5RI*+ ! COLLECTIVE SUBJECT ( ?IS *ANGE1 & MOV+ ! LOCUS ( REVOLUTION FROM ! CAPITALI/ WORKPLACE TO ! FIELD ( EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,M>X & ,M>XI/S1 H[EV]1 HAD NOTORI\SLY REJECT$ ! NOTION ( 0RI<TS0 AS A LIMIT$ CONCEPT ?AT WAS TOO 9TIMATELY TI$ TO CAPITALI/ LIB]ALISM TO BE ( ANY USE = REVOLUTION4 ,:Y1 !N1 DID ,LEFEBVRE EMPLOY ?IS CONCEPT 9 HIS ATTEMPT TO REFA%ION REVOLUTION>Y ACTION8 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE ?AT ,LEFEBVRE WAS WRIT+ 9 ! LATE #a#i#fS1 :5 DOCTR9AIRE ,M>XISM WAS COM+ UND] FIRE FROM MANY DIRECTIONS4 ,9 ! FOLL[+ YE>S1 MANY ,M>XI/S R5\NC$ ,BOL%EVISM AS TOTALIZ+ & AU?ORIT>IAN1 & SOME EV5 S\<T REFUGE 9 LIB]ALISM4 ,BY ! LATE #a#i#gS1 REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS WAS 9 DECL9E1 & ! DISC\RSE ( 0HUMAN RI<TS0 HAD BECOME DOM9ANT 9 PROGRESSIVE CIRCLES AS A SUPPOS$LY 0APOLITICAL0 ME*ANISM ( 5SUR+ = POPULATIONS A M9IMUM ( PROTECTION FROM EXCLUSION & DOM9ATION1 9 ! ABS5CE ( A MEAN+FUL PLAN ( 
PR(\ND /RUCTURAL *ANGE 7,MC,L\<L9 #b#a#f74 ,! 5SU+ COLLAPSE ( ! ,SOVIET BLOC & ! IDEOLOGICAL PREVAL5CE ( CAPITALISM & LIB]AL DEMOCRACY ONLY S]V$ TO CONSOLIDATE 0RI<TS TALK0 AS ! HORIZON ( PROGRESSIVE POLITICS4 ,LEFEBVRE'S1 !N1 WAS ONE ( MANY ATTEMPTS AT NAVIGAT+ ?AT ADV]SE CONJUNCTURE )\T R5\NC+ ! PROSPECT ( REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE4 

,H[EV]1 ! 0RI<TS0 DISC\RSE DOES NOT COME )\T ITS COMPLICATIONS4 ,) ! RESURG5CE ( RADICAL ?\<T 9 ! #a#i#iS & #bS1 ! CONCEPT ( RI<TS WAS OV]:ELM+LY CRITICIZ$ BY PO/-,M>XI/ & RADICAL ?9K]S AS P>T & P>CEL ( A PO/-POLITICAL CONS5SUS 9 :I* POLITICAL SPACES >E CLOS+1 GIV+ WAY TO TE*NOCRATIC SOLUTIONS TO SOCIAL CONFLICTS & DEM&S 7IBID474 ,MO/ NOTABLY1 ,GIORGIO ,AGAMB5 7#a#i#i#h3 #a#b#f--#a#c#e7 CRITICIZ$ HUMAN RI<TS AS A CONCEPT BY :I* /ATE SOV]EIGNTY EXT5DS TO NONPOLITICAL =MS ( LIFE4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 RI<TS LEGITIMIZE /ATE 9T]V5TION RA!R ?AN LIMIT+ IT4 ,MOREOV]1 S9CE ! CONCEPT ( RI<TS RE/S ON A DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! POLITICAL & ! SOCIAL SPH]E1 IT AIDS 9 ! DE-POLITICIZATION ( SUBJECTS4 ,AS ,DE ,S\ZA ,SANTOS 7#b#a#d7 >GUES1 A 0MAJORITY ( ! WORLD'S 9HABITANTS >E NOT ! SUBJECTS ( HUMAN RI<TS .<BUT.> RA!R ! OBJECTS ( HUMAN RI<TS DISC\RSES40 

,(T51 0! RI<T TO ! CITY0 TAKES ! =M ( A M9I-*>T] ( HUMAN RI<TS--?AT IS TO SAY1 A LI/ ( 0COMMITM5TS0 ( MUNICIPAL AU?ORITIES T[>DS RESID5TS1 :O >E 5TITL$ TO SOCIAL & ECONOMIC GOODS4 ,:ILE !RE IS GREAT 0PROPAG&A VALUE & MOBILIZ+ POT5TIAL0 9 SU* TACTICS1 9 ?AT ACCUS+ POLITICAL OPPON5TS ( 0VIOLAT+ RI<TS0 IS A P[]FUL RHETORICAL DEVICE 7,BOND #b#a#h71 ! M]E 9VOCATION ( 0COMMITM5TS0 ( AU?ORITIES T[>DS CITIZ5S MAY L5D ITSELF TO ASSI/5CIALI/ POLICIES4 ,!SE HAVE BE5 HI/ORICALLY %[N TO P]PETUATE 9EQUALITY1 AS !Y T5D TO DISEMP[] RI<TS HOLD]S 9 FRONT ( RI<TS-GRANT+ BODIES BY TREAT+ !M AS PASSIVE RECIPI5TS 9/EAD ( ACTIVE SUBJECTS 7,FREIRE #b#e3 #a#b74 

,UND\BT$LY1 RI<TS CAN BE--& HAVE BE5--US$ AS A BULW>K AGA9/ EXPLOITATION & EXCLUSION4 ,H[EV]1 :5 SOCIAL NE$S >E EXPRESS$ 9 LEGALESE & 5T] ! JURIDICAL SPH]E1 !Y COME TO =M P>T ( A LEGAL SY/EM :]E !Y >E ALWAYS SUBORD9ATE TO O!R LEGAL CONCEPTS & O!R RI<TS4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 :5 ! 0SOCIAL NE$ AS A RI<T0 IS NOT ANYMORE AN 9/RUM5T ( /RUGGLE BUT A COMMITM5T ( A LIB]AL DEMOCRACY T[>DS ITS SUBJECTS1 IT BECOMES P>T ( A HI]>*Y ( RI<TS1 ON ! TOP ( :I* LIES ! RI<T TO PROP]TY4 ,(T51 ! SANCTITY ( ! RULE ( LAW IS LITTLE MORE ?AN A FIG LEAF TO CONCEAL SY/EMATIC EXPLOITATION & PLUND] 7,MATTEI & ,NAD] #b#h74 ,! EXP]I5CE ( ,S\? ,AFRICA 7,BOND #b#a#h7 SEEMS TO CONFIRM ?AT C\RTS SY/EMATICALLY FAIL TO 5=CE (FICIALLY SANCTION$ RI<TS TO ! CITY :5 !Y CLA% ) 5TR5*$ 9T]E/S & PROP]TY RI<TS4 ,A SIMIL> SITUATION WAS EXP]I5C$ 9 ,GREECE1 UND] ! /ATE ( EXCEPTION IMPOS$ BY AU/]ITY POLICIES4 

,IT COMES AS NO SURPRISE1 !N1 ?AT ! RI<T TO ! CITY HAS BE5 ADOPT$ :OLEHE>T$LY BY A HO/ ( ORGANIZATIONS1 FROM LOCAL ,N,G,OS TO ,U,N,HABITAT1 ?AT NOT ONLY LACK AN ANTI-CAPITALI/ ORI5TATION BUT >E EV5 AN ACCESSORY TO NEOLIB]AL EXPANSION 7,S\ZA #b#a74 ,! RI<T TO ! CITY1 9 ?IS S5SE1 LOSES ,LEFEBVRE'S RADICAL $GE & IS 9T]PRET$ AS ! RI<T ( 9DIVIDUAL CITIZ5S_/CONSUM]S TO A BETT] URBAN LIFE 9 ! CONTEXT ( LIB]AL DEMOCRACY4 ,AT BE/1 IT IS TRANSLAT$ 9TO RI<TS ( CITIZ5 9PUT--SO-CALL$ 0P>TICIPATION0--9 CONSULTATIONS ) PR$EF9$ AG5DAS4 ,AT WOR/1 IT IS US$ AS A PRETEXT = URBAN SEGREGATION POLICIES1 AS :5 ! AU?ORITIES REPRESS M>G9ALIZ$ POPULATIONS & EXCLUDE !M FROM PUBLIC SPACE 9 ! NAME ( ! CITIZ5'S 0RI<T TO A CLEAN] & SAF] 5VIRONM5T40 

0,! RI<T TO ! CITY10 WRITES ,H>VEY 7#b#a#b3 XV71 0IS AN EMPTY SIGNIFI]4 ,EV]Y?+ DEP5DS ON :O GETS TO FILL IT ) MEAN+40 ,H[EV]1 ! QUE/ION WE HAVE TO ASK H]E IS :E!R ?IS IS SIMPLY YET ANO!R CASE ( SUCCESSFUL APPROPRIATION & REABSORPTION ( A RADICAL DISC\RSE 9TO DOM9ANT CAPITALI/ PRACTICES1 OR :E!R ! CONCEPT ( 0RI<TS10 BY RE/+ ON A DI/9CTION BETWE5 RI<TS-HOLD]S & RI<TS-GRANT]S1 IS 9H]5TLY DISEMP[]+4 ,( C\RSE1 :E!R MOVEM5TS OPT = RE/OR+ ,LEFEBVRE'S REVOLUTION>Y CONT5T ( ! RI<T TO ! CITY OR = MOV+ BEYOND IT %\LD BE 5TIRELY UP TO !M4 ,9 ANY CASE1 BE+ AW>E ( ! LIMITS & PITFALLS ( 0RI<TS-TALK0 IS ESS5TIAL4 

,! ,URBAN ,COMMONS 

,9 REC5T YE>S WE OBS]VE ! EM]G5CE ( A NEW EXPLANATORY FRAMEWORK1 ?AT ( ! COMMONS4 ,! MOVEM5T ( ! URBAN COMMONS HAS =CEFULLY 5T]$ ! GLOBAL SPOTLI<T1 ESPECIALLY ?R\< ! PRACTICE ( OCCUPATION ( COMMON SPACE 7,TSAVD>OGL\ #b#a#f74 

,! CONCEPT ( ! COMMONS WAS POPUL>IZ$ BY ! 9/ITUTIONAL S*OOL ( ,EL9OR ,O/ROM1 :O /UDI$ HUNDR$S ( COMMUNITIES =M+ >\ND NATURAL RES\RCES 7FI%]IES1 IRRIGATION SY/EMS1 =E/S1 ETC47 TO SELF-REGULATE EXTRACTION & ?US PREV5T ! 9FAM\S 0TRAG$Y ( ! COMMONS10 I4E4 ! DEPLETION ( ! RES\RCE 7,O/ROM #b#a#e74 ,:ILE CRITICAL ( ,O/ROM'S RES\RCE-C5TRISM1 AUTONOMI/ ,M>XI/ ?9K]S.<#a#f.> HAVE TAK5 UP ! COMMONS DISC\RSE1 AS IT ALL[S !M TO DESCRIBE EMP[]$ COMMUNITIES ( /RUGGLE ?AT >E SELF-9/ITUT$ TO DEF5D !MSELVES AGA9/ PROCESSES ( DISPOSSESSION1 COMMODIFICATION & EXCLUSION4 

,! COMMONS IS AN EM95TLY POLITICAL CONCEPT1 AS ITS DEF9ITION 9CLUDES NOT ONLY A COMMON 0RES\RCE10 :I* MAY BE NATURAL 7E4G4 WAT]7 OR IMMAT]IAL 7E4G4 KN[L$GE OR ANY ASPECT ( SOCIAL LIFE71 BUT ALSO AN ACTIVE COMMUNITY ?AT ORGANIZES HORIZONTALLY & DECIDES UPON A SET ( RULES ( COEXI/5CE4 ,A COMMONS1 !N1 CONSI/S NECESS>ILY ( AN ACTIVE COMMUNITY SELF-9/ITUT$ >\ND A %>$ 0RES\RCE40 ,?IS POLITICAL DIM5SION HAS MADE ! COMMONS A PROM95T DISC\RSE 9 EXPLA9+ ! ACTIVITY ( ! 
URBAN SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ( ! LA/ DECADE4.<#a#g.> ,RA!R ?AN RELY+ ON TRADITIONAL TACTICS ( AGITPROP OR =M+ >\ND CONCRETE ID5TITIES OR DEM&S1 URBAN SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 9 REC5T YE>S T5D TO ]UPT AS REAPPROPRIATIONS ( PUBLIC SPACE BY HORIZONTAL COLLECTIVES4 ,P>TICIPANTS 9 ! #baa WAVE ( PROTE/ >\ND ! WORLD OCCUPI$ PUBLIC SQU>ES TO =M IMPROMPTU SETTLEM5TS ) !IR [N COLLECTIVELY-RUN FACILITIES & ASSEMBLE>Y DECISION-MAK+ PROCESSES4 ,! 0SQU>E COMMONS0 DID NOT DISSIPATE AFT] ! PROTE/ 5D$ BUT BECAME ! BLUEPR9T = ! CREATION ( ANTAGONI/IC SOCIAL /RUCTURES TO PROMOTE POPUL> SELF-SUFFICI5CY & RESILI5CE1 FUEL$ BY ! CONVICTION ?AT CAPITALISM IS UNABLE TO 5SURE ! REPRODUCTION ( SOCIETIES & ! PLANET ITSELF4 ,9 REC5T YE>S1 MOVEM5TS HAVE A GR[+ PROP5SITY TO VIEW ! URBAN SPACE AS A COMMONS & TO PROPOSE SOLUTIONS TO SOCIAL ILLS ?AT FAVOR COLLECTIVE =MS ( [N]%IP1 DIRECT P>TICIPATION & SELF-MANAGEM5T1 ?US QUE/ION+ EXI/+ =MS ( 9TEGRATION 9 CITY LIFE4 

,( C\RSE1 ! DISC\RSE ( ! COMMONS IS NOT IMMUNE TO APPROPRIATION4 ,CRITICS PO9T \T ?AT ! IDEA ( ! COMMONS IS APPEAL+ TO ORGANIZATIONS ?AT PROMOTE NEOLIB]AL GLOBALIZATION1 AS ! SOCIAL SELF9ITIATIVE IS COMPATIBLE ) ! NEOLIB]AL R5UNCIATION ( /ATE WELF>E PROVISION1 :I* LEAVES SOCIETY TO F5D = ITSELF4 ,MOREOV]1 COMMONS ?9K]S HAVE REPEAT$LY W>N$ AGA9/ 0DI/ORT$0 7,DE ,ANGELIS #b#i7 OR 0PRO-CAPITALI/0 7,CAFF5TZIS #b#a7 COMMONS1 :I* S]VE TO PROMOTE ! CIRCULATION ( CAPITAL4 

,H[EV]1 APPROPRIATION BY CAPITAL IS NOT ! ONLY PROBLEM ! COMMONS FACES4 ,:AT IS ! DEGREE ( OP5NESS REQUIR$ ( EA* COMMONS TO MA9TA9 ITS *>ACT] )\T BECOM+ EXCLUSION>Y8 ,H[ >E EFFECTIVE COMMONS PRACTICES AT ! CITY LEVEL TRANSF]R$ TO ! MANAGEM5T ( MORE COMPLEX SY/EMS1 SU* AS 5TIRE BIO-REGIONS8 ,H[ CAN ! COMMONS BECOME MAT]IALLY SELF-SU/A9+ )\T CREAT+ DEP5D5CIES ON ! CAPITALI/ M>KET8 ,:AT >E ! EFFECTIVE /RUCTURES ?R\< :I* DIFF]5T COMMONS CAN COORD9ATE !IR ACTIONS T[>DS COMMON GOALS8 ,!SE ISSUES--ACCESS1 SCALABILITY1 VIABILITY & COORD9ATION-->E C5TRAL 9 ! DISCUSSION OV] ! COMMONS4 ,! COMMONS1 !RE=E1 %\LD NOT BE VIEW$ AS A SET ( /RUCTURES OR PROCESSES1 BUT RA!R AS A DISPOSITION ( A NUMB] ( PEOPLE TO DEF9E !MSELVES AS A GR\P1 QUE/ION !IR EXI/+ CIRCUM/ANCES1 ID5TIFY !IR COLLECTIVE & 9DIVIDUAL NE$S1 & NEGOTIATE !IR RULES ( COEXI/5CE ?R\< MUTUAL RESPECT & RECOGNITION4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 ! COMMONS BECOME POLITICS P> EXCELL5CE4 

,9 ANY CASE1 MY 9T5TION H]E IS NOT TO EXPLORE ! POT5TIAL ( ! COMMONS 9 TRAC+ SOCIO-POLITICAL ALT]NATIVES TO CAPITALISM1 S9CE ,I HAVE DONE ?IS ELSE:]E 7,K>YOTIS #b#a#h74 ,H]E ,I APPROA* ! COMMONS AS A DISC\RSE TO MAKE S5SE (1 BUT ALSO %APE1 URBAN /RUGGLES4 ,! ASSUMPTION ( 9ITIATIVE BY ORGANIZ$ SOCIETY R>ELY MEANS ! R5UNCIATION ( 
NEGOTIAT$ RI<TS TO HEAL?C>E1 $UCATION1 WELF>E OR BASIC S]VICES4 ,! COMMONS IS NOT AN ALT]NATIVE TO 0RI<TS TALK10 BUT RA!R A WAY 9 :I* RI<TS MAY BE FLE%$ \T1 & TE!R$ TO CONT5TI\S POLITICS WAG$ BY CONCRETE COMMUNITIES4 

,9 ?IS LI<T1 ! RI<T TO ! CITY & ! URBAN COMMONS >E NOT MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE /RATEGIES ( CONTE/ATION BUT RA!R TWO DIFF]5T VOCABUL>IES1 TWO DIFF]5T 0GRAMM>S ( HUMAN DIGNITY07,DE ,S\SA ,SANTOS #b#a#d71 = MAK+ S5SE ( URBAN /RUGGLES4 ,! COMB9$ USE ( BO? DISC\RSES BR+S TO M9D :AT ,H>VEY 7#b#a#b3 #h#g71 DESCRIBES AS A 0D\BLE-PRONG$ POLITICAL ATTACK1 ?R\< :I* ! /ATE IS =C$ TO SUPPLY MORE & MORE 9 ! WAY ( PUBLIC GOODS = PUBLIC PURPOSES1 ALONG ) ! SELF-ORGANIZATION ( :OLE POPULATIONS TO APPROPRIATE1 USE1 & SUPPLEM5T ?OSE GOODS 9 WAYS ?AT EXT5D & 5HANCE ! QUALITIES ( ! NON-COMMODIFI$ REPRODUCTIVE & 5VIRONM5TAL COMMONS40 

,YET1 ! TWO VOCABUL>IES GIVE RISE TO DIFF]5T CONCEPTUALIZATIONS ( SOCIAL CONFLICT1 DIFF]5T TACTICS & OBJECTIVES1 & ULTIMATELY DIFF]5T ANTAGONI/IC SUBJECTS4 ,:ILE IT IS V]Y COMMON = MOVEM5TS TO 5GAGE 9 BO? RI<TS TALK & COMMONS TALK1 ! COEXI/5CE ( ! TWO DISC\RSES IS NOT ALWAYS AS H>MONI\S AS ,H>VEY W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE4 ,! 9T]PLAY BETWE5 ! TWO DISC\RSES WILL BE MADE EXPLICIT 9 ! 5SU+ ANALYSIS ( RESI/ANCE AGA9/ AU/]ITY POLICIES 9 CONTEMPOR>Y ,GREECE4 

,URBAN ,/RUGGLES 9 ,GREECE 

,DEVELOPM5TS 9 ,GREECE EXEMPLIFY ! CONCEPT ( ACCUMULATION BY DISPOSSESSION1 & SPECIFICALLY ! TACTIC ( AU/]ITY AS AN 9/RUM5T ( WEAL? EXTRACTION & UPW>DS R$I/RIBUTION4 ,AU/]ITY IS A RECIPE SY/EMATICALLY BE+ PRESCRIB$ TO AIL+ ECONOMIES4 ,IT IS O/5SIBLY 9T5D$ TO DO AWAY ) SOV]EIGN DEBT BY R$UC+ PUBLIC EXP5DITURE1 SELL+ (F PUBLIC ASSETS1 RAIS+ TAXES & SLA%+ LABOR RI<TS1 WELF>E PROVISION & PUBLIC-SECTOR JOBS4 ,9 EFFECT1 IT REPRES5TS A RADICAL RE%UFFL+ ( ! C>DS AT ! EXP5SE ( ! L[] & MIDDLE CLASSES4 

,O!R ?AN ! FACT ?AT = ! FIR/ TIME SU* AN AMBITI\S /RUCTURAL ADJU/M5T PROGRAM HAS BE5 IMPLEM5T$ 9 A 0DEVELOP$0 C\NTRY1 ! CASE ( ,GREECE IS NO?+ NEW AS F> AS AU/]ITY & C\NT]-AU/]ITY TACTICS GO4 ,I HAVE1 !RE=E1 REPEAT$LY >GU$ ?AT ! IDEA ( ,GREEK EXCEPTIONALISM--BO? 9 ITS 0CORRUPT & LAZY0 V]SION & 9 ITS 0H]OIC & REVOLUTION>Y0 V]SION--IS AN ORI5TALI/ FALLACY4 ,NEV]!LESS1 IT IS TRUE ?AT ! VIOL5T %AKEUP ( DAY-TO-DAY NORMALITY DE/ABILIZ$ E/ABLI%$ ID5TITIES & ?US PU%$ GREAT P>TS ( ! POPULATION TO A /ATE ( LIM9ALITY 7,V>V>\SIS & ,KALLIS #b#a#g2 ,V>V>\SIS #b#a#h74 ,LIM9ALITY IS AN AN?ROPOLOGICAL CONCEPT ?AT D5OTES AN 9T]M$IATE /AGE 9 A TRANSITION 7BETWE5 LIFE /AGES1 BETWE5 GR\PS OR BETWE5 SEASONS71 :]E SUBJECTS HAVE %$ !IR PREVI\S ID5TITIES BUT HAVE NOT YET ASSUM$ NEW ONES4 ,?IS 
/ATE ( UNC]TA9TY & FLUIDITY HAS C]TA9LY GIV5 RISE TO RESIGNATION1 DEPRESSION OR REGRESSION TO REACTION>Y ID5TITIES1 BUT IT HAS ALSO CREAT$ CREATIVE RESI/ANCES & ADMIRABLE EXP]IM5TS 9 SOCIAL SELF-ORGANIZATION4 

,TO UND]/& MOD]N URBAN /RUGGLES 9 ,GREECE1 WE HAVE TO LOOK 9TO ! HI/ORY ( ! URBAN SPACE4 ,GREEK CITIES W]E BUILT OV]NI<T4 ,9 ! #a#i#eS1 RURAL POPULATIONS />T$ TO URBANIZE4 ,9 ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS1 CON/RUCTORS TOOK ADVANTAGE ( LAX PLANN+ LAWS--DRAFT$ BY !IR POLITICAL PATRONS--TO CREATE D5SELY POPULAT$ HI<-RISE CITIES )\T ANY PROVISION = PUBLIC SPACE & 9FRA/RUCTURE 7,MAKRYGIANNI & ,TSAVD>OGL\ #b#a#a74 ,?AT WAS ! 9ITIAL PROCESS ( 5CLOSURE ?AT ]OD$ TRADITIONAL COMMUNITIES1 COMMODIFI$ H\S+1 & PROMOT$ A PECULI> S5SE ( ISOLATION AMONG ! CR[D ( O!RS4 ,A MANIFE/ ABS5CE ( PUBLIC FACILITIES1 OP5 SPACES1 & COMMUNITY C5T]S *>ACT]IZES ,GREEK CITIES TO ?IS DAY4 

,9 ! #a#i#iS & #bS1 ! PREVAL5T SOCIAL IMAG9>Y WAS ONE ( 9DIVIDUAL SOCIAL MOBILITY & CONSUM]ISM4 ,! DEBT-FUEL$ AFFLU5CE DROVE ! NEWLY-=M$ MIDDLE CLASSES AWAY FROM 9N]-CITY NEI<BORHOODS1 :I* W]E OCCUPI$ BY WORK+ CLASS MIGRANTS & NATIVES4 ,?R\<\T ?IS ]A1 URBAN R5EWAL PROJECTS W]E UND]WAY1 CULM9AT+ 9 A CON/RUCTION FR5ZY LEAD+ UP TO ! #bd ,A!NS ,OLYMPIC ,GAMES4 

,9 ,DECEMB] #b#h1 ! MURD] ( A TE5AG] BY ! POLICE SP>K$ ! FIR/ WAVE ( /RUGGLES TO RECLAIM ! URBAN SPACE ON ! P>T ( /UD5TS1 IMMIGRANTS & ! DIS5FRAN*IZ$ URBAN Y\?4 ,! PROTE/S S]V$ TO %$ LI<T ON ! URBAN ALI5ATION1 EXPLOITATION & EXCLUSION HIDD5 BEH9D ! VEIL ( O/5SIBLE PROSP]ITY4 ,P>TICIPANTS 9 ! PROTE/S W]E FUZ$ 9 AN ANONYM\S COLLECTIVE SUBJECT ?AT ACTIVELY TRANS=M$ ! CITY ?R\< DEC5TRALIZ$ ACTS ( RE-APPROPRIATION ( URBAN SPACE3 PUBLIC BUILD+ OCCUPATIONS1 B>RICADES1 M>*ES1 SPONTANE\S >TI/IC EV5TS1 DISRUPTION ( TRAFFIC & COMM]CE4 ,9T]E/+LY1 !RE WAS A COMPLETE ABS5CE ( =MAL DEM&S2 PROTE/]S W]E NOT /RUGGL+ = RI<TS OR RE=MS1 BUT W]E ACTIVELY PROJECT+ !IR COLLECTIVE ASPIRATIONS ONTO ! URBAN SPACE4 

,?AT COLLECTIVE 0SCREAM0.<#a#h.> WAS A WAKE-UP CALL = A DORMANT & COMPLAC5T SOCIETY1 & HAS LEFT A LEGACY ( SOCIAL COOP]ATION & A R$EF9$ PUBLIC SPH]E4 ,?\S&S ( COLLECTIVES W]E BORN1 RANG+ FROM POLITICAL GR\PS TO >T 5SEMBLES TO GRASSROOTS TRADE UNIONS4 ,A :OLE NEW G5]ATION ( Y\? WAS S*OOL$ 9 HORIZONTALISM1 SOLID>ITY & DIRECT ACTION TACTICS1 & NEW SPATIAL PRACTICES W]E ADOPT$ BY SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 CULM9AT+ 9 ! PROPAGATION ( SELF-MANAG$ SQUATS & SOCIAL C5T]S4 

,NAV>9\ ,P>K IS P>T ( 0,DECEMB]'S0 LEGACY4 ,ONLY A FEW MON?S AFT] ! REVOLT1 AN AB&ON$ URBAN P>K+ LOT WAS OCCUPI$ BY NEI<BORS & COLLECTIVES 9 ,EX>*EIA2 ! ASPHALT WAS DUG UP1 TREES & FL[]S W]E PLANT$1 PA?S W]E LAID \T1 B5*ES W]E 9/ALL$4 ,! P>K HAS S9CE BE5 SELF-MANAG$ BY AN OP5 ASSEMBLY & HAS BE5 ! SITE ( POLITICAL1 
CULTURAL & SOCIAL EV5TS4 ,DESPITE ATTEMPTS AT EVICTION1 ! P>K RETA9S ITS *>ACT] TO ?IS DAY4 ,EV5 IF ! VOCABUL>Y ( ! COMMONS WAS NOT WIDESPREAD AT ?AT MOM5T1 WE HAVE AN E>LY 9/ANCE ( ! SUB/ITUTION ( 0PUBLIC0 SPACE ) 0COMMON0 SPACE2 ( RIGID1 ASEPTIC SPACE ?AT S]VES AS A NEUTRAL GR\ND BETWE5 ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUALS ) ORGANIC SPACE :]E 9DIVIDUALS CAN CONNECT & 9T]TW9E !IR DESIRES 9 ! CONTEXT ( COMMUNITY1 :]E !Y CAN NEGOTIATE ! T]MS ( !IR CO-EXI/5CE4 ,?IS K9D ( URBAN COMMON+ W\LD GO ON TO BECOME A BLUEPR9T = URBAN /RUGGLES 9 ! FOLL[+ YE>S4 

,! DEBT CRISIS ?AT BROKE \T 9 #ba & ! CONCOMITANT /RUCTURAL ADJU/M5T S]V$ TO 9T5SIFY SOCIAL ANTAGONISM & EXAC]BATE CONFLICTS OV] URBAN SPACE4 ,A DEF9+ MOM5T = GRASSROOTS SPATIAL PRACTICES & ORGANIZATIONAL =MS WAS ! #baa 0MOVEM5T ( ! SQU>ES40 ,A MULTITUDE ( 9DIVIDUALS ) DIFF]5T ORIG9S & AG5DAS P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! MOBILIZATIONS4 ,?IS DIV]SITY WAS C]TA9LY AN ADVANTAGE AS IT 5ABL$ OSMOSIS BETWE5 DIFF]5T GR\PS & 9DIVIDUALS & ! EM]G5CE ( 9NOVATIVE PRACTICES4 ,:ILE !RE WAS EXT5SIVE RI<TS TALK1 S9CE ! AU/]ITY PROGRAM WAS P]CEIV$ AS A RUPTURE ( ! SOCIAL CONTRACT ?AT ?REAT5$ SOCIAL1 LABOR & HUMAN RI<TS1 ! SQU>ES !MSELVES W]E ORGANIZ$ AS URBAN COMMONS1 ) A SELF-9/ITUT$ COMMUNITY GR\P+ >\ND ! OCCUPI$ COMMON SPACE4 ,PROBABLY1 !Y CAN BE CONSID]$ AN 9/ANCE ( 0LIM9AL COMMONS0 7,V>V>\SIS #b#a#h71 AS ! 5CAMPM5TS W]E FLUID 9/ITUTIONS POPULAT$ BY DE/ABILIZ$ ID5TITIES2 ! AIM ( ! SQU>ES WAS NOT LONG-T]M RESILI5CE AS P] ,O/ROM1 BUT EXP]IM5TATION ) NEW SPATIAL PRACTICES ?AT C\LD LEAD TO A MULTIPLICATION ( /RUGGLES4 

,9DE$1 9 ! WAKE ( ! SQU>ES1 A MULTITUDE ( URBAN COMMONS EM]G$4 ,IT WAS NO LONG] JU/ Y\?FUL PROTE/]S :O OCCUPI$ PUBLIC SPACES TO TURN !M 9TO COMMONS1 BUT MIX$ COLLECTIVES ( Y\NG & OLD1 M5 & WOM51 FAMILIES & 9DIVIDUALS1 IMMIGRANTS & NATIVES4 ,TWO EXAMPLES ( SU* COMMONS W]E ! URBAN F>M+ AT ,P,],K,A 70,P]IURBAN ,F>M+07 ON ! GR\NDS ( AN AB&ON$ MILIT>Y BASE 9 ,!SSALONIKI & ! ,SELF-,MANAG$ ,URBAN ,G>D5S ( ,ELL9IKO 9 ,A!NS1 ON ! SITE ( ! =M] ,A!NS AIRPORT4 ,BO? SITES W]E E>M>K$ TO BE PRIVATIZ$ & DEVELOP$ 9TO LUXURY H\S+ & COMM]CIAL 9FRA/RUCTURE4 ,9 BO? CASES1 9/EAD ( DEM&+ ?AT !IR RI<T ( ACCESS TO URBAN SPACE WAS RESPECT$1 CITIZ5S' MOVEM5TS SELF-5ACT$ ?IS RI<T ?R\< COMMON+4 

,?IS 0P]=MATIVE0--RA!R ?AN JURIDICAL--RECLAMATION ( RI<TS ?R\< URBAN COMMON+ BECAME WIDESPREAD4 ,! /ATE ( EXCEPTION BR\<T AB\T BY ! CRISIS MEANT ?AT MO/ RI<TS ( ! POPULATION W]E SUBORD9AT$ TO ! TASK ( 0SALVATION0 ( ! C\NTRY FROM DEBT4 ,REGRESSIVE LEGISLATION WAS PASS$1 EXI/+ JURIDICAL GU>ANTEES ( HUMAN RI<TS REMA9$ UN5=C$1 & C\RTS RUL$ CONSI/5TLY AGA9/ ?OSE TRY+ TO JUDICIALLY 
DEF5D COMMON WEAL? AGA9/ APPROPRIATION & PRIVATIZATION4 ,! URG5CY ( ! SITUATION MADE ! AB/RACT 9VOCATION ( RI<TS SEEM FUTILE & CALL$ = DIRECT1 (T5 EXTRA-LEGAL1 ACTION4 

,LOCAL COMMUNITY SELF-DEF5SE 9ITIATIVES MULTIPLI$ :5 ! GOV]NM5T IMPOS$ AN 9DISCRIM9ATE L& [N]%IP TAX--MOCK+LY CALL$ H>ATSI = ITS REM9ISC5CE ( A DESPIS$ ,OTTOMAN POLL TAX-->BITR>ILY *>G$ ?R\< ! ELECTRICITY BILL4 ,HOME[N]S :O FAIL$ TO PAY HAD !IR P[] CUT2 MEAN:ILE1 WAGES HAD BE5 SLA%$1 & ONE-?IRD ( ! WORK=CE WAS \T ( A JOB4 ,?IS EXTORTIONATE MEASURE W\LD HAVE CREAT$ A SITUATION V]G+ ON HUMANIT>IAN CATA/ROPHE W]E IT NOT = ! SEL=GANIS$ ANTI-H>ATSI NEI<BORHOOD COMMITTEES1 :I* W]E ON CALL TO EXTRA-LEGALLY RECONNECT ! P[] = FAMILIES ?AT C\LD NOT AF=D ! TAX4 

,FOOD PROVISION WAS ANO!R CRITICAL >EA ( SELF-DEF5SE4 ,9 ! PREVI\S DECADE1 OLIGOPOLI/IC1 PRICE-FIX+ 9T]M$I>IES HAD COME TO DOM9ATE FOOD DI/RIBUTION1 MAK+ EV]YDAY /APLES UNAF=DABLE = ! POPUL> CLASSES1 :ILE SQUEEZ+ ! LIVELIHOOD ( F>M]S4 ,! MOVEM5T TO CUT \T ! MIDDLEM5 />T$ ) TRUCKLOADS ( POTATOES >RIV+ 9 C5TRAL CITY SQU>ES TO BE SOLD DIRECTLY TO 5D CONSUM]S4 ,! POTATO MOVEM5T SOON EVOLV$ 9TO A DEC5TRALIZ$ GU]RILLA F>M]S' M>KET MOVEM5T1 :I* OCCUPI$ URBAN L& )\T P]MITS1 TRY+ TO BR+ TOGE!R F>M]S & CONSUM]S DESPITE ! ?REAT ( EVICTION1 >RE/S & CONFRONTATION ) 5TR5*$ 9T]E/S4 

,! CREATION ( URBAN COMMONS EXT5D$ TO O!R RI<TS3 ! RI<T TO HEAL?C>E1 ) ! CREATION ( AN EXT5D$ NETWORK ( SELF-MANAG$ SOLID>ITY CL9ICS2 ! RI<T TO A LIVELIHOOD1 ) ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ALT]NATIVE CURR5CIES.<#a#i.> & A MULTITUDE ( EGALIT>IAN WORK]S' COOP]ATIVES2 OR ! RI<T TO AF=DABLE FOOD1 ?R\< ! OP]ATION ( CONSUM] COOP]ATIVES.<#b.> & SOLID>ITY KIT*5S4 

,H[EV]1 ! COEXI/5CE ( ! RI<TS DISC\RSE & ! COMMONS DISC\RSE HAS NOT ALWAYS BE5 PEACEFUL4 ,A CASE 9 PO9T WAS ! MOVEM5T AGA9/ WAT] PRIVATIZATION4 ,UND] ! T]MS ( A MEMOR&UM1 ! WAT] COMPANY ( ,!SSALONIKI--AMONG O!RS--WAS DUE TO BE PRIVATIZ$4 ,SMALL CITIZ5S' 9ITIATIVES ORGANIZ$ AN OPPOSITION TO PRIVATIZATION BY EFFECTIVELY MOBILIZ+ CIVIL SOCIETY4 ,)9 ! ANTI-PRIVATIZATION BLOCK1 ?OSE CONCEIV+ WAT] AS A RI<T DEF5D$ /ATE MANAGEM5T ( ! WAT] COMPANY2 ?OSE CONCEIV+ WAT] AS A COMMONS PROMOT$ AN ALT]NATIVE MODEL ( SOCIAL [N]%IP BAS$ ON SELF-MANAGEM5T & CITIZ5S' P>TICIPATION4.<#b#a.> ,DUE TO DIV]G+ CONCEPTUALIZATIONS & TACTICS1 ! RIFT DEVELOP$ 9TO A BITT] IDEOLOGICAL CONFLICT4 ,?IS WAS REFLECT$ 9 PRACTICAL ISSUES1 AS ! FIR/ GR\P FAVOR$ C5TRALIZ$ LEAD]%IP ?R\< A COMMITTEE COMPOS$ ( POLITICIANS & TRADE UNIONI/S--UNSURPRIS+LY ALIGN$ ) ! ,SYRIZA P>TY1 :I* WAS EXPECT$ TO W9 ! UPCOM+ ELECTIONS--:ILE ! SECOND GR\P FAVOR$ ASSEMBLE>Y & P>TICIPATORY ORGANIZ+ PROCESSES4 ,DESPITE ! 9N] S*ISM1 
,!SSALONIKI'S WAT] MOVEM5T MOBILIZ$ ?\S&S ( VOLUNTE]S TO ORGANIZE AN UN(FICIAL REF]5DUM1 9 :I* #ig P] C5T ( ! #b#b1 CITIZ5S :O VOT$ REJECT$ ! PRIVATIZATION4 ,A FRAGILE & DEFEAT$ RI<T-W+ GOV]NM5T WAS OBLIG$ TO PUT ! PRIVATIZATION ON HOLD1 UNTIL ! NEXT GOV]NM5T 7L$ BY ,SYRIZA7 BR\<T ! PRIVATIZATION BACK ON ! TABLE A FEW YE>S LAT]4 

,ANO!R FIELD :]E AN UNEXAM9$ RI<T TO ! CITY DISC\RSE MAY PROVE C\NT]-PRODUCTIVE IS ! ORGANIZATION ( VISIBILITY EV5TS SU* AS ! ,GAY ,PRIDE ,M>*4 ,TO BE SURE1 9 A C\NTRY AS PI\S AS ,GREECE1 ! IMPORTANCE ( PRIDE M>*ES 9 RECLAIM+ PUBLIC SPACE = ! FULL SPECTRUM ( ID5TITIES & PRACTICES CANNOT BE OV]/AT$2 9 EFFECT1 SU* EV5TS REGUL>LY BECOME SITES ( CONFRONTATION ) ! ,OR?ODOX ,*UR* & ! EXTREME RI<T4 ,SU* EV5TS1 H[EV]1 FACE AN ADDITIONAL RISK4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT !Y PROMOTE AN 9DIVIDUALI/IC CONCEPTION ( ! RI<T TO ! CITY & FAIL TO ADOPT AN 9T]SECTIONAL VIEW ( SOCIAL OPPRESSION1 !Y MAY 9VOLUNT>ILY TURN !MSELVES 9TO NI*E M>KETS 9 ! CONTEXT ( URBAN R5EWAL1 UND] :I* DIV]SITY IS PRIZ$ AS LONG AS ! OV]RID+ SOCIAL PR9CIPLE REMA9S ?AT ( M>KET EX*ANGE4 ,9DE$1 DIV]SITY1 CREATIVITY & 9NOVATION >E CORE CONCEPTS ( G5TRIFICATION PROCESSES UND]WAY 9 ,EUROPEAN CITIES4 ,!SE EXCLUSION>Y PROCESSES PRESUPPOSE AN 9DIVIDUALIZ$ RECIPI5T ( RI<TS1 RA!R ?AN ACTIVE COLLECTIVES ?AT AFFIRM !IR RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9E EV]YDAY LIFE 9 ! CITY4 

,TO ADDRESS ! GR[+ COMM]CIALIZATION & CO-OPTATION ( ,GAY ,PRIDE ,M>*ES 7SEE ALSO ,A%LEY ,WONG #b#a#h2 ,NO JU/ICE NO PRIDE #b#a#h71 ,RADICAL ,PRIDE1.<#b#b.> AN 0ALT]NATIVE0 GAY PRIDE EV5T ?AT SAFEGU>DS ITS AUTONOMY FROM PUBLIC 9/ITUTIONS & CORPORATE SPONSORS1 TAKES PLACE YE>LY 9 ,!SSALONIKI S9CE #b#a#g4 ,RADICAL ,PRIDE (F]S A RI* FRAMEWORK TO UND]/& H[ G5D]1 RACE1 CLASS1 SEXUAL ORI5TATION1 E?NICITY1 AGE OR ABILITY 9T]SECT 9 ! PRODUCTION ( OPPRESSION & EXCLUSION4 ,IT ?US SEEKS TO AFFIRM COLLECTIVE ACTION & CONNECT ! /RUGGLE ( ! ,L,G,B,T,Q MOVEM5T ) O!R URBAN /RUGGLES4 

,! ,SUBJECT ( ,SOCIAL ,MOBILIZATION 

,SOCIAL *ANGE IS NOT JU/ AB\T ! TRANS=MATION ( POLITICAL & ECONOMIC /RUCTURES4 ,MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 IT IS AB\T ! TRANS=MATION ( SUBJECTS1 ( HUMANS AS SOCIAL AG5TS4 ,! SMOO? OP]ATION ( CAPITALISM PRESUPPOSES A SPECIFIC AN?ROPOLOGICAL TYPE--MOCK+LY DUBB$ HOMO ECONOMICUS BY CRITICS--& ?US ! DOM9ANT /RUCTURES ( $UCATION1 FAMILY1 ! MASS M$IA1 PUBLIC DISC\RSE ETC4 >E GE>$ T[>DS ! CREATION ( ?IS M9DSET4 ,ACCORD+LY1 SOCIAL /RUGGLES AIM TO CREATE SUBJECTS ( *ANGE1 AN AN?ROPOLOGICAL TYPE ?AT QUE/IONS DOM9ANT VALUES TO BECOME ! SOCIAL AG5TS ( A FUTURE LIB]AT$ SOCIETY4 

,/RUGGLES >E CON/ITUT$ PRECISELY AS =MATIVE EXP]I5CES ?AT CAN BR+ AB\T SU* SUBJECTIFICATIONS4 ,! LIB]AT$ SUBJECT IS NOT ONLY A PR]EQUISITE ( CONTE/ATION1 BUT ALSO A PRODUCT ( IT1 9 A DIALECTIC MOVEM5T4 ,(T51 SECT>IAN LEFTI/S & AN>*I/S DISREG>D ! TRANS=MATIVE POT5TIAL ( /RUGGLE P] SE1 & ?US T5D TO DISMISS DIV]SE & MULTITUD9\S MOBILIZATIONS1 SU* AS ! SQU>ES MOVEM5T1 AS 09T]CLASS10 0RE=MI/10 ETC4 ,( C\RSE1 WE CANNOT D5Y ?AT ! OCCUPI$ SQU>ES HAVE BE5 AS MU* SPACES ( DIV]G5CE AS !Y HAVE BE5 ( CONV]G5CE 7,SIMITI #b#a#e74 ,9 ANY CASE1 SOCIAL MOBILIZATION %\LD NOT BE VIEW$ AS A CLOS$ CLUB RES]V$ ONLY = ! 9ITIAT$1 BUT RA!R AS A CONTRADICTORY BRE$+ GR\ND = MILITANT SUBJECTIVITIES4 

,9DE$1 9 ! LIM9AL P]IOD ( DE/ABILIZATION 9 ,GREECE PREVI\S 9DIVIDUALI/IC ID5TITIES BAS$ ON CONSUMPTION1 ECONOMIC RATIONALITY1 & SOCIAL MOBILITY W]E DISSOLV$ AT A GR& SCALE1 GIV+ RISE TO PREC>I\S & TRANSITORY COLLECTIVE ID5TITIES GE>$ T[>DS SOCIAL *ANGE4 

,A C]TA9 DEGREE ( AB/RACTION IS 9EVITABLE :5 TRY+ TO IMAG9E ?IS NEW SUBJECT ?AT WILL SPR+ FROM A PROCESS ( DE/ABILIZATION TO WAGE ! /RUGGLE = SOCIAL JU/ICE4 ,DIFF]5T CONCEPTIONS ( ! COLLECTIVE SUBJECT HAVE BE5 PROPOS$ AS P>T ( DIFF]5T LIB]ATORY PROJECTS3 ! WORK+ CLASS AS ! UNIT>Y SUBJECT ( ,M>XIAN CLASS /RUGGLE2 ! PROLET>IAT AS A NONID5TITY1 AS A CLASS AGA9/ ITSELF 7,HOLL[AY #b#i2 ,NASIOKA #b#a#h72 ! MULTITUDE AS A DIV]SE1 CONTRADICTORY1 FRAGM5T$ CLASS ( EV]YONE :O CONTRIBUTES TO ! MAT]IAL1 AFFECTIVE & CULTURAL REPRODUCTION ( SOCIETY UND] ! RULE ( CAPITAL 7,H>DT & ,NEGRI #b#d72 ! CITIZ5 AS AN 9CLUSIVE T]RITORIAL ID5TITY ( ?OSE :O JO9TLY MANAGE !IR COMMON AFFAIRS 9 A FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY 7,BOOK*9 #a#i#i#i1 #b#b72 & ! PEOPLE AS A COMMON ID5TITY CON/RUCT$ \T ( A PLURALITY ( DEM&S 9 ! CONTEXT ( A HEGEMONIC PROJECT TO CAPTURE ! ,/ATE 7,LACLAU #b#e74 

,EV5 IF !Y >E NO?+ MORE ?AN /RATEGIC AB/RACTIONS 9 ! CONTEXT ( SPECIFIC S*EMES ( SOCIAL TRANS=MATION1 ALL ( ! ABOVE CONCEPTUALIZATIONS ( ! COLLECTIVE SUBJECT HAVE HAD !IR DAY 9 ! TUMULTU\S YE>S ( CRISIS 9 ,GREECE4 ,EA* ( ! ABOVE AB/RACTIONS PRES5TS SPECIFIC *ALL5GES & PROBLEMS4 ,ANALYZ+ ! RAMIFICATIONS ( EA* CONCEPTION IS BEYOND ! SCOPE ( ! PRES5T TEXT2 :AT IS ( 9T]E/ IS ?AT EA* PRES5TS A DIFF]5T RELATION ( ! SUBJECT ) ! POLITICAL SPH]E1 & ?US A DIFF]5T AV5UE ( SOCIO-POLITICAL TRANS=MATION4 ,SOME 5VISION ! ABOLITION ( ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! POLITICAL & ! SOCIAL SPH]E1 EI!R ?R\< ! IMPLOSION ( ! POLITICAL OR ?R\< ITS EXPANSION TO 9CLUDE ALL >EAS ( LIFE4 ,O!RS WI% TO MA9TA9 ! DI/9CTION BUT (F] A FULL] DEF9ITION ( ! POLITICAL BY BR++ DISEMP[]$ ID5TITIES TO ! =EFRONT4 

,SIMIL>LY1 ! URBAN COMMONS & ! RI<T TO ! CITY AS TWO DISC\RSES ?AT TRY TO %APE URBAN /RUGGLES LEAD TO CONTRA/+ CONCEPTIONS ( ! POLITICAL4 
,:ILE BO? >E PRONE TO BE APPROPRIAT$ BY CAPITALI/ =CES1 ! =M] /RESSES ! =MATION ( A POLITICAL COMMUNITY1 :ILE ! LATT] EMPHASIZES C]TA9 COMMITM5TS ( ! AU?ORITIES4 ,H5CE1 :ILE ! =M] FAVORS AUTONOM\S POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 ! LATT] T5DS TO CALL = TOP-D[N & /ATE-C5TRIC SOLUTIONS TO SOCIAL ILLS4 

,! ABOVE CONCLUSION DOES NOT IMPLY ?AT SOCIAL MOVEM5TS %\LD CEASE DEM&+ ! 5=CEM5T ( NEGOTIAT$ RI<TS & ! EXPANSION ( LEGALLY RECOGNIZ$ RI<TS4 ,AFT] ALL1 0RI<TS0 IS ! WAY BY :I* SOCIAL CONQUE/S ( ! PA/--= 9CLUSION1 AGA9/ EXPLOITATION1 DOM9ATION1 RACISM OR SEXISM--HAVE BE5 CONSECRAT$ 9 ! LEGAL SY/EM & GIV5 JURIDICAL SUB/ANCE & CONT9UITY 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! ,/ATE4 ,RI<TS >E ?US A PROGRESSIVE =CE ?AT IS H]E TO /AY1 & ! DEM& = LEGAL RE=MS ?AT SAFEGU>D ! COMMONS IS AN 9DISP5SABLE ASPECT ( URBAN /RUGGLES4.<#b#c.> 

,RA!R1 9 ?IS TEXT ,I HAVE TRI$ TO PO9T \T ?AT :5 A TE*NICAL JURIDICAL CONCEPTION ( RI<TS BECOMES ! C5T]PIECE & HORIZON ( PROGRESSIVE POLITICS1 ! DISC\RSE ( RI<TS T5DS TO RATIFY EXI/+ SY/EMS ( DOM9ATION BY SUBORD9AT+ LIV$1 CONT5TI\S POLITICS TO IMP]SONAL JURIDICAL CON/RUCTS1 ?US LEGITIMIZ+ /ATE P[] RA!R ?AN CURB+ IT4 ,DESPITE !IR WEAKNESSES & AMBIGUITIES1 COMMON+ PRACTICES S]VE TO EMP[] SUBJECTS & REVITALIZE DEMOCRATIC PRACTICE BEYOND ! CONF9ES ( LIB]AL P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACY4 

,REF]5CES 

,AGAMB51 ,G4 #a#i#i#h4 ,HOMO ,SAC]3 ,SOV]EIGN ,P[] & ,BA] ,LIFE4 ,/AN=D1 ,CALIPH3 ,/AN=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,A%LEY1 ,W #b#a#h4 0,PRIDE ,P>ADES3 ,AN ,EXCUSE = ,/RAI<T ,KIDS TO ,P>TY80 ,U,S,A ,TODAY1 ,JUNE #b#e4 .<,ONL9E.>4 .<,ACCESS$ #ai ,AUGU/ #b#a#i.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTP3_/_/WWW4USATODAY4COM_//ORY_/NEWS_/,L,G,B,T-ISSUES_/#b#a#h_/#f_/#b#b_/PRIDE-P>ADES-EXCUSE-/RAI<T-KIDS-P>TY_/#g#a#b#f#h#b_/ 

,BOND1 ,P4 #b#a#h4 ,LIMITS TO ,S\? ,AFRICA'S ',RI<T TO ! ,CITY'3 ,PROSPECTS = & BEYOND ,URBAN ,COMMON+4 ,93 ,HALL1 ,S4 & ,BURDETT1 ,R4 $S4 ,! ,S,A,G,E ,H&BOOK ( ! #b#a/ ,C5TURY ,CITY1 PP4#b#c#f-#b#e#e#e 

,BOOK*91 ,M4 #a#i#i#i4 ,! ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 ,READ]4 ,MONTREAL2 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS4 

,BOOK*91 ,M4 #b#b4 ,! ,COMMUNALI/ ,PROJECT4 ,H>B+]1 #c7#a74 .<,ONL9E.>4 .<,ACCESS$ #ai ,AUGU/ #b#a#i.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTP3_/_/SOCIAL- 

ECOLOGY4ORG_/WP_/#b#b_/#i_/H>B+]-VOL-#c-NO-#a-!-COMMUNALI/-PROJECT_/ ,CAFF5TZIS1 ,G4 #b#a4 ,! ,FUTURE ( ',! ,COMMONS'3 ,NEOLIB]ALISM'S ',PLAN ,B' OR ! ,ORIG9AL ,DISACCUMULATION ( ,CAPITAL8 ,NEW ,=MATIONS1 #f#i1 PP4#b#c-#d#a4 ,FRITJ(1 ,C4 & ,MATTEI1 ,U4 #b#a#e4 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,LAW3 ,T[>D A ,LEGAL ,SY/EM 9 ,TUNE ) ,NATURE & ,COMMUNITY4 ,B]RETT-,KOEHL] ,PUBLI%]S4 

,DE ,ANGELIS1 ,M4 #b#i4 ,! ,TRAG$Y ( ,CAPITALI/ ,COMMONS4 ,TURBUL5CE1 #e1 #c#b#c#c4 

,DE ,ANGELIS1 ,M4 #b#a#g4 ,OMNIA ,SUNT ,COMMUNIA3 ,ON ! ,COMMONS & ! ,TRANS=MATION TO ,PO/CAPITALISM4 ,LONDON3 ,Z$ ,BOOKS4 

,DE ,S\SA ,SANTOS1 ,B4 #b#a#d4 ,HUMAN ,RI<TS3 ,A ,FRAGILE ,HEGEMONY4 ,/AN=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS ,BLOG4 .<,ONL9E.>4 .<,ACCESS$ #ai ,AUGU/ #b#a#i.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTP3_/_//AN=DPRESS4TYPEPAD4COM_/BLOG_/#b#a#d_/ #a#b_/HUMAN-RI<TS-A-FRAGILE-HEGEMONY4HTML 

,FREIRE1 ,PAULO4 #b#e4 ,$UCATION = ,CRITICAL ,CONSCI\SNESS4 ,LONDON 2 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,CONT9UUM4 

,H>DT1 ,M41 & ,NEGRI4 ,A4 #b#d4 ,MULTITUDE3 ,W> & ,DEMOCRACY 9 ! ,AGE ( ,EMPIRE4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,P5GU9 ,PRESS4 

,H>DT1 ,M41 & ,NEGRI4 ,A4 #b#i4 ,COMMONWEAL?4 ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,MASS3 ,BELKNAP ,PRESS ( ,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,H>VEY1 ,D4 #b#i4 ,! ',NEW' ,IMP]IALISM3 ,ACCUMULATION BY ,DISPOSSESSION4 ,SOCIALI/ ,REGI/]1 #d7#d71 PP4#f#c-#h#g4 

,H>VEY1 ,D4 #b#a#b4 ,REBEL ,CITIES3 ,FROM ! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY TO ! ,URBAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,V]SO4 

,HOLL[AY1 ,J4 #b#b4 ,*ANGE ! ,WORLD )\T ,TAK+ ,P[]4 ,LONDON 2 ,ANN ,>BOR1 ,M,I3 ,PLUTO ,PRESS4 

,HOLL[AY1 ,J4 #b#i4 ,:Y ,ADORNO8 ,93 ,HOLL[AY1 ,J41 ,MATAMOROS1 ,F4 & ,TIS*L]1 ,S4 $S4 ,NEGATIVITY & ,REVOLUTION3 ,ADORNO & ,POLITICAL ,ACTIVISM1 PP4#a#b-#a#g4 

,K>YOTIS1 ,T4 #b#a#h4 ,BEYOND ,HOPE3 ,PROSPECTS = ! ,COMMONS 9 ,CRISIS-,/RICK5 ,GREECE4 ,93 ,HOLL[AY1 ,J41 ,NASIOKA1 ,K4 & ,D\LOS1 ,P4 $S4 ,BEYOND ,CRISIS3 ,AFT] ! ,COLLAPSE ( ,9/ITUTIONAL ,HOPE 9 ,GREECE1 ,:AT8 ,OAKL&1 ,C,A3 ,P,M ,PRESS4 

,LACLAU1 ,E4 #b#e4 ,ON ,POPULI/ ,REASON4 ,LONDON2 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,V]SO4 

,LEFEBVRE1 ,H4 #a#i#i#f4 ,! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY4 ,93 ,K(MAN1 ,E4 & ,LEBAS1 ,E4 ,WRIT+S ON ,CITIES ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,M,A3 ,BLACKWELL ,PUBLI%]S4 

,S\ZA1 ,M4 ,L4 DE #b#a4 ,:I* ,RI<T TO :I* ,CITY8 ,9 ,DEF5SE ( ,POLITICAL-,/RATEGIC ,CL>ITY4 ,9T]FACE4 #b7#a71 PP4#c#a#e-#c#c#c4 

,VASO1 ,M4 & ,TSAVD>OGL\ ,H4 #b#a#a4 ,URBAN ,PLANN+ & ,REVOLT3 ,A ,SPATIAL ,ANALYSIS ( ! ,DECEMB] #bh ,UPRIS+ 9 ,A!NS4 ,9 ,VRADIS1 ,A4 & ,DALAKOGL\1 ,D4 $S4 ,REVOLT & ,CRISIS 9 ,GREECE3 ,BETWE5 A ,PRES5T ,YET TO ,PASS & A ,FUTURE ,/ILL TO ,COME4 ,OAKL&3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

,MATTEI1 ,U4 #b#a#e4 ,! ,VALLE ,!AT] ,COMMONS ,F\NDATION3 ,H[ TO ,DEPLOY ! ,LAW 9 ,CURR5T & ,FUTURE ,/RUGGLES4 ,93 ,WEIBEL1 ,P$4 ,GLOBAL ,ACTIVISM3 ,>T & ,CONFICT 9 ! #b#a/ ,C5TURY4 ,K>LSRUHE3 ,! ,M,I,T ,PRESS4 

,MATTEI1 ,U4 & DE ,MORPURGO1 ,M4 #b#i4 ,GLOBAL ,LAW & ,PLUND]3 ,! ,D>K ,SIDE ( ! ,RULE ( ,LAW4 .<,ONL9E.>4 .<,ACCESS$ #ai ,AUGU/ #b#a#h.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTPS3_/_/WORKS4BEPRESS4COM_/UGO.-MATTEI_/#c#e_/ 

,MATTEI1 ,U4 & ,NAD]1 ,L4 #b#h4 ,PLUND]3 ,:5 ! ,RULE ( ,LAW ,IS ,ILLEGAL4 ,MALD51 ,MASS3 ,BLACKWELL4 

,MC,L\<L91 ,D4 #b#a#f4 ,PO/-,M>XISM & ! ,POLITICS ( ,HUMAN ,RI<TS3 ,LE=T1 ,BADI\1 ,AGAMB51 ,RANCI]E4 ,LAW & ,CRITIQUE1 #b#g7#c71 PP4#c#c-#b#a4 ,NASIOKA1 ,K4 #b#a#h4 ,CRISIS & ,NEGATIVITY3 ,ON ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SUBJECT 9 ,CRISIS4 ,93 ,HOLL[AY1 ,J41 ,NASIOKA1 ,K4 & ,D\LOS1 ,P4 $S4 ,BEYOND ,CRISIS3 ,AFT] ! ,COLLAPSE ( ,9/ITUTIONAL ,HOPE 9 ,GREECE1 ,:AT8 ,OAKL&3 ,P,M ,PRESS4 

,NO JU/ICE NO PRIDE4 #b#a#h4 ,RECLAIM ,PRIDE4 ,NO ,JU/ICE1 ,NO ,PRIDE4 .<,ONL9E.>4 .<,ACCESS$ #ai ,AUGU/ #b#a#h.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTP3_/_/NOJU/IC5OPRIDE4ORG_/PRIDE-BACK-ROOTS_/ 

,O/ROM1 ,E4 #b#a#e4 ,GOV]N+ ! ,COMMONS3 ,! ,EVOLUTION ( ,9/ITUTIONS = ,COLLECTIVE ,ACTION4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,SIMITI1 ,M4 #b#a#e4 ,RAGE & ,PROTE/3 ,! ,CASE ( ! ,GREEK ,9DIGNANT ,MOVEM5T4 ,CONT5TION1 #c7#b71 PP4#c#c-#e4 

,/AVRIDIS1 ,S4 #b#a#c4 ,RE-,9V5T+ ,SPACES ( ,COMMON+3 ,OCCUPI$ ,SQU>ES 9 ,MOVEM5T4 ,QUAD]NS-E DEL',9/ITUT ,CATALA D',ANTROPOLOGIA1 #a#h7#b71 PP4#b#b-#c#i4 ,TSAVD>OGL\1 ,C4 #b#a#f4 07,C7EWPNXI,KA NEPAA.<IAXA ,ANO ,TA ,KIVR@5AXA ,RA ,TO @<@<,AIXAI@<@<.<J4A ,SX@5V NO@5N@>@> ,SXA ,KIVR@5AXA ,KAXA,AN@5N8 ,TOO @<@<,KOIVO#f ,X@<@<Q\@>@>3 NA,Y,KOA@5IA NAPA,SEI,Y@5AXA ,KAI N NEPIXXWAN ,TN8 ,E,A4,AA#hA8 ,TNV ,5O.0@5 ,TN8 ,KPIAN80 ,93 ,PETROP\L\1 ,C41 ,VITOP\L\1 ,A4 & ,TSAVD>OGL\1 ,C4 $S4 ,URBAN & ,REGIONAL ,SOCIAL ,MOVEM5TS1 PP4#a#e-#d#b4 

,V>V>\SIS1 ,ANGELOS1 & ,G4 ,KALLIS4 #b#a#g4 ,COMMON+ AGA9/ ! ,CRISIS4 ,93 ,MANUEL ,C4 $4 ,ANO!R ,ECONOMY ,IS ,POSSIBLE4 ,CULTURE & ,ECONOMY 9 A ,TIME ( ,CRISIS4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,POLITY ,PRESS4 

,V>V>\SIS1 ,A4 #b#a#h4 ,CRISIS1 ,COMMONS @& ,LIM9ALITY3 ,MOD]N ,RITUALS ( ,TRANSITION 9 ,GREECE4 ,PH4,D4 ,!SIS4 ,UNIV]SIDAD ,AUTONOMA DE ,B>CELONA4 

,NOTES 
,RECONCEPTUALIZ+ ! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY & ,SPATIAL ,JU/ICE ,?R\< ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 

,F$]ICO ,V5TUR9I 

,9TRODUCTION3 ,CRITICALLY ,EXPLOR+ ! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY 

,! AIM ( ?IS WORK IS TO DISCUSS ! RI<T TO ! CITY1 SPATIAL JU/ICE & SOCIAL ECOLOGY 9 ORD] TO CREATE NEW TOOLS & UND]/&+S AT ! S]VICE ( URBAN SOCIAL MOVEM5TS AIM+ T[>DS ECOLOGICAL & DEMOCRATIC CITIES4.<#b#d.> 

,?IS WORK IS DIVID$ 9 FIVE SECTIONS4 ,9 ! FIR/ & SECOND SECTIONS ! CONCEPTS ( ! RI<T.<#b#e.> TO ! CITY & SPATIAL JU/ICE >E 9TRODUC$1 :ILE ! ?IRD HI<LI<TS A CONV]G5CE BETWE5 ! TWO CONCEPTS4 ,9 ! F\R?1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS US$ 9 ORD] TO EXPLORE KEY CONCEPTS SU* AS CITIZ5%IP1 JU/ICE & FRE$OM4 ,BUILD+ ON ! PREVI\S SECTION1 9 ! FIF? ! RI<T TO ! CITY & SPATIAL JU/ICE >E F9ALLY RECONCEPTUALIS$ ?R\< SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,! MA9 AIM ( ?IS WORK1 9 LI<T ( ! HOLI/IC SOCIAL *ANGE APPROA*1 IS TO REFRAME ! CONCEPTS ( ! RI<T TO ! CITY & SPATIAL JU/ICE 9 ORD] TO /R5G!N !M & MAKE !M MORE COMPLETE4 

,S9CE ,LEFEBVRE 9TRODUC$ ! CONCEPT 9 #a#i#f#h1 ! RI<T TO ! CITY HAS BE5 US$ BY DIFF]5T ACTORS = DIFF]5T AG5DAS4 ,9 ?IS *APT]1 H[EV]1 ,I FOCUS ON ! ACADEMIC & POLITICAL DISCUSSIONS >\ND ! RI<T TO ! CITY1 AVOID+ ?OSE DEBATES ) MORE 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ =MULATIONS ( ! CONCEPT4 ,! POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY ( ! RI<T TO ! CITY %>ES MANY COMMON TRAITS ) SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 />T+ ) ! C5TRALITY ( ! CITY 9 DISCUSSIONS ( ! URBAN CRISIS4 

,ATTOH 7#b#a#a3 #f#g7 EXPLORES ! BROADNESS & DIFFICULTY ( PRECISELY DEF9+ ! RI<T TO ! CITY3 ! CONCEPT IS /ILL 0VAGUE & RADICALLY OP50 & ?IS MAKES IT POSSIBLE = DIFF]5T ACTORS TO USE IT = DIFF]5T PURPOSES4 ,= ,LEFEBVRE1 ! RI<T TO ! CITY IS 0LIKE A CRY & A DEM&0 7#a#i#i#f3 #a#e#h74 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 IT IS A NECESSITY TO SURPASS CURR5T 9EQUALITIES & FULFILL BASIC NE$S1 & AN ASPIRATION = *ANGE 7,M>CUSE #b#a#b74 

,H[EV]1 ,LEFEBVRE NEV] FULLY DEF9$ ! T]M 7,S\ZA #b#a2 ,ATTOH #b#a#a74 ,9 ONE ( ! MORE >TICULAT$ EXPRESSIONS HE SAYS ?AT 0! RI<T TO ! CITY1 COMPLEM5T$ BY ! RI<T TO DIFF]5CE & ! RI<T TO 9=MATION1 %\LD MODIFY1 CONCRETIZE & MAKE MORE PRACTICAL ! RI<TS ( ! CITIZ5 AS A URBAN DWELL] 7CIDAT97 & US] ( MULTIPLE S]VICES0 7,LEFEBVRE #a#i#i#f3 #c#d74 ,! RI<T TO ! CITY IS ! RI<T TO FULL & EQUAL 5JOYM5T ( ! RES\RCES & S]VICES CONC5TRAT$ 9 CITIES1 SOME?+ ?AT W\LD ONLY BE FULLY POSSIBLE 9 ANO!R1 NON-CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 7,S\ZA #b#a#bB74 ,LEFEBVRE UND]L9ES ?AT ! RI<T TO ! CITY MOVES T[>DS A 0TRANS=M$ & R5EW$ RI<T TO URBAN LIFE0 7,LEFEBVRE #a#i#i#f3 #a#e#h71 DEF9$ AS ! POSSIBILITY = PEOPLE TO %APE !IR [N CITY1 :]E ! CONCEPT ( 0AUTOGE/ION0 7SELF-MANAGEM5T7 IS CRUCIAL4 ,9 ,LEFEBVRE'S WORK 
!RE IS A CRITIQUE ( /ATE P[] ?AT ALSO RESONATES ) ! SOCIAL ECOLOGY APPROA* TO DIRECT ACTION4 ,TODAY /ATE POLICIES >E BLOCK+ ! BUILD+ ( A CITY %AP$ ON CITIZ5%IP3 0,! 9COMPATIBILITY BETWE5 ! /ATE & ! URBAN IS RADICAL 9 NATURE4 ,! /ATE CAN ONLY PREV5T ! URBAN FROM TAK+ %APE0 7,LEFEBVRE #b#c3 #a#h74 ,?IS EFFECT ( ! ,/ATE IS ROOT$ 9 ITS NATURE1 :I* 0HAS TO CONTROL ! URBAN PH5OM5ON444TO RET>D ITS DEVELOPM5T1 TO PU% IT 9 ! DIRECTION ( 9/ITUTIONS ?AT EXT5D TO SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 ?R\< EX*ANGE & ! M>KET0 7,LEFEBVRE #b#c3 #a#h74 ,SELF-MANAGEM5T IS ?US CRUCIAL4 ,H>VEY /RESSES ?AT ! RI<T TO ! CITY IS 0! FRE$OM TO MAKE & REMAKE \R CITIES & \RSELVES0 7,H>VEY #b#h3 #b#c71 PUTT+ ! EMPHASIS ON ! COLLECTIVE ASPECT ( ?IS RI<T4 ,FROM A ,M>XI/ P]SPECTIVE1 ! RI<T TO ! CITY HELPS 9 UND]/&+ 0! NECESS>Y CONNECTION BETWE5 URBANIZATION & SURPLUS PRODUCTION & USE0 7,H>VEY #b#h3 #d74 ,! CALL = A 0REAL0 RI<T TO ! CITY COMES FROM ! OPPRESS$4 ,AS ,M>CUSE 7#b#a#b3 #c#b7 PO9TS \T1 FROM AN ECONOMIC PO9T ( VIEW IT COMES FROM ! 0MO/ M>G9ALIZ$ & ! MO/ UND]PAID & 9SECURE MEMB]S ( ! WORK+ CLASS0 & FROM A CULTURAL EXPRESSION IT COMES FROM ! DIRECTLY OPPRESS$ & ALI5AT$4 ,IT IS ?US A UNIFY+ CALL = ALL :O HAVE NOT4 

,) ?IS RADICAL 7& MAT*+ ! ORIG9AL ,LEFEBVRIAN =MULATION7 9T]PRETATION ( ! RI<T TO ! CITY1 URBAN SOCIAL MOVEM5TS >\ND ! WORLD HAVE />T$ TO CLAIM ! IDEA 9 ORD] TO GA9 ACCESS TO NE$S & S]VICES & TO RE-%APE ! CITY 7,HAMEL1 ,LU/IG]-,?AL] & ,MAY] #b74 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 !Y HAVE GA9$ /R5G? FROM IT4 ,AS ,SOJA 7#b#a3 #a#i7 AFFIRMS1 ! RI<T TO ! CITY 0CAN HELP TO UNITE DIV]SE & P>TICUL>IZ$ /RUGGLE 9TO L>G] & MORE P[]FUL MOVEM5TS40 ,9DE$1 AS ,H>VEY & ,POTT] 7#b#i3 #d#h7 PO9T \T1 ! RI<T TO ! CITY IS A PROCESS1 CONT9U\SLY %AP$ BY \R DESIRE & NEW *ALL5GES & BUILT >\ND 0SOCIAL SOLID>ITIES40 ,9 ?IS1 URBAN SOCIAL MOVEM5TS PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE1 AFFIRM+ ! RI<T TO ! CITY 9 DIFF]5T SPATIAL & SOCIAL =MS3 

,! 9ALI5ABLE RI<T TO ! CITY RE/S UPON ! CAPACITY TO =CE OP5 SPACES ( ! CITY TO PROTE/ & CONT5TION1 TO CREATE UNM$IAT$ PUBLIC SPACES1 SO ?AT ! CAULDRON ( URBAN LIFE CAN BECOME A CATALYTIC SITE FROM :I* NEW CONCEPTIONS & CONFIGURATIONS ( URBAN LIV+ CAN BE DEVIS$ & \T ( :I* NEW & LESS DAMAG+ CONCEPTIONS ( RI<TS CAN BE CON/RUCT$4 7,H>VEY & ,POTT] #b#i3 #d#i7 

,?US1 9 ?IS RADICAL 9T]PRETATION1 ! RI<T TO ! CITY IS A PROTE/ CALL TO 5ABLE ! OP5+ ( NEW SOCIAL PA?S T[>DS A BETT] K9D ( URBAN LIV+4 

,H[EV]1 ,N,G,OS1 9T]NATIONAL BODIES1 & MUNICIPAL AU?ORITIES ALL >\ND ! GLOBE HAVE ASSUM$ A DIFF]5T P]SPECTIVE ON ! RI<T TO ! CITY4 ,ACTIVI/-S*OL> ,D',S\ZA 7#b#a#f3 #g7 PO9T$ \T 0! RI<TS DISC\RSE 
TODAY IS A CACOPHONY ( DISCORDANT VOICES40 ,?IS PLURALITY ( ACTORS & 9/ITUTIONS 9VOKE ! NOTION ( RI<TS1 YET ADOPT DIFF]5T IDEOLOGICAL ORI5TATIONS ?AT SUIT O!R AG5DAS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,KUYMULU 7#b#a#c3 #i#c7 F\ND ?AT 0,U,N AG5CIES HAVE NOT ONLY ATTEMPT$ TO CO-OPT ! CONT5T ( ! NOTION AS E/ABLI%$ BY ! EXI/+ RI<T TO ! CITY MOVEM5TS1 BUT HAVE ALSO ATTEMPT$ TO REWRITE ! HI/ORY ( ?IS CONCEPT40 ,ONE ( ! MA9 ACTIVITIES ( ,N,G,OS1 9T]NATIONAL BODIES & CITY AU?ORITIES--UND] ! SLOGAN ( ! RI<T TO ! CITY--IS ?US BAS$ >\ND ! DEVELOPM5T & IMPLEM5TATION ( *>T]S ( ! RI<T TO ! CITY4 ,AS ,MAY] 7#b#a#b2 #b#a#c7 PO9TS \T1 ?IS APPROA* PRES5TS SEV]AL ISSUES3 7#a7 IT EXCLUDES :AT IS NOT 9 ! LI/2 7#b7 9 CONTRA/ TO ! CLASS REF]5CE ( ! ,LEFEBVRIAN RI<T TO ! CITY1 IT DOES NOT ACKN[L$GE CLASS & P[] DIVISIONS2 & 7#c7 0! DEM&S = RI<TS AS 5UM]AT$ M]ELY T>GET P>TICUL> ASPECTS ( NEOLIB]AL POLICY0 7#b#a#b3 PP4 #g#d--#g#e71 WAT]+ D[N ! RADICAL CALL TO TRANS=M ! CITY4 

,S\ZA 7#b#a3 #c#a#g7 HOLDS A SIMIL> POSITION1 ASS]T+ ?AT ! RI<T TO ! CITY = ,N,G,OS & (FICIAL AG5CIES 7AS WELL = SOME SOCIAL MOVEM5TS7 CAN BE SUMM>IZ$ AS 0! RI<T TO A BETT]1 MORE 'HUMAN' LIFE 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! CAPITALI/ CITY1 ! CAPITALI/ SOCIETY & ON ! BASIS ( A 7'RE=M$' & 'IMPROV$'7 REPRES5TATIVE 'DEMOCRACY'10 ) ! AIM ( FIX+ ! CURR5T POLITICAL & ECONOMIC SY/EM1 NOT *ALL5G+ IT4 

,CRITICALLY ,EXPLOR+ ,SPATIAL ,JU/ICE 

,SPATIAL JU/ICE IS ANO!R KEY CONCEPT = CURR5T URBAN SOCIAL MOVEM5TS4 ,JU/ICE IS A CONCEPT ?AT HAS BE5 ALWAYS 9VOK$ BY SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 ESPECIALLY FROM ! SPATIAL P]SPECTIVE4 ,= EXAMPLE ! FOLL[+ QUOTE1 REF]R+ TO AN ,AM]ICAN CITY1 DRAMATICALLY CAPTURES ! EXP]I5CE ( ! URBAN POOR3 

,PEOPLE 9 ! <ETTO KN[ P]FECTLY WELL IT IS DIFF]5T 9 O!R NEI<BORHOODS ?AT >E :IT] & WEAL?I]4 ,!Y KN[ ?AT ?IS IS NOT ACCID5TAL4 ,!Y MI<T BE FUZZY ON ! HI/ORY & ! EXACT ACTORS1 & MI<T EV5 HAVE B\<T 9TO ! SIZABLE EF=TS TO BLAME ! POOR = !IR [N POV]TY1 BUT ! CULPABILITY ( BANKS1 CITY (FICIALS1 EMPLOY]S1 CORPORATIONS & ABS5TEE L&LORDS IS WIDELY1 IF RA!R 9TUITIVELY1 UND]/OOD4 ,:I* MEANS ?AT PEOPLE UND]/& ?AT !Y LIVE 9 A SPACE ?AT IS SOCIALLY PRODUC$1 & C\LD EV5 TELL Y\ H[ ?AT WORKS ?\< !Y W\LD NEV] >TICULATE IT US+ ?IS K9D ( LANGUAGE4 7,GIBBON #b#a3 #f#a#i7 

,! POOR HAVE A CLE> UND]/&+ ( ! SPATIAL DIM5SION ( 9EQUALITIES1 CALL+ = ! 5D ( !M1 & = JU/ICE4 

,! ,WE/]N CONCEPT ( JU/ICE ORIG9AT$ 9 ANCI5T ,GREECE & IS /RONGLY L9K$ TO ! =MATION ( CITIZ5%IP & DIRECT DEMOCRACY 9 
ANCI5T ,A!NS 7,SOJA #b#a3 #g#e74 ,) ! CREATION ( ! ,NATION-,/ATE1 ! IDEA ( JU/ICE HAS BE5 CONCEPTUALIZ$ AS PROVID$ BY ! ,/ATE1 BUT NOT AS P>T ( ! CONCEPT ( CITIZ5%IP4 ,H[EV]1 JU/ICE CANNOT ONLY BE L9K$ TO ! K9D ( JU/ICE ADM9I/]$ BY ! ,/ATE4 ,IT ASSUMES A BROAD] MEAN+ ( JU/ OR FAIR1 L9K$ TO 0! QUALITIES ( A JU/ SOCIETY3 FRE$OM1 LIB]TY1 EQUALITY1 DEMOCRACY1 .<&.> CIVIL RI<TS0 7,SOJA #b#a3 #b74 ,= ,SOJA 7#b#a71 JU/ICE IS A CONCEPT ?AT %\LD GO BEYOND CLASS1 RACE1 & G5D]4 ,JU/ICE & 9JU/ICE1 AS CONCEPTS1 P]VADE \R WORLD ON MULTIPLE LEVELS & >E DEEPLY NE/$ 9 ! CURR5T SOCIOECONOMIC SY/EM1 BUT !Y CAN BE *ALL5G$ & *ANG$ ?R\< SOCIAL & POLITICAL ACTION 7,SOJA #b#a74 ,AS ,H>VEY RECOGNIZES1 ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY & 9JU/ICE >E BO? A PRODUCTION ( CAPITALI/ URBAN DEVELOPM5T3 

,CAPITAL REPRES5TS ITSELF 9 ! =M ( A PHYSICAL L&SCAPE CREAT$ 9 ITS [N IMAGE1 CREAT$ AS USE VALUES TO 5HANCE ! PROGRESSIVE ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 ,! GEOGRAPHICAL L&SCAPE :I* RESULTS IS ! CR[N+ GLORY ( PA/ CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 7#a#i#h#e3 #b#e7 

,SUBSEQU5TLY1 ,SOJA 7#b#a7 ALSO RECOGNIZ$ ! IMPORTANCE ( LOOK+ AT ! SPATIAL DIM5SION ( JU/ICE & DEVELOP$ 0SPATIAL JU/ICE0 AS A CORE CONCEPT4 ,EV5 )\T NEGAT+ ! IMPORTANCE ( ! HI/ORICAL & SOCIOLOGICAL APPROA*ES ( JU/ICE1 FOCUS+ ON ! SPATIAL HELPS HI<LI<T HIDD5 ASPECTS OR DISCOV] NEW P]SPECTIVES = ACTION4 ,9 A REC5T DISCUSSION ON SPATIAL JU/ICE1 ,IVESON 7#b#a#a3 #b#e#e7 AFFIRMS ?AT 0! ATT5TION TO SPACE CAN HELP HI<LI<T ! SPATIAL RELATIONS 9 :I* PLACE-BAS$ ISSUES & ACTORS >E 5ME%$40 

,SPATIAL JU/ICE1 AS A CONCEPT US$ 9 ANALYZ+ CURR5T URBAN CRISES1 CAN FIR/LY HELP CA/ 0NEW LI<T ON ! PROCESSES ?R\< :I* SOCIO-SPATIAL 9JU/ICE IS REPRODUC$1 P]PETUAT$ & SOMETIMES AGGRAVAT$ 9 \R TIMES0 7,S\ZA #b#a#a3 #g#c74 ,?US1 FOCUS+ ON ! NEGATION ( SPATIAL JU/ICE CAN BE A P[]FUL TOOL1 BO? HELP+ TO UND]/& H[ 9JU/ICE IS CREAT$ & HI<LI<T+ :]E TO ACT4 

,SECONDLY1 A FOCUS ON ! AFFIRMATION ( SPATIAL JU/ICE CAN HELP REVEAL 0! SPATIAL PRACTICES BY MEANS ( :I* PROTAGONI/S ( SOCIO-SPATIAL *ANGE 7ABOVE ALL EMANCIPATIVE SOCIAL MOVEM5TS7 >E *ALL5G+ 9JU/ICE & TRY+ TO BUILD ALT]NATIVES0 7IBID74 ,AS ) ! RI<T TO ! CITY1 SPATIAL JU/ICE BECOMES AN AG5DA = URBAN SOCIAL MOVEM5TS TO FOLL[ 9 ORD] TO RE%APE ! CITY4 ,A CONNECTION CAN BE MADE BETWE5 ! TWO CONCEPTS1 AS ,I WILL %[ 9 ! NEXT SECTION4 

,A ,CONV]G5CE ( ,CONCEPTS 

,! CONCEPTS ( RI<T TO ! CITY & SPATIAL JU/ICE CAN BO? BE US$ AS ANALYTICAL TOOLS TO HI<LI<T CURR5T URBAN CRISES & AS PROACTIVE SLOGANS 
UPON :I* TO BUILD SOCIAL /RUGGLES4 ,LOOK+ AT ! 9T]SECTION BETWE5 ! CREATION ( SPACE1 ! NEGATION ( RI<TS1 & SOCIAL 9JU/ICE IS CRUCIAL TO UND]/&+ ! URBAN CRISIS & DEVELOP+ /RATEGIES = SOCIAL *ANGE4 

,9 ?IS SECTION ,I >GUE ?AT !RE IS A FUR!R CONNECTION ?AT NE$S TO BE MADE BETWE5 ! RI<T TO ! CITY & SPATIAL JU/ICE4 ,AS ,UIT]M>K 7#b#a#b7 CONSID]S1 A JU/ CITY PRESUPPOSES EQUITY1 DI/RIBUTION ( RES\RCES & DEMOCRATIC CONTROL T[>D ! FULL IMPLEM5TATION ( ! RI<T TO ! CITY4 ,! RI<T TO ! CITY & SPATIAL JU/ICE ?US WORK H&-9-H& T[>DS ! CON/RUCTION ( A JU/ CITY4 ,?IS L9K IS V]Y CLE>1 = EXAMPLE1 :5 ,Z>ATE 7#b#a#e7 TITLES AN ESSAY ,! ,CITIES ,WE ,WANT3 ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY & ,SOCIAL ,JU/ICE = ,ALL4 ,9 ! SAME VE91 ,M>CUSE 7#b#a#b3 #c#e7 /RESSES ?AT ! RI<T TO ! CITY IS NOT A M]E SET ( 9DIVIDUAL RI<TS BUT CONNECT$ TO ! IDEA ( JU/ICE3 0,! RI<T TO ! CITY IS A MORAL CLAIM1 F\ND$ ON FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES ( JU/ICE40 ,! CONCEPT ( RI<TS & JU/ICE REF] TO A SIMIL> MORAL /&4 ,MOREOV]1 0A GOOD .<& JU/.> CITY %\LD NOT BE SIMPLY A CITY ) DI/RIBUTIONAL EQUITY1 BUT ONE ?AT SUPPORTS ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL & ( ALL 9DIVIDUALS0 7,M>CUSE #b#i3 #b74 

,9 !IR POSITIVE AFFIRMATION1 BO? SPATIAL JU/ICE & ! RI<T TO ! CITY >E DEM&+ FULFILLM5T = HUMANS 9 ! URBAN 5VIRONM5T4 ,9 !IR NEGATION !Y >E ALSO DEEPLY CONNECT$3 SPATIAL 9JU/ICE IS ! NEGATION ( ! RI<T TO ! CITY 7& VICE V]SA74 ,MOREOV]1 !Y >E DET]M9$ OR NEGAT$ UND] ! SAME POLITICAL FRAME3 0,URBAN RI<TS & JU/ICE >E !RE=E M$IAT$ BY ! SPATIAL ORGANIZATION ( POLITICAL P[]S0 7,H>VEY & ,POTT] #b#i3 #d#b74 ,IT IS ?US CLE> ?AT ! TWO CONCEPTS ( RI<T TO ! CITY & SPATIAL JU/ICE >E /RICTLY 9T]DEP5D5T & 9T]TW9$ 7,MIT*ELL #b#c7--ONE NE$S ! O!R = ITS FULL POSITIVE REALIZATION4 ,BO? CONCEPTS GO BEYOND CLASS1 RACE1 & G5D]1 & %\LD BE ABLE TO MOBILIZE A L>GE P>T ( ! POPULATION 7,H>VEY #b#c2 ,SOJA #b#a74 ,FUR!RMORE1 !Y BO? REF] TO ! NE$ TO CREATE A TRUE CITIZ5%IP4 ,H[EV]1 ! CONCEPT ( CITIZ5%IP IS A 0MULTIFACET$ IDEA0 7,S\ZA #a#i#i#i3 #a#g#a7 !ORIZ$ BY V>I\S AU?ORS & TRADITIONS1 DEP5D+ ON SPECIFIC NATIONAL & JURIDICAL CONTEXTS4 ,(T51 9NOVATIONS HAVE BE5 IMPLEM5T$ UND] PRESSURE FROM URBAN SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 AS /RESS$ BY ,HOL/ON3 0,! RI<T TO ! CITY >GUM5TS ( ! URBAN SOCIAL MOVEM5TS EMBODI$ ! /RUGGLE ( RESID5TS = ?IS RECOGNITION ( BE+ CITIZ5S :O BE> ! RI<T TO RI<TS0 7#b#h3 #b#d#a74 ,CITIZ5%IP IS CONCEIV$ AS A DI/9CTION BETWE5 ?OSE :O MAY ACCESS RI<TS 9 !IR DAILY LIFE 9 ! CITY & ?OSE :O CANNOT4 ,!RE IS A CONT9U\S /RUGGLE = EXP&+ ! CONCEPT ( CITIZ5%IP & RECOGNIZ+ ! RI<TS ( EV]YONE1 ESPECIALLY ! OPPRESS$4 

,LEFEBVRE EXPLICITLY SAID ?AT A TRUE RI<T TO ! CITY 0IMPLIES NO?+ LESS ?AN A REVOLUTION>Y CONCEPTION ( CITIZ5%IP0 79 ,M]RIFIELD #b#a#g3 #b#c74 ,FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 URBAN SOCIAL MOVEM5TS HAVE ACTIVELY BUILT AN 9SURG5T CITIZ5%IP 7,HOL/ON #a#i#i#h2 #b#h71 A CITIZ5%IP ?AT ATTEMPTS TO 
SUBV]T /ATE AG5DAS & 5ACT REAL =MS ( CITIZ5%IPS BAS$ ON 0CIVIL1 POLITICAL1 & SOCIAL RI<TS AVAILABLE TO PEOPLE0 7,HOL/ON #a#i#i#h3 #e71 BEYOND =MAL =MS ( CITIZ5%IPS GRANT$ 7& RE/RICT$7 BY ! ,/ATE4 ,9SURG5T CITIZ5%IP IS CRITICAL H]E & ITS OBJECTIVE IS ! DISRUPTION ( GRANT$ NORMS & A TRANS=MATION ( ! CITY 7,HOL/ON #a#i#i#h74 

,H[EV]1 DESPITE ! NORMALIZ$ USE ( ! CONCEPT ( CITIZ5%IP 9 SOCIETY1 CONTEMPOR>Y URBAN SOCIAL MOVEM5TS REMA9 SKEPTICAL AB\T US+ ?IS CONCEPT AS IT 9DICATES 0DI/ANCE1 ANONYMITY1 & UNCOMMON GR\ND0 7,HOL/ON #b#i3 #b#e74 ,CITIZ5%IP IS COMMONLY US$ BY 9/ITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS ?AT DO NOT EASILY ALL[ = REVOLUTION>Y USAGE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 CITIZ5%IP1 9 ALL ITS EXPRESSION1 IS BAS$ ON :O IS A CITIZ5 & :O IS NOT-- AS DET]M9$ BY ! ,NATION-,/ATE 7,SASS5 #b#b74 ,9 ?IS WAY URBAN SOCIAL MOVEM5TS CONT9U\SLY /RUGGLE ) PUBLIC (FICIALS1 BUT ALSO ) ! PUBLIC1 TO 5L>GE ! BASE ( CITIZ5%IP4 

,MOREOV]1 ! CONCEPT ( ! RI<T TO ! CITY HAS ALSO BE5 CO-OPT$ & DI/ORT$ 7,S\ZA #b#a2 ,KUYMULU #b#a#c74 ,ONE EXAMPLE IS ! DRAFT+ ( ! ,BRAZILIAN CON/ITUTION1 :I* ACTIVELY 5GAG$ CIVIL SOCIETY1 BUT L$ TO A DEPLETION & CO-OPTATION ( URBAN SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 7,S\ZA #b#a74 

,RECONCEPTUALIZ+ ,CITIZ5%IP1 ,JU/ICE1 & ,FRE$OM 

,! CONCEPT ( CITIZ5%IP1 DESPITE ITS POT5TIAL ROLE 9 ADDRESS+ URBAN CRISES1 IS ?US DEEPLY CONTE/$--SOCIAL ECOLOGY (F]S A WAY =W>D4 ,BOOK*9'S APPROA* CAN BE ILLU/RAT$ ON TWO LEVELS4 ,ON ! FIR/1 HE DEF5DS A SY/EM BAS$ ON RI<TS 7DEF9$ ALT]NATELY AS CIVIL RI<TS OR 
HUMAN RI<TS7 & DUTIES4.<#b#f.> ,!Y REPRES5T A CRUCIAL /AGE ( SOCIAL 
DEVELOPM5T1 ) ! MOVE FROM ! UNC]TA9TY ( TRIBAL TIMES TO ! 9TRODUCTION ( A JU/ICE SY/EM BAS$ ON LAWS 7,BOOK*9 #b#eA74 ,RI<TS REPRES5T ! IMPORTANT A*IEVEM5TS ( POPUL> /RUGGLES & %\LD BE PRES]V$ & DEF5D$ 7,BOOK*9 #a#i#h#f2 #a#i#i#i2 ,BOOK*9 & ,BIEHL #a#i#i#a74 

,! SECOND LEVEL IS MORE FULLY DEVELOP$ & >TICULAT$1 & ADDRESSES ! CORE ( ! SOCIAL ECOLOGY PROJECT1 :OSE AIM IS TO GO BEYOND 0CONTEMPOR>Y CITIZ5%IP )9 A DEP]SONALIZ$ =MAL SY/EM ( 0RI<TS0 & 0DUTIES'0 7,BOOK*9 #a#i#h#h3 #b#c#h74.<#b#g.> ,BOOK*9 TRIES TO RECOV] ! 0TRUE0 MEAN+ ( CITIZ5%IP1 REF]R+ TO ! ,A!NIAN =MULATION3 

,! ,A!NIAN NOTION ( >ETE1 ! DAILY PRACTICE ( PAIDEIA1 & ! 
9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURE ( ! POLIS W]E SYN!SIZ$ 9TO AN IDEAL ( 
CITIZ5%IP ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL TRI$ TO REALIZE AS A =M ( SELF-EXPRESSION1 NOT AN OBLIGATORY BURD5 ( SELF-D5IAL4 ,CITIZ5%IP BECAME AN E?OS1 A CREATIVE >T1 9DE$1 A CIVIC CULT RA!R ?AN A DEM&+ BODY ( DUTIES & A PALLIATIVE BODY ( RI<TS4 7,BOOK*9 #a#i#i#eB3 #g#e7 

,CITIZ5%IP ?US NE$S TO BE AFFIRM$ AS A PRAXIS ( CITIZ5S' EXPRESSION T[>DS SELF-REALIZATION4 ,MOREOV]1 ,BOOK*9 RECOGNIZES ! NE$ TO MOVE T[>DS A UNIV]SAL HUMAN COMMONALITY 7,BOOK*9 #b#eA71 !REBY SURPASS+ ! P>O*IAL & NON-UNIV]SAL CONNOTATION ( CITIZ5%IP AS =MULAT$ 9 ANCI5T ,A!NS 7,BOOK*9 #a#i#i#eB74 

,! CONCEPT ( COMMUNITY1 !N1 IS CRUCIAL4 ,AN AU!NTIC COMMUNITY IS 0NOT M]ELY A /RUCTURAL CON/ELLATION ( HUMAN BE+S BUT RA!R ! PRACTICE ( COMMUNIZ+0 7,BOOK*9 #b#eA3 #c#d#i74 ,! EXPRESSION ( AN ACTIVE CITIZ5%IP IS !N L9K$ TO ! F9AL EXPRESSION ( FRE$OM1 :]E CITIZ5%IP CAN BE CONCEIV$ AS A DIRECT ACTION ?AT EXPRESSES ITSELF 9 ! PRACTICE ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 9 ! POSSIBILITY TO MAKE DECISIONS = ONE'S [N COMMUNITY 7,BOOK*9 #b#eA74 

,FRE$OM ?US ALSO BECOMES A CRUCIAL CONCEPT 9 DISCUSSIONS ( CITIZ5%IP &1 MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 ( JU/ICE4 ,AS A CONCEPT1 FRE$OM IS PREF]ABLE TO JU/ICE1 BE+ ABLE TO MORE FULLY ADDRESS ! PROBLEM ( 9EQUALITY3 

,UNLIKE JU/ICE1 :I* WORKS ) ! PRET5SION ?AT ALL >E EQUAL 9 !ORY1 DESPITE !IR MANY DIFF]5CES 9 FACT1 FRE$OM MAKES NO PRET5SE ?AT ALL >E EQUALS BUT TRIES TO COMP5SATE = ! 9EQUALITIES ?AT OCCUR ) AGE1 PHYSICAL 9FIRMITY1 & DIFF]5T ABILITIES4 7,BOOK*9 #a#i#i#eA3 #b#f7 

,CLASSICALLY1 ! CONCEPT ( JU/ICE WAS BAS$ ON ! FUNDAM5TAL IDEA ( EQUALITY ( HUMAN BE+S4 ,! REALITY1 H[EV]1 IS DIFF]5T3 

,TO ASSUME ?AT EV]YONE IS 0EQUAL0 IS PAT5TLY PREPO/]\S IF !Y >E REG>D$ AS 0EQUAL0 9 /R5G?1 9TELLECT1 TRA9+1 EXP]I5CE1 TAL5T1 DISPOSITION1 & OPPORTUNITIES4 ,SU* 0EQUALITY0 SC(FS AT REALITY & D5IES ! COMMONALITY & SOLID>ITY ( ! COMMUNITY BY SUBV]T+ ITS RESPONSIBILITIES TO COMP5SATE = DIFF]5CES BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS4 7,BOOK*9 #b#eA3 #b#a#i7 

,!SE DIFF]5CES MEAN ?AT HUMAN BE+S V>Y ) RESPECT TO !IR POT5TIALS & NE$S4 ,FRE$OM1 = ,BOOK*91 RECOGNIZES ?IS PO9T & POSITS ! BASIS = A RATIONAL SOCIETY ON ! IDEA ?AT 0AS LONG AS ! MEANS EXI/1 !Y MU/ BE %>$ AS MU* AS POSSIBLE ACCORD+ TO NE$S--& NE$S >E UNEQUAL 9S(> AS !Y >E GAUG$ ACCORD+ TO 9DIVIDUAL ABILITIES & RESPONSIBILITIES0 7,BOOK*9 #b#eA3 #b#a#i74 ,9 SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 ! CONCEPT ( FRE$OM IS ?US EMB$D$ 9 ! IDEA ( EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS1 AN 0UNREFLECTIVE =M ( SOCIAL BEHAVIOR & DI/RIBUTION ?AT COMP5SATES 9EQUALITIES & DOES NOT YIELD TO ! FICTIVE CLAIM444?AT EV]YONE IS EQUAL0 7,BOOK*9 #b#eA3 #b#a#i74 

,?IS IS OPPOS$ TO ! USE ( JU/ICE1 :I* 0TURNS ! EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS 9TO ! 9EQUALITY ( EQUALS0 7,BOOK*9 #b#eA3 #b#b#d74 ,BOOK*9 AGREES ) ! ,M>XI/ =MULATION ( 0FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS_/H] 
ABILITY1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS_/H] NE$S0 ,9 OPPOSITION TO A 0B\RGEOIS RI<T10 :I* CLAIMS 0EQUALITY ( ALL10 FRE$OM AB&ONS ! V]Y NOTION ( 0RI<T0 AS SU* 7,BOOK*9 #b#eA3 #b#a#i74 ,FRE$OM IS ?US A CRUCIAL PILL> = AN ALT]NATIVE SOCIETY4 

,RECONCEPTUALIZ+ ! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY & ,SPATIAL ,JU/ICE 

,JU/ AS WE RECONCEPTUALIS$ CITIZ5%IP & JU/ICE1 HI<LI<T+ ! IMPORTANCE ( FRE$OM IS ?US NECESS>Y TO RECONCEPTUALISE ! RI<T TO ! CITY & SPATIAL JU/ICE ?R\< SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,! LIB]T>IAN OR AN>*I/ TRADITION SEEMS TO REMA9 IMP]MEABLE TO OR SUSPICI\S AB\T ! IDEA ( RI<TS 7,TURN] & ,MILL] #b#e72 IT IS UNCOMMON = RADICAL ?9K]S TO USE ?IS T]M4.<#b#h.> ,CONTEMPOR>Y RI<TS >E GU>ANTE$ & DET]M9$ BY /ATES & 9T]NATIONAL BODIES1 &1 DESPITE MANY SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEM5TS1 !IR TRACK RECORD1 FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! LIB]T>IAN OR AN>*I/ TRADITION1 IS POOR & DEM&S A RADICAL *ANGE4 

,QUE/IONS REG>D+ H[ RI<TS >E 9/ITUTIONALIZ$1 :O GU>ANTEES !M1 & BY :AT MEANS CAN LEAD TO A SLIPP]Y DEBATE4 ,FOTOP\LOS 7#a#i#i#g3 #b#c#a--#b#c#b71 AN AU?OR CLOSE TO SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 AFFIRMS ?AT !RE >E TWO DIFF]5T TRADITIONS ( RI<TS4 ,! FIR/ MEAN+ IS ROOT$ 9 ! 0LIB]AL CONCEPTION ( FRE$OM1 :I* IS DEF9$ NEGATIVELY AS ! ABS5CE ( CON/RA9TS ON HUMAN ACTIVITY2 !SE RI<TS >E ALSO DEF9$ 9 A NEGATIVE WAY AS 'FRE$OM FROM'1 !IR EXPLICIT OBJECTIVE BE+ TO LIMIT /ATE P[]40 ,! SECOND MEAN+1 CONNECT$ TO ! SOCIALI/ TRADITION1 OPPOSES ! LIB]AL ONE1 & AFFIRMS 9/EAD 0SOCIAL EQUALITY1 MA9LY 9 ! =M ( AN EQUITABLE P>TICIPATION 9 ! PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT1 A*IEV$ ?R\< /ATE 9T]V5TION4 ,!SE RI<TS >E !RE=E 0COLLECTIVE0 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y BELONG MORE TO COMMUNITIES OR :OLE SOCIETIES RA!R ?AN TO 9DIVIDUALS40 ,= ,FOTOP\LOS1 H[EV]1 BO? CONCEPTIONS HAVE LIMITATIONS4 ,FIR/LY1 !Y >E GR\ND$ ON ! R$UCTIONI/ IDEA ?AT ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC SPH]ES >E ALWAYS SEP>AT$1 MISS+ A HOLI/IC APPROA* TO HUMAN RI<TS4 ,SECONDLY1 & MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 BO? =MS ( RI<TS MAKE S5SE ONLY 9 A /ATI/ =M ( GOV]NM5T1 & PRESUPPOSE ! EXI/5CE ( 0POLITICAL & ECONOMIC P[]444CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! H&S ( ELITES10 :ILE1 09 A NON-/ATI/ TYPE ( DEMOCRACY1 :I* BY DEF9ITION 9VOLVES ! EQUAL %>+ ( P[]1 !SE RI<TS BECOME MEAN+LESS40 ,BOOK*9 GOES 9 ! SAME DIRECTION &1 AL?\< HAV+ EXPLOR$ ! CONCEPT ( RI<TS1 HE VALUES & ELABORATES MORE ON ! SOCIAL DIM5SION ( CONCEPTS LIKE COOP]ATION & MUTUALISM1 A POSITION ?AT IS %>$ AMONG SOCIAL ECOLOGY AU?ORS1 :O HAVE AVOID$ BAS+ !IR WORK ON ! CONCEPT ( RI<TS4.<#b#i.> 

,A SIMIL> APPROA* IS TAK5 ) RESPECT TO ! CONCEPT ( JU/ICE1 AS SE5 9 ! PREVI\S SECTION4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY ASPIRES TO A BROAD] *ANGE ?AN ! ONE PROPOS$1 = EXAMPLE1 )9 ! IDEA ( A JU/ CITY 09 :I* 
PUBLIC 9VE/M5TS & REGULATION W\LD PRODUCE EQUITABLE \TCOMES RA!R ?AN SUPPORT ?OSE ALREADY WELL (F0 7,FA9/E9 #b#a3 #c74 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY ASPIRES TO GO BEYOND A M]E FIX ( ! CURR5T PROBLEMS1 AIM+ AT AFFIRM+ ! FRE$OM = ALL TO SELF-DET]M9ATION4 

,MOREOV]1 = SOCIAL ECOLOGY IT IS IMPORTANT TO GO BEYOND ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 RI<T & JU/ICE4 ,EV5 IF WE CONSID] ! RI<T TO ! CITY AS A DIFF]5T RI<T1 ! DEF9ITION REMA9S VAGUE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 = ,M>CUSE 7#b#a#d3 #e7 ! RI<T TO ! CITY IS 0NOT A ,RI<T 9 ! S5SE ( A LEGAL CLAIM 5=CEABLE ?R\< ! JUDICIAL SY/EM1 BUT A MORAL RI<T1 AN APPEAL TO ! HI<E/ ( HUMAN VALUES40 ,H[EV]1 !SE HI<E/ HUMAN VALUES REMA9 AGA9 OPAQUE OR VAGUE4 ,FUR!RMORE A RADICAL SOCIAL *ANGE CANNOT BE LIMIT$ ONLY TO ! FULL & EQUAL 5JOYM5T ( ! RES\RCES & S]VICES CONC5TRAT$ 9 CITIES1 AS 9/EAD PRESCRIB$ BY ! RI<T TO ! CITY4 

,ACCORD+ TO DIALECTICAL NATURALISM1 ! CRUCIAL PO9T IS TO CONSID] :E!R RI<TS OR JU/ICE1 OR O!R CONCEPTS1 >E ABLE TO FO/] MUTUALISM1 DIFF]5TIATION1 & DEVELOPM5T1 AS PROPOS$ BY ,HELL] 7#a#i#i#i71 = ! CREATION ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,9 ?IS WAY SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS ABLE TO BROAD5 ! DISCUSSION >\ND ?OSE T]MS & PUT !M AT ! S]VICE ( SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 AN ATTEMPT TO GO BEYOND P>TICUL>ISM & EXP& ! NOTION ( ! RI<T TO ! CITY1 ,S\ZA 7#b#a#d7 PROPOSES ! RI<T TO ! PLANET1 BRIDG+ IT TO ! EXP]I5CE ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY 7& ( ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS74 ,MOREOV]1 ! NOTION ( A RI<T TO ! PLANET1 :I* IS BAS$ ON ! AFFIRMATION ( FRE$OM1 CAN HELP E/ABLI% :O IS A CITIZ5 OR NOT1 & MOVE US T[>DS AFFIRM+ ! CONCEPT ( WORLD-WIDE CITIZ5%IP1 E*O$ BY ! V]SE 0\R HOMEL& IS ! :OLE WORLD1 \R LAW IS LIB]TY0 7FROM AN AN>*I/ SONG ( ! #a#i? C5TURY74 

,LEFEBVRE SPOKE AB\T A PLANET>Y URBANIZATION 7#b#c71 E*O+ A CITY )\T LIMITS 7,BOOK*9 #a#i#h#f74 ,9DE$1 ,LEFEBVRE 7#b#a#c7 AGREES ) ,BOOK*9'S CLAIM ?AT TODAY'S CITIES >E CREAT+ AN AMORPH\S URBAN 5VIRONM5T ?AT ABSORBS ALL ! SPACE1 NEGAT+ NATURE & ! SOCIAL ASPECTS ( ! ORIG9AL MEAN+ ( CITY4 ,GIV5 ?IS K9D ( PLANET>Y URBANIZATION1 IT IS BECOM+ DIFFICULT TO SPEAK AB\T A RI<T TO ! CITY4 ,FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 ,M]RIFIELD 7#b#a#c7 >GUES ?AT ,LEFEBVRE'S RI<T TO ! CITY MAY NOT BE USEFUL SIMPLY BECAUSE WE NO LONG] HAVE CITIES4 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY'S PROPOSAL = A NEW SOCIETY IS1 !RE=E1 MORE >TICULAT$ ?AN ! CONCEPT ( ! RI<T TO ! CITY OR SPATIAL JU/ICE4 ,AS SUGGE/$ BY ,S\ZA 7#b#a#bA3 #b#d71 A GRASSROOTS REVOLUTION = A NEW WORLD 0%\LD BE CONCEIV$ AS SOME?+ EV5 MORE COMPLEX ?AN JU/ ! 'RI<T TO ! CITY' 9 ,LEFEBVRE'S S5SE40 ,AS WE /RUGGLE1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO 9CLUDE CONCEPTS LIKE POLITICAL DEC5TRALIZATION1 ECONOMIC DE-CONC5TRATION1 & 0CONVIVIALITY0 7,ILLI* #a#i#g#c71 ECOLOGICAL S\NDNESS1 EGALIT>IAN ACCESS TO RES\RCES & OPPORTUNITIES ( SELF-DEVELOPM5T1 & E?NO-DIV]SITY4 ,& H]E1 IT IS PROBABLY ACCURATE TO SAY ?AT ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 CAN HELP US BETT] ?AN 
,H5RI ,LEFEBVRE40 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 ) ITS DIALECTICAL NATURALISM & ANALYSIS ( FRE$OM & DOM9ATION1 (F]S P[]FUL TOOLS TO C>VE \T NEW MODES = SOCIETY 7,V5TUR9I =?COM+74 

,9 ANY CASE1 RI<TS TO ! CITY & SPATIAL JU/ICE REMA9 IMPORTANT CONCEPTS TO BE US$1 ESPECIALLY BY URBAN SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 AS MOBILIZ+ CONCEPTS ?AT >E ABLE TO SPEAK TO A BROAD1 TRANSCLASS & TRANSNATIONAL AUDI5CE4 ,MOREOV]1 BO? CONCEPTS FOCUS !IR ATT5TION ON ! SPATIALITY & GEOGRAPHY ( ! CITY & ITS CRISES4 ,:AT ,I PROPOSE IS A SPATIAL TURN = SOCIAL ECOLOGY--IT %\LD PAY GREAT] ATT5TION TO SPATIAL DYNAMICS & PROCESSES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! 9DIVIDUATION ( ! NEGATION OR LACK ( RI<TS TO ! CITY & ( SPATIAL JU/ICE 7= EXAMPLE :]E ! RI<T TO ! CITY IS NEGAT$ OR :]E !RE IS SPATIAL 9JU/ICE7 W\LD MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO HI<LI<T ! URBAN CRISIS1 & PREP>E ! GR\ND = /RUGGLE & ! CON/RUCTION ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 

,FUR!R1 BO? CONCEPTS >E TRANS=MATIVE2 !Y PRESUPPOSE A SEA *ANGE 9 ! SOCIAL1 ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SPH]E1 CLE>LY CONNECT+ ) ! P[] & TRANS=MATIVE AG5DA ( URBAN SOCIAL MOVEM5TS4 

,H[EV]1 ,I AGREE ) ,UIT]M>K ,NI*OLLS & ,LOOPMANS 7#b#a#b3 #b#e#d#h7 ?AT 0:ILE !RE C]TA9LY >E MOVEM5TS CLAIM+ A RI<T TO ! CITY1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ! CONCEPT REMA9S MU* MORE POPUL> 9 ACADEMIC ?AN 9 MOVEM5T CIRCLES40 ,TO BREAK ?IS ELITE P]SPECTIVE & (F] A NEW P]SPECTIVE TO URBAN SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 ! RI<T TO ! CITY & SPATIAL JU/ICE ASSUMES REAL VALUE ONLY :5 PAIR$ ) ! CONCEPT ( DOM9ATION4 ,= EXAMPLE3 

,SOCIAL JU/ICE--9CLUD+ 9 ?IS SPATIAL JU/ICE444IS1 ( C\RSE1 FUNDAM5TALLY A MATT] ( P[]1 NOT SIMPLY ( E?ICS4 ,IF 9JU/ICE IS SUPPOS$ TO BE RELAT$ TO ILLEGITIMATE1 UNEQUAL ACCESS TO RES\RCES & MEANS ( EX]CIS+ SOME RI<TS1 IT IS RELAT$ TO HET]ONOM\S P[]3 ?AT IS1 TO OPPRESSION & DOM9ATION4 7,S\ZA #b#a#a3 #g#c7 

,! CONCEPT ( 0FI<T+ AGA9/ ALL =MS ( DOM9ATION0 T[>DS FRE$OM DEVELOP$ 9 SOCIAL ECOLOGY CAN BE TAK5 AS A UNIFY+ CONCEPT ?AT 9CLUDES & AMPLIFIES ! AG5DA ( BO? RI<T TO ! CITY & SPATIAL JU/ICE4 

,9 P>TICUL>1 ! USE ( ! CONCEPT ( 0DOM9ATION0 ALL[S A MORE HOLI/IC VISION ( ! SOCIAL ISSUES4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY DOES NOT S+LE \T SPECIFIC /RUGGLES1 BUT MOVES HOLI/ICALLY AGA9/ DOM9ATION1 ) A BROAD] UND]/&+ ( CRISES4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 HI<LI<T+ ! L9KAGES BETWE5 ALL =MS ( DOM9ATION1 NOT ONLY CALLS = ! COORD9ATION ( DIFF]5T /RUGGLES ?AT URBAN SOCIAL MOVEM5TS PURSUE1 9 ORD] TO RE9=CE !M1 BUT ALSO HI<LI<TS ! NE$ TO FOCUS ON A *ANGE ?AT IS BROAD] & MORE FUNDAM5TAL4 

,CONCLUSION 

,TO CONCLUDE1 ! RI<T TO ! CITY & SPATIAL JU/ICE >E CONCEPTS ?AT %>E ?REE PR9CIPLE >EAS ( COMMON GR\ND4 ,FIR/1 !Y GO BEYOND CLASS1 RACE1 & G5D]4 ,SECOND1 EA* IS US$ 9 ORD] TO MOBILIZE L>GE P>TS ( ! POPULATION4 ,F9ALLY1 !Y BO? REF] TO CITIZ5%IP4 ,H[EV] CITIZ5%IP IS NOT A CONCEPT ?AT IS COMMONLY US$ BY URBAN SOCIAL MOVEM5TS BECAUSE !Y >E SUSPICI\S ( A T]M ALREADY CO-OPT$ BY ! ,/ATE4 

,TODAY WE LIVE 9 A WORLD :]E WE MU/ DEAL ) ! ,/ATE :ILE F9D+ A NEW REVOLUTION>Y PA?1 9 AN APPROA* ?AT ,S\ZA 7#b#f3 #c#b#g7 CALL$ 0TOGE!R ) ! ,/ATE1 DESPITE ! ,/ATE1 AGA9/ ! ,/ATE40 ,! CONCEPT ( ! RI<T TO ! CITY IS A NECESS>Y MOBILIZ+ CONCEPT1 BUT ALONE IT IS NOT SUFFICI5T4 ,9DE$1 ,D',S\ZA 7#b#a#h3 #b#a7 REM9DS US ?AT3 

,WE HAVE 9H]IT$ RI<TS-BAS$ 9/ITUTIONS4 ,DO WE NE$ TO1 = ?AT REASON1 DEM& RI<TS1 /RUGGLE = !M & PLACE \R FUTURES 9 ITS P[] ( PROMISE1 KN[+ ! PROMISES >E EMPTY = MO/ PEOPLE MO/ ( ! TIME8 ,:AT DID ! SOCIALI/S & ! FRE$OM FI<T]S 9 ANTICOLONIAL MOVEM5TS DO8 ,!Y DEM&$ ! REAL ?+--FOOD NOT RI<T TO FOOD1 NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE NOT RI<T TO 9DEP5D5CE1 PEACE NOT RI<T TO PEACE1 DEBT-REPUDIATION NOT =GIV5ESS4 

,IF URBAN SOCIAL MOVEM5TS WANT TO RECUP]ATE KEY T]MS LIKE CITIZ5%IP1 RI<TS1 & P>TICIPATION = BUILD+ A TRULY REVOLUTION>Y CITIZ5%IP1 !Y C\LD L9K !M TO FRE$OM & TO ! PROJECT ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY--NOT ONLY AS A PRACTICE1 BUT AS A DISC\RSE4 ,L9K+ !SE KEY CONCEPTS ) SOME?+ NOT YET 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! CURR5T DOM9ANT SY/EM C\LD HELP DEVELOP A COH]5T & RESILI5T PROJECT1 & GA9 POPUL> SUPPORT = ECOLOGICAL & DEMOCRATIC CITIES4 

,REF]5CES 

,ATTOH1 ,K4 ,A4 #b#a#a4 ,:AT ,K9D ( ,RI<T ,IS ! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY8 ,PROGRESS 9 ,HUMAN ,GEOGRAPHY4 #c#e7#e71 PP4#f#f#i-#f#h#e4 

,BOOK*91 ,M4 #a#i#h#f4 ,! ,LIMITS ( ! ,CITY4 ,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOK4 

,BOOK*91 ,M4 #a#i#h#h4 ,T[>D AN ,ECOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY4 ,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS4 

,BOOK*91 ,M4 #a#i#i#eA4 ,RE-5*ANT+ ,HUMANITY3 ,A ,DEF5SE ( ! ,HUMAN ,SPIRIT ,AGA9/ ,ANTI-,HUMANISM1 ,MISAN?ROPY1 ,MY/ICISM & ,PRIMITIVISM4 ,LONDON3 ,CASSELL4 

,BOOK*91 ,M4 #a#i#i#eB4 ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES3 ,T[>D A ,NEW ,POLITICS ( ,CITIZ5%IP4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,CASSELL4 

,BOOK*91 ,M4 #a#i#i#i4 ,AN>*ISM1 ,M>XISM1 & ! ,FUTURE ( ! ,LEFT3 ,9T]VIEWS & ,ESSAYS1 #a#i#i#c--#a#i#i#h4 ,OAKL&3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

,BOOK*91 ,M4 #b#eA4 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM4 ,OAKL&3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

,BOOK*91 ,M4 & ,BIEHL1 ,J4 #a#i#i#a4 ,A ,CRITIQUE ( ! ,DRAFT ,PROGRAM ( ! ,LEFT ,GRE5 ,NETWORK4 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVE4 .<,ONL9E.>4 .<,ACCESS$ #b ,AUGU/ #b#a#d.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 

HTTP3_/_/DW>DMAC4PITZ]4$U_/,AN>*I/.-,>*IVES_/BOOK*9_/GP_/ P]SPECTIVE S#b#c4HTML 

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,EVAN(F1 ,R4 #b#g4 ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY3 ,BASIC ,PR9CIPLES1 ,FUTURE ,PROSPECTS4 .<,ONL9E.>4 .<,ACCESS$ #be ,JANU>Y #b#a#h.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTP3_/_/NEW- 

COMPASS4NET_/>TICLES_/BASIC-PR9CIPLES-FUTURE-PROSPECTS ,FA9/E91 ,S4 #b#a4 ,! ,JU/ ,CITY4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,CORNELL ,UNIV]SITY PRESS4 ,FOTOP\LOS1 ,T4 #a#i#i#g4 ,T[>DS AN ,9CLUSIVE ,DEMOCRACY3 ,! ,CRISIS ( ! ,GR[? ,ECONOMY4 ,LONDON3 ,BLOOMSBURY4 

,GIBBONS1 ,A4 #b#a4 ,BRIDG+ ,!ORY & ,PRACTICE4 ,CITY4 #a#d7#f71 PP4#f#a#i-#f#b#a4 ,GRIFF91 ,TONI1 ,>IELLA ,COH5 & ,DAVID ,MADDOX1 #b#a#e4 ,! ,JU/ ,CITY ,ESSAYS4 .<,ONL9E.>4 ,J4 ,MAX ,BOND ,C5T]1 ,NEXT ,CITY & ! ,NATURE ( ,CITIES4 .<,ACCESS$ #be ,JANU>Y #b#a#i.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTPS3_/_//ATIC#a4SQU>ESPACE4COM_//ATIC_/#e#f#b#f#f#f#a#cE#dBA#$F#e#gA#d#fC#iD_/T_/#e#f#b #i#d#f#dDE#dB#e#b#e#gB$#cC#e#g_/#a#d#d#e#e#d#e#e#d#i#g#g#d_/,!,JU/,CITY,ESSAYS4PDF ,HAMEL1 ,P41 ,LU/IG]-,?AL]1 ,H4 & ,MAY]1 ,M4 $S4 #b4 ,URBAN ,MOVEM5TS 9 A ,GLOBALIZ+ ,WORLD4 ,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE 

,H>VEY1 ,D4 #a#i#h#e4 ,! ,URBANIZATION ( ,CAPITAL3 ,/UDIES 9 ! ,HI/ORY & ,!ORY ( ,CAPITALI/ ,URBANIZATION4 ,BALTIMORE3 ,JOHN ,HOPK9S ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,H>VEY1 ,D4 #b#c4 ,! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY4 ,9T]NATIONAL ,J\RNAL ( ,URBAN & ,REGIONAL ,RESE>* #b#g7#d71 PP4#i#c#i-#i#d#a4 

,H>VEY1 ,D4 #b#h4 ,! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY4 ,NEW ,LEFT ,REVIEW4 7#e#c71 PP4#b#c-#d4 ,H>VEY1 ,D4 & ,POTT]1 ,C4 #b#i4 ,! ,RI<T TO ! ,JU/ ,CITY4 ,93 ,M>CUSE1 ,P4 ET 

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,HOL/ON1 ,J4 #a#i#i#h4 ,SPACES ( ,9SURG5T ,CITIZ5%IP4 ,93 ,S&]COCK1 ,L4 $4 

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,HOL/ON1 ,J4 #b#h4 ,9SURG5T ,CITIZ5%IP3 ,DISJUNCTIONS ( ,DEMOCRACY & ,MOD]NITY 9 ,BRAZIL4 ,PR9CETON3 ,PR9CETON ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,HOL/ON1 ,J4 #b#i4 ,9SURG5T ,CITIZ5%IP 9 AN ,]A ( ,GLOBAL ,URBAN ,P]IPH]IES4 ,CITY @& ,SOCIETY4 #b#a7#b71 PP4#b#d#e-#b#f#g4 

,ILLI*1 ,L4,D4 #a#i#g#c4 ,TOOLS = ,CONVIVIALITY4 ,LONDON3 ,CALD] @& ,BOY>S4 

,IVESON1 ,K4 #b#a#a4 ,SOCIAL OR SPATIAL JU/ICE8 ,M>CUSE & ,SOJA ON ! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY4 ,CITY4 #a#e7#b71 PP4#b#e-#b#e#i4 

,KROPOTIK91 ,P4 #b#a#a4 ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,DOV] ,PUBLICATION4 

,KUYMULU1 ,M4 ,B4 #b#a#c4 ,! ,VORTEX ( ,RI<TS3 ',RI<T TO ! ,CITY' AT A ,CROSSROADS4 ,9T]NATIONAL ,J\RNAL ( ,URBAN & ,REGIONAL ,RESE>*1 #c#g7#c71 PP4#i#b#c-#i#d4 

,LEFEBVRE1 ,E4 #b#c4 ,! ,URBAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,M9NEAPOLIS3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,M9NESOTA ,PRESS4 

,LEFEBVRE1 ,H4 #a#i#f#h4 ,LE ,DROIT A LA ,VILLE4 ,P>IS3 ,AN?OPOS4 

,LEFEBVRE1 ,H4 #a#i#i#f4 ,WRIT+S ON ,CITIES4 ,OX=D3 ,BLACKWELL4 

,LEFEBVRE1 ,H4 #b#c4 ,! ,URBAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,M9NEAPOLIS3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,M9NESOTA ,PRESS4 

,M>CUSE1 ,P4 #b#i4 ,SPATIAL ,JU/ICE3 ,D]IVATIVE BUT ,CAUSAL ( ,SOCIAL ,9JU/ICE4 ,JU/ICE ,SPATIALE_/,SPATIALE ,JU/ICE4 .<,ONL9E.>4 .<,ACCESS$ #be ,JANU>Y #b#a#e.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTP3_/_/WWW4JSSJ4ORG_/WP-CONT5T_/UPLOADS_/#b#a#b_/#a#b_/,J,S,S,J#a-#d5#b4PDF ,M>CUSE1 ,P4 #b#a#b4 ,:OSE ,RI<T7S7 TO :AT ,CITY8 ,93 ,BR5N]1 ,N4 ET AL4 $S4 ,CITIES = ,PEOPLE1 NOT = ,PR(IT3 ,CRITICAL ,URBAN ,!ORY & ! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY4 ,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE1 PP4#b#d-#d#a4 

,M>CUSE1 ,P4 #b#a#d4 ,READ+ ! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY4 ,CITY4 #a#h7#a71 PP4#d-#i4 

,M>CUSE1 ,P4 ,CONNOLLY1 ,J41 ,NOVY1 ,J41 ,OLIVO1 ,I41 ,POTT]1 ,C4 & ,/EIL1 ,J4 $S4 #b#i4 

,SE>*+ = ! ,JU/ ,CITY3 ,DEBATES 9 ,URBAN ,!ORY & ,PRACTICE4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,MAY]1 ,M4 #b#a#b4 ,! 0,RI<T TO ! ,CITY0 9 ,URBAN ,SOCIAL ,MOVEM5TS4 ,93 ,BR5N]1 ,N4 ET AL4 $S4 ,CITIES = ,PEOPLE1 NOT = ,PR(IT3 ,CRITICAL ,URBAN ,!ORY & ! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY4 ,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE1 PP4#f#c-#h#e4 

,MAY]1 ,M4 #b#a#c4 ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,URBAN ,ACTIVISM4 ,CITY4 #a#g7#a71 PP4#e-#a#i4 

,M]RIFIELD1 ,A4 #b#a#c4 ,! POLITICS ( ! 5C\NT]3 ,URBAN !ORY & PROTE/ UND] PLANET>Y URBANIZATION4 ,A!NS1 ,GEORGIA3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,GEORGIA ,PRESS4 ,M]RIFIELD1 ,A4 #b#a#g4 ,FIFTY ,YE>S ,ON3 ,! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY4 ,93 ,V]SO $ITORS1,! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY3 ,A ,V]SO ,REPORT34.<I,BOOKS.>4 ,LONDON3 ,V]SO1 PP4#a#h-#c#b4 

,MIT*ELL1 ,D4 #b#c4 ,! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY3 ,SOCIAL ,JU/ICE & ! ,FI<T = ,PUBLIC ,SPACE4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,! ,GUIL=D ,PRESS4 

,R\SSOP\LOS1 ,D4 #b#a#c4,! ,POLITICS ( ,NEO-,AN>*ISM4 ,93 ,GRAHAM1 ,R4 $4 

,AN>*ISM3 A DOCUM5T>Y HI/ORY ( LIB]T>IAN IDEAS 7,VOL4 #c74 ,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 PP4#c#a-#d#b4 

,R\SSOP\LOS1 ,D4 #b#a#e4 ,! ,POLITICS ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY4 ,PORSGRUNN3 ,NEW ,COMPASS4 

,R\SSOP\LOS1 ,D4 #b#a#gA4 ,FROM ! ,RISE ( ,CITIES TO ! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY-- ,BY ,WAY ( AN 9TRODUCTIONL ,93 ,R\SSOP\LOS1 ,D4 $4 ,! ,RISE ( ,CITIES4 ,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 PP4#g-#c#c4 

,R\SSOP\LOS1 ,D4 $4 #b#a#gB4 ,! ,RISE ( ,CITIES4 ,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS4 ,SASS51 ,S41 #b#b4 ,! REPOSITION+ ( CITIZ5%IP3 ,EM]G5T SUBJECTS & SPACES = POLITICS4 ,B]KELEY J\RNAL ( SOCIOLOGY4 #d#f1 PP4#d-#b#f4 

,SOJA1 ,E4 #b#a4 ,SEEK+ ,SPATIAL ,JU/ICE4 ,M9NEAPOLIS3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,M9NESOTA ,PRESS4 

,S\ZA1 ,M4 ,L4 DE #a#i#i#i4 ,O ,DESAFIO ,METROPOLITANO4 ,RIO DE ,JANEIRO3 ,B]TR& ,BRAZIL4 

,S\ZA1 ,M4 ,L4 DE #b#a4 ,MUD> A ,CIDADE3 ,UMA ,9TRODUQAO ,CRITICA AO ,PLANEJAM5TO E A ,GE/AO ,URBANOS4 ,RIO DE ,JANEIRO3 ,B]TR& ,BRAZIL4 

,S\ZA1 ,M4 ,L4 DE #b#f4 ,TOGE!R ) ! ,/ATE1 ,DESPITE ! ,/ATE1 ,AGA9/ ! ,/ATE3 ,SOCIAL ,MOVEM5TS AS ',CRITICAL ,URBAN ,PLANN+' ,AG5TS4 ,CITY1 #a7#c71 PP4#c#b#g-#c#d#b4 

,S\ZA1 ,M4 ,L4 DE #b#a4 ,:I* ,RI<T TO :I* ,CITY8 ,93 ,DEF5SE ( ,POLITICAL-,/RATEGIC ,CL>ITY4 ,9T]FACE4 #b7#a71 PP4#c#a#e-#c#c#c4 

,S\ZA1 ,M4 ,L4 DE #b#a#a4 ,! ,WORDS & ! ,?+S4 ,CITY4 #a#e7#a71 PP4#g#c-#g#g4 ,S\ZA1 ,M4 ,L4 DE #b#a#bA4 ,! ,CITY 9 ,LIB]T>IAN ,?\<T4 ,CITY4 #a#f7#a-#b71 PP4#d-#c#c4 

,S\ZA1 ,M4 ,L4 DE #b#a#bB4 ,*ALL5G+ ,HET]ONOM\S ,P[] 9 A ,GLOBALIZ$ ,WORLD3 ,9SURG5T ,SPATIAL ,PRACTICES1 ',MILITANT ,P>TICUL>ISM'1 & 

,MULTISCAL>ITY4 ,93 ,/EFAN ,KRATKE2 ,KA?R9 ,WILDN]2 ,/EPHAN ,LANZ4 $S4 ,TRANSNATIONALISM & ,URBANISM4 ,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE1 PP4#a#g#b-#a#i#f4 

,S\ZA1 ,M4 ,L4 DE #b#a#d4 ,T[>DS A ,LIB]T>IAN ,TURN8 ,NOTES ON ! ,PA/ & ,FUTURE ( ,RADICAL ,URBAN ,RESE>* & ,PRAXIS4 ,CITY4 #a#h7#b71 #a#d-#a#a#h4 

,TURN]1 ,S4 & ,MILL]1 ,D4 #b#e4 ,AN>*I/ ,!ORY & ,HUMAN ,RI<TS4 ,93 
,BRITI% ,9T]NATIONAL ,/UDIES ,ASSOCIATION ,CONF]5CE ,/4 ,&REWS1 ,SCOTL& #b#e4 
.<,ONL9E.>4 .<,ACCESS$ #a ,DECEMB] #b#a#e.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 WWW4AN>*I/- 
/UDIES-NETWORK4ORG4UK_/DOCUM5TS_/AN>*I/.-!ORY4DOC 

,UIT]M>K1 ,J4 #b#a#b4 ,AN ,ACTUALLY ,EXI/+ ,JU/ ,CITY8 ,93 ,BR5N]1 ,N4 ET AL4 $S4 
,CITIES = ,PEOPLE1 NOT = ,PR(IT3 ,CRITICAL ,URBAN ,!ORY & ! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY4 
,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE1 PP4#a#i#g-#b#a#d4 

,UIT]M>K1 ,J41 ,NI*OLLS1 ,W & ,LOOPMANS1 ,M4 #b#a#b4 ,CITIES & SOCIAL MOVEM5TS3 !ORIZ+ BEYOND ! RI<T TO ! CITY4 ,5VIRONM5T & ,PLANN+ ,A1 #d#d1 PP4#b#e#d#f-#b#e#e#d4 

,UNIT$ ,NATIONS ,HUMAN ,SETTLEM5TS ,PROGRAM4 #b#a4 ,REPORT ( ! ,FIF? ,SESSION ( ! ,WORLD ,URBAN ,=UM3 ,! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY3 ,BRIDG+ ! ,URBAN ,DIVIDE4 ,NAIROBI3 ,WORLD ,URBAN ,=UM ,SECRET>IAT4 

,V5TUR9I1 ,F4 =?COM+4 ,! ,VALUE ,( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGICAL ,!ORY 9 ! ,/RUGGLES TO ,COME4 ,93 ,SPR+]1 ,S4 ET AL4 $S4 ,AN>*I/ ,POLITICAL ,ECOLOGY3 ,EPI/EMOLOGIES & ,ONTOLOGIES ( ,RESI/ANCE4 

,Z>ATE1 ,L4 #b#a#e4 ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY = ,ALL3 ,A ,MANIFE/O = ,SOCIAL ,JU/ICE 9 AN ,URBAN ,C5TURY4 ,93 ,GRIFF91 ,T4,L4 ET AL4 $S4 ,! ,JU/ ,CITY ,ESSAYS4 .<,ONL9E.>4 ,J4 ,MAX ,BOND ,C5T]1 ,NEXT ,CITY & ! ,NATURE ( ,CITIES1 PP4#b#e-#b#h4 

,NOTES 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #a#b1 #bba 3 ,P>T #b -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/