,P>T #a 
,DISCOV]+ ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX&ROS ,S*ISM5OS 

,AU?OR 3 ,BRIAN ,MORRIS 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAN ,*ODORK(F 

,TEXT 3 

,P,>,T #a3 ,DISCOV]+ ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 

,! ,LEGACY ( ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,BRIAN ,MORRIS 

,9TRODUCTION 

,AL?\< ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 HAS BE5 DESCRIB$ AS ONE ( ! MO/ PROVOCATIVE1 EXCIT+1 & ORIG9AL POLITICAL ?9K]S ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 IT IS WOR? NOT+ ?AT HE IS S+UL>LY IGNOR$ BY MANY ACADEMIC S*OL>S WRIT+ ON GRE5 PHILOSOPHY OR ! HI/ORY ( ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T 7E4G4 ,SCRUTON #b#a#b2 ,RADKAU #b#a#d71 :ILE HE IS 9V>IABLY C>ICATUR$ OR R$UC$ TO A NEGATIVE /]EOTYPE BY AN>*O-PRIMITIVI/S & SPIRITUAL ECOLOGI/S 7E4G4 ,BLACK #a#i#i#g2 ,CURRY #b#a#a3 #f#d2 CF4 ,PRICE #b#a#b74 

,9 ?IS ESSAY ,I AIM1 !RE=E1 TO \TL9E & RE-AFFIRM ,BOOK*9'S 5DUR+ LEGACY AS AN IMPORTANT S*OL>1 BO? 9 T]MS ( HIS PHILOSOPHY ( NATURE--DIALECTICAL OR EVOLUTION>Y NATURALISM1 & 9 T]MS ( HIS RADICAL POLITICS--LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM OR COMMUNALISM4 ,= ,BOOK*9'S POLITICAL LEGACY (F]S ! ONLY REAL SOLUTION TO ! IMM5SE SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS ?AT N[ CONFRONT US1 AS NEI!R COMMUN+ ) ! SPIRIT WORLD 7MY/ICISM71 NOR ! TE*NOCRATIC SOLUTIONS (F]$ )9 ! CURR5T CAPITALI/ SY/EM WILL SUFFICE 7,R\SSOP\LOS #b#a#e74 

,9 A REC5T WIDELY ACCLAIM$ TEXT1 ,FAC+ ! ,AN?ROPOC5E1 ,IAN ,ANGUS WRITES1 ) RESPECT TO ! PRES5T CRISIS ( ! E>? SY/EM1 P>TICUL>LY GLOBAL W>M+1 ?AT IT IS 0A *ALL5GE TO EV]YONE :O C>ES AB\T HUMANITY'S FUTURE TO FACE UP TO ! FACT ?AT SURVIVAL 9 ! ,AN?ROPOC5E REQUIRES RADICAL SOCIAL *ANGE1 REPLAC+ FOSSIL CAPITALISM ) AN ECOLOGICAL CIVILIZATION1 ECO-SOCIALISM0 7,ANGUS #b#a#f3 #b74 

,ANGUS NEGLECTS TO M5TION1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT ?IS IS SOME?+ ?AT ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 EXTOLL$ OV] #d YE>S AGO1 AL?\<1 = ,BOOK*91 ?IS DID NOT 5TAIL ?AT 0WE NE$ GOV]NM5TS0 7OP4 CIT4 #a#i#g7 9 ORD] TO CREATE AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,BOOK*91 FOLL[+ ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK91 ALWAYS FELT ?AT ,M>XI/ POLITICS1 SPECIFICALLY ! 0CONQUE/0 ( /ATE P[]1 W\LD LEAD TO EI!R RE=MISM1 OR1 AS 9 ,RUSSIA & ,*9A1 TO /ATE CAPITALISM & POLITICAL TYRANNY4 

,BO? A RADICAL ACTIVI/ & AN IMPORTANT RADICAL S*OL>1 = OV] #e YE>S ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 7#a#i#b#a--#b#f7 PRODUC$ A /EADY /REAM ( ESSAYS1 POLITICAL TRACTS1 & BOOKS ON 5VIRONM5TAL ISSUES1 ! CULTURE ( CITIES1 LIB]T>IAN POLITICAL MOVEM5TS1 & SOCIAL ECOLOGY ?AT >E TRULY IMPRESSIVE & PA?-BREAK+4 ,YET HE REMA9$ ONE ( ! FEW KEY FIGURES 9 ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T NOT TO SUCCUMB EI!R TO RELIGI\S MY/ICISM OR TO FA%IONABLE PO/MOD]NISM1 BUT REMA9$ TRUE TO ! RATIONALI/ TRADITION ( ! RADICAL ,5LI<T5M5T4 ,?R\<\T HIS LIFE1 ,BOOK*9 WAS AN EVOLUTION>Y NATURALI/1 AS WELL AS A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/--A LEFTI/ & A REVOLUTION>Y4 7,= HIS BIOGRAPHY1 APPROPRIATELY TITL$ ,ECOLOGY OR ,CATA/ROPHE1 SEE ,BIEHL #b#a#e47 

,! NOTION ?AT 9 HIS LA/ YE>S ,BOOK*9 BECAME A 0GRUMPY OLD MAN10 ?AT HE AB&ON$ HIS E>LI] ECOLOGICAL VISION & ATTEMPT$ TO 0TRA%0 HIS [N POLITICAL LEGACY 7,BLACK #a#i#i#g2 ,MC,KAY #b#g2 ,CL>K #b#a#c71 SEEMS TO ME HI<LY MISLEAD+4 ,GRANT$1 GIV5 HIS POLEMICAL WRIT+S1 ,BOOK*9 WAS ASSAIL$ ON ALL SIDES--BY DEEP ECOLOGI/S1 POLITICAL LIB]ALS1 TE*NOPHOBES1 AN>*O-PRIMITIVI/S1 SPIRITUAL ECOLOGI/S1 NEO-,M>XI/S1 & ,/IRN]ITE EGOI/S1 AS WELL AS BY ! ACOLYTES ( ,NIETZS*E & ,HEIDEGG]4 ,9 MANY WAYS ,BOOK*9 BECAME AN ISOLAT$ FIGURE4 ,YET 9 AN IMPORTANT S5SE HE REMA9$ ?R\<\T HIS LIFE A COMMITT$ & PASSIONATE EVOLUTION>Y NATURALI/ & A REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/--?AT IS1 A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/4 ,! SITUATIONI/S MOCK+LY DESCRIB$ ,BOOK*9 AS 0,SMOKEY ! ,BE>40 ,9 MANY WAYS ?IS IS A FITT+ DEPICTION--= ,BOOK*9 WAS GRUFF1 SOLID1 D[N TO E>?1 & 5RAG$ AT ! PRES5T /ATE ( ! WORLD1 & COMMITT$ TO DO+ SOME?+ AB\T IT4 

,HE WAS A COH]5T ?9K]1 & ALL ASPECTS ( HIS WORK >E CLOSELY 9T]RELAT$4 ,I %ALL FOCUS 9 ?IS ESSAY ON SOME ( HIS KEY IDEAS1 & \TL9E HIS LEGACY 9 T]MS ( F\R !MES--NAMELY3 ! MOD]N CRISIS1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 DIALECTICAL NATURALISM & E?ICS1 &1 F9ALLY1 ,BOOK*9'S LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM4 

,! ,MOD]N ,CRISIS 

,ALONG ) ,RA*EL ,C>SON1 ,B>RY ,COMMON]1 & ,R5E ,DUBOS1 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 WAS ONE ( ! KEY FIGURES 9 ! RISE ( ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T >\ND #aig 7,C>SON #a#i#f#b2 ,DUBOS #a#i#f#h2 ,COMMON] #a#i#g#b74 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT :5 ,I FIR/ BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 5VIRONM5TAL ISSUES 9 ! #a#i#fS ECOLOGY WAS SE5 AS A RADICAL MOVEM5T4 ,9DE$1 ! BIOLOGI/ ,PAUL ,SE>S DESCRIB$ ECOLOGY AS 0! SUBV]SIVE SCI5CE40 ,BOOK*9'S WRIT+S1 ALONG ) ! ,M>XI/ ,B>RY ,COMMON]'S 7#a#i#g#b71 EMPHASIZ$ ?AT WE W]E CONFRONT+ A SEV]E ECOLOGICAL CRISIS UNPREC$5T$ 9 HUMAN HI/ORY1 & ?AT ITS ROOTS LAY ) AN ECONOMIC SY/EM--CAPITALISM--?AT IS GE>$ NOT TO HUMAN WELL-BE+ BUT TO ! G5]ATION ( PR(IT1 & 5VISAGES NO LIMIT TO 9DU/RIAL PROGRESS & TE*NOLOGY4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ,BOOK*9 FELT ?AT CAPITALISM WAS DE/RUCTIVE NOT ONLY TO \RSELVES BUT TO ! :OLE FABRIC ( LIFE ON E>?4 ,= ! UND]LY+ E?IC ( CAPITALISM WAS 9DE$ ! TE*NOLOGICAL DOM9ATION ( NATURE1 AN AN?ROPOC5TRIC E?IC ?AT VIEW$ ! BIOSPH]E AS HAV+ NO 9TR9SIC VALUE2 IT WAS SIMPLY A RES\RCE TO BE EXPLOIT$4 ,9 HIS PIONE]+ ECOLOGICAL /UDY1 ,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T 7#a#i#f#b71 & 9 V>I\S 
O!R WRIT+S1 ,BOOK*9 GRAPHICALLY \TL9ES ! SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL CRISIS ?AT EM]G$ FOLL[+ ! EXPANSION ( GLOBAL CAPITALISM AT ! 5D ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> 7,BOOK*9 #a#i#g#a2 #a#i#h74 

,AP>T FROM DIE-H>D NEO-CONS]VATIVES1 MANY PEOPLE N[ RECOGNIZE ?AT ! WORLD IS 9 A SORRY /ATE & ?AT !RE IS A LOT TO BE ANGRY AB\T4 ,LONG AGO1 ,BOOK*9 \TL9$ :AT HE DESCRIB$ AS ! 0MOD]N CRISIS10 HI<LI<T+ ?AT BO? GLOBAL CAPITALISM & ! MOD]N LIB]AL /ATE >E 9 DIRE /RAITS 7,BOOK*9 #a#i#h#f74 ,?IS CRISIS1 = ,BOOK*91 WAS 9DE$ MANIFOLD2 AT ONCE SOCIAL1 ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 & ECOLOGICAL4 ,= UND] GLOBAL CAPITALISM !RE HAS BE5 A GR[+ CONC5TRATION ( ECONOMIC P[]1 & ! CONT9U\S EXPANSION ( ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY4 ,IT IS N[ E/IMAT$ ?AT ! #d RI*E/ PEOPLE 9 ! WORLD HAVE A COMB9$ WEAL? GREAT] ?AN ?AT ( #d#e.0 ( ! WORLD'S POPULATION4 ,NO WOND] RAMPANT POV]TY EXI/S ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,\T ( A WORLD POPULATION ( SEV5 BILLION PEOPLE1 NE>LY A BILLION 7#a#e.07 >E E/IMAT$ TO BE SEV]ELY UND]N\RI%$--?AT IS1 UNABLE TO OBTA9 ! BASIC CONDITIONS ( HUMAN EXI/5CE 7,TUDGE #b#a#f3 #a#f74 ,SU* POV]TY IS NOT 9TEGRAL TO ! HUMAN CONDITION BUT1 AS ,BOOK*9 EMPHASIZ$1 DIRECTLY RELAT$ TO 0DEVELOPM5T0--TO ! GLOBAL EXPANSION ( CAPITALISM4 

,EQUALLY SIGNIFICANT IS ?AT ACROSS ! WORLD WE F9D A 0DIALECTIC ( VIOL5CE0--REFLECT$ 9 ! WIDESPREAD EXI/5CE ( WEAPONS ( MASS DE/RUCTION1 BO? *EMICAL & NUCLE>1 & ! /OCKPIL+ ( CONV5TIONAL WEAPONS4 ,?IS CAN H>DLY BE SAID TO HAVE KEPT ! PEACE1 = S9CE ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> !RE HAVE BE5 HUNDR$S ( >M$ CONFLICTS1 KILL+ MILLIONS ( PEOPLE 7,ROS] #b#a#i74 ,?IS DIALECTIC HAS L$ TO ! DIS9TEGRATION ( LOCAL COMMUNITIES1 ! D5IAL ( HUMAN RI<TS1 WIDESPREAD G5OCIDE & POLITICAL OPPRESSION--USUALLY BY GOV]NM5TS4 ,ALONG ) ,BOOK*91 MANY S*OL>S HAVE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ! IMPACT ( FREE-M>KET CAPITALISM HAS BE5 SOCIALLY DEVA/AT+1 NOT ONLY LEAD+ TO ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY & WIDESPREAD POV]TY1 BUT ALSO TO POLITICAL 9/ABILITY1 RELIGI\S FUNDAM5TALISM1 RACIAL & E?NIC CONFLICT1 & FAMILY & COMMUNITY BREAKD[N 7,EK9S #a#i#i#b2 ,MORRIS #b#d3 #a#e--#a#g74 ,F9ALLY1 !RE IS AN ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 ,AS ,BOOK*9 \TL9ES1 ?IS IS CLE>LY MANIFE/$ 9 ! DEGRADATION ( ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T UND] 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM3 

! POLLUT+ ( ! ATMOSPH]E & ( ! SEAS1 LAKES1 & RIV]S2 

WIDESPREAD DE=E/ATION2 

! IMPACT ( 9DU/RIAL AGRICULTURE1 :I*1 AS ,BOOK*9 EXPRESSES IT1 IS 0SIMPLIFY+0 ! L&SCAPE1 :ILE GIV+ RISE TO ! ADV]SE EFFECTS ( TOXIC PE/ICIDES & SOIL ]OSION2 

! CREATION ( TOXIC WA/EL&S2 ! LOSS ( BIODIV]SITY ) MANY SPECIES N[ FAC+ EXT9CTION2 ! PROBLEM ( *EMICAL ADDITIVES 9 FOOD2 & 

A S]I\S DECL9E 9 ! QUALITY ( URBAN LIFE ?R\< OV]-CR[D+1 POV]TY1 & TRAFFIC CONGE/ION4 

,EQUALLY IMPORTANT = ,BOOK*9 IS ?AT CAPITALISM HAS CEAS$ TO BE SIMPLY AN ECONOMIC SY/EM1 = ! M>KET ECONOMY HAS COME TO 0P5ETRATE0 EV]Y ASPECT ( SOCIAL LIFE & CULTURE4 ,WEAL?Y CELEBRITIES >E N[ EXTOLL$ BY MANY1 & GRE$ & SELF-AGGR&IZEM5T HAS COME TO SEEM VIRTU\S4 

,= ,BOOK*91 ( C\RSE1 IT WAS NOT SIMPLY ?AT !RE W]E TOO MANY PEOPLE ON E>?1 OR ?AT TE*NOLOGY ITSELF 7RA!R ?AN ! ME*ANI/IC ,C>TESIAN WORLD-VIEW7 HAD BR\<T AB\T ! 0MOD]N CRISIS0 & ! DEGRADATION ( ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,RA!R1 ! ROOTS ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS LAY FIRMLY ) GLOBAL CAPITALISM1 :I* WAS CONT9UALLY 0PLUND]+ ! E>?0 9 ! SE>* = PR(IT4 ,BOOK*9 FELT ?AT ! CAPITALI/ M>KET ECONOMY HAD BECOME A 0T]RIFY+ M5ACE0 TO ! V]Y 9TEGRITY ( LIFE ON E>?4 ,9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM1 HE >GU$1 WAS FUNDAM5TALLY ANTI-ECOLOGICAL &--OV] #d YE>S AGO1 LONG BE=E ,AL ,GORE1 ,GEORGE ,MONBIOT1 & ,BRUNO ,LAT\R--HE /RESS$ ) SOME PRESCI5CE ?AT ! BURN+ ( FOSSIL FUELS 7SPECIFICALLY COAL & OIL7 HAD CREAT$ A 0BLANKET ( C>BON DIOXIDE0 ?AT W\LD LEAD TO DE/RUCTIVE /ORM PATT]NS & EV5TUALLY ! MELT+ ( ! ICE CAPS & RIS+ SEA LEVELS 7,BOOK*9 #a#i#g#a3 #f--#f#g2 #a#i#h#b3 #a#i2 ,MORRIS #b#a#b3 #a#h-#a#h#g2 ,KOVEL #b#b2 ,MONBIOT #b#f2 ,GORE #b#i2 ,LAT\R #b#a#g74 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE ?AT1 :ILE ,BOOK*9 RECOGNIZ$ ?AT HUMANS (T5 DEGRAD$ ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* !Y LIV$1 9 ! PA/ ?IS HAD BE5 ESS5TIALLY A LOCAL PH5OM5ON & A LOCAL PROBLEM4 ,BUT1 HE >GU$1 S9CE >\ND #a#i#e1 ) ! EXPANSION ( GLOBAL CAPITALISM1 HUMANITY HAD COME TO PLACE SEV]E ECOLOGICAL BURD5S ON PLANET E>? ?AT W]E GLOBAL 9 EXT5T1 ) 0NO PREC$5T 9 HUMAN HI/ORY40 ,TWO ISSUES P>TICUL>LY TR\BL$ ,BOOK*93 ! POSSIBILITY ( A WORLDWIDE 

!RMONUCLE> W>1 GIV5 ! 0BALANCE ( T]ROR0 /RATEGIES ( ,RUSSIA & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & ! CLIMATIC *ANGES ?AT HAD BE5 9DUC$ BY ! WIDESPREAD BURN+ ( FOSSIL FUELS4 ,BO?1 HE FELT1 C\LD HAVE A CATA/ROPHIC NEGATIVE IMPACT UPON ORGANIC LIFE--! BIOSPH]E4 ,:AT CONC]N$ ,BOOK*91 !RE=E1 WAS BO? 0\R DE/9Y AS A LIFE =M & ! FUTURE ( ! BIOSPH]E ITSELF40 ,CONTR>Y TO ! OP9IONS ( HIS CRITICS--BO? ! AN>*O-PRIMITIVI/S & ! MY/ICAL 7DEEP7 ECOLOGI/S--,BOOK*9 WAS CONC]N$ NOT ONLY ) ! SURVIVAL & WELL-BE+ ( ! HUMAN SPECIES1 BUT ALSO ) ! FL\RI%+ ( O!R LIFE-=MS & ! E>? ITSELF4 ,WE NE$1 HE >GU$1 TO MA9TA9 ! 0RE/ORATIVE P[]S0 ( BO? NATURE & HUMANITY1 & TO 0RECLAIM ! PLANET = LIFE & FECUNDITY0 7#a#i#h#f3 #a#a#h74 

,9 RESPONSE TO ! 0MOD]N CRISIS10 ESPECIALLY REG>D+ ! SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL *ALL5GES IT 9VOK$1 ,BOOK*9 PROPOS$ A RE-AFFIRMATION & RE-ELABORATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ TRADITION ?AT ESS5TIALLY 
/EMM$ FROM ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 & !IR N9ETE5? C5TURY ASSOCIATES4 ,HIS TRADITION EMPHASIZ$ ! NE$ TO 9TEGRATE AN ECOLOGICAL WORLD-VIEW1 A SOCIAL ECOLOGY ?AT ,BOOK*9 7#a#i#i#eA7 LAT] DESCRIB$ AS 0DIALECTICAL NATURALISM10 ) ! POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY (F]$ BY AN>*ISM--?AT IS1 LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM4 

,EV] S9CE ,I READ ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM 7#a#i#g#a7 SOME #d YE>S AGO1 ,I HAVE ADMIR$ ,BOOK*91 9 ! SAME WAY AS ,I HAVE BE5 A FAN ( ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ,LEWIS ,MUM=D1 ,RI*>D ,JEFF]IES1 & ,]NE/ ,?OMPSON ,SETON4 ,ALL W]E PIONE] SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S4 ,= 9 HIS E>LY WRIT+S ,BOOK*9 S5S$ ?AT HUMAN SOCIAL LIFE MU/ BE SE5 9 T]MS ( A NEW UNITY1 ?AT ! TIME HAD COME TO 9TEGRATE AN ECOLOGICAL NATURAL PHILOSOPHY 7SOCIAL ECOLOGY7 ) A SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY BAS$ ON FRE$OM & MUTUAL AID 7AN>*ISM OR LIB]AL SOCIALISM74 ,?IS UNITY WAS ESS5TIAL1 HE >GU$1 IF WE W]E TO AVOID AN ECOLOGICAL CATA/ROPHE4 ,:AT WE MU/ !RE=E DO1 ,BOOK*9 /RESS$1 IS TO 0DEC5TRALIZE1 RE/ORE BIOREGIONAL =MS ( PRODUCTION & FOOD CULTIVATION1 DIV]SIFY \R TE*NOLOGIES1 SCALE !M D[N TO HUMAN DIM5SIONS1 & E/ABLI% FACE-TO-FACE =MS ( DEMOCRACY10 AS WELL AS FO/] A 0NEW S5SIBILITY T[>D ! BIOSPH]E0 7#a#i#h3 #b#g74 

,9 LAT] YE>S ,BOOK*9 BECAME EMBROIL$ 9 ACRIMONI\S DEBATES ) DEEP ECOLOGI/S1 AN>*O-PRIMITIVI/S1 & B\RGEOIS 9DIVIDUALI/S1 9 :I* ,BOOK*9 F]V5TLY DEF5D$ HIS [N BR& ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY & LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM4 ,HE NEV] DEVIAT$ FROM ! VIEWS HE EXPRESS$ 9 HIS E>LI] WRIT+S4 ,BOOK*9'S CORE IDEAS AB\T SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 & LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 :I* HE DEF5D$ & ELABORAT$ ?R\<\T HIS LIFE1 CAN BE F\ND 9 ?REE KEY E>LY TEXTS1 NAMELY ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM 7#a#i#g#a71 ,T[>D AN ,ECOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY 7#a#i#h71 & HIS MAGNUM OPUS ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM 7#a#i#h#b74 ,AS ,TOM ,CAHILL 7#b#f7 REM>KS 9 HIS G5]\S TRIBUTE TO ,BOOK*91 !SE BOOKS CONTA9 ! ESS5CE ( ,BOOK*9'S ?\<TS4 ,!RE=E1 ,BOOK*9 WAS NOT ONLY AN IMPORTANT FIGURE 9 ! EM]G5CE ( ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T1 BUT ALSO PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE1 AS ,PET] ,M>%ALL 9DICATES1 9 ! 0R5EWAL0 ( AN>*I/ !ORY & PRACTICE DUR+ ! #a#i#gS 7#a#i#i#b3 #f#b#b74 

,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 

,9 ! ,VATICAN !RE IS A FAM\S PA9T+ BY ,RAPHAEL 5TITL$ ,! ,S*OOL ( ,A!NS4 ,IT DEPICTS ,PLATO AS A GRAY-HAIR$ OLD] MAN PO9T+ TO ! HEAV5S1 :ILE ! Y\NG] ,>I/OTLE PO9TS TO ! ,E>? 7,LEWIS #a#i#f#b3 #e74 ,PLATO1 ( C\RSE1 :ILE HOLD+ MA!MATICS 9 HI< REG>D1 WAS FUNDAM5TALLY A RELIGI\S MY/IC1 A S*OL> :O EXPRESS$ A DUALI/IC SPIRITUALI/ METAPHYSICS & CONTEMPT = S5SUAL EXP]I5CE & EMPIRICAL KN[L$GE4 ,>I/OTLE1 ON ! O!R H&1 WAS AN EMPIRICAL NATURALI/1 ) A DEEP 9T]E/ 9 BIOLOGY1 ,HE DESCRIB$ HIMSELF AS A PHYSIKOS--ONE :O /UDIES NATURE4 ,HE EXPRESS$1 AS ,BOOK*9 RECOGNIZ$1 AN 0ORGANIC0 WAY ( ?9K+4 

,IT HAS (T5 BE5 SAID ?AT WE/]N PHILOSOPH]S EI!R SIDE ) ,PLATO OR ) ,>I/OTLE4 ,BOOK*9 CLE>LY SID$ ) ,>I/OTLE1 & WAS VEHEM5TLY OPPOS$ TO ALL MY/ICAL OR !OLOGICAL 9T]PRETATIONS ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,9DE$1 ,ALFR$ ,:ITEHEAD FAM\SLY DESCRIB$ WE/]N PHILOSOPHY AS M]ELY A S]IES ( FOOTNOTES TO ,PLATO4 

,ALL ! MAJOR FIGURES ( ! WE/]N PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITION--,AQU9AS1 ,DESC>TES1 ,LOCKE1 ,LEIBNIZ1 ,KANT1 ,HEGEL1 ,HUSS]L1 ,WITTG5/E91 & ,HEIDEGG]--W]E FUNDAM5TALLY RELIGI\S ?9K]S1 AS WELL AS PRO-,/ATE4 ,BOOK*91 !RE=E1 BELONG$ TO A M9ORITY TRADITION )9 WE/]N PHILOSOPHY--?AT ( PHILOSOPHICAL NATURALISM4 

,BUT :AT IS SIGNIFICANT AB\T ,RAPHAEL'S PA9T+ IS ?AT IT REFLECTS ! ESS5TIAL P>ADOX AT ! HE>T ( ! HUMAN CONDITION4 ,=1 AS S*OL>S AS DIFF]5T AS ,LEWIS ,MUM=D1 ,$MUND ,HUSS]L1 & ,]I* ,FROMM 9SI/1 HUMANS HAVE1 9 A S5SE1 A DUAL EXI/5CE4 ,ON ! ONE H& HUMANS >E E>?LY BE+S &1 AS ORGANISMS1 9TR9SICALLY A P>T ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,BUT ON ! O!R1 HUMANS >E A UNIQUE SPECIES1 HAV+ A HI< DEGREE ( SELFCONSCI\SNESS & SOCIALITY1 HI<LY COMPLEX SYMBOLIC SY/EMS1 & =MS ( TE*NOLOGY1 LEAD+ REC5T S*OL>S TO SUGGE/ ?AT1 OV] P]HAPS ! LA/ #e YE>S1 HUMANS HAVE BECOME A 0GEOLOGICAL =CE0 )9 ! 0E>? SY/EM0 ITSELF4 7,FROMM #a#i#d#i3 #d--#d#a2 ,MUM=D #a#i#e#b3 #d#h2 ,MORRIS #b#a#dA3 #a#a#b--#a#a#c1 ,CRUTZ5 #b#b2 ,ANGUS #b#a#f3 #b#g--#c#g74 

,:AT IS SIGNIFICANT AB\T ,BOOK*9'S PHILOSOPHICAL NATURALISM IS ?AT HE FIRMLY EMBRAC$ ?IS P>ADOX1 EMPHASIZ+ ?AT HUMANS >E A PRODUCT (1 & HAD ROOTS 91 ORGANIC EVOLUTION1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME !Y >E ANIMALS ( A 0V]Y SPECIAL K9D40 ,AS HE EXPRESS$ IT3 

,HUMAN BE+S >E ,( ! BIOTIC WORLD AS ORGANISMS1 MAMMALS & PRIMATES1 YET !Y >E ALSO ,A,P,>,T FROM IT AS CREATURES ?AT PRODUCE ?AT VA/ >RAY ( CULTURAL >TIFACTS & ASSOCIATIONS ?AT WE CALL SECOND NATURE4 7#a#i#h#b3 XXIX2 #a#i#i#eA3 XIII7 

,BOOK*91 !RE=E1 EXPRESS$1 LIKE ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9 & MANY O!R S*OL>S1 A TRIADIC ONTOLOGY ( ! HUMAN SUBJECT1 RECOGNIZ+ ?AT HUMANS >E 9TR9SICALLY BO? NATURAL & SOCIAL BE+S1 AS WELL AS HAV+1 LIKE O!R ORGANISMS1 A SPECIAL S5SE ( SELF-ID5TITY & P]SONHOOD4 ,BOOK*9 F\ND DEPLORABLE ! NOTION ?AT HUMANS >E 0ALI5S0 OR 0P>ASITES0 ON E>?1 AS SUGGE/$ BY SOME DEEP ECOLOGI/S & ! ACOLYTES ( ,FRI$RI* ,NIETZS*E4 ,IT IMPLIES1 HE >GU$1 ! 0D5ATUR+0 ( HUMANITY1 & D5IES ! FACT ?AT HUMANS >E ROOT$ 9 BIOLOGY & >E ! PRODUCTS ( ORGANIC EVOLUTION 7,BOOK*9 #b#g3 #b#g74 

,BOOK*9'S [N METAPHYSICS ( NATURE IS A =M ( EVOLUTION>Y NATURALISM1 AK9 TO ?AT ( ,D>W91 ,M>X1 & ,KROPOTK94 ,!RE=E1 HE F]V5TLY REJECT$ ! TWO DOM9ANT WORLD-VIEWS ?AT HAVE LONG 
*>ACT]IZ$ WE/]N PHILOSOPHY & CULTURE1 NAMELY RELIGION & ME*ANI/IC PHILOSOPHY 7,MORRIS #a#i#i#f3 #b#e-#c#f74 

,! FIR/ ( !SE >E ! V>I\S RELIGI\S 7OR MY/ICAL7 COSMOLOGIES2 ?IS WORLD-VIEW HAS TAK5 A V>IETY ( =MS4 ,!SE 9CLUDE 7) !IR RESPECTIVE ADH]5TS71 TRIBAL ANIMISM 7OR POLY!ISM7 7,WATSON #a#i#i#i71 ,*RI/IAN !ISM & GODDESS RELIGION 7,/>HAWK #a#i#g#i2 ,B]RY #a#i#h#h71 PAN!ISM 7OR !OSOPHY7--:I* CONCEIVES ( ,GOD AS BO? A TRANSC5D5TAL CREATOR & MANIFE/$ 9 NATURAL PH5OM5A 7,NASR #a#i#i#f7 &1 F9ALLY1 V>I\S TYPES ( MY/ICAL PAN!ISM 7,NAESS #a#i#h#i74 

,! SECOND =M ( COSMOLOGY ?AT HAS BE5 DOM9ANT 9 WE/]N CULTURE IS ! ME*ANI/IC WORLD-VIEW1 9V>IABLY ID5TIFI$ ) ,R5E ,DESC>TES4 ,?IS COSMOLOGY EXPRESSES A DUALI/IC METAPHYSIC--A RADICAL OPPOSITION BETWE5 HUMANS & NATURE--AN ATOMI/IC EPI/EMOLOGY1 AN AN?ROPOC5TRIC E?IC ?AT VALIDATES ! TE*NOLOGICAL DOM9ATION ( NATURE1 & A CONCEPTION ( NATURE SIMPLY AS A RES\RCE = HUMAN USE4 

,REJECT+ BO? ECOLOGICAL MY/ICISM & ! ME*ANI/IC APPROA* ( ,C>TESIAN PHILOSOPHY1 ,BOOK*91 9 CONTRA/1 ADVOCAT$ AN ORGANIC OR EVOLUTION>Y WAY ( ?9K+--AN ECOLOGICAL WORLD-VIEW ?AT HE DESCRIB$ AS DIALECTICAL NATURALISM 7SEE BEL[74 

,AL?\< 9 ! BROADE/ S5SE ! T]M 0NATURE0 IMPLIES EV]Y?+ ?AT EXI/S1 & AL?\< ?IS MAT]IALI/ DEF9ITION MAY BE VALID 9 SOME RESPECTS1 ,BOOK*9 SUGGE/S ?AT ! T]M IS TOO LIMIT+4 ,NATURE1 FROM A SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE1 REF]S TO AN EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS OR DEVELOPM5T4 ,BOOK*9 ?US DEF9ES NATURE AS 0A CUMULATIVE EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS FROM ! 9ANIMATE TO ! ANIMATE & ULTIMATELY1 ! SOCIAL1 H[EV] DIFF]5TIAT$ ?IS PROCESS MAY BE0 7#a#i#h#b3 XX74 

,!RE IS A WIDESPREAD T5D5CY )9 WE/]N CULTURE1 ,BOOK*9 >GUES1 TO VIEW NATURE AS A REALM ?AT IS OPPOS$ TO HUMAN FRE$OM & HUMAN WELL-BE+1 ONE *>ACT]IZ$ AS 0/R+Y10 09TRACTABLE10 0CRUEL0 & 0COMPETITIVE440 ,IT WAS AN IMAGE ( NATURE EXPRESS$ NOT ONLY BY ,C>TESIAN PHILOSOPHY1 SOCIAL ,D>W9ISM1 & ! IDEOLOGY ( CAPITALISM1 7NEO-CLASSICAL ECONOMICS 9 P>TICUL>7 BUT ALSO1 ,BOOK*9 CONT5DS1 BY ,K>L ,M>X4 ,= ,M>X CONCEIV$ ( NATURE AS A 0REALM ( NECESSITY0 :I* MU/ BE SUBDU$ 9 ORD] TO 5G5D] A 0REALM ( FRE$OM0 7,BOOK*9 #a#i#h#f3 #e2 #a#i#i#eA3 #g#b2 BUT CF4 ,FO/] #b ON ,M>X'S ECOLOGY74 

,AS AN EVOLUTION>Y NATURALI/ & REALI/1 ,BOOK*9 ( C\RSE F\ND ! IDEA ?AT NATURE IS SIMPLY A SOCIAL CON/RUCTION FACILE & OBSCURANTI/4 ,9 CONTRA/1 ,BOOK*9 CONCEIVES ( NATURE NOT AS AN 9]T OR RECALCITRANT MAT]IAL REALM1 BUT AS A GRAD$1 SELF-DEVELOP+ EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,NATURE1 !RE=E1 IS NOT SOME DIV9E COSMOS NOR A LIFELESS MA*9E1 NOR C\LD IT BE EQUAT$1 AS DEEP ECOLOGI/S HAVE TRI$1 ) A PRI/9E WILD]NESS4 ,IT IS RA!R AN EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS ( GRAD$ & PHAS$ DEVELOPM5T ?AT 9DICATES 9CREAS+ FECUNDITY1 DIV]SITY1 & COMPLEXITY1 & IS *>ACT]IZ$ 
BY ! DEVELOP+ & EV]-EXP&+ ACTIVITIES ( SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 SUBJECTIVITY1 CREATIVITY1 & FRE$OM4 ,FOLL[+ IMPORTANT /UDIES BY ,KROPOTK9 7#a#i#b7 & ,LYNN ,M>GULIS 7#a#i#h#a71 ,BOOK*9 ALSO CONT5D$ ?AT NATURE IS *>ACT]IZ$ NOT ONLY BY CONFLICT & COMPETITION1 BUT ALSO BY COOP]ATION1 MUTUAL AID 7MUTUALISM71 & SYMBIOSIS1 EV5 BETWE5 DIV]SE ORGANISMS 7SU* AS LI*574 ,LIFE1 !RE=E1 IS 9T]-ACTIVE1 PROCREATIVE1 RELATIONAL1 & CONTEXTUAL 7,BOOK*9 #a#i#h#f3 #e#g74 

,ALL LIFE-=MS1 = ,BOOK*91 EV5 BACT]IA1 EXHIBIT A S5SE ( SELFID5TITY & SELF-MA9T5ANCE1 H[EV] G]M9AL & NASC5T4 ,!RE=E1 !Y HAVE 9 V>Y+ DEGREES1 SUBJECTIVITY 7*OICE71 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 AG5CY1 & FRE$OM1 & >E ACTIVE P>TICIPANTS 9 !IR [N EVOLUTION 7#a#i#i#eA3 #h#a74 ,BOOK*9 WAS CRITICAL ( FA%IONABLE NEO-,D>W9IAN !ORIES ?AT UNDULY EMPHASIZ$ ! IMPACT ( ! EXT]NAL 5VIRONM5T 7ADAPTATION7 & ADVOCAT$ A G5E-C5T]$ APPROA* TO BIOLOGY 7E4G4 ,DAWK9S #a#i#g#f74 ,?IS APPROA*1 ,BOOK*9 >GU$1 T5DS TO COMPLETELY BYPASS ! SUBJECTIVITY & AG5CY ( ! ORGANISM4 ,LIKE ,BRIAN ,GOODW9 7#a#i#i#d71 & EV5 ,D>W91 ,BOOK*9 ADVOCAT$ AN APPROA* TO BIOLOGY ?AT AFFIRMS ! ORGANISM AS ! FUNDAM5TAL UNIT ( LIFE 7,BOOK*9 #a#i#i#eB3 #a#c#g-#d#c74 

,BOOK*91 !RE=E1 CONCLUD$ ?AT )9 ORGANIC EVOLUTION !RE IS A /RIV+ = GREAT] COMPLEXITY & 9CREAS+ DEGREES ( SUBJECTIVITY 7OR SELFHOOD7 :I* CON/ITUTES 0! IMMAN5T IMPULSE ( EVOLUTION T[>DS GR[+ SELF-AW>5ESS0 7#a#i#i#eA3 #a#b#h74 

,BOOK*9 CONSI/5TLY >GU$ ?AT MUTUALISM 7COOP]ATION71 SELFCONSCI\SNESS1 SUBJECTIVITY1 & FRE$OM >E 9H]5T T5D5CIES 9 ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,!Y MAY1 !RE=E1 BE REALIZ$ AS POT5TIALITIES 9 HUMAN SOCIAL LIFE1 SPECIFICALLY 9 ! CREATION ( AN ALT]NATIVE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY 7,BOOK*9 #a#i#i#eA3 #a#b#g-#a#b#h74 

,FOLL[+ A LONG TRADITION GO+ BACK TO ! BEG9N+S ( WE/]N PHILOSOPHY1 & :I* WAS WELL EXPRESS$ BY ! ,ROMAN S*OL> ,CIC]O1 ,BOOK*9 MAKES A CLE> DI/9CTION 7NOT A DI*OTOMY7 BETWE5 0FIR/ NATURE10 ! REALM ( NON-HUMAN NATURE ?AT PREEXI/S ! EM]G5CE ( HUMANS1 & 0SECOND NATURE10 ! REALM ( HUMAN >TIFACTS1 CULTURAL L&SCAPES1 & SOCIAL & SYMBOLIC LIFE 7,BOOK*9 #a#i#h#i3 #b#e74 ,BUT HE 9SI/S ?AT HUMAN SOCIAL LIFE IS 0)9 ! REALM ( NATURE10 ?US ALWAYS HAS A NATURALI/IC DIM5SION4 ,! EM]G5CE ( HUMANS AS A LIFE-=M & ( HUMAN SOCIOCULTURAL & SYMBOLIC LIFE IS1 !RE=E1 = ,BOOK*91 A 0NATURAL FACT10 HAV+ ITS ROOTS 9 BIOLOGY4 7,BOOK*9 #a#i#h#i3 #b#f74 

,NOT JU/ AN EM]G5T MAT]IALI/1 ,BOOK*9 WAS FUNDAM5TALLY A SOCIAL ECOLOGI/1 & HE CONT9UALLY EMPHASIZ$ ! 9TEGRITY ( BO? NATURE AS AN OBJECTIVE REALITY1 & HUMAN SOCIAL LIFE4 ,! RELATION%IP BETWE5 NATURE & HUMAN SOCIAL LIFE IS1 !RE=E1 ONE ( CONT9UITY1 A DIALECTICAL RELATION%IP1 NOT ONE ( OPPOSITION4 ,NATURE IS A REALM ( POT5TIALITY = ! EM]G5CE ( HUMAN LIFE--9 T]MS ( TE*NICS1 SOCIAL LABOR1 LANGUAGE1 SUBJECTIVITY--AS 
WELL AS A PRECONDITION = ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY4 ,BOOK*9 WAS FOND ( DESCRIB+ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 HUMANS & FIR/ NATURE 9 T]MS ( A CONCEPT D]IV$ FROM ,HEGEL1 NAMELY ?AT IT IS A DYNAMIC 0UNITY 9 DIV]SITY0 7#a#i#h#b3 #b#d2 #a#i#h3 #e#i74 

,9 AN IMPORTANT S5SE1 ,BOOK*91 LIKE ,MUM=D & ,DUBOIS1 WAS AN ECOLOGICAL HUMANI/1 (F]+ A CREATIVE SYN!SIS ( HUMANISM & NATURALISM4 ,BY 0HUMANISM10 ( C\RSE1 ,BOOK*9 MEANT A %IFT 09 VISION FROM ! SKIES TO ! E>?1 FROM SUP]/ITION TO REASON1 FROM DEITIES TO PEOPLE0 7#a#i#h#g3 #b#d#f71 !REBY EMPHASIZ+ ! AG5CY & CULTURAL CREATIVITY ( ! HUMAN SUBJECT1 BO? 9DIVIDUALLY & COLLECTIVELY4 ,EQUAT+ HUMANISM ) ,C>TESIAN PHILOSOPHY & AN?ROPOC5TRISM1 AS DO MANY DEEP ECOLOGI/S & PO/MOD]NI/S4 7E4G4 ,MANES #a#i#i2 ,BRAIDOTTI #b#a#c71 WAS = ,BOOK*9 /ULTIFY+ & OBSCURANTI/4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 SECUL> HUMANI/S FROM ,LUDWIG ,FEU]BA* TO ,FROMM & ,MUM=D LONG CRITIQU$ ,C>TESIAN METAPHYSICS1 EMPHASIZ+ ?AT HUMANS >E FUNDAM5TALLY 0E>?LY BE+S0 7,LAMONT #a#i#d#i2 ,MORRIS1 #b#a#b74 

,9 CONTRA/ TO MU* SOCIAL !ORY & ECOLOGICAL ?\<T1 ,BOOK*9 /RESS$ BO? NATURAL & SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 ON NATURE & ! 9TEGRITY ( ! HUMAN SPECIES4 ,HE WAS1 !RE=E1 OPPOS$ TO ALL DUALI/IC !ORIES ?AT T5D TO RADICALLY BIFURCATE OR SEP>ATE NATURE FROM ! SOCIAL 7& SPIRITUAL7 ASPECTS ( HUMAN LIFE--AS REFLECT$ 9 ,PLATONISM1 ,C>TESIAN !ISM1 & O!R RELIGI\S COSMOLOGIES1 AS WELL AS MU* SOCIOLOGICAL !ORY & ! HUMANITIES4 ,BOOK*9 WAS ESPECIALLY CRITICAL ( PO/MOD]NISM1 :I* T5DS TO IGNORE BIOLOGY 5TIRELY1 AL?\< HE WAS MA9LY CONC]N$ ) ! RELATIVISM1 MISAN?ROPY1 AHI/ORICISM1 & ! ULTIMATE NIHILISM ( ! LIKES ( ,NIETZS*E & ,HEIDEGG] 7,BOOK*9 #a#i#i#eB3 #a#a#b--#b#a74 

,BUT ,BOOK*9 WAS EQUALLY CRITICAL ( ALL =MS ( R$UCTIONISM4 ,HE WAS CRITICAL ( SOCIO-BIOLOGY1 :I* T5DS TO R$UCE SOCIAL LIFE TO BIOLOGY OR EV5 TO G5ETICS1 & ( MANY MY/ICAL DEEP ECOLOGI/S :O T5D$ TO OBLATE ! 9TEGRITY ( ! HUMAN SUBJECT ) REF]5CE TO A UNIV]SAL SPIRITUAL 0ON5ESS40 ,?IS WAS AK91 HE FELT1 TO ! 0NI<T 9 :I* ALL C[S >E BLACK10 ,BOOK*9 BE+ FOND ( QUOT+ ,HEGEL'S JOKE AB\T ,S*ELL+'S MY/ICAL IDEALISM 7,BOOK*9 #a#i#h#b3 #b#b74 ,BOOK*91 9 FACT1 BECAME A RA!R MALIGN$ FIGURE AMONG MANY ACADEMIC PHILOSOPH]S = HIS TR5*ANT CRITIQUE ( DEEP ECOLOGY 7,BOOK*9 #a#i#h#g71 EV5 ?\< ! SUB/ANCE ( ?IS CRITIQUE IS QUITE COMPELL+4 ,= ,BOOK*9 WAS CRITICAL NOT ONLY ( ! ECLECTICISM ( ! DEEP ECOLOGI/S & !IR T5D5CY TO EMBRACE MY/ICAL !OLOGY--AS EXPRESS$ 9 ,DEVALL & ,SESSION'S SEM9AL TEXT 7#a#i#h#e7--BUT ALSO ( !IR NEO-,MAL?USIAN T5D5CIES & !IR EMPHASIS ON 0BIOSPH]ICAL EQUALITY0 7BIOC5TRISM7 :I* T5D$1 ,BOOK*9 >GU$1 TO LAPSE TOO EASILY 9TO MISAN?ROPY4 ,9 FACT1 ,BOOK*9 WAS P>TICUL>LY CRITICAL ( TWO PROM95T DEEP ECOLOGI/S1 ,DAVE ,=EMAN ( ,E>? ,FIR/ & ,*RI/OPH] ,MANES :O EXTOLL$ FAM9E 9 ,AFRICA & ! ,A,I,D,S EPIDEMIC AS ACCEPTABLE WAYS ( 
CONTROLL+ ! HUMAN POPULATION4 ,SU* NOTIONS DEEPLY DI/URB$ ,BOOK*91 H5CE ! /RID5CY ( HIS POLEMIC4 ,BUT ,BOOK*9 WAS ALSO CRITICAL ( ! DEEP ECOLOGI/S = HOLD+ AN UNDIFF]5TIAT$ HUMANITY RESPONSIBLE = ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS1 :5 ! CRISIS HAD ITS ROOTS 9 SOCIAL PROBLEMS-- SPECIFICALLY ) REG>D TO ! CAPITALI/ M>KET ECONOMY--?US REQUIR+ FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL *ANGES & ! 0REMAK+0 ( SOCIETY 7,*ASE #a#i#i#a3 #c#b74 ,BOOK*9'S H>% CRITIQUE ( DEEP ECOLOGY 7#a#i#i#g7 G5]AT$ A HEAT$ DEBATE1 AL?\< ! CRITICAL RESPONSES TO ,BOOK*9'S [N CRITIQUE & HIS ADVOCACY ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY T5D TO V]GE ON C>ICATURE 7,PRICE #b#a#b3 #d#i-#f#a74 

,DIALECTICAL ,NATURALISM & ,E?ICS 

,TO UND]/& ! NATURAL WORLD AS AN EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 & ! PLACE ( HUMANS 9 ! COSMOS1 ,BOOK*9 >GU$ ?AT WE NE$ TO DEVELOP AN ORGANIC WAY ( ?9K+1 ONE ?AT IS DIALECTICAL & PROCESSUAL RA!R ?AN 9/RUM5TAL1 ME*ANI/IC1 & ANALYTICAL4 ,SU* A WAY ( ?9K+ AVOIDS ! EXTREMES ( BO? AN?ROPOC5TRISM1 EXEMPLIFI$ BY ,C>TESIAN METAPHYSICS & ! IDEOLOGY ( CAPITALISM :I* RADICALLY SEP>ATES HUMANS FROM NATURE1 & BIOC5TRISM1 A NAIVE =M ( BIOLOGICAL R$UCTIONISM EXPRESS$ BY MY/ICAL DEEP ECOLOGI/S4 ,BO? APPROA*ES1 ,BOOK*9 FELT1 EXPRESS A LOGIC ( DOM9ATION1 & A HI]>*ICAL M9D-SET4 

,AS A PHILOSOPHY ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 ,BOOK*91 !RE=E1 ADVOCAT$ A DIALECTICAL OR EVOLUTION>Y =M ( NATURALISM1 ONE ?AT COMB9$ & 9TEGRAT$ AN ECOLOGICAL WORLD-VIEW 7NATURALISM7 AS A METAPHYSIC ( NATURE ) DIALECTICS AS A RELATIONAL EPI/EMOLOGY4 ,TO DEVELOP A S5SE ( DIALECTICS1 ,BOOK*9 SEEMS TO HAVE IMM]S$ HIMSELF 9 ?REE CLASSICAL TEXTS ON DIALECTICS1 NAMELY ,>I/OTLE'S 0,METAPHYSICS10 ,HEGEL'S 0,SCI5CE ( ,LOGIC10 & ,5GELS' 0,DIALECTICS ( ,NATURE40 ,BOOK*9 FULLY EMBRAC$ !IR DIALECTICAL S5SIBILITY1 BUT HE REJECT$ ! !OLOGICAL & TELEOLOGICAL ASPECTS ( ,>I/OTLE'S & ,HEGEL'S PHILOSOPHY1 EMPHASIZ+ ?AT !Y LACK$ AN EVOLUTION>Y P]SPECTIVE1 :ILE HE FELT ?AT ,5GELS WAS /ILL DEEPLY 5TR5*$ 9 ME*ANI/IC MAT]IALISM1 ,5GELS EMPHASIZ+ NOT DEVELOPM5T BUT MATT] 9 MOTION4 ,BOOK*9 AIM$ TO DEVELOP A DIALECTICAL NATURALISM BY 0ECOLOGIZ+ ! DIALECTIC10 AS HE PUT IT 7,BOOK*9 #a#i#i#eA3 #a#a#i-#a#c#c74 

,A GOOD DEAL HAS BE5 WRITT5 ON DIALECTICS4 ,SOME1 LIKE ,KROPOTK91 ID5TIFY+ DIALECTICS ) ,HEGEL'S PAN!I/IC MY/ICISM1 F\ND ! CONCEPT UNHELPFUL2 O!RS HAVE DISMISS$ IT AS MY/ICAL MUMBO-JUMBO4 ',:AT HAVE ,GALILEO'S LAWS ( MOTION & ! LIFE-HI/ORY ( AN 9SECT TO DO ) DIALECTICS80 ASK$ ,SIDNEY ,HOCK 7#a#i#g#a3 #g#e-#g#f71 :OSE E>LY WRIT+ ON ,HEGEL APPEAL$ TO ,BOOK*94 ,FOLL[+ ,K>L ,POPP]1 AN>*O-PRIMITIVI/ ,BOB ,BLACK DISMISS$ DIALECTICS AS 0MY/ICAL GIBB]I%0 &1 EMBRAC+ ! NIHILISM ( PO/MOD]NI/ !ORY1 DISMISSES ,BOOK*9 AS A NAIVE POSITIVI/ 7#a#i#i#g3 #i-#i#g74 ,BLACK ?US HAS A RA!R FACILE UND]/&+ ( ,BOOK*9'S WORK1 & EV5 LESS UND]/&+ ( DIALECTICS1 ,POPP]1 OR POSITIVISM4 
,NEI!R ,POPP]1 A CRITICAL RATIONALI/1 NOR ,BOOK*91 A DIALECTICAL NATURALI/1 W]E POSITIVI/S4 ,BOOK*9 EMPHASIZ$ ?AT 0REALITY IS NOT SIMPLY :AT WE EXP]I5CE0 7#a#i#i#eA3 #b#a74 ,H>DLY A POSITIVI/ S5TIM5T6 

,:AT !N IS DIALECTICS8 ,FOLL[+ ,5GELS 7#a#i#d71 ?REE ASPECTS ( ! PR9CIPLES ( DIALECTICS MAY BE BRIEFLY 9DICAT$4 

,! FIR/ PR9CIPLE TO UND]/& 9 DIALECTICS IS ! IDEA ?AT BO? ! NATURAL WORLD & HUMAN SOCIAL LIFE >E 9 A CON/ANT /ATE ( FLUX1 & ?AT ! HI/ORICAL SCI5CES HAVE MADE ! 0IMMUTABLE0 CONCEPTS ( ,NEWTON1 ,DESC>TES1 & ,L9NAEUS R$UNDANT4 

,! SECOND PR9CIPLE ( DIALECTICS EMPHASIZES ! NOTION ( TOTALITY 7HOLISM74 ,?IS IS ! IDEA ?AT ALL ! SEEM+LY DISP>ATE 5TITIES ?AT MAKE UP ! MAT]IAL WORLD >E 9T]CONNECT$1 & ?AT NO PH5OM5ON 7:E!R NATURAL OR SOCIAL7 CAN BE UND]/OOD 9 ISOLATION4 ,AS MANY HAVE EXPRESS$ IT1 NATURE IS A COMPLEX 9T]ACTIVE WEB4 

,! F9AL PR9CIPLE ( DIALECTICS IS EXPRESS$ BY ! T]MS 0P>ADOX10 0CONTRADICTION0 & 0UNITY ( OPPOSITES40 ,5GELS & ,BOOK*9 CONT5D ?AT ORD9>Y COMMON-S5SE UND]/&+S1 TRADITIONAL LOGIC1 CONV5TIONAL 7OR 9/RUM5TAL7 REASON1 & METAPHYSICAL PHILOSOPHY 7ESPECIALLY ! K9D EXPRESS$ BY ,DESC>TES & ,KANT7 T5D TO ?9K 9 T]MS ( 0OPPOSITIONS10 RA!R ?AN DIALECTICALLY 9 T]MS ( DEVELOPM5T 9TO A 0UNITY ( OPPOSITES40 

,AS ,5GELS SUCC9CTLY DESCRIB$ ! LIMITATIONS ( METAPHYSICAL 7NON-DIALECTICAL7 ?9K+3 

,9 ! CONTEMPLATION ( 9DIVIDUAL ?+S1 IT =GETS ! CONNECTION BETWE5 !M2 9 ! CONTEMPLATION ( !IR EXI/5CE1 IT =GETS ! BEG9N+ & 5D ( ?AT EXI/5CE2 ( !IR REPOSE1 IT =GETS !IR MOTION4 7,5GELS #a#i#f#i3 #c#b7 

,AS ,BOOK*9 CONCEIV$ ( IT1 DIALECTICS IS NOT A =M ( LOGIC1 NOR IS IT A ME?OD1 & IT C]TA9LY IS NOT 0MY/ICAL GIBB]I%02 IT IS RA!R A 0WAY ( REASON+ AB\T REALITY0 7#a#i#i#eA3 #a#e74 ,IT IS A MODE ( UND]/&+ ! WORLD ?AT POSITS AN 0EM]G5T0 RA!R ?AN A ME*ANI/IC =M ( CAUSALITY1 EXPRESS+ AN ORGANIC RA!R ?AN A RELIGI\S 7MY/ICAL7 OR ME*ANI/IC WAY ( ?9K+1 EMPHASIZ+ PROCESS & DEVELOPM5T--NOT SIMPLY *ANGE OR MOTION4 ,& F9ALLY1 IT /RESSES ! UNITY & AG5CY ( ORGANISMS1 AS WELL AS !IR COMPLEX RELATION%IPS OR 9T]-ACTIONS 7MUTUALISM7 7,BOOK*9 #a#i#i#eA74 

,! CONCEPTION ( NATURE ?AT ,BOOK*9 EXPRESS$ 9 MANY CONTEXTS FOCUSSES >\ND A NUMB] ( KEY CONCEPTS3 HOLISM 7COMPLEXITY72 DIFF]5TIATION 7DIV]SITY72 FRE$OM 7SUBJECTIVITY72 FECUNDITY 7CREATIVITY71 & P>TICIPATION 7MUTUALISM74 ,= ,BOOK*91 NATURE CON/ITUTES 0A P>TICIPATORY REALM ( 9T]ACTIVE LIFE-=MS :OSE \T/&+ ATTRIBUTES >E FECUNDITY1 CREATIVITY1 & 
DIRECTNESS1 M>K$ BY A COMPLEM5T>ITY ?AT R5D]S ! NATURAL WORLD ! GR\ND+ = AN E?ICS ( FRE$OM RA!R ?AN DOM9ATION0 7#a#i#h#f3 #e#e74 

,AS E?ICS1 = ,BOOK*91 IS AN EM95TLY HUMAN CREATION1 9 ?AT HUMAN BE+S CAN D]IVE A S5SE ( MEAN+ & VALUE FIR/ FROM NATURE BY VIRTUE ( !IR 9T]PRETIVE P[]S1 HE SUGGE/$ ?AT HUMANITY IS 0! V]Y EMBODIM5T ( VALUE 9 NATURE AS A :OLE40 ,HE GOES ON TO ADVOCATE AN 0E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY10 :I* 0OPPOSES ANY CLAIM ?AT HUMAN BE+S HAVE A 'RI<T' TO DOM9ATE FIR/ NATURE1 ASSUM+ ?AT !Y CAN DO SO 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 MU* LESS ANY CLAIM ?AT FIR/ NATURE HAS BE5 'CREAT$' TO S]VE HUMAN NE$0 7#a#i#h#b3 XXXVII74 

,FOLL[+ ,>I/OTLE1 ,BOOK*9 S\<T TO PROMOTE AN E?ICAL NATURALISM ?AT WAS CONSI/5T ) ECOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES & AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY4 

,>GU+ AGA9/ ! FACT_/VALUE ( ! POSITIVI/S4 ,BOOK*9 HELD ?AT FIR/ NATURE MAY BE REASONABLY REG>D$ AS ! GR\ND = AN ECOLOGICAL E?IC4 ,BUT ! NATURAL WORLD ITSELF IS NOT E?ICAL2 IT IS NEV] 0CRUEL0 OR 0K9D0 OR 0C>+10 NOR GOOD OR BAD4 ,BOOK*9 AFFIRM$ ?AT1 FROM \R KN[L$GE ( ! NATURAL WORLD & ! PLACE ( HUMANS )9 FIR/ NATURE1 HUMANS C\LD !REBY D]IVE E?ICAL PR9CIPLES--TO GUIDE HUMAN CONDUCT & TO E/ABLI% AN ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY BAS$ ON ! VALUES ( COOP]ATION1 SELF-ORGANIZATION1 FRE$OM1 & DIV]SITY4 

,AS AN E?ICAL NATURALI/1 LIKE ,SP9OZA & ,KROPOTK91 ,BOOK*9 EXPLICITLY REJECT$ E?ICAL !ORIES ?AT BAS$ MORAL VALUE SIMPLY ON TRADITION OR CU/OM 7CULTURAL RELATIVISM71 ON SUBJECTIVE :IMS & 9DIVIDUAL EMOTIONS 7AS P] ! LOGICAL POSITIVI/S71 OR ON A D5ATUR$ CONCEPTION ( ! HUMAN SUBJECT 7AS P] ,KANT74 ,HE WAS EQUALLY CRITICAL ( ALL TRANSC5D5TAL OR ABSOLUTI/ =MS ( E?ICS1 ?OSE :I* D]IVE MORAL $ICTS EI!R FROM ! HOLY SCRIPTURES ( ,ORI5TAL RELIGIONS 7,JUDAISM1 ,*RI/IANITY1 ,ISLAM1 & ,H9DUISM1 M$IAT$1 ( C\RSE1 BY ! CL]ICS71 OR FROM ! EMANATIONS ( %AMANS1 *>ISMATIC PRIE/S1 OR RELIGI\S GURUS1 :E!R 5LI<T5$ VISION>IES OR MESS5G]S ( ,GOD4 

,AS ,BOOK*9 WROTE ( HUMANS AS 0! EMBODIM5T ( NATURE R5D]$ SELF-CONSCI\S & SELF-REFLECTIVE10 & ADVOCAT$ ! HUMAN 0/EW>D%IP0 ( ! E>?1 /RESS+ ! NE$ TO GO BEYOND ! PRES5T DI*OTOMY OR RIFT BETWE5 FIR/ & SECOND NATURE TO CREATE A 0FREE NATURE0 7#a#i#i#eA3 #a#c#a--#c#f71 HE HAS BE5 WIDELY D5\NC$ BY MY/ICAL DEEP ECOLOGI/S1 AN>*O-PRIMITIVI/S1 & LIB]AL PHILOSOPH]S ALIKE4 ,HE HAS BE5 ACCUS$ ( BE+ 0AN?ROPOC5TRIC0 & 0UTILIT>IAN10 ADVOCAT+ A ,FAU/IAN DOM9ATION ( NATURE1 & EXPRESS+ 0HUMANI/IC >ROGANCE0 7E4G4 ,MANES #a#i#i3 #a#f2 ,M>%ALL #a#i#i#b3 #f#a#h2 ,BLACK #a#i#i#g3 #i#h2 ,CURRY #b#a#a3 #f#d74 ,!SE CRITIQUES SEEM TO WILLFULLY MIS9T]PRET ! MEAN+S ?AT ,BOOK*9 HIMSELF GAVE TO !SE CONCEPTS4 

,BY 0/EW>D%IP0 ( ! E>?1 ,BOOK*9 C]TA9LY DID NOT 9T5D TO IMPLY ?AT HUMANS %\LD TAKE COMPLETE CONTROL ( NATURE OR /E] ORGANIC 
EVOLUTION--,BOOK*9 WAS AN ONTOLOGICAL REALI/1 HOLD+ ?AT FIR/ NATURE HAS AN 9DEP5D5CE & 9TEGRITY QUITE SEP>ATE FROM ! HUMAN SPECIES4 ,:AT HE IMPLI$ BY 0/EW>D%IP0 WAS ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY ?AT 0RESPECTS O!R =MS ( LIFE = !IR [N SAKE & RESPONDS ACTIVELY 9 ! =M ( CREATIVE LOV+ & SUPPORTIVE SYMBIOSIS0 7,*ASE #a#i#i#a3 #c#d74 

,LIKEWISE1 ! CONCEPT ( 0FREE NATURE0 DID NOT IMPLY ! 0MA/]Y ( NATURE BUT RA!R ! OPPOSITE3 ! FREE+ ( ! NATURAL WORLD FROM ! PLUND]+ ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 & ! CREATION ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY 9 :I* ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 HUMANS & ! NATURAL WORLD W\LD BE ONE ?AT WAS COOP]ATIVE1 H>MONI\S & MUTUALI/--A 0CREATIVE 9T]ACTION40 ,IT W\LD BE A SOCIETY ?AT 5HANC$ ! FL\RI%+ & WELL-BE+ ( BO? ! HUMAN SPECIES & O!R LIFE =MS ALONG ) ! NATURE ITSELF1 A MUTUALITY 0BETWE5 FIR/ & SECOND NATURE ?AT 5RI*$ BO? NATURES0 7#a#i#i#eA3 #a#b74 ,BOOK*9 ALWAYS ADVOCAT$ & /RESS$ AN 0E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY0 ?AT IS LO/ ON HIS NUM]\S CRITICS4 

,NEI!R 9DIFF]5CE NOR ! TE*NOCRATIC MANAGEM5T ( PROBLEMS )9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM 75VIRONM5TALISM7 >E VIABLE OPTIONS TO ! PRES5T SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL CRISIS 7,R\SSOP\LUS #b#a#e74 

,! ,POLITICS ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,SOCIALISM 

,9 RESPONSE TO ! SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL CRISIS1 ,BOOK*9 NOT ONLY 9SI/$ ON ! NE$ TO DEVELOP A PHILOSOPHY ( DIALECTICAL NATURALISM 7A =M ( ECOLOGICAL HUMANISM71 & AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY OR E?IC4 ,HE ALSO /RESS$ ! NE$ TO CREATE--AS A RADICAL ALT]NATIVE TO LIB]AL CAPITALISM--AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,HE 5VISAG$ A RATIONAL SOCIETY BAS$ ON AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES--LIB]T>IAN1 SOCIALI/1 ECOLOGICAL1 & DEMOCRATIC4 

,>\ND #b#b1 AT ! AGE ( #h#a1 ,BOOK*9 ANN\NC$ ?AT HE HAD CEAS$ TO DEF9E HIMSELF AS AN AN>*I/--LEAD+ ,IAN ,MC,KAY 7#b#g3 #c#i7 TO SUGGE/ ?AT ,BOOK*9 9 HIS F9AL YE>S ATTEMPT$ TO 0TRA% HIS [N LEGACY40 

,BUT IT IS IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ! AN>*ISM ?AT ,BOOK*9 AB&ON$ WAS :AT HE HAD E>LI] REJECT$1 9 A H>% POLEMIC 7#a#i#i#eC71 AS 0LIFE-/YLE0 AN>*ISM4 ,?IS K9D ( AN>*ISM1 O!RWISE KN[N AS 0PO/,LEFT AN>*Y10 OR 7BY ACADEMICS7 AS ! 0NEW AN>*ISM10 CONSI/S ( A MOTLEY COLLECTION ( SEV]AL DI/9CTIVE /R&S1 AMONG !M ,/IRN]ITE EGOISM 7,JASON ,MC,QU9N71 ,NIETZS*EAN ES!TIC 9DIVIDUALISM1 O!RWISE KN[N AS POETIC T]RORISM 7,HAK9 ,BEY71 AN>*O-PRIMITIVISM 7,JOHN ,Z]ZAN ET AL471 PO/MOD]NISM &1 AT EXTREMES1 ! AN>*O-CAPITALISM ( ,AYN ,R& & ,MURRAY ,RO?B>D 7,MORRIS #b#a#dB3#a#c#c-#a#d#h74 

,AS A POLITICAL TRADITION1 AN>*ISM HAS USUALLY BE5 DEF9$ 9 TWO WAYS4 ,! FIR/1 WELL EXEMPLIFI$ BY ,PET] ,M>%ALL'S 7#a#i#i#b7 HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM1 CONCEIVES ( AN>*ISM 9 T]MS ( AN OPPOSITION TO CO]CIVE AU?ORITY1 SPECIFICALLY AS 0ANTI-,/ATE40 ,?US A WIDE V>IETY ( PHILOSOPH]S & 
9DIVIDUALS HAVE BE5 DESCRIB$ AS AN>*I/S--,GODW91 ,/IRN]1 RELIGI\S MY/ICS SU* AS ,TOL/OY & ,G&HI1 RADICAL LIB]T>IANS 7,SP5C] & ,:ITMAN71 MUTUALI/S1 AN>*O-CAPITALI/S AS WELL AS MANY AN>*O-COMMUNI/S 7,KROPOTK91 ,MALATE/A1 ,GOLDMAN1 ,ROCK]1 ET AL474 ,EV5 ,M>G>ET ,?AT*] & ! AU?ORIT>IAN-,M>XI/ ,*E ,GUEV>A1 AN ICON 9 ! #a#i#fS1 F9D A PLACE 9 ,M>%ALL'S IMPORTANT SURVEY ( AN>*ISM4 ,?IS HAS 5ABL$ LIB]AL & ,M>XI/ S*OL>S TO DISMISS AN>*ISM AS A COMPLETELY 9COH]5T PHILOSOPHY4 

,BUT IT IS NOT4 ,!RE IS ANO!R WAY ( UND]/&+ AN>*ISM4 ,?AT IS1 TO VIEW IT AS A FUNDAM5TALLY HI/ORICAL SOCIAL MOVEM5T & POLITICAL TRADITION ?AT EM]G$ >\ND #a#h#g1 MA9LY AMONG WORK+ CLASS MEMB]S ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,?IS =M ( AN>*ISM1 AS MANY S*OL>S HAVE EMPHASIZ$1 COMB9$ ! BE/ ( BO? RADICAL LIB]ALISM1 ) ITS EMPHASIS ON LIB]TY & 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM1 & SOCIALISM 7OR COMMUNISM71 ) ITS EMPHASIS ON EQUALITY1 VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATIONS1 MUTUAL AID1 & DIRECT ACTION4 ,?IS UNITY1 :I* DEF9ES AN>*ISM AS LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 WAS MO/ SUCC9CTLY EXPRESS$ 9 ! WELL-KN[N ADAGE ( ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9 ?AT 0LIB]TY )\T SOCIALISM IS PRIVILEGE & 9JU/ICE2 & ?AT SOCIALISM )\T LIB]TY IS SLAV]Y & BRUTALITY0 7,LEHN+ #a#i#g#c3 #a#a2 ,MORRIS #b#a#dB3 #b#d-#b#g74 

,9 HIS POLEMIC ,LI/51 ,M>XI/6 ,BOOK*9 CRITIQU$ ,M>XISM = ITS LACK ( A LIB]T>IAN P]SPECTIVE1 :ILE 9 HIS LAT] POLEMIC ,SOCIAL ,AN>*ISM OR ,LIFE/YLE ,AN>*ISM HE CRITICIZ$ A WIDE V>IETY ( CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/S = !IR B\RGEOIS 9DIVIDUALISM & LACK ( A SOCIALI/ P]SPECTIVE 7,BOOK*9 #a#i#g#a3 #a#g#c-#b#b2 #a#i#i#eC74 ,?US AN>*O-COMMUNISM1 SOCIAL AN>*ISM1 LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 & COMMUNALISM >E VIRTUAL SYNONYMS4 ,?AT IS1 DIFF]5T EXPRESSIONS ( ,BOOK*9'S POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY ( AN>*ISM4 ,?US IT IS IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE ?AT1 ?R\<\T HIS LIFE & EV5 9 HIS LA/ YE>S1 ,BOOK*9 REMA9$ TRUE TO ! LEGACY ( ,/4 ,IMI]--A COMMITT$ & /RID5T LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/4 

,LIFE/YLE AN>*I/S1 AS ,BOOK*9 DESCRIB$ !M--,NIETZS*EAN ES!TES1 ,/IRN]ITE EGOI/S1 &1 ESPECIALLY1 AN>*O-PRIMITIVI/S--NOT ONLY REJECT$ SOCIALISM 7& SOCIETY7 BUT W5T TO EXTREMES & REJECT$ CIVILIZATION 7EV5 AGRICULTURE & HUMAN LANGUAGE71 TE*NOLOGY & CITY LIFE4 ,:AT IS IMPORTANT AB\T ,BOOK*9 WAS ?AT HE ATTEMPT$ TO AVOID !SE EXTREMES1 &1 LIKE ,MUM=D1 WAS NEV] ANTI-CIVILIZATION1 ANTI-TE*NOLOGY1 OR ANTI-URBAN4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 HE AFFIRM$ ALL ?REE AS VITAL CREATIVE ASPECTS ( ! HUMAN SPIRIT4 

,ALIVE TO ! A*IEVEM5T ( HUMAN CIVILIZATION1 ,BOOK*9 REJECT$ AN>*O-PRIMITIVISM4 

,9 ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 ,BOOK*9 DEVOTES A *APT] TO :AT HE DESCRIB$ AS 0ORGANIC SOCIETY10 ! E>LY HUNT]-GA!R]S & TRIBAL SOCIETIES4 ,HE ASCRIBES ! FOLL[+ FEATURES TO SU* TRIBAL SOCIETIES3 A PRIMORDIAL EQUALITY & AN ABS5CE ( CO]CIVE & DOM9E]+ VALUES2 A FEEL+ ( UNITY 
BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! K9 COMMUNITY2 A S5SE ( COMMUNAL PROP]TY ) AN EMPHASIS ON MUTUAL AID & USUFRUCT RI<TS &1 F9ALLY1 AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY1 9VOLV+ A RELATION%IP ) ! WORLD ?AT WAS ONE ( 0RECIPROCAL H>MONY1 NOT ( DOM9ATION0 7,BOOK*9 #a#i#h#b3 #d#c--#f#a74 

,BUT LIKE ,KROPOTK91 ,BOOK*9 WAS ONLY TOO AW>E ( ! LIMITATIONS ( TRIBAL LIFE1 & CONC]N$ ?AT WE DRAW 9SPIRATION & LESSONS FROM ! PA/ & FROM TRIBAL CULTURES1 RA!R ?AN ROMANTICIZ+ !M4 ,/ILL LESS %\LD WE TRY TO EMULATE !M4 ,GIV5 ! PRES5T HUMAN POPULATION1 ! 0FUTURE PRIMITIVE0 ( ,JOHN ,Z]ZAN IS SIMPLY NOT A POLITICAL OPTION 7,MORRIS #b#a#dB3 #a#d#a-#d#b74 

,:ILE ,BOOK*9 WAS ALWAYS A H>% CRITIC ( AN>*O-PRIMITIVISM1 HE WAS NOT AN OBSESSIVE TE*NOCRAT AS ,DAVID ,WATSON 7#a#i#i#f7 PORTRAYS HIM4 ,NOR WAS HE BESOTT$ ) CIVILIZATION4 ,HE C]TA9LY EMPHASIZ$ ! IMPORTANCE ( CITY LIFE1 ESPECIALLY GIV5 ITS 9TRODUC+ ! IDEA ( A COMMON HUMANITY1 A UNIV]SAL HUMANITAS 7#b#g3 #f#a71 BUT LIKE ,KROPOTK9 & ,MUM=D1 BO? IMPORTANT 9FLU5CES ON ,BOOK*9--& UNLIKE ! AN>*O-PRIMITIVI/S-- ,BOOK*9 HAD A MU* MORE NUANC$ APPROA* TO TE*NOLOGY & CIVILIZATION4 ,AS HE PUT IT 9 DEF5D+ HIS PRO-TE*NOLOGY /&3 

.<,?IS.> IS NOT TO D5Y ?AT MANY TE*NOLOGIES >E 9H]5TLY DOM9E]+ & ECOLOGICALLY DANG]\S OR TO ASS]T ?AT CIVILIZATION HAS BE5 AN UNMITIGAT$ BLESS+4 ,NUCLE> REACTORS1 HUGE DAMS1 HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ 9DU/RIAL COMPLEXES1 ! FACTORY SY/EM1 & ! >MS 9DU/RY--LIKE BUREAUCRACY URBAN BLI<T & CONTEMPOR>Y M$IA--HAVE BE5 P]NICI\S ALMO/ FROM !IR CONCEPTION4 7#a#i#i#eC3 #c#d74 

,TE*NOLOGY1 ,BOOK*9 FELT1 HAD TO BECOME 0LIB]ATORY10 & TO BE R$UC$ TO A 0HUMAN SCALE0 &1 ?R\< ! ,9/ITUTE ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY C(\ND$ ) ,DAN ,*ODORK(F1 HE PIONE]$ ! USE ( R5EWABLE 5]GY S\RCES & PROMOT$ ORGANIC F>M+ 7,BIEHL #b#a#e3 #a#e#i74 

,FOLL[+ ,KROPOTK91 ,BOOK*9 EMPHASIZ$ TWO SIDES ( HUMAN HI/ORY--! LEGACY ( DOM9ATION REFLECT$ 9 ! EM]G5CE ( HI]>*Y1 /ATE P[]1 & CAPITALISM1 & ! LEGACY ( FRE$OM1 REFLECT$ 9 ! HI/ORY ( EV]-EXP&+ /RUGGLES = EMANCIPATION 7#a#i#i#i3 #b#g#h74 

,EAG] TO DEVELOP LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM AS AN 9TEGRAL P>T OR /RATEGY ( AN>*ISM 7COMMUNALISM71 ,BOOK*9 DETAIL$ ! MANY =MS ( POPUL> ASSEMBLY ?AT HAVE EM]G$ 9 ! C\RSE ( ,EUROPEAN HI/ORY1 P>TICUL>LY DUR+ TIMES ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,BOOK*9 WAS P>TICUL>LY 5?USIA/IC ) RESPECT TO ! ,A!NIAN POLIS & ! SY/EM ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 :ILE RECOGNIZ+ ITS HI/ORICAL CONTEXT & LIMITATIONS4 ,BUT =MS ( POPUL> DEMOCRACY HAVE OCCURR$ ?R\<\T HI/ORY3 POPUL> ASSEMBLES 9 M$IEVAL T[NS2 NEI<BORHOOD SECTIONS DUR+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION2 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a2 WORK]S' SOVIETS DUR+ ! 
,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION2 ,NEW ,5GL& T[N MEET+S2 & AN>*I/ COLLECTIVES DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,BOOK*9 REF]S TO !M ALL 7#a#i#i#b2 #b#g3 #d#i74 

,9 HIS LAT] ESSAYS ,BOOK*9 CAME TO EXPLICITLY DI/+UI% BETWE5 F\R RADICAL POLITICAL TRADITIONS1 NAMELY ,M>XISM1 AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 AN>*ISM 7EQUAT$ ) LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM71 & COMMUNALISM OR LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM4 

,ALWAYS CRITICAL ( ,M>XISM1 OR :AT IS T]M$ 0PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM10 ,BOOK*9 REJECT$ ! NOTION ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL PROLET>IAT C\LD ANY LONG] BE CONCEIV$ AS ! 0HEGEMONIC HI/ORICAL AG5T0 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM1 GIV5 ! FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL & TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGES ?AT W]E TAK+ PLACE )9 GLOBAL CAPITALISM DUR+ ! SECOND HALF ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,HE WAS EQUALLY CRITICAL ( ! ,M>XI/ EMPHASIS ON ! ,/ATE1 :E!R ?IS IMPLI$ ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATIC ,/ATE OR ,BOL%EVIK /RATEGIES ( /ATE CONTROL DUR+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 7#b#g3 #h#h-#h#i2 #b#a#e3 #a#e#e-#a#f74 

,BOOK*9 WAS ALSO CRITICAL ( REVOLUTION>Y ZEAL1 ) ITS /RATEGIC FOCUS ON ! 9DU/RIAL WORK] & ! FACTORY SY/EM4 ,:ILE ACKN[L$G+ !IR LIB]T>IAN BIAS1 ,BOOK*9 REJECTS ! 0WORK]I/0 7\VRI]I/7 EMPHASIS ( ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S1 & LAM5TS !IR LACK ( A COH]5T !ORY-- ESPECIALLY EVID5T 9 ! SUMM] ( #aicf DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 7#b#g3 #i#c74 

,IT HAS BE5 SUGGE/$ BY MANY S*OL>S ?AT ,BOOK*9 IGNOR$ ! IMPORTANCE ( CLASS1 & ?AT ! CONCEPT ( LABOR VIRTUALLY DISAPPE>S FROM HIS SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 EV5 ?\< ! WORKPLACE /ILL REMA9S A CRITICAL SITE ( CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION4 ,BUT ,BOOK*9 NEV] REPUDIAT$ ! CONCEPT ( CLASS1 NOR ! IMPORTANCE ( CLASS ANALYSIS4 ,AS A F]V5T ANTI-CAPITALI/1 HE ALWAYS ACKN[L$G$ ! CRUCIAL IMPORTANCE ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 A*IEV+ ANY =M ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 & CATEGORICALLY AFFIRM$ ! IMPORTANCE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE 7#a#i#i#i3 #b#f#d74 ,BUT GIV5 ! EMPHASIS ON ADVANC+ ! 0COMMUNALI/ PROJECT0 AS ! SOCIALISM ( ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY1 CLASS ISSUES NEV]!LESS SEEM TO BE SIDE-TRACK$ 9 HIS WRIT+S4 

,AS 9DICAT$ E>LI]1 ,BOOK*9'S POLEMICAL ESSAY ,SOCIAL ,AN>*ISM OR ,LIFE/YLE ,AN>*ISM 7#a#i#i#eC7 WAS ESS5TIALLY A DEF5SE ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 (F]+ A TR5*ANT CRITIQUE ( SEV]AL AN>*I/ T5D5CIES ?AT W]E PROM95T 9 ! #a#i#iS1 SPECIFICALLY SO-CALL$ ,NIETZS*EAN POETIC T]RORISM1 AN>*O-PRIMITIVISM1 & ,/IRN]ITE EGOISM4 ,LABEL+ !M TOGE!R AS 0LIFE-/YLE AN>*ISM10 :AT L9K$ !SE V>I\S T5D5CIES = ,BOOK*9 WAS !IR AFFIRMATION ( A RADICAL 9DIVIDUALISM ?AT GIVES ABSOLUTE PRIORITY TO ! UNFETT]$1 AUTONOM\S EGO 7,BOOK*9 #b#g3 #i#a2 #b#a#e3 #a#f-#f#a74 

,= ,BOOK*91 NONE ( !SE CURR5TS ( ?\<T--,M>XISM1 AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 & LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM-->TICULAT$ AN AU!NTIC POLITICAL !ORY ?AT WAS BAS$ ON DEMOCRATIC SELF-MANAGEM5T ( ! MUNICIPALITY4 

,UNLIKE ,NIETZS*EAN 0FREE SPIRITS0 & ,/IRN]ITE 9DIVIDUALI/S1 :O1 9 ELITI/ FA%ION1 RELY ON O!R MORTALS TO PROVIDE !M ) ! BASIC NECESSITIES ( LIFE1 ,BOOK*9 RECOGNIZES ?AT ?R\<\T HUMAN HI/ORY SOME =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION HAS ALWAYS BE5 EVID5T4 ,= HUMANS >E 9TR9SICALLY SOCIAL BE+S1 NOT AUTONOM\S POSSESSIVE EGOS4 ,SOME K9D ( ORGANIZATION HAS1 !RE=E1 ALWAYS BE5 ESS5TIAL NOT ONLY 9 T]MS ( HUMAN SURVIVAL1 BUT SPECIFICALLY 9 T]MS ( *ILD C>E 7K9%IP71 FOOD PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION1 %ELT]1 CLO?+1 ! BASIC NECESSITIES ( SOCIAL LIFE 7! SOCIAL ECONOMY71 & ! MANAGEM5T ( HUMAN AFFAIRS AS !Y RELATE TO COMMUNITY DECISIONS & ! RESOLUTION ( CONFLICTS 7POLITICS74 ,BOOK*91 !RE=E1 WAS ALWAYS KE5 TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 ORD9>Y SOCIAL LIFE--FOCUS$ >\ND FAMILY LIFE & K9%IP1 AFF9ITY GR\PS1 V>I\S CULTURAL ASSOCIATIONS1 & PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES--& ! POLITICAL LIFE ( A COMMUNITY1 FOCUS$ >\ND LOCAL ASSEMBLIES4 

,BOOK*9 EQUALLY 9SI/$ ON DI/+UI%+ BETWE5 POLITICS1 :I* HE DEF9$ AS A !ORY RELAT+ TO ! PUBLIC REALM & ?OSE SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS BY :I* PEOPLE DEMOCRATICALLY MANAGE !IR COMMUNITY AFFAIRS1 & :AT HE CALL$ 0/ATECRAFT40 ,! LATT] FOCUSES ON ! ,/ATE AS A =M ( GOV]NM5T ?AT ALSO S]VES AS AN 9/RUM5T = CLASS EXPLOITATION1 OPPRESSION1 & CONTROL4 

,?US ,BOOK*9 CAME TO EMPHASIZE ! NE$ TO E/ABLI% POPUL> DEMOCRATIC ASSEMBLIES BAS$ ON ! MUNICIPALITY1 ON NEI<BORHOODS1 T[NS1 OR VILLAGES4 ,SU* LOCAL ASSEMBLIES RELY ON FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY TO MAKE POLICY DECISIONS RELAT+ TO ! MANAGEM5T ( COMMUNITY AFFAIRS4 ,HE >GU$ CONSI/5TLY ?AT SU* DECISIONS %\LD BE MADE BY MAJORITY VOTE1 AL?\< ,BOOK*9 DOES NOT ADVOCATE MAJORITY RULE1 & EMPHASIZ$ ?AT A FREE SOCIETY C\LD ONLY BE ONE ?AT FO/]S ! FULLE/ DEGREE ( DISS5T & LIB]TY4 ,MUNICIPALITIES W\LD BE L9K$ ?R\< A CONF$]ATE POLITICAL SY/EM4 ,HE W>N$1 H[EV]1 ( ! DANG]S ( ! ASSEMBLY BECOM+ AN 09CIPI5T /ATE0 7,BOOK*9 #a#i#g#a3 #a#f#h2 #b#g3 #a#a-#a#a74 

,BOOK*9 SUMM$ UP HIS [N CONCEPTION ( AN>*I/ POLITICS 9 T]MS ( F\R BASIC T5ETS3 7#a7 A CONF$]ATION ( DEC5TRALIZ$ MUNICIPALITIES2 7#b7 AN UNWAV]+ OPPOSITION TO ,/ATISM2 7#c7 A BELIEF 9 DIRECT DEMOCRACY2 & 7#d7 A VISION ( A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ SOCIETY 7#a#i#i#eC3 #f2 SEE ALSO ,BIEHL #aiih & ,EIGLAD #b#a#d74 

,( C\RSE1 ,BOOK*9 DID NOT PROVIDE US ) ALL ! ANSW]S TO \R CURR5T PROBLEMS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 HE LEFT US ) MANY UNRESOLV$ ISSUES4 ,EXACTLY :AT K9D ( TE*NOLOGY DO WE NE$ TO SU/A9 OR DEVELOP8 ,:AT EXACTLY IS 9VOLV$ 9 DEC5TRALIZ+ ! URBAN L&SCAPE8 ,& :AT PRECISELY IS ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 COMMUNITY POLITICS & CLASS /RUGGLE FOCUS$ ON ! WORKPLACE8 ,!SE >E ALL UNRESOLV$ ISSUES = CONTEMPOR>Y RADICALS4 

,BUT1 ALONGSIDE HIS FOCUS ON NATURE1 :AT IS TRULY SIGNIFICANT AB\T ,BOOK*9 IS HIS CRITIQUE ( URBANIZATION1 ESPECIALLY GIV5 ! FACT ?AT R\<LY HALF ( ! HUMAN POPULATION N[ LIVE 9 CITIES4 ,HE HAD A VISION ( GRE5+ & DEC5TRALIZ+ ! CITY &1 BY E/ABLI%+ TRULY DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS TO MANAGE ! MUNICIPALITY1 RE/OR+ PEOPLE'S 0RI<T TO ! CITY40 

,REF]5CES 

,ANGUS1 ,I4 #b#a#f4 ,FAC+ ! ,AN?ROPOC5E4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,MON?LY ,REVIEW ,PRESS4 

,B]RY1 ,T4 #a#i#h#h4 ,! ,DREAM ( ! ,E>?4 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO3 ,SI]RA ,BOOK ,CLUB4 

,BIEHL1 ,J4 #a#i#i#h4 ,! ,POLITICS ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY3 ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM4 ,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS4 

,BIEHL1 ,J4 #b#a#e4 ,ECOLOGY OR ,CATA/ROPHE3 ,! ,LIFE ( ,MURRAY ,BOOK*94 ,OX=D3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,BLACK1 ,B4 #a#i#i#g4 ,AN>*Y ,AFT] ,LEFTISM4 ,COLUMBIA1 ,MO3 ,CAL ,PRESS4 

,BOOK*91 ,M4 #a#i#g#a4 ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM4 ,LONDON3 WILDWOOD ,H\SE4 ,BOOK*91 ,M4 #a#i#h4 ,T[>D AN ,ECOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY4 ,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS4 ,BOOK*91 ,M4 #a#i#h#b4 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM4 ,MONTREAL',BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS4 ,BOOK*91 ,M4 #a#i#h#f4 ,! ,MOD]N ,CRISIS4 ,PHILADELPHIA3 ,NEW ,SOCIETY ,PUBLI%]S4 ,BOOK*91 ,M4 #a#i#h#g4 ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY V]SUS ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY4 ,! ,RAV53 #a_/#c1 PP4#b#a#i-#b#e4 

,BOOK*91 ,M4 #a#i#h#i4 ,REMAK+ ,SOCIETY4 ,BO/ON1 ,MA3 ,S\!ND ,PRESS4 

,BOOK*91 ,M4 #aiib 7#a#i#h#g74 ,URBANIZATION ,)\T ,CITIES3 ,! ,RISE & ,DECL9E ( ,CITIZ5%IP4 ,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS4 

,BOOK*91 ,M4 #a#i#i#eA4 ,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY3 ,ESSAYS 9 ,DIALECTICAL ,NATURALISM4 ,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS4 

,BOOK*91 ,M4 #a#i#i#eB4 ,RE-,5*ANT+ ,HUMANITY4 ,LONDON3 ,CASSELL4 

,BOOK*91 ,M4 #a#i#i#eC4 ,SOCIAL ,AN>*ISM OR ,LIFE/YLE ,AN>*ISM3 ,AN ,UNBRIDGEABLE ,*ASM4 ,$9BUR<3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

,BOOK*91 ,M4 #a#i#i#i4 ,AN>*ISM1 ,M>XISM & ! ,FUTURE ( ! ,LEFT4 ,$9BUR<3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

,BOOK*91 ,M4 #b#g4 ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY & ,COMMUNALISM4 ,EIGLAD1 ,E4 $41 ,$9BUR<3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

,BOOK*91 ,M4 #b#a#e4 ,! ,NEXT ,REVOLUTION4 $4 ,D4 ,BOOK*9 & ,B4 ,TAYLOR ,LONDON3 ,V]SO4 

,BRAIDOTTI1 ,R4 #b#a#c4 ,! ,PO/HUMAN4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,POLITY ,PRESS4 

,CAHILL1 ,T4 #b#f4 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 7#a#i#b#a-#b#f74 ,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES1 #a#d7#b71 PP4#a#f#c-#f#f4 

,C>SON1 ,R4 #a#i#f#b4 ,SIL5T ,SPR+4 ,BO/ON3 ,H\<TON ,MUTTL94 

,*ASE1 ,S4 $4 #a#i#i#a4 ,DEF5D+ ! ,E>?4 ,BO/ON ,MA43 ,S\!ND ,PRESS4 

,CL>K1 ,J4,P4 #b#a#c4 ,! ,IMPOSSIBLE ,COMMUNITY3 ,REALIZ+ ,COMMUNIT>IAN ,AN>*ISM4 ,LONDON3 ,BLOOMSBURY4 

,COMMON]1 ,B4 #a#i#g#b4 ,! ,CLOS+ ,CIRCLE4 ,LONDON3 ,CAPE4 

,CRUTZ51 ,P4 #b#b4 ,GEOLOGY ( ,MANK9D4 ,NATURE1 #d#a#e7#c73 P4#b#c4 

,CURREY1 ,P4 #b#a#a4 ,ECOLOGICAL ,E?ICS3 ,AN ,9TRODUCTION4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,POLITY ,PRESS4 ,DAWK9S1 ,R4 #a#i#g#f4 ,! ,SELFI% ,G5E4 ,OX=D3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,DEVALL1 ,B4 #a#i#h#e4 ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY4 & ,C4 ,SESSIONS ,SALT ,LAKE ,CITY3 ,P]EGR9E ,PRESS4 

,DUBOS1 ,R4 #a#i#f#h4 ,SO ,HUMAN AN ,ANIMAL4 ,LONDON3 ,SPH]E ,BOOKS4 

,EIGLAD1 ,E4 #b#a#d4 ,COMMUNALISM AS ,ALT]NATIVE4 ,PORSGRUNN3 ,NEW ,COMPASS ,PRESS4 ,ELK9S1 ,P4 #a#i#i#b4 ,! ,NEW ,WORLD ,ORD]4 ,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,5GELS1 ,F4 #a#i#d4 ,! ,DIALECTICS ( ,NATURE4 ,LONDON3 ,LAWR5CE & ,WI%>T4 ,FO/]1 ,J4,B4 #b4 ,M>X'S ,ECOLOGY3 ,MAT]IALISM & ,NATURE4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,MON?LY ,REVIEW ,PRESS4 

,FROMM1 ,E4 #a#i#d#i4 ,MAN = ,HIMSELF4 ,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE & ,KEGAN ,PAUL4 ,GOODW91 ,B4 #a#i#i#d4 ,H[ ! ,LEOP>D ,*ANG$ ITS ,SPOTS4 ,LONDON3 ,ORION ,BOOKS4 ,GORE1 ,A4 #b#i4 ,\R ,*OICE3 ,A ,PLAN TO ,SOLVE ! ,ULTIMATE ,CRISIS4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,MEL*] ,M$IA4 

,KOVEL1 ,J4 #b#b4 ,! ,5EMY ( ,NATURE4 ,LONDON3 ,Z$ ,BOOKS4 

,KROPOTK91 ,P4 #a#i#b4 ,MUTUAL ,AID4 ,LONDON3 ,HE9EMANN4 

,LAMONT1 ,C4 #a#i#d#i4 ,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,HUMANISM4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,LIBR>Y4 

,LAT\R1 ,B4 #b#a#g4 ,FAC+ ,GAIA4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,POLITY ,PRESS4 

,LEHN+1 ,A4 $4 #a#i#g#c4 ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN93 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S4 ,LONDON3 ,CAPE4 

,LEWIS1 ,J4 #a#i#f#b4 ,HI/ORY ( ,PHILOSOPHY4 ,LONDON3 ,5GLI% ,UNIV]SITIES ,PRESS4 ,MANES1 ,C4 #a#i#i4 ,GRE5 ,RAGE4 ,BO/ON3 ,LITTLE ,BR[N4 

,M>GULIS1 ,P4 #a#i#h#a4 ,SYMBIOSIS 9 ,CELL ,EVOLUTION4 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO3 ,C & ,H ,FREEMAN4 

,M>%ALL1 ,P4 #a#i#i#b4 ,DEM&+ ! ,IMPOSSIBLE4 ,LONDON3 ,H>P] ,COLL9S4 

,MC,KAY1 ,I4 #b#g4 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 7#a#i#b#a-#b#f74 ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ ,REVIEW1 
#d#f1 P4#c#i4 

,MONBIOT1 ,G4 #b#f4 ,HEAT3 ,H[ TO ,/OP ! ,PLANET ,BURN+4 ,LONDON3 ,ALL5 ,LANE4 ,MORRIS1 ,B4 #a#i#i#f4 ,ECOLOGY & ,AN>*ISM4 ,MALV]N ,WELLS3 ,IMAGES4 

,MORRIS1 ,B4 #b#d4 ,KROPOTK93 ,! ,POLITICS ( ,COMMUNITY4 ,AMH]/ ,N,Y3 ,HUMANITY ,PRESS4 

,MORRIS1 ,B4 #b#a#b4 ,PIONE]S ( ,ECOLOGICAL ,HUMANISM4 ,BRI<TON3 ,BOOK ,GUILD4 ,MORRIS1 ,B4 #b#a#dA4 ,AN?ROPOLOGY & ! ,HUMAN ,SUBJECT4 ,BLOOM+TON3 ,TRAF=D4 ,MORRIS1 ,B4 #b#a#dB4 ,AN?ROPOLOGY & ,AN>*ISM3 ,A ,READ]4 ,OAKL&1 ,CA3 ,P,M ,PRESS4 

,MUM=D1 ,L4 #a#i#e#b4 ,! ,CONDUCT ( ,LIFE4 ,LONDON3 ,SECK] & ,W>B]G4 

,NAESS1 ,A4 #a#i#h#i4 ,ECOLOGY1 ,COMMUNITY & ,LIFE/YLE4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,NASR1 ,S4,H4 #a#i#i#f4 ,RELIGION & ! ,ORD] ( ,NATURE4 ,OX=D3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,PRICE1 ,A4 #b#a#b4 ,RECOV]+ ,BOOK*94 ,PORSGRUNN3 NEW ,COMPASS ,PRESS4 

,RADKAU1 ,J4 #b#a#d4 ,! ,AGE ( ,ECOLOGY3 ,A ,<BAL ,HI/ORY4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,POLITY ,PRESS4 

,ROS]1 ,M4 #b#a#i4 ,W> & ,PEACE4 ,\R,WOR,ELN,DATA4ORG4 .<,ONL9E.>4 .<,ACCESS$ #i ,JUNE #b#a#h.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTPS3_/_/\RWORLD9DATA4ORG_/W>-&-PEACE ,R\SSOP\LOS1 ,D4 #b#a#e4 ,POLITICAL ,ECOLOGY3 ,BEYOND ,5VIRONM5TALISM4 ,PORSGRUNN3 ,NEW ,COMPASS ,PRESS4 

,SCRUTON1 ,R4 #b#a#b4 ,GRE5 ,PHILOSOPHY4 ,LONDON3 ,ATLANTA4 

,SE>S1 ,P4 #a#i#f#d4 ,ECOLOGY3 ,A ,SUBV]SIVE ,SCI5CE4 ,BIOSCI5CES1 #a#d3 PP4#a#a-#a#c4 ,/>HAWK #a#i#g#i4 ,! ,SPIRAL ,DANCE4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>P] ,COLL9S4 

,TUDGE1 ,C4 #b#a#e4 ,SIX ,/EPS ,BACK TO ! ,L&4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,GRE5 ,BOOKS4 ,WATSON1 ,D4 #a#i#i#f4 ,BEYOND ,BOOK*94 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,AUTOM$IA4 

,WATSON1 ,D4 #a#i#i#i4 ,AGA9/ ! ,MEGAMA*9E4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,AUTOM$IA4 

,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY3 ,A ,PHILOSOPHY = ! ,FUTURE 

,DAN ,*ODORK(F 

,!ORY & ,PRACTICE 

,I AM GO+ TO TRY TO (F] SOME ?\<TS ON H[ WE MI<T MOVE =W>D FROM H]E4 ,I ?9K ?IS IS AN IMPORTANT DISCUSSION4 ,I WILL REF] TO FAMILI> !MES ?AT WE HAVE RAIS$ ?IS WEEK5D4 ,OV]ALL1 ,I BELIEVE ! CONNECTION BETWE5 !ORY & PRACTICE HAS BE5 AN ESS5TIAL P>T ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY & C]TA9LY ( ,BOOK*9'S ?\<T4 ,AL?\< HE WAS A S*OL> & DID 9CR$IBLE RESE>* & PRODUC$ V]Y IMPORTANT WORKS1 HE WAS AT HE>T AN ACTIVI/4 ,= ,BOOK*91 ! REAL S\L ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS PRAXIS--AN ONGO+ PROCESS ( PUTT+ \R IDEAS 9TO PRACTICE1 ANALYZ+ \R EXP]I5CE ( PUTT+ !M 9TO PRACTICE1 REVIS+ \R IDEAS 9 RELATION TO ?AT ANALYSIS1 & TAK+ ?OSE REVIS$ IDEAS & APPLY+ !M AGA9 9 ! REAL WORLD4 ,?AT IS AN OV]ALL FRAMEWORK ?AT WE %\LD KEEP 9 M9D4 ,IT IS V]Y EASY1 GIV5 ! S5SE ( URG5CY ?AT ,I AM SURE WE ALL %>E1 CONSID]+ ! TIME ( CRISIS WE >E EXP]I5C+1 TO BELIEVE ?AT IT IS TIME TO ACT4 ,& IT IS TIME TO ACT1 C]TA9LY1 BUT ! ACTION ?AT WE TAKE HAS TO BE 9=M$1 ?\<TFUL1 CONSID]$1 & ,I BELIEVE %\LD BE TAK5 )9 A FRAMEWORK ( IDEAS ?AT >E DEVELOP$ & CONSEQU5TLY EXAM9$ & REEXAM9$4 ,:AT ,I AM GO+ TO TRY TO DO TODAY IS LAY \T SOME BROAD IDEAS ?AT ,I ?9K WILL HELP US MOV+ =W>D & 5ABLE US TO DEVELOP EFFECTIVE PRAXIS4 

,I WI% ,I C\LD (F] A PRESCRIPTION OR A MA!MATICAL =MULA OR MANTRA ?AT WE CAN ALL *ANT ?AT WILL GET US TO :]E WE NE$ TO GO1 BUT ,I CANNOT4 ,I WILL (F] SOME CONCEPTS & IDEAS BUT ,I ?9K EA* ( US 9 \R [N P>TICUL> COMMUNITY >E GO+ TO HAVE TO DET]M9E H[ !SE IDEAS >E APPLI$ 9 ! WORLD BECAUSE ! CONDITIONS 9 \R COMMUNITIES DIFF]4 ,CULTURAL TRADITIONS & HI/ORIES1 ! ECOLOGICAL >EAS 9 :I* WE LIVE1 & ! P>TICUL> ISSUES ?AT WE >E FAC+ V>Y4 ,C]TA9LY1 !RE IS AN URG5CY H]E 9 ,GREECE1 ?AT MAY NOT BE FELT 9 O!R P>TS ( ,EUROPE OR ! ,U,S2 ! ECONOMIC CRISIS IS A P>TICUL> CONC]N H]E4 ,BUT !RE IS A CRISIS ?AT IS UNIV]SAL--! CLIMATE CRISIS & IT IS UNPREC$5T$4 ,! ?REAT IS EVID5T TO US ALL4 ,IT HAS TRANSC5D$ ISSUES ( LOCAL POLLUTION OR DEVELOPM5T & HAS TAK5 ON A TRULY GLOBAL NATURE1 SOME?+ ?AT ,BOOK*9 WAS AW>E ( 9 ! #a#i#fS BUT MO/ PEOPLE *OSE TO IGNORE1 & C]TA9 SEGM5TS ( SOCIETY >E /ILL *OOS+ TO IGNORE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 WE >E N[ SEE+ A RESURG5CE ( FASCISM1 :I* ,I P]SONALLY F9D T]RIFY+1 & !RE IS NO QUE/ION ?AT WE MAY NOT 9 ! FUTURE HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY TO ACT4 ,SO N[ IS ! TIME = ACTION BUT1 ONCE AGA91 LET US MAKE SURE ?AT \R ACTIONS >E ACTUALLY 9=M$ BY IDEAS4 

,! ,ROLE ( ,$UCATION 

,I (F] A QUOTE FROM ,MURRAY ,BOOK*93 0,EV]Y REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT IS AN $UCATIONAL PROJECT40 ,I BELIEVE ?IS IS A CRUCIAL 9SI<T4 ,WE NE$ TO $UCATE \RSELVES NO MATT] :O WE >E1 NO MATT] H[ WIDELY WE HAVE READ4 ,!RE IS AN AWFUL LOT ?AT WE NE$ TO LE>N & ?9K ?R\<4 ,& ,I WANT TO EMPHASIZE ?AT $UCATION HAPP5S ON MANY DIFF]5T LEVELS & 9 MANY WAYS4 ,I AM NOT SIMPLY TALK+ AB\T $UCATION 9 A CLASSROOM OR $UCATION ?R\< CONF]5CES SU* AS ?IS1 AS IMPORTANT AS ?AT K9D ( LE>N+ IS4 ,BUT $UCATION ALSO OCCURS BY ACT+ ON IDEAS4 ,$UCATION OCCURS :5 Y\ LE>N H[ TO ACT ) O!RS 9 A DEMOCRATIC FA%ION1 :5 Y\ BEG9 TO RE%APE Y\R UND]/&+ & RELATION%IPS BETWE5 Y\RSELF & O!RS & ! 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* Y\ LIVE4 ,$UCATION OCCURS :5 Y\ ORGANIZE A COOP]ATIVE1 :5 Y\ ORGANIZE A DEMON/RATION4 ,WE HAVE TO ACKN[L$GE ?IS & WE ACCEPT TOO ?AT PEOPLE LE>N 9 DIFF]5T WAYS1 ?AT SOME PEOPLE WILL BE REA*$ BY AN ACADEMIC TREATISE1 SOME WILL BE T\*$ BY A POLEMIC1 O!RS MAY BE REA*$ BY A NOVEL OR A SONG OR A WORK ( >T2 !SE ALL NE$ TO BE 9CORPORAT$ 9TO \R $UCATIONAL PROCESS4 ,WE HAVE TO BE HOLI/IC & MULTI-DIM5SIONAL 9 ! WAY ?AT WE APPROA* ! ISSUE ( $UCATION4 ,& P]HAPS WE MU/ AB&ON \R PRECONCEPTIONS AB\T :AT CON/ITUTES $UCATION4 ,WE HAVE A ROLE TO $UCATE \RSELVES & !N $UCATE O!RS1 TO TAKE !SE IDEAS \T 9TO ! WORLD1 TO NOT BE CAUTI\S AB\T PROPOS+ :AT WE BELIEVE1 & BE ABLE TO DO SO 9 A COH]5T & CONV9C+ FA%ION SO AS TO ALL[ O!RS TO 5T] 9TO ?IS NEW WORLD ?AT WE >E BEG9N+ TO CONCEPTUALIZE & ACTUALIZE4 ,I ?9K ?IS IS A REALLY CRITICAL MOM5T & AN $UCATIONAL PROCESS HAS TO PROGRESS4 

,I SAY ?IS BECAUSE :AT ,I 5VISION 9 ORD] TO BR+ AB\T ! K9DS ( *ANGE ,I ?9K >E NECESS>Y IS A PROCESS :I* IS ANALOG\S TO ! ,5LI<T5M5T4 ,WE NE$ A NEW ,5LI<T5M5T1 NOT NECESS>ILY 9 T]MS ( ! CONT5T BUT 9 T]MS ( ! PROCESS4 ,WE HAVE TO REMEMB] ?AT ! ,5LI<T5M5T BEGAN ) JU/ A T9Y H&FUL ( RADICAL ?9K]S :O *ALL5G$ ALL ! BELIEFS ( !IR DAY--! IDEA ?AT A K+ HAD DIV9E RI<TS1 ! IDEA ?AT ! MASSES W]E 9CAPABLE ( LE>N+ OR 9CAPABLE ( GOV]N+ !MSELVES4 ,ALL ( ?IS FLEW 9 ! FACE ( HI/ORY & TRADITION4 ,& IT TOOK AB\T #a YE>S = ?OSE IDEAS TO P]COLATE ?R\<\T ! POPULATION4 ,BE> 9 M9D ?AT LEVELS ( LIT]ACY W]E MU* L[] ?AN WE HAVE TODAY1 NO RADIO1 SOCIAL M$IA1 NO ,T,V1 SO !SE IDEAS W]E POPUL>IZ$ BY ?OSE :O READ4 ,PEOPLE PASS$ BOOKS & PAMPHLETS H&-TO-H& & DISCUSS$ IDEAS OV] KIT*5 TABLES & 9 TAV]NS4 ,! PROCESS TOOK #a YE>S BUT !SE IDEAS DID SPREAD & RESULT$ 9 ! DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTIONS :I* SET ! /AGE = TODAY4 ,SO IT IS AN ANALOG\S PROCESS1 EXCEPT WE DON'T HAVE #a YE>S BECAUSE \R CRISIS IS 9 FACT SO DIRE & COMPELL+ ?AT WE NE$ TO ACT N[1 WE NE$ TO ACT SOON4 ,BUT IT WILL NOT TAKE #a YE>S BECAUSE 9 FACT !SE IDEAS1 ! IDEAS ?AT WE'VE BE5 DISCUSS+ ?IS WEEK5D1 >E 
ALREADY %>$ BY MILLIONS ( PEOPLE >\ND ! WORLD & IT IS IMPORTANT = US TO KEEP ?AT 9 M9D1 TO NOT FEEL ISOLAT$1 TO NOT FEEL M>G9ALIZ$1 BECAUSE 9 FACT !SE IDEAS >E AT ! C5T] ( ! K9D ( *ANGE ?AT HAS TO OCCUR IF WE >E GO+ TO CREATE A NEW WORLD4 ,I CONT5D ?AT ! NOTION ( $UCATION1 BO? SELF-$UCATION & ! $UCATION ( O!RS1 IS CRITICAL4 ,IT IS NOT GO+ TO TAKE #a YE>S2 WE >E ALREADY P>TWAY !RE4 ,WE NE$ TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( \R ACCESS TO TE*NOLOGY & \R LIT]ACY4 ,WE NE$ TO $UCATE US+ ALL ( !SE M$IA & MEANS1 RE-CONCEPTUALIZE $UCATION AS SOME?+ ?AT OCCURS NOT ONLY 9 =MAL SETT+S LIKE ?IS1 BUT ALSO 9 9=MAL SETT+S4 

,UTOPIAN ,?9K+ 

,! SECOND IDEA ?AT ,I WANT TO EMPHASIZE IS ?AT ,I US$ ! T]M 0REVOLUTION0 E>LI]4 ,I AM SURPRIS$ ?AT ,I HAVE NOT HE>D ?AT WORD US$ MU* H]E ?IS WEEK5D4 ,! K9D ( *ANGE ?AT WE >E SEEK+ REALLY IS REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE4 ,I AM NOT TALK+ AB\T ! CLASSIC NOTION ( REVOLUTION-- 9SURRECTION1 GO+ TO ! B>RICADES ) GUNS--AL?\< !RE MAY BE SETT+S 9 :I* ?AT IS NECESS>Y & APPROPRIATE TO DEF5D !SE IDEAS4 ,RA!R1 ,I AM TALK+ AB\T A REVOLUTION :I* TRANS=MS ! UND]LY+ /RUCTURES ( \R SOCIETY1 ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL /RUCTURES ?AT GOV]N \R LIVES4 ,9 ORD] = US TO A*IEVE ?AT1 WE NE$ TO DEVELOP NOT JU/ REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS1 BUT A REVOLUTION>Y S5SIBILITY4 ,! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ ,]RICO ,MALATE/A SAID1 0,EV]Y?+ DEP5DS ON :AT PEOPLE >E CAPABLE ( WANT+40 ,I HAVE TO AGREE ) ?IS4 ,IF WE CANNOT DEVELOP ! IMAG9ATION TO CONCEPTUALIZE A QUALITATIVELY DIFF]5T WORLD1 WE >E DOOM$4 ,! SITUATION WE >E 9 IS TAK+ US D[N ! PA? ( DE/RUCTION4 ,BOOK*9 US$ TO WE> A BUTTON ) A QUOTE FROM ,BAKUN93 0,I WILL CONT9UE TO BE AN IMPOSSIBLE P]SON AS LONG AS ?OSE :O >E N[ POSSIBLE REMA9 POSSIBLE40 ,I ?9K ?AT IS WOR? ?9K+ AB\T4 ,WE NE$ ?IS NEW S5SIBILITY TO RECONCEPTUALIZE \R RELATION%IPS ) EA* O!R & \R RELATION%IP ) ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,& ?IS IS NOT A SIMPLE TASK4 ,IT IS NOT SIMPLY AN 9TELLECTUAL EX]CISE4 ,WE NE$ TO 9CORPORATE ?IS NEW UND]/&+ & ?IS NEW S5SE ( SELF & RELATION%IP TO O!RS 9TO \R V]Y BE+4 ,WE NE$ TO TRANS=M \RSELVES1 & ?IS IS A PROCESS ?AT WILL ONLY OCCUR ?R\< PRACTICE4 ,9 ! CRUCIBLE ( ?\<T & ACTION WE CAN BEG9 TO SEE ! \TL9ES ( ! NEW WORLD ?AT WE WANT TO CREATE4 ,I W\LD ALSO SUGGE/ ?AT ?IS NEW S5SIBILITY NE$S TO /EM FROM A UTOPIAN P]SPECTIVE4 ,ONE ( ! PROBLEMS ,I SEE FAC+ MOVEM5TS TODAY IS ! LACK ( A TRULY REVOLUTION>Y IMAG9>Y4 ,C]TA9LY1 WE >E FAC+ PRESS+ ISSUES 9 ! H]E & N[ :I* REQUIRE \R ATT5TION 7E4G4 9 ! ,U,S1 ! ,BLACK ,LIVES ,MATT] IMPULSE74 ,IT IS CRUCIAL1 BECAUSE BLACK PEOPLE1 P>TICUL>LY Y\NG M51 >E KILL$ BY ! POLICE ON A REGUL> BASIS4 ,CIVIL RI<TS HAVE BE5 D5I$ TO A :OLE SEGM5T ( ! POPULATION :O >E SUBJECT$ TO ALL K9DS ( DEGRADATION & !IR /RUGGLE IS CRUCIAL4 ,IT IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y & IT IS NOT SUFFICI5T4 

,WE CANNOT SIMPLY /OP AT CIVIL RI<TS--! CORE CONC]N = ,BLACK ,LIVES ,MATT]1 = PEOPLE 9 ! BLACK COMMUNITY1 OR 9 ANY O!R COMMUNITY4 ,?AT /RUGGLE NE$S TO BE 9CORPORAT$ 9TO A L>G] TRANS=MATIVE /RUGGLE ?AT RECOGNIZES ! NE$ TO TRANS=M UND]LY+ /RUCTURES4 ,I KN[ ?AT 9T]SECTIONALITY IS A V]Y POPUL> CONCEPT TODAY4 ,WE HAVE US$ ! T]M A 0HOLI/IC0 MOVEM5T OR A 0REVOLUTION>Y0 MOVEM5T1 BUT WE DID NOT REALLY TALK AB\T 9T]SECTIONALITY BACK 9 ! #a#i#fS1 #a#i#gS1 & #a#i#hS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ,I BELIEVE WE CAN RECOGNIZE ?AT ALL ( ! ISSUES ?AT PEOPLE >E DEAL+ )1 BE !Y ,BLACK ,LIVES ,MATT] OR /OPP+ PIPEL9ES1 OR /OPP+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( A GOLD M9E H]E 9 ,GREECE1 >E REALLY ONE /RUGGLE4 ,!Y >E /RUGGLES AGA9/ ! DOM9ANT CULTURE :I* HAS NO RESPECT = HUMAN LIFE1 :I* PUTS PR(ITS BE=E PEOPLE1 & IS RESPONSIBLE = ! K9D ( RAPACI\S TREATM5T ( ! E>? :I* WILL ULTIMATELY LEAD TO ! DECL9E ( ! HUMAN SPECIES & \R ABILITY TO 9HABIT ?IS PLANET4 ,BOOK*9 ?\<T AB\T ?IS BACK 9 ! #a#i#fS1 WROTE AB\T GLOBAL W>M+ 9 #aifd & WAS RIDICUL$1 & AT ?AT PO9T HE SAID MAYBE 9 #b YE>S WE WILL BEG9 TO SEE ! GRE5H\SE EFFECT TAKE %APE & 9FLU5CE \R 5VIRONM5T4 ,HE WAS PRESCI5T 9 UND]/&+ ?IS ISSUE1 AS 9 SO MANY O!RS4 

,WE NE$ TO BE UTOPIAN & ?9K BEYOND ! GIV5 & UND]/& ?AT !RE >E1 )9 \R CURR5T SITUATION1 POT5TIALITIES ?AT CAN BE ACTUALIZ$ ?AT WILL TAKE US TO A QUALITATIVELY DIFF]5T PLACE4 ,SO :5 ,I USE ! T]M 0UTOPIAN10 ,I MEAN IT 9 ! POSITIVE S5SE4 ,I DO NOT ?9K ,I HAVE TO LECTURE ! ,GREEKS H]E AB\T ! ROOTS ( ! WORD 0UTOPIA0 BUT IT WAS CO9$ 9 #aeae BY ,SIR ,?OMAS ,MORE & HE 9DICAT$ IT HAD TWO ROOTS1 BO? FROM ANCI5T ,GREEK4 ,ONE WAS ! WORD 8888888 7COMPRIS$ ( 88 7\1 0NO07 "4 88888 77TOPOS1 0PLACE1 REGION071 & ! O!R WORD WAS 0U-TOPIA10 :I* MEANS ! GOOD PLACE4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS SECOND S5SE ?AT ,I USE ! T]M4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 UTOPIAN ?9K+ HAS L>GELY FALL5 BY ! WAYSIDE4 ,WE >E DISMISSIVELY TOLD1 0,OH1 ?AT'S UTOPIAN10 OR AS A PEJORATIVE2 0?AT'S CL\D CUCKOO-L&2 IT'S UNA*IEVABLE2 IT CAN NEV] HAPP540 ,BUT FROM \R UND]/&+ ( AN?ROPOLOGY & HI/ORY WE KN[ ?AT1 9 FACT1 :AT IS DEF9$ = US AS A V]Y N>R[ HUMAN NATURE--GRE$Y1 COMPETITIVE1 VIOL5T1 & ACQUISITIVE-- SEEMS TO DEF9E HUMANITY 9 A WAY ?AT FITS BEAUTIFULLY AS ! RATIONALE = CAPITALISM4 ,WE KN[ ?AT PREVI\S CULTURES EXI/$ 9 V]Y DIFF]5T WAYS ) QUALITATIVELY DIFF]5T RELATION%IPS ) EA* O!R & ) ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,NOT ?AT WE CAN RETURN TO !SE CULTURES1 BUT RA!R !Y REPRES5T C]TA9 PR9CIPLES ?AT >E P>T ( \R LEGACY AS HUMAN BE+S4 ,RA!R ?AN TALK+ AB\T A N>R[LY DEF9$ HUMAN NATURE1 AN?ROPOLOGI/S DISCUSS A CONT9UUM ( HUMAN POSSIBILITIES4 ,AMONG !SE POSSIBILITIES1 & WE KN[ !Y EXI/ BECAUSE !Y HAVE BE5 ACTUALIZ$ 9 O!R CULTURES1 >E ! ABILITY TO FUNCTION ?R\< MUTUAL AID1 TO LIVE & CREATE AN ECONOMIC 
SY/EM ?AT DOES NOT DEP5D ON ! M>KET1 TO MAKE DECISIONS 9 NON-HI]>*ICAL WAYS1 TO LIVE AN EGALIT>IAN LIFE1 & TO A*IEVE A DEGREE ( SELFRELIANCE 9 HUMANLY SCAL$ COMMUNITIES 9 :I* RELATION%IPS >E BAS$ ON FACE-TO-FACE TIES RA!R ?AN ! BUREAUCRATIZ$1 ATOMIZ$1 & ALI5AT$ =MS ( SOCIAL LIFE ?AT PR$OM9ATE TODAY4 ,9 %ORT1 ! RE-H>MONIZATION ( PEOPLE ) NATURE & PEOPLE ) PEOPLE4 

,I ?9K IT IS V]Y IMPORTANT ?AT WE BEG9 TO >TICULATE \R UTOPIAN VISION & ONCE AGA9 !RE IS NO UNIV]SAL H]E4 ,IT IS GO+ TO V>Y FROM COMMUNITY TO COMMUNITY1 TO GR[ \T ( \R [N CULTURES & EXP]I5CES1 BE LOCAT$ 9 A P>TICUL> 5VIRONM5T1 BUT NONE!LESS IT NE$S TO BE BAS$ ON A SET ( BROAD PR9CIPLES ON :I* WE F9D AGREEM5T4 ,WE BEGAN ! WEEK5D BY TALK+ AB\T ! IDEA ( RI<TS OR A CON/ITUTION OR A SET ( E?ICAL PR9CIPLES ON :I* WE CAN F9D BROAD AGREEM5T1 EV5 ULTIMATELY A GLOBAL AGREEM5T4 ,SU* PR9CIPLES WILL BE ACTUALIZ$ 9 DIFF]5T WAYS 9 DIFF]5T PLACES & ?IS IS H[ WE F9D ?AT ELUSIVE BALANCE BETWE5 ! UNIV]SAL & ! P>TICUL> ?AT WAS ONE ( ! !MES ?AT WE ADDRESS$ 9 \R FIR/ CONF]5CE4 

,! ,PR9CIPLES ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 

,N[ :]E DO WE F9D ?OSE PR9CIPLES8 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY HAS SOME CONCRETE SUGGE/IONS4 ,BRIAN ,MORRIS DID A M>VEL\S JOB DESCRIB+ ,BOOK*9'S CONCEPT ( DIALECTICAL NATURALISM & ,I ?9K DIALECTICAL NATURALISM GIVES US 9SI<T 9TO :AT ?OSE PR9CIPLES MI<T BE4 ,I W\LD LIKE TO LAY !M \T BRIEFLY H]E4 ,FIR/1 ,I W\LD EMPHASIZE ?AT !SE >E T5D5CIES 9 NATURE1 NOT IMMUTABLE NATURAL LAWS BUT POSSIBILITIES ?AT F9D EXPRESSION AT V>I\S TIMES 9 V>I\S PLACES & !Y >E CRUCIAL TO ! :OLE PROCESS ( EVOLUTION1 A MODEL :I* UN=TUNATELY HAS BE5 MIS9T]PRET$ & ABUS$4 ,WE KN[ ! CONCEPT ( NATURAL LAW WAS ONE ( ! AXIOMS ?AT ! SOCIAL ,D>W9I/S US$ TO CLASSIFY PEOPLE & CULTURES 9TO V>I\S LEVELS & HI]>*ICAL S*EMATA4 ,H]B]T ,SP5C] WROTE ( ! PRIMITIVE SAVAGE & ! CIVILIZ$1 A S*EMA :I* PROVID$ A M>VEL\S RATIONALE = COLONIALISM & MAT]IALISM1 BECAUSE1 ( C\RSE1 ! ,WE/ 0BR\<T CIVILIZATION0 TO !SE B5I<T$ SAVAGES1 ! 0PRIMITIVES0 :O C\LD B>ELY SPEAK1 ACCORD+ TO ! WE/]N VIEW1 :O W]E B>ELY HUMAN4 ,WE ALSO SAW ! ABUSE ( ! !ORY ( NATURAL LAW 9 ,NAZI ,G]MANY4 ,SO ,I WILL TALK AB\T C]TA9 T5D5CIES & PR9CIPLES ( NATURE4 ,UND5IABLY1 COMPETITION PLAYS A ROLE1 MUTATIONS OCCUR ?R\< A PROCESS ?AT SORTS \T W9N]S & LOS]S 9 T]MS ( SPECIES1 NOT 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT !RE >E O!R ASPECTS ( NATURAL EVOLUTION ?AT HAVE NOT BE5 EMPHASIZ$ BUT1 9 FACT1 HAVE BE5 L>GELY IGNOR$4 ,I W\LD ALSO ADD ?AT ,BOOK*9 TRI$ TO ELUCIDATE !SE PR9CIPLES BECAUSE HE BELIEV$ WE MU/ 9CORPORATE !M 9TO SOCIETY IF WE >E TO RE-H>MONIZE HUMANITY & NATURE1 :I* IS ULTIMATELY ! GOAL ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY--! 9TEGRATION ( FIR/ NATURE & SECOND NATURE1 :I* LEADS TO A 
?IRD NATURE4 ,SO IF WE >E GO+ TO DO ?AT WE HAVE TO UND]/& H[ !SE PR9CIPLES ?AT >E AT WORK 9 NATURAL EVOLUTION CAN BE TRANS=M$ & APPLI$ 9 SOCIETY4 

,FIR/ AMONG !M IS ! UND]/&+ ?AT 9 NATURE !RE IS NO HI]>*Y4 ,:5 WE TALK ( ! LION1 K+ ( BEA/S1 OR ! L[LY ANT1 WE >E AN?ROPOMORPHIZ+4 ,WE >E TAK+ \R P>TICUL> SOCIAL /RUCTURE & LOOK+ AT ! RE/ ( NATURE & SAY+ ?AT IS :AT IT IS4 ,BUT ?IS !SIS IS NOT CORRECT4 ,ECOLOGI/S KN[ ?AT2 !Y UND]/& ?AT 9 FACT !RE IS NOT A FOOD *A9 9 :I* ! BIG C>NIVORES SIT ON TOP1 BUT RA!R A FOOD WEB 9 :I* 9T]DEP5D5CY IS ! RULE4 ,! ANT1 ( :I* !RE >E #d OR SO SPECIES ON ! FLOOR ( ! RA9=E/1 PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE 9 DECOMPOS+ ! ORGANIC MATT]1 :I* !N FE$S ! PLANTS1 :I* FE$ ! H]BIVORES1 :I* FE$ ! C>NIVORES4 ,)\T ! C>NIVORES ! H]BIVORES W\LD DE/ROY ! PLANT MATT]4 ,! C>NIVORES HELP KEEP ?AT POPULATION 9 *ECK1 & )\T ! H]BIVORES ! C>NIVORES C\LD NOT EXI/1 & ! L[LY ANT PROVIDES ! NUTRITION ?AT ALL[S ALL ( ?OSE RELATION%IPS TO EXI/1 & ! MICRO-ORGANISMS 9 ! SOIL PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE AS WELL4 ,SO NATURE IS NOT HI]>*ICAL &1 BY EXT5SION1 SOCIETY %\LD NOT BE4 ,ONCE AGA91 ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL RECORD %[S US ?AT = ! MO/ ( HUMAN HI/ORY PEOPLE EXI/$ )\T =MAL HI]>*IES4 ,& H]E ,I AM US+ 0HI]>*Y0 9 ! TE*NICAL S5SE--AS A SY/EM ( COMM& & CONTROL ?AT ULTIMATELY HAS REC\RSE TO PHYSICAL CO]CION4 ,A HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY IS A FAIRLY REC5T 9V5TION4 ,TO USE ! OLD AN?ROPOLOGICAL SAW 9 :I* ! :OLE ( HUMAN HI/ORY BECOMES A CLOCK1 = AB\T #i#e.0 ( \R TIME ON ! PLANET1 IT IS ONLY ! LA/ FIVE M9UTES OR SO ?AT HI]>*IES EM]GE4 ,WE LIV$ )\T HI]>*IES BE=E ?AT1 :I* 9DICATES ?AT WE HAVE ! CAPACITY TO LIVE )\T HI]>*IES 9 ! PRES5T4 ,SOCIAL RELATIONS >E %AP$ BY \R S5SIBILITY & ! K9DS ( SOCIAL /RUCTURE UND] :I* WE *OOSE TO LIVE OR UND] :I* WE >E =C$ TO LIVE4 

,WE CAN DECIDE H[ TO ORGANIZE \R [N SOCIETY & WE MU/4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,BOOK*91 PEOPLE >E P>T ( NATURE4 ,!RE IS FIR/ NATURE :I* IS NONHUMAN NATURE & !N !RE IS SECOND NATURE & WE >E ORGANIC BE+S1 AN \TGR[? ( ! PROCESS ( NATURAL EVOLUTION & ! SAME PR9CIPLES ?AT HAVE C>RI$ US ?R\< ?AT PROCESS NE$ TO BE APPLI$ 9 HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,IF \R GOAL IS TO A*IEVE A RE-H>MONIZATION ( FIR/ & SECOND NATURE1 ?AT IS A PROJECT ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,9 RELATION TO HI]>*IES )9 SPECIES1 BE> 9 M9D ! TE*NICAL DEF9ITION ,I (F] ( HI]>*Y1 AN 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ RELATION%IP ( COMM& & CONTROL ?AT ULTIMATELY HAS REC\RSE TO PHYSICAL CO]CION4 ,PEOPLE (T5 ASK1 0,WELL1 :AT AB\T ! ALPHA MALES 9 ! GORILLA TROOPS80 ,:AT Y\ SEE !RE IS NOT A HI]>*Y BUT A =M ( SITUATIONAL DOM9ANCE &1 9 FACT1 E?OLOGI/S :O HAVE OBS]V$ ! GORILLA TROOPS 9 ! WILD HAVE NOT$ ?AT ! SILV]BACK GORILLA ALPHA MALE BEATS HIS *E/ TO SC>E (F ! O!R MALES & GA9 EXCLUSIVE ACCESS TO ! 
FEMALES ( ! TROOP = BRE$+ PURPOSES1 :ILE A Y\NG] MALE WILL SNEAK 9TO ! WOODS ) A FEMALE1 SO IT IS NOT EV5 AN EFFECTIVE =M ( SITUATIONAL DOM9ANCE4 ,I W\LD MA9TA9 ?AT !RE TRULY IS NO HI]>*Y 9 ! TE*NICAL S5SE 9 FIR/ NATURE4 

,I LOOK AT AN?ROPOLOGY TO UND]/& :AT QUALITATIVELY DIFF]5T =MS ( LEAD]%IP LOOK LIKE4 ,:5 ,WE/]N SOCIETY 5C\NT]$1 SAY1 ,NATIVE ,AM]ICANS !Y IMM$IATELY LOOK$ = ! *IEF4 ,& !Y C\LD NOT F9D ! *IEF1 SO (T5 !Y W\LD ASSUME SOMEONE WAS A *IEF1 OR !Y APPO9T$ A *IEF4 ,9 FACT1 :AT HAPP5$ 9 ?OSE SOCIETIES WAS ?AT LEAD]%IP EXI/$ BUT IT WAS ALSO SITUATIONAL4 ,!RE WAS NO P]MAN5T LEAD] & SITUATIONAL LEAD]S C\LD NOT CO]CE O!RS TO FOLL[ !IR WILL4 ,LEAD]S DEP5D$ ON !IR ABILITY TO P]SUADE O!RS ?R\< LOGIC OR RHETORIC4 ,!Y W]E ADMIR$ BECAUSE ( !IR EXP]I5CE1 !IR KN[L$GE1 !IR 9SI<T4 ,ONE W\LD LEAD A HUNT BECAUSE ( !IR PROV5 ABILITY TO F9D ! GAME ?AT WAS NECESS>Y = ! SURVIVAL ( ! GR\P4 ,BUT !Y C\LD NOT =CE ANYONE TO FOLL[ !IR 9/RUCTIONS4 ,!Y SUGGE/$ OR !Y EXHORT$1 !Y TRI$ TO 9SPIRE1 MAYBE !Y MANIPULAT$ SOMETIMES4 ,BUT !Y LACK$ ?AT CO]CIVE ABILITY ?AT ! K9D ( LEAD]%IP 9 \R SOCIETIES 5TAILS4 ,VIRTUALLY EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL 9 A HUNT+ & GA!R+ B& EV5TUALLY PLAYS A LEAD]%IP ROLE 9 ONE ACTIVITY OR ANO!R4 ,ONE 9DIVIDUAL MAY LEAD ! HUNT1 ANO!R GIVE ! DANCE1 ANO!R MAKES GA!R+ ACTIVITIES4 ,EV5 ! G5D] DIVISION ( LABOR BETWE5 M5 & WOM5 WAS V]Y FLUID4 ,WE >E TOLD ?AT M5 >E ! HUNT]S & WOM5 >E ! GA!R]S1 BUT ! ,M>%ALS1 :O LIV$ AMONG ! ,SAN PEOPLE1 OBS]V$ ?AT :5 WOM5 W]E \T GA!R+ !Y S\<T GAME1 & !Y W\LD HUNT IT4 ,& IF ! M5 SAW SOME?+ ?AT C\LD BE GA!R$ 9 ! WILD !Y GA!R$ IT4 ,WOM5 W]E EV5 OBS]V$ HUNT+ ) ! M54 ,SO !SE H>D & FA/ CATEGORIES ?AT HAVE EM]G$ 9 \R TIME >E NOT REALLY AN ESS5TIAL P>T ( \R HUMANITY4 ,!RE >E ALT]NATIVE >RANGEM5TS ?AT HAVE EXI/$ = MILL5NIA1 = MO/ ( \R TIME ON ! PLANET4 ,WE HAVE LO/ SI<T ( ?AT4 ,ONCE AGA91 ,I AM NOT A PRIMITIVI/4 ,I AM NOT SUGGE/+ GO+ BACK TO HUNT+ & GA!R+1 BUT ,I AM SUGGE/+ ?AT ! RELATION%IPS ?AT EXI/$ 9 ?OSE SOCIETIES REPRES5T C]TA9 PR9CIPLES ?AT WE CAN EXTRACT & DIALECTICALLY TRANS=M & APPLY 9 \R [N SOCIETY4 ,WE HAVE A LOT TO LE>N FROM !SE PEOPLE4 

,! SECOND PR9CIPLE ?AT ,I W\LD SUGGE/ WE NE$ TO D]IVE FROM \R UND]/&+ ( ! NATURAL WORLD1 :I* MAY 9=M \R ACTIONS1 \R MOVEM5TS1 & \R UTOPIAN VISION1 IS ! FACT ?AT NATURE IS MUTUALI/IC4 ,MUTUAL AID PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE 9 NATURAL EVOLUTION4 ,?IS WAS BR\<T UP BY ,KROPOTK9 & RE-EMPHASIZ$ BY ,BOOK*9 & O!RS ?9K]S4 ,9 FIR/ NATURE LIFE IS 9T]DEP5D5T1 JU/ AS 9DIVIDUALS >E 9T]DEP5D5T1 :I* IS :Y HUMANITY CREAT$ SOCIETIES4 ,SO MUTUALISM ALSO HAS TO BE 9CORPORAT$ 
9TO \R UTOPIAN VISION & 9TO ! VISION ( ! NEW SOCIETY ?AT WE WI% TO CREATE4 

,ANO!R PR9CIPLE IS ! NOTION ( UNITY & DIV]SITY4 ,:5 WE LOOK AT NATURAL HI/ORY 9 ECOSY/EMS1 WE SEE ?AT ! MO/ /ABLE ECOSY/EMS1 ?OSE :I* LA/1 >E ?OSE ?AT HAVE ! GREATE/ NUMB] ( SPECIES 9T]ACT+ AT V>I\S TROPHIC LEVELS4 ,H5CE1 EV5 ?\< !RE MAY BE GREAT FLUCTUATIONS 9 9DIVIDUAL SPECIES1 EV5 ! ELIM9ATION OR EXT9CTION ( A P>TICUL> SPECIES1 !RE >E O!R SPECIES TO FILL ?AT NI*E & AS A RESULT ! ECOSY/EM D]IVES SOME /ABILITY4 ,IT IS NOT /ATIC1 IT IS HOMEO/ATIC4 ,IT IS A DYNAMIC BALANCE1 BUT A BALANCE NEV]!LESS4 ,& ?IS BALANCE IS DEP5D5T ON DIV]SITY4 ,UNITY IS ONLY A*IEV$ ?R\< DIV]SITY1 & CLE>LY ?IS IS ANO!R PR9CIPLE ?AT NE$S TO 9=M \R ?9K+ & \R ACTION1 \R VISION1 & \R MOVEM5TS4 ,WE NE$ TO /RIVE = DIV]SITY & F9D )9 SU* DIV]SITY /R5G?1 RESILI5CE1 & UNITY4 

,ANO!R PR9CIPLE ?AT WE D]IVE FROM \R UND]/&+ ( ! NATURAL WORLD IS ! IDEA ( HOMEO/ASIS4 ,BOOK*9 UND]/OOD1 AS BIOLOGI/S UND]/&1 ?AT NATURE IS NOT /ATIC2 IT IS CON/ANTLY *ANG+4 ,YET 9 ! MID/ ( ?AT CON/ANT *ANGE1 HEAL?Y ECOSY/EMS >E ABLE TO MA9TA9 A DYNAMIC BALANCE4 ,?IS IS ! V]Y DEF9ITION ( SU/A9ABILITY1 ! ABILITY TO MA9TA9 BALANCE 9 ! MID/ ( CON/ANT *ANGE4 

,F9ALLY1 NATURAL HI/ORY IS ! PROCESS ( EVOLUTION & 9 ?AT PROCESS WE SEE A DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT IS NOT A /EADY PROCESS ( ASC5SION1 !RE >E PEAKS & VALLEYS1 !RE IS FLUORESC5CE & EXT9CTION BUT OV] TIME ! PROCESS ( NATURAL EVOLUTION HAS MOV$ T[>DS EV] GREAT] DIV]SITY1 COMPLEXITY1 & DEGREES ( FRE$OM4 ,IT IS UND5IABLE BECAUSE1 IF Y\ AGREE ) ,D>W91 LIFE ON E>? BEGAN AS S+LE-CELL$ ORGANISMS & ?OSE ORGANISMS BECAME MORE & MORE COMPLEX3 !Y CAME TOGE!R TO =M V>I\S SPECIES &1 AS A RESULT1 WE MOV$ FROM S+LE-CELL$ ORGANISMS TO A MULTITUDE ( HI<LY COMPLEX LIFE =MS4 ,OV] ?AT PROCESS WE HAVE SE5 GREAT] & GREAT] DEGREES ( CONSCI\SNESS & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS--! ABILITY TO MAKE *OICES &1 ULTIMATELY1 ! ABILITY TO *OOSE FRE$OM4 

,SO1 ONCE AGA91 WE SEE PR9CIPLES ?AT WE CAN EXTRACT FROM ! NATURAL WORLD & APPLY 9 ! SPECIFIC SITUATIONS 9 :I* WE F9D \RSELVES TO MOVE T[>DS EV] GREAT] DEGREES ( FRE$OM4 ,REG>D+ FRE$OM & UTOPIA1 WE WILL NEV] A*IEVE !M4 ,!Y WILL ALWAYS HOV] ON ! HORIZON &1 AS WE APPROA* !M1 WILL REC$E 9TO ! DI/ANCE4 ,BUT ?AT IS AS IT %\LD BE1 BECAUSE NATURAL EVOLUTION IS DYNAMIC1 CON/ANTLY *ANG+1 CON/ANTLY MOV+1 CON/ANTLY DEVELOP+1 & WE HAVE TO ACKN[L$GE ?AT1 LE>N TO LIVE ) IT & EMBRACE IT4 ,& WE HAVE TO LE>N H[ TO LIVE ) AMBIGUITY4 ,= ME1 P>ADOX1 AMBIGUITY1 & AMBIVAL5CE IS 9H]5T 9 ! HUMAN CONDITION1 & WE NE$ TO ACCEPT ?AT4 ,NEV]!LESS1 WE NE$ TO EMBRACE \R FRE$OM TO MAKE *OICES SO ,I SUGGE/ ?AT !SE >E SOME BASIC PR9CIPLES ON :I* WE NE$ TO F9D AGREEM5T1 :E!R ?IS TAKES ! 
=M ( SOME K9D ( A CON/ITUTION OR A SET ( E?ICS ON :I* WE CAN AGREE4 ,IT HAS TO BE A BASIS ON :I* WE CAN BEG9 TO CREATE \R FREE COMMUNITIES BECAUSE !SE COMMUNITIES CANNOT EXI/ 9 ISOLATION4 ,WE LIVE 9 A GLOBAL WORLD1 GLOBALIZATION ( C\RSE 9 ITS CURR5T =M IS AN EXTREMELY DE/RUCTIVE PROCESS1 BUT !RE IS ! OPPORTUNITY TO CREATE AN ALT]NATIVE =M ( GLOBALIZATION 9 :I* FREE SELF-RELIANT COMMUNITIES CONF$]ATE1 (F] EA* O!R MUTUAL SUPPORT & EX*ANGE1 & CREATE A RI*] & FULL] LIFE = ALL ( US4 ,& ,I BELIEVE ?AT HAS TO BE \R GOAL4 

,OPPOSITION 

,?IS IS ALL V]Y AB/RACT & !ORETICAL & ,I REALIZE ?AT IDEAS >E MO/ IMPORTANT :5 !Y >ISE FROM ! !ORETICAL & MOVE TO ! CONCRETE4 ,I AM NOT GO+ TO BE PRESCRIPTIVE1 ,I AM NOT GO+ (F] EASY ANSW]S OR SOLUTIONS1 BUT ,I DO WANT TO SUGGE/ SOME >5AS 9 :I* ,I ?9K WE NE$ TO BEG9 TO WORK EFFECTIVELY4 ,! FIR/ W\LD BE TO RECOGNIZE ! NE$ = OPPOSITIONAL MOVEM5TS4 ,LET US NOT FOOL \RSELVES4 ,WE >E 9 ! MID/ ( A DEEP CRISIS1 SOME?+ UNPREC$5T$ 9 HUMAN HI/ORY1 & ,I DO NOT BELIEVE IT IS OV]LY DRAMATIC TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! FUTURE ( HUMANITY ON ! PLANET IS AT /AKE TODAY4 ,! DECISIONS ?AT WE MAKE & ! ACTIONS ?AT WE TAKE OV] ! NEXT FEW YE>S >E GO+ TO DET]M9E ! C\RSE ( HUMAN LIFE4 ,?IS IS A BIG RESPONSIBILITY & :AT WE >E SEE+ IS AN 9CREAS+ PACE ( EXPLOITATION & DOM9ATION1 AS EXPRESS$ 9 CAPITALISM1 A SY/EM :I* IS RATIONALIZ+ CONTROL ( EV]Y ASPECT ( \R LIVES1 :I* HAS EXP&$ DRAMATICALLY & FUNCTIONS NOT ONLY 9 ! ECONOMIC SPH]E1 BUT HAS ACTUALLY COLONIZ$ \R CONSCI\SNESS--SO !SE >E PRESS+ PROBLEMS4 ,& WE NE$ TO OPPOSE IT2 WE NE$ TO PROTE/1 WE NE$ TO /OP ! GOLDM9E1 /OP ! PIPEL9E1 /OP ! MURD] ( BLACK PEOPLE1 /OP ! IMPRISONM5T ( PEOPLE1 & SO ON4 ,WE NE$ TO DO ALL ( !SE ?+S1 & PROTE/ IS A V]Y P[]FUL WEAPON 9 ?AT PROCESS4 ,PROTE/ & OPPOSITION IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y1 BUT NOT SUFFICI5T4 ,IT WILL NOT GET US TO :]E WE NE$ TO GO BECAUSE PROTE/ IS AB\T NEGATION4 ,WE DO NE$ TO /OP ?OSE :O >E N[ 9 P[]2 WE NE$ TO REMA9 IMPOSSIBLE AS LONG AS ?OSE :O >E POSSIBLE REMA9 POSSIBLE4 ,BUT IT IS NOT 5\<4 ,I ?9K ?OSE ( US :O HAVE BE5 ACTIVE HAVE SE5 ! LIMITATIONS ( PROTE/4 ,WE HAVE BE5 ABLE TO GA9 C]TA9 RI<TS = C]TA9 GR\PS1 WE HAVE BE5 ABLE TO PREV5T A DAM FROM BE+ BUILT H]E OR !RE1 BUT WE >E FI<T+ A HOLD+ ACTION4 ,:ILE IT IS NECESS>Y TO /OP !SE EXPLOITATIVE MOM5TS FROM DE/ROY+ ! ?+S ?AT WE HOLD DE>1 WE ALSO NE$ TO MOVE BEYOND PROTE/4 

,RECON/RUCTION 

,WE NE$ TO MOVE BEYOND OPPOSITION TO RECON/RUCTION4 ,ONCE AGA91 ?IS IS NOT SOME?+ NEW & ,I AM SURE MANY ( Y\ >E ACTIVELY 5GAG$4 ,BY 0RECON/RUCTION10 ,I REF] TO ! ,WOBBLY SLOGAN4 ,! ,I,W,W 7,9T]NATIONAL 
,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD7 WAS AN ,AM]ICAN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T AT ! TURN ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 :OSE SLOGAN WAS 0WE HAVE TO BUILD ! NEW WORLD 9 ! %ELL ( ! OLD40 ,I REF] TO IT BECAUSE WE NE$ TO BEG9 TO CREATE NEW RELATION%IPS1 NEW WAYS ( BE+ TOGE!R1 & WE NE$ TO 9/ITUTIONALIZE !M4 ,?IS MEANS CREAT+ COOP]ATIVES1 CREAT+ COMMUNITY G>D5S1 CREAT+ COMMUNITY H\S+1 MOV+ T[>DS ! =MS ( MUTUAL AID & COOP]ATION ?AT ?IS SOCIETY T5DS TO IGNORE4 ,& WE NE$ TO PROPOSE SU* MEASURES AS A WAY ( %[+ PEOPLE ?AT ANO!R WORLD IS POSSIBLE1 ?AT WE CAN BUILD A NEW WORLD 9 ! %ELL ( ! OLD4 ,!SE EXP]I5CES1 !SE RECON/RUCTIVE PROJECTS1 ALSO S]VE AS A =M ( $UCATION BECAUSE ?R\< !M WE LE>N H[ TO COME TOGE!R & MAKE DECISIONS DEMOCRATICALLY--HORIZONTALLY4 ,WE LE>N H[ TO ACCEPT & CREATE NEW =MS ( LEAD]%IP4 ,:5 ,I TALK AB\T A NON-HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY1 ,I AM NOT SUGGE/+ !RE IS A LACK ( 9FLU5TIAL1 EXP]I5C$1 WISE1 KN[L$GEABLE1 OR BRILLIANT PEOPLE :O CAN (F] US 9SI<TS & LEAD US =W>D4 ,BUT IT WILL BE A PROCESS 9 :I* LEAD]%IP IS R$EF9$4 ,IT IS NO LONG] DEF9$ HI]>*ICALLY--IT IS NOT P[] OV]1 IT IS P[] )4 ,WE NE$ TO $UCATE \RSELVES & O!RS & LE>N H[ TO FUNCTION 9 !SE HORIZONTAL & DEMOCRATIC WAYS4 

,I ?9K ?AT ?IS RECON/RUCTIVE PROCESS BEG9S TO %[ US WAYS ?AT WE CAN BEG9 TO ACTUALIZE \R UTOPIAN VISION4 ,I HAD 9CR$IBLE EXP]I5CES 9 ! #a#i#gS WORK+ 9 ! ,PU]TO ,RICAN COMMUNITY 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY :]E PEOPLE W]E LIV+ 9 A <ETTO CONSI/+ ( #d.0 CITY-[N$ PROP]TY1 AB&ON$ BUILD+S1 VACANT LOTS4 ,?R\< DIRECT ACTION1 ,I SAW ?AT NEI<BORHOOD ACT & CLAIM AS !IR [N ! AB&ON$ PROP]TIES & RE%APE !M ACCORD+ TO A V]Y CONCRETE UTOPIAN VISION :I* EM]G$ ?R\< A S]IES ( COMMUNITY PLANN+ =A1 :]E EV]YONE 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD CAME TOGE!R & DEVELOP$ ! BLUEPR9T = !IR NEI<BORHOOD4 ,!Y PLANN$ H[ TO USE ! BUILD+S3 SOME = ELD] H\S+2 SOME = >TI/S2 A VACANT LOT TO BECOME A G>D51 & ANO!R A P>K4 ,BLOCK BY BLOCK1 BUILD+ BY BUILD+1 LOT BY LOT1 !Y PUT TOGE!R A PLAN4 ,& !N !Y BEGAN TO IMPLEM5T IT ?R\< DIRECT ACTION1 9ITIALLY SQUATT+ 9 AB&ON$ BUILD+S & RECLAIM+ VACANT LOTS )\T ANY LEGAL REC\RSE1 BUT ?R\< !IR [N WILL & ! DEVELOPM5T ( P>TICUL> K9DS ( POLITICAL PRESSURE1 ?R\< PROTE/ ) DIRECT ACTION1 !Y W]E ABLE TO BEG9 TO TRANS=M ! NEI<BORHOOD4 ,WE BECAME 9VOLV$ BECAUSE1 AT ?AT TIME1 ! ,9/ITUTE = ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY WAS DO+ A LOT ( WORK :]E WE W]E LOOK+ AT ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGIES4 

,9 ! E>LY #a#i#gS WE W]E WORK+ ) SOL> & W9D P[]1 :I* WE SAW AS CRUCIAL TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 AL?\< ( C\RSE WE APPLI$ !SE TE*NOLOGIES 9 COMMUNITIES ?AT >E HUMAN-SCAL$1 :]E PEOPLE DEMOCRATICALLY CONTROL !M1 F> FROM ! K9D ( CORPORATIZATION ( ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGIES ?AT HAS OCCURR$ TODAY4 ,! 
PO9T BE+ ?AT ?IS K9D ( DIRECT ACTION IS AS IMPORTANT AS ! TYPE ?AT WE USE 9 \R OPPOSITION & WE NE$ TO BEG9 TO ACTUALIZE & CREATE MODELS = :AT SOCIETY MI<T LOOK LIKE & )9 ?OSE PHYSICAL *ANGES WE CAN BEG9 TO MAKE SOCIAL *ANGES4 ,?AT IS1 ORGANIZE ! COMMUNITY TO 5ABLE P>TICIPATION 9 ?IS TRANS=MATIVE PROCESS4 ,CONTROLL$ BY ! PEOPLE ON ! BLOCK1 PEOPLE CAN BEG9 TO TAKE ACTIONS :]E !Y LIVE TODAY4 ,I F9D IT V]Y HE>T5+ ?AT PEOPLE HAVE TALK$ AB\T ?IS OV] ! WEEK5D4 ,WE MU/ RECOGNIZE ?AT DIFF]5T PEOPLE HAVE DIFF]5T SKILLS & APTITUDES & SOME PEOPLE MAY BE V]Y EFFECTIVE AT ORGANIZ+ /REET DEMON/RATIONS1 :ILE O!RS MAY BE MORE EFFECTIVE ORGANIZ+ A COMMUNITY G>D54 ,! CRISIS IS SO DIRE & SO COMPELL+1 & IS OCCURR+ ON SO MANY LEVELS ?AT !RE >E MANY DIFF]5T WAYS 9 :I* WE CAN 5T] 9TO ?IS PROCESS ( OPPOSITION & RECON/RUCTION4 

,H[EV]1 ,I ?9K WE HAVE TO RECOGNIZE ?AT1 AS IMPORTANT & NECESS>Y AS !SE RECON/RUCTIVE ACTIONS >E1 !Y >E NOT SUFFICI5T4 ,IT IS V]Y EASY = COOP]ATIVES TO BE CO-OPT$ RI<T 9TO ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 = \R COMMUNITY G>D5S TO FALL PREY TO ! DEVELOP]'S BULLDOZ]1 SO WE NE$ TO DEVELOP )9 \R COMMUNITIES & \RSELVES ! S5SIBILITIES ,I >GUE =1 & WE NE$ TO BE V]Y CONSCI\S ( ! AMBIGUITIES 9H]5T 9 HUMAN LIFE4 ,! BE/ 9T5TIONS CAN BE TURN$ AGA9/ US1 SO WE CON/ANTLY NE$ TO BE AW>E ( H[ P[]FUL & 9SIDI\S ! =CES >RAY$ AGA9/ US >E1 9 ! S5SE ?AT WE HAVE 9T]NALIZ$ SO MANY ( ! BASIC FRAMEWORKS ?AT CAPITALISM PRES5TS TO US BECAUSE WE HAVE ALL BE5 ACCULTURAT$ BY ?AT SAME SY/EM4 ,IT IS A QUE/ION ( PURG+ \RSELVES ( !SE OLD BELIEFS & CREAT+ NEW WAYS ( LIV+ TOGE!R1 & NEW WAYS ( ORGANIZ+4 

,POLITICS 

,F9ALLY1 ! POLITICAL REALM1 ! REALM ( POLITICAL ACTION1 IS ALL-IMPORTANT4 ,BY ?IS ,I MEAN A R$EF9ITION ( POLITICS1 NOT POLITICS AS /ATECRAFT1 NOT POLITICS ( ,WA%+TON OR ,LONDON1 BUT RA!R POLITICS ON ! MO/ BASIC LEVEL-- DEVELOP$ & APPLI$ :]E WE LIVE1 RI<T \TSIDE \R DOORS 9 \R NEI<BORHOODS1 & \R T[NS & \R VILLAGES4 ,& 9 ORD] TO REALIZE ?IS WE NE$ TO CREATE =A = DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC DECISION-MAK+ & 9/ITUTIONALIZE !M4 ,I HAVE A BIG PROBLEM ) AN>*ISM AS IT DEVELOP$ 9 ! LATE TW5TIE? C5TURY BECAUSE !RE IS SO MU* EMPHASIS ON 9DIVIDUALISM1 SO MU* MISUND]/&+ ( ! V]Y NATURE ( SOCIETY1 & POLITICS WAS REJECT$4 ,ULTIMATELY1 AN>*I/S SAY1 0WE DON'T WANT P[]1 WE WANT TO DO AWAY ) P[]40 ,BUT Y\ CANNOT DO AWAY ) P[]4 ,P[] EXI/S1 & ! QUE/ION IS H[ WE /RUCTURE IT4 ,>E WE GO+ TO ACCEPT P[] OV] OR >E WE GO+ TO CREATE P[] )8 ,& 9 ORD] TO EX]CISE P[] )1 WE NE$ TO DEVELOP POLITICS4 ,& ?IS MEANS WE NE$ TO CREATE NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES1 T[N MEET+S1 ALL K9DS ( =A1 A K9D ( DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM4 ,ROJAVA IS ! MO/ 9SPIR+ EXAMPLE ?AT ,I HAVE 
SE5 & IT PROVES ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE4 ,MY P]SONAL EXP]I5CE ALSO PROVES ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE4 

,I COME FROM ! ,/ATE ( ,V]MONT4 ,IT IS A SMALL RURAL /ATE4 ,I LIVE 9 A T9Y T[N ( #a1#c PEOPLE1 BUT = ! PA/ #b YE>S ! T[N HAS BE5 GOV]N$ ?R\< A DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 ?R\< T[N MEET+S4 ,WE GET TOGE!R AS CITIZ5S FACE-TO-FACE1 WE DISCUSS ! ISSUES1 & WE MAKE DECISIONS AS TO H[ WE 9T5D TO C>RY \T \R BUS9ESS OV] ! NEXT YE>4 ,IT WORKS1 & ?IS IS NOT A T[N MADE UP ( AN>*I/S OR HIPPIES4 ,?IS IS A T[N ) A PROGRESSIVE ELEM5T1 BUT ALSO A V]Y CONS]VATIVE ELEM5T4 ,& YET1 WE >E ABLE TO COME TOGE!R AS NEI<BORS1 NOT AS ,DEMOCRATS OR ,REPUBLICANS1 & F9D A COMMON 9T]E/ ?R\< RESPECTFUL DIALOGUE4 ,WE DISAGREE4 ,WE EV5 GET ANGRY AT EA* O!R BUT WE WALK 9TO ?AT ROOM AS NEI<BORS & WE LEAVE AS NEI<BORS4 ,9 ! PROCESS ( MAK+ !SE DECISIONS1 WE WORK ?R\< A :OLE S]IES ( ISSUES & Y\ MI<T SAY1 0,WELL1 ?AT'S EASY BECAUSE IT'S A T[N ( #a1#c1 IT'S T9Y1 IT'S HUMANLY SCAL$1 ?AT'S NO PROBLEM40 ,H[EV]1 ,I HAD A SIMIL> EXP]I5CE WORK+ ON ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE ( ,NEW ,YORK1 ) #c1 PEOPLE1 :]E PEOPLE HAVE T[N MEET+S AS WELL4 ,!Y COME TOGE!R & !Y GO ?R\< ?IS :OLE PLANN+ PROCESS4 ,!Y HAVE CREAT$ A VISION = ! NEI<BORHOODS 9 !IR COMMUNITY1 !Y HAVE CONTE/$ ! (FICIAL PLANS ( ! CITY1 & A*IEV$ A DEGREE ( SUCCESS4 ,SO ,I HAVE SE5 IT HAPP5 9 L>G] URBAN SETT+S AS WELL4 

,BUT IT IS NOT 5\< TO SIMPLY CREATE !SE SMALL-SCALE FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRATIC =A4 ,WE NE$ TO USE !M AS A VEHICLE TO CONTE/ = P[] ) ! ,/ATE4 ,WE NE$ TO USE !M TO R$EF9E POLITICS1 CREATE SITUATIONS 9 :I* !RE IS TRUE ACC\NTABILITY1 9 :I* EV]YONE HAS A VOICE AB\T DECISIONS ?AT WILL AFFECT !M--A DIRECT VOICE1 NOT A M$IAT$ VOICE4 ,&1 9 ORD] TO DO ?IS WE NE$ ! FLIP SIDE ( DEC5TRALIZATION1 ! IDEA ( CONF$]ATION4 ,WE NE$ TO CREATE A CONF$]ATION BETWE5 \R LOCAL DEMOCRACIES BAS$ ON A SET ( COMMON PR9CIPLES OR E?ICS4 ,I BELIEVE ?IS IS ! E?ICS ?AT SOCIAL ECOLOGY 5DORSES4 

,?IS IS ! FRAMEWORK 9 :I* WE NE$ TO MOVE =W>D 9 !SE ?REE 9T]RELAT$ >EAS1 & NO S+LE ONE >EA1 AS NECESS>Y AS IT MAY BE1 IS SUFFICI5T4 ,IF WE CAN HOLI/ICALLY BR+ TOGE!R !SE DIFF]5T LEVELS ( ACTION & COORD9ATION & 9/ITUTIONALIZE !M1 WE CAN A*IEVE AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,AN>*I/S T5D TO BE ANTI-9/ITUTION1 BUT HUMAN SOCIETY IS BAS$ ON 9/ITUTIONS4 ,!RE >E 9/ITUTIONS4 ,! QUE/ION IS :AT IS ! QUALITY ( ! 9/ITUTION4 ,I HAVE BE5 FRU/RAT$ BECAUSE ,I SEE MANY PEOPLE EMBRACE ! IDEA ?AT A NEW SOCIETY WILL =M SPONTANE\SLY4 ,I SAW ?IS 9 ,OCCUPY ,WALL ,/REET1 = EXAMPLE--?IS NOTION ( TEMPOR>Y AUTONOM\S ZONES4 ,IT IS AS IF ?AT IS ! BE/ WE CAN DO3 A TEMPOR>Y AUTONOM\S ZONE--A 0FE/IVAL ( ! OPPRESS$10 AS ,M>X CALL$ !M4 ,!SE FE/IVALS MAY LA/ WEEKS1 !Y MAY LA/ MON?S1 BUT ULTIMATELY !Y DISSIPATE BECAUSE 
WE >E UNABLE TO 9/ITUTIONALIZE !M4 ,WE WANT P]MAN5T AUTONOM\S ZONES1 NOT TEMPOR>Y AUTONOM\S ZONES4 

,CLE>LY1 !RE IS AN URG5CY TO \R SITUATION & !RE IS A V]Y /RONG T5D5CY TO LOOK TO ! EXI/+ MEANS ( P[] 9 ORD] TO AMELIORATE ! IMM$IATE SUFF]+ & DE/RUCTION ?AT IS TAK+ PLACE TODAY1 & ,I ?9K ?AT HAS A C]TA9 VALUE4 ,BUT IT HAS TO BE FRAM$ )9 A MU* MORE RADICAL PROGRAM4 ,BOOK*9 PROPOS$ BEG9N+ ) M9IMUM DEM&S :I* MI<T BE SOME?+ ?AT W\LD EXPRESS ITSELF ?R\< EXI/+ POLITICAL *ANNELS & !N Y\ MOVE TO TRANSITIONAL DEM&S4 ,Y\ >E CON/ANTLY PU%+1 & FROM !RE Y\ MOVE TO Y\R MAXIMUM DEM&S4 ,& 9 T]MS ( :]E TO BEG91 EA* ( US HAS TO DET]M9E :]E WE CAN WORK MO/ EFFECTIVELY1 & 5T] 9TO ?IS ) :ATEV] 5]GY WE CAN BR+ TO IT & :ATEV] G5]OSITY ( SPIRIT1 & WE JU/ NE$ TO KEEP PU%+ & WORK+ & RECOGNIZ+4 ,?AT IT IS NOT GO+ TO HAPP5 OV]NI<T1 AL?\< !RE >E MOM5TS :]E !SE IDEAS COME TO ! =E4 ,!N WE HAVE TO BE READY TO ACT & 9/ITUTIONALIZE2 WE CANNOT ALL[ !M TO BE TEMPOR>Y4 ,IT IS REALLY A MATT] ( :]E PEOPLE FEEL !Y CAN CONTRIBUTE ! MO/1 & :]E !Y CAN WORK MO/ EFFICI5TLY4 ,?IS IS :]E WE BEG94 

,?ANKS TO ,DONALD ,TRUMP WE >E FAC+ ! SAME PROBLEMS 9 ! ,U,S TODAY AS 9 MANY ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES3 ! RISE ( FASCISM4 ,I DON'T KN[ IF PEOPLE 9 ,EUROPE FOLL[$ ! EV5TS 9 ,*>LOTTESVILLE LA/ WEEK OR ! WEEK BE=E1 BUT ! M$IA REPORT$ ONLY ! FASCI/S M>*+ ) TOR*ES1 BUT !RE W]E RI<T-W+ MILITIAS ?AT HAD AUTOMATIC WEAPONS & !Y \T-GUNN$ ! POLICE1 :I* IS :Y ! POLICE /OOD D[N4 ,?IS IS S]I\S & ,I CANNOT (F] AN ANSW]1 BUT WE HAVE TO OPPOSE IT ON EV]Y LEVEL4 ,WE HAVE TO CONFRONT !M2 WE HAVE TO BE OPPOSITIONAL2 WE HAVE TO %UT D[N ! FASCI/S4 ,I BELIEVE ?IS CAN BE DONE NONVIOL5TLY1 & WE NE$ TO BE READY TO PROPOSE REAL SOLUTIONS ?AT ADDRESS ! ROOT CAUSE1 SY/EMS BAS$ ON HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION4 ,H[EV]1 ,I MU/ CAUTION ?AT MOV+ TO IMPLEM5T DIRECT DEMOCRACY 9 ! ,U,S TOMORR[ W\LD BE A DISA/] BECAUSE ! CONSCI\SNESS IS NOT !RE TO SUPPORT ! K9D ( HUMANI/IC DIRECT DEMOCRACY ?AT ,I ?9K WE ALL WANT TO SEE4 ,!RE=E1 $UCATION 9 V>I\S =MS IS ! KEY4 ,WE NE$ TO *ANGE CONSCI\SNESS1 WE NE$ TO DEVELOP A NEW S5SIBILITY1 & WE WILL DO ?AT 9 DIFF]5T WAYS1 BY WORK+ 9 DIFF]5T GR\PS4 

,CLE>LY1 DEEP DIVISIONS EXI/4 ,H[EV]1 MY EXP]I5CE HAS BE5 ?AT :5 DECISIONS >E BE+ MADE 9 A CONSID]$ WAY BY A COMMUNITY1 SOME ( ?OSE DI/9CTIONS & ID5TITIES BEG9 TO BREAK D[N & PEOPLE F9D COMMON GR\ND4 ,I ?9K WE NE$ DI/ANCE1 WE NE$ TO LOOK = ?AT COMMON GR\ND & AT ! SAME TIME WE HAVE TO RECOGNIZE ?AT !RE WILL BE ?OSE :O OPPOSE IT4 ,!N WE NE$ TO CREATE C\NT] P[]1 C\NT] 9/ITUTIONS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 WE NE$ TO WORK TO MITIGATE ! WOR/ EXCESSES ( :AT IS4 ,SO IT HAPP5S ON MANY DIFF]5T LEVELS SIMULTANE\SLY4 
,IT IS ONLY BY MOV+ =W>D 9 A SELF-CONSCI\S FA%ION 9=M$ BY ! K9D ( !ORETICAL FRAMEWORK ,I PROPOSE ?AT WE CAN BEG9 TO LE>N \R WAY \T ( ?IS CRISIS TOGE!R4 

,A ,CRITIQUE ( ,! ,LIMITS ( ,GR[? FROM A ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY ,P]SPECTIVE 

,EMET ,DEGIRM5CI 

0,SIMPLICITY IS ! ULTIMATE =M ( SOPHI/ICATION0 -- ,LEON>DO DA ,V9CI 

,! ,LIMITS TO ,GR[? WAS COMMISSION$ BY ! ,CLUB ( ,ROME & PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#g#b4 ,! CAUTION>Y MESSAGE ( ! REPORT 7,MEAD[S ET AL41 #a#i#g#b7 WAS 9T5D$ TO SIGNAL ! NE$ = RE=MS ?AT W\LD 5SURE ! SURVIVAL ( CAPITALISM4 ,WE >E N[ ALREADY SEE+ ! GRE5+ ( CAPITALISM ?R\< ! SUPPLY ( SO-CALL$ 5VIRONM5TALLY FRI5DLY PRODUCTS & ! 0SU/A9ABLE GR[?0 AG5DA AS PU%$ BY ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS4 ,BUT IS LONG-T]M SU/A9ABILITY COMPATIBLE ) ,CAPITALISM'S NE$ = GR[? & ACCUMULATION8 ,! REPORT DID NOT ADDRESS ! QUE/ION ( ! FUNDAM5TALLY POLITICAL NATURE ( !SE LIMITS1 & H[ !Y *ALL5GE CAPITALI/IC NOTIONS ( QUALITY ( LIFE & DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 RESPONSE TO ! GAP1 ! DEGR[? MOVEM5T HAS S\<T TO POLITICIZE !SE LIMITS 9 ORD] TO FUNDAM5TALLY *ALL5GE CAPITALI/ ASSUMPTIONS ( A 0GOOD LIFE0 & ECONOMIC GR[?1 AS DEGR[? IS BAS$ ON CREAT+ & IMPLEM5T+ A CULTURE ?AT PREV5TS UNNECESS>Y CONSUMPTION & PRODUCTION4 ,?IS IS POSSIBLE ?R\< AN OP51 CONNECT$ LOCAL ECONOMY & REAL DEMOCRATIC P>TICIPATION ?R\< /RIV+ = A CONVIVIAL QUALITY ( LIFE4 ,TO DO ?IS IT IS OBVI\S ?AT HUMAN NE$S & WANTS %\LD BE REVIEW$ RADICALLY 9 ?IS SO-CALL$ ,AN?ROPOC5E EPO*4 

,TODAY1 NOT ONLY IS ! DECL9E 9 BIODIV]SITY AN ISSUE [+ TO GLOBAL CLIMATE *ANGE1 BUT MANY TYPES ( ECOSY/EM >E DECL9+ & EV5 COLLAPS+4 ,CLIMATE /ATI/ICS %[ ?AT #g#a.0 ( GRE5H\SE EMISSIONS >E DUE TO FOSSIL FUEL COMPANIES & !IR 9VE/ORS 7,RILEY1 #b#a#g3 #c#i74 ,I AM CONSID]+ ?AT IF WE TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ?AT #f--#g.0 ( ! WORLD'S POPULATION LIVE 9 CITIES ?AT >E DEP5D5T ON FOSSIL FUELS1 !N ! PROBLEM BECOMES MORE VISIBLE 9 URBAN SETT+S DUE TO !IR DEP5D5CE & MOD]N CONSUMPTION PATT]NS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 CITIES >E :]E ! ACCUMULATION ( MONEY1 ASSETS1 & 9VE/M5T OCCURS4 ,& YET1 DESPITE ?IS1 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 ! F\ND] ( ! PHILOSOPHY ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 EMPHASIZES ?AT CITIES HAVE ALSO BE5 SITES ( CULTURE & 0LIB]ATORY0 POLITICS 7,BOOK*9 #a#i#i#f74 ,?AT IS :Y CITIES 7IDEALLY ) SOCIALLY & ECOLOGICALLY RESPONSIBLE CITIZ5S7 ALSO EXHIBIT ! POT5TIAL TO BR+ ! DEGR[? ISSUE 9TO FOCUS 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! 0RI<T TO ! CITY0 7,H>VEY1 #b#h74 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY PROVIDES US ) A FRAMEWORK TO UND]/& H[ AN ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IS CLOSELY L9K$ TO SOCIAL CRISES4 ,AS ,BOOK*9 EXPLORES1 UNEQUAL P[] RELATION%IPS 9 SOCIETY >E BAS$ ON HUMAN DOM9ATION ( NATURE & HUMANITY ITSELF 7,BOOK*91 #b#e74 

,! AIM ( ?IS PAP] IS TO EXPLORE LIMITS TO GR[? & DEGR[? FROM A SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL /&PO9T4 ,I WILL FIR/ LOOK AT H[ SU/A9ABILITY HAS BE5 FRAM$ 9 T]MS ( GRE5 GR[?4 ,SECOND1 ,I WILL DISCUSS ONE ( MY [N 9ITIATIVES AS A CASE /UDY AB\T SPACE-MAK+ 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! RI<T TO ! CITY 9 ,WELL+TON1 ,AOTE>OA 7,NEW ,ZEAL&74 ,?IRD1 ,I L9K ! CONCEPT ( ! COMMONS TO ! PROPOSAL = A /EADY-/ATE MORAL ECONOMY4 ,9 CONCLUSION1 ,I WILL FOCUS ON :AT SORT ( GR[? W\LD BE APPROPRIATE FROM A SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE4 ,AS AN EC(EM9I/1 ,I ALSO TIE 9 ISSUES ( G5D] ?R\<\T ! PAP]4 

,A ,GRE5 ,GR[? ,ECONOMY 

,MANY T]MS 9 ! LANGUAGE ( SU/A9ABLE DEVELOPM5T & GRE5 GR[? CONT9UE TO FRAME NATURE 9 T]MS ( [N]%IP4 ,= 9/ANCE1 0NATURAL CAPITAL10 0C>BON TRAD+10 & 0POLLUT]S PAY0 ALL HAVE MAT]IALI/IC & OPPORTUNI/IC MEAN+S ?AT S]VE CAPITALI/ IDEOLOGIES4 ,IF WE VIEW NATURE AS CAPITAL1 IT DOES NOT MATT] H[ MANY W9D TURB9ES OR SOL> PANELS >E PLAC$ ON GRE5 RO(S4 ,PUTT+ A PRICE ON NATURE ?R\< 0C>BON TRAD+0 ALSO HAS A FALSE MEAN+4 ,= EXAMPLE1 P9E TREES >E TOXIC TO ,AU/RALIA'S 5VIRONM5T4 ,BUT :5 M9+ COMPANIES CEASE ACTIVITIES1 !Y PREF] TO PLANT P9E TREES BECAUSE !Y GR[ FA/ & !IR SE$L+S >E *EAP4 ,C>BON (FSETT+ ASSUMES ! REPLICABILITY & COMM5SURABILITY ( TOTALLY DIFF]5T =MS ( NATURAL VALUE & S]VICES4 0,POLLUT]S PAY0 IS ANO!R >GUABLE T]M4 ,FIR/1 IT GIVES ! RI* ! P[] & OPPORTUNITY TO POLLUTE4 ,SECOND1 IT IS DIFFICULT TO ID5TIFY :O ! POLLUT]S >E & H[ MU* DAMAGE !Y HAVE DONE4 ,H[ W\LD Y\ CALCULATE1 = EXAMPLE1 ! DAMAGE TO L>GE & WIDELY ACCESS$ RIV]S SU* AS ! ,NILE1 ! ,RH9E1 OR ! ,MEKONG8 

,! GR[? ECONOMY ALSO FO/]S POL>IZATION1 AS WELL AS SC>CITY4 ,BOOK*9 EMPHASIZ$ HI]>*IES & POL>IZATION 9 ?IS CONTEXT3 0,MAT]IAL SC>CITY PROVID$ ! HI/ORIC RATIONALE = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY1 PRIVATE PROP]TY1 CLASS DOM9ATION & ! /ATE2 IT N\RI%$ ! GREAT DIVISIONS 9 HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY ?AT PITT$ T[N AGA9/ C\NTRY1 M9D AGA9/ S5SU\SNESS1 WORK AGA9/ PLAY1 9DIVIDUAL AGA9/ SOCIETY1 &1 F9ALLY1 ! 9DIVIDUAL AGA9/ HIMSELF0 7,BOOK*9 #b#d3 #a#h#b74 

,ALL ! DISP>ITIES S]VE TO G5]ATE 9SECURITY 9 9DIVIDUALS & PROMOTE FUR!R CONSUMPTION4 ,A CONSUM] SOCIETY BAS$ ON SC>CITY TACTICS AIMS TO SELL A V>IETY ( PRODUCTS RA!R ?AN LOOK+ AT ! ISSUES FROM A HOLI/IC P]SPECTIVE4 

,SU/A9ABLE DEVELOPM5T DOES NOT SEEM TO BR+ ANY SOLUTIONS AT ! GRASSROOTS LEVEL EI!R4 ,! ,CLUB ( ,ROME'S 9FLU5TIAL TEXT EMPHASIZES ?AT ! /ATE ( GLOBAL EQUILIBRIUM C\LD BE DESIGN$ SO ?AT ! BASIC MAT]IAL NE$S ( EA* P]SON ON E>? >E SATISFI$ & EA* P]SON HAS AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY TO REALIZE HIS 9DIVIDUAL HUMAN POT5TIAL 7,MEAD[S1 #a#i#g#b3 #b#d74 ,H[EV]1 ?IS RAISES ! QUE/ION3 H[ CAN ! 9DIVIDUAL'S BASIC MAT]IAL 
NE$S BE MEASUR$ :5 LIV+ /&>DS SU* AS ACCESS TO L& & [N]%IP >E DIFF]5T FROM ,NOR? TO ,S\?8 ,9 ?IS WAY1 PROPOS$ AV5UES ( ACTION REMA9 TE*NICAL & DO NOT ADDRESS ! POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL NATURE ( ! LIMITS TO GR[? \TL9$ 9 ! REPORT4 

,?IS PRES5TS A DEEP CONTRA/ TO 9DIG5\S APPROA*ES TO ! NATURAL WORLD1 S9CE 9DIG5\S COMMUNITIES SEE !MSELVES AS BELONG+ TO NATURE AS A :OLE1 NOT 9 AN?ROPOC5TRIC T]MS4 ,S9CE #a#i#i#h1 ,I HAVE OBS]V$ & WORK$ ) SOME 9DIG5\S & LOCAL COMMUNITIES 9 ,AU/RALIA1 ,AOTE>OA 7,NEW ,ZEAL&71 & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA ?R\< 5VIRONM5TAL CAMPAIGNS & ECOLOGICAL RE/ORATION PROJECTS4 ,!SE CULTURES DO NOT VIEW NATURE AS A SEP>ATE 5TITY4 ,EV5 SO-CALL$ 0NON-LIV+0 FEATURES SU* AS ROCKS1 M\NTA9S1 & RIV]S >E IMPORTANT COMPON5TS 9 EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,!Y BELIEVE ALL LIV+ & NON-LIV+ BE+S FE$ EA* O!R 9 A MUTUAL WAY4 ,RIV]S1 M\NTA9S1 & M9]ALS >E SE5 AS QUOTIDIAN EXP]I5CE4 ,!Y VALUE ! ECOSY/EM AS A :OLE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 MANY 9DIG5\S CULTURES PASS ON E?ICS ( GU>DIAN%IP1 NOT /EW>D%IP1 FROM G5]ATION TO G5]ATION4 ,WE %\LD LE>N FROM !M & IMPLEM5T !IR PRACTICES ACCORD+LY4 ,?IS IS ! ONLY WAY TO RECONNECT ) NATURE & REPAIR ! DAMAGE DONE 9 ,AN?ROPOC5E TIMES4 

,9 ! NEXT SECTION1 ,I MOVE ON FROM ! DEBATE ON 'LIMITS0 TO REFLECT ON :AT A DIFF]5T VISION ( GRASSROOTS POLITICS MAY LOOK LIKE1 9SPIR$ BY MY [N EXP]I5CES4 

,! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY & ,SPACE-,MAK+ 

,! ,WORLD ,*>T] = ! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY HI<LI<TS ! RI<TS ?AT 9HABITANTS ( CITIES CAN CLAIM1 9CLUD+ DEMOCRATIC MANAGEM5T ( A CITY & EQUALITY4 ,! ,U,N,E,S,C,O ,U,N-,H,A,B,I,T,A,T PROJECT LI/S FIVE !MES3 9CLUSION1 GOV]NANCE1 HUMAN RI<TS_/RI<TS-BAS$ APPROA*ES1 P>TICIPATION & URBAN PLANN+ 7,BR[N & ,KRI/IANS51 #b#i74 ,H[EV]1 ALMO/ ALL CITIES FEATURE 9JU/ICE4 ,ACCORD+ TO CURR5T CITY ZON+ REQUIREM5TS1 IT SEEMS ?AT ! NE$ = L& TO BUILD H\S+ & GR[ FOOD >E ! TOP PRIORITIES AMONG V>I\S CLASS1 RACE1 E?NIC1 & SEXUAL ORI5TATION GR\PS4 ,! L[] CLASSES LIVE ON ! P]IPH]IES OR >E PU%$ \T ( ! CITY ?R\< G5TRIFICATION1 BECAUSE !Y CANNOT AF=D TO LIVE CLOSE TO ! CITY C5T]4 ,! AU?ORITIES (T5 DO NOT WANT M>G9ALIZ$ PEOPLE1 SU* AS E?NIC M9ORITIES1 PEOPLE ( COLOR1 ,L,G,B,T,Q,I COMMUNITIES1 OR ! HOMELESS1 TO BE VISIBLE4 

,I WITNESS$ ?IS :5 ,I S\<T TO 9ITIATE A SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL FOOD JU/ICE PROJECT ?R\< WOM5'S LEAD]%IP = REFUGEES & NEW MIGRANTS 9 ,WELL+TON1 9 #b#f4 ,WE CLAIM$ A PIECE ( PUBLIC L& & $UCATION SPACE = \R MULTICULTURAL GR\P1 :I* WAS MADE UP ( PEOPLE FROM ELEV5 DIFF]5T NATIONALITIES 9 ! C5TRAL P>T ( ! CITY4 ,! CITY ( ,WELL+TON1 H[EV]1 9SI/$ ?AT WE ACCEPT L& AT LEA/ ONE H\R AWAY FROM ! CITY 
C5T]4 ,?AT NEI<BORHOOD WAS NOT ONLY F>1 IT WAS ALSO PR$OM9ANTLY 9HABIT$ BY POOR & M>G9ALIZ$ COMMUNITIES--SUGGE/+ ?AT ! CITY SEEM$ MORE COM=TABLE IF \R PROJECT APPE>$ 9 MORE P]IPH]AL1 M>G9ALIZ$ >EAS ?AN 9 ! ECONOMIC & CULTURAL C5T]4 ,& YET1 A P]FECT SPOT ) A BUILD+ WAS AVAILABLE = US 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! CITY ON A BR[NFIELD SITE4 ,IT WAS A SORT ( AB&ON$ SITE AB\T TWO ACRES 9 SIZE ) AN EXI/+ BUILD+4 ,ALSO ! SOIL WAS CONTAM9AT$ ) ,D,D,T S9CE IT WAS AN OLD B[L+ CLUB4 ,WE W]E HAPPY TO CLEAN IT UP4 ,IT TOOK US ?REE YE>S TO CONV9CE ! CITY C\NCIL & ! PR$OM9ANTLY :ITE RESID5TS :O OPPOS$ US ?AT ! PROJECT WAS WOR?:ILE4 ,SOME ( !M EV5 ASK$ US IF WE W]E GO+ TO BR+ SE$S FROM \R HOME C\NTRIES TO 9VADE ! NATIVE 5VIRONM5T4 ,IT WAS SAD TO HE> ?AT SORT ( PREJUDICE1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT WE W]E WORK+ ) ! ,MAORIS & SOME ACADEMICS4 ,IT REQUIR$ 5]GY TO EXPLA9 \R G5U9E DESIRE TO HELP RE/ORE ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T1 AS WELL AS 5RI*+ & CONTRIBUT+ TO ! CITY'S SOCIAL DIV]SITY4 ,WE W]E P]SI/5T 9 BR++ ! V>I\S GR\PS 9TO ! CITY & MEET+ ) ! CITY C\NCIL4 ,AFT] /RUGGL+ ) ! C\NCIL & ! DOM9ANT :ITE CULTURE1 \R ,9N]MO/ ,G>D5S PROJECT WAS ABLE TO PUT ITS ROOTS D[N 9 ! F\R? YE>4 ,N[1 ! PROJECT HAS BECOME ONE ( ! MO/ RESPECT$ REG5]ATIVE $IBLE L&SCAPE PROJECTS 9 ! ,GRE5 ,BELT SECTION ( ,WELL+TON4 

,?IS EXP]I5CE HI<LI<T$ TO ME ! RELEVANCE ( ! RI<T TO ! CITY CONCEPT1 AS FIR/ DEF9$ BY ,H5RI ,LEFEBVRE & ,DAVID ,H>VEY4 ,IF WE CONSID] ! RI<T TO ! CITY 9 ! CONTEXT ( SPACE-MAK+1 ,GREGORY ,BUSQUET ELABORATES ,LEFEBVRE'S WORK ON SPACE & JU/ICE3 

,SPACE IS A CRUCIAL DIM5SION ( HUMAN SOCIETIES & REFLECTS SOCIAL FACTS & 9FLU5CES SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 BO? JU/ICE & 9JU/ICE BECOME VISIBLE 9 SPACE4 ,!RE=E1 ! ANALYSIS ( ! 9T]ACTIONS BETWE5 SPACE & SOCIETY IS NECESS>Y TO UND]/& SOCIAL 9JU/ICES & TO =MULATE T]RITORIAL POLICIES AIM+ AT TACKL+ !M4 ,PLANN+ POLICIES ?AT AIMS TO R$UCE !M4444,H[EV]1 ! DIV]SITY ( DEF9ITIONS ( 0,JU/ICE0 7& ( ! POSSIBLE 0SOCIAL CONTRACTS0 ?AT LEGITIMATE !M71 IS HI< & ! POLITICAL OBJECTIVES ( REGIONAL PLANN+ OR URBAN PLANN+ CAN BE QUITE DIFF]5T & EV5 CONTRADICTORY4 7,BUSQUET1 #b#a#b3 #b7 

,BUSQUET H]E PO9TS \T ?AT PLANN+ & POLICY-MAK+ REG>D+ PUBLIC SPACES CAN BE EI!R 9CLUSIVE OR EXCLUSIVE = DIFF]5T DISADVANTAG$ GR\PS4 ,IF WE RECALL ! ,9N]MO/ ,G>D5S PROJECT1 UNLESS ,WELL+TON CITY DRAFTS A POLICY TO (F] A DIV]SITY ( CULTURAL1 ECOLOGICAL1 & SOCIAL SPACES 9 ! CITY1 NEW GR\PS LIKE US WILL HAVE SIMIL> DIFFICULTIES 9 FUTURE4 

,HI/ORIAN & CITY PLANN] ,LEWIS ,MUM=D EMPHASIZ$ ! CITY AS A COMMUNITY 9 :I* EV]YONE IS RESPONSIBLE = !IR EV]YDAY ACTIVITY 
7,MUM=D1 #a#i#g3 #h#i74 ,AS %[N BY ,BOOK*91 ?IS REQUIRES ACTIVE CITIZ5%IP4 ,9 ,! ,LIMITS ( ,! ,CITY ,BOOK*9 WROTE3 

,= ALL ITS COLLECTIVISM & /RONG BONDS ( SOLID>ITY1 TRIBAL SOCIETY WAS SURPRIS+LY PATRI>*AL4 ,BAS$ ON K9%IP1 H[EV] FICTITI\S ITS REALITY1 ! TRIBE ROOT$ ITS AFFILIATIONS 9 L9EAGE TIES OR :AT ,I CALL ! 0BLOOD OA?40 7,BOOK*91 #a#i#h#f3 #e#b7 

,S9CE !RE >E NOT MANY MATRIL9EAL COMMUNITIES 9 ! WORLD1 TRIBAL ROOTS (T5 PASS ?R\< MALE L9KS4 ,M5 MA9TA9 AU?ORITY = ! SAKE ( ! TRIBE4 ,H5CE ,BOOK*9'S T]M 0BLOOD OA?0 RECALLS VIOL5CE & EXCLUSION4 ,BOOK*9 5VISIONS A CITY ) ITS COSMOPOLITAN POT5TIAL :]E PEOPLE CAN M+LE3 

,! CITY CORRESPOND$ TO ! CREATION ( SPACES :]E 09SID]S0 & 0\TSID]S0 MET & DECID$ !IR AFFAIRS TOGE!R1 SPACES :]E CITIZ5%IP WAS A CON/ANTLY REWORK$1 DYNAMIC & ORGANIC PROCESS4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 AT BE/1 POLITICAL DECISION-MAK+ 9 CITIES WAS 9DEP5D5T ( TIES ( K9%IP OR E?NICITY4 ,ACCORD+LY1 0! CITY0 IS A TYPE ( SETTLEM5T :]E 0PEOPLE ADVANCE BEYOND ! K9%IP BOND TO %>E1 CREATE1 & DEVELOP ! MEANS = LIFE1 CULTURALLY AS WELL AS ECONOMICALLY1 AS HUMAN BE+S40 7,BOOK*91 #a#i#i#b3 #a#g#c7 

,9 A CITY1 CITIZ5%IP EXT5DS BEYOND K9%IP TIES TO CREATE SPACES ( SOCIAL JU/ICE ?AT GO BEYOND K9%IP4 ,IT CAN BE BAS$ ON CITIZ5%IP & RESPONSIBILITIES ( SPACE TO CREATE A %>$ JU/ICE CONCEPT LIKE 9 ,PORTL& CITY 9 ,OREGON1 ,U,S1 :]E IT IS EASY = ALL CITIZ5S TO 9T]M+LE REG>DLESS ( E?NICITY1 CLASS1 RACE1 & SEXUAL ORI5TATION4 ,! PROJECT IS CALL$ ,CITY ,REPAIR4.<#b.> ,! PROJECT NOT ONLY 5C\RAGES CONV]SATION & CONNECTION BETWE5 NEI<BORS VIA ! CIRCUL> /REET 9T]SECTIONS1 BUT IT IS ALSO BUILD+ A LIVELY LIV+ SPACE ) ECOLOGICAL & SOCIAL PR9CIPLES = HUNDR$S ( HOMELESS PEOPLE AS WELL4 ,IF !RE WAS ANY BLOOD-RELAT$ OR E?NO-C5TRIC AG5DA DUR+ ! CITY-WIDE TRANS=MATION1 ! PROJECT W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE4 ,RIGID B\ND>IES1 SU* AS DEF9+ 9SID]S AS BLOOD-RELAT$1 CAN CREATE FRAGILE SITUATIONS ?AT CAN EASILY LEAD TO CONFLICT4 

,F9ALLY1 ,H>VEY CLAIMS ?AT TRANS=M+ CITIES T[>DS SOCIAL JU/ICE IS A COMMON PROCESS3 0,! RI<T TO ! CITY IS F> MORE ?AN ! 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY TO ACCESS URBAN RES\RCES3 IT IS A RI<T TO *ANGE \RSELVES BY *ANG+ ! CITY4 ,IT IS1 MOREOV]1 A COMMON RA!R ?AN AN 9DIVIDUAL RI<T S9CE ?IS TRANS=MATION 9EVITABLY DEP5DS UPON ! EX]CISE ( A COLLECTIVE P[] TO RE%APE ! PROCESSES ( URBANIZATION ' 7,H>VEY1 #b#h3 #b#e74 ,9 ! ,9N]MO/ ,G>D5S PROJECT1 = 9/ANCE1 WE HAVE ATTEMPT$ TO *ANGE \R CONCEPT ( MULTICULTURALISM 9/EAD ( 9TEGRATION1 :I* IS A FALSE TABLOID CONCEPT4 ,MULTICULTURALISM IS NOT ONLY FOOD1 MUSIC1 & DANC+ GIRLS4 ,MULTICULTURALISM CAN USE ACTUAL 
VOICES & IDEAS TO CONTRIBUTE TO A CITY'S BIODIV]SITY1 AS WELL AS ITS CULTURAL DIV]SITY4 ,?IS MAKES A LOCAL CULTURE RESILI5T & /RONG1 AS ?\< IT WAS A K9D ( ECOSY/EM4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT AN $IBLE L&SCAPE PROJECT SU* AS ,9N]MO/ ,G>D5S HAS ! POT5TIAL TO CONTRIBUTE TO LOCAL TRANS=MATION 9 A POSITIVE WAY SOCIALLY & CULTURALLY4 ,!RE IS NO NE$ TO BE AFRAID ( ! SORT ( COMPLEXITY ?AT IS RECOGNIZABLE 9 HEAL?Y ECOLOGICAL SY/EMS4 

,COMMONS = A 0,/EADY-,/ATE ,ECONOMY0 

,AL?\< IT'S ROOT CAN BE TRAC$ TO ,H]MAN ,DALY 7#a#i#g#c71 ! PHRASE 0/EADY-/ATE ECONOMY0 BR\<T TO \R ATT5TION ! CONCEPT ( SU/A9ABLE ECONOMICS FROM AN ECOLOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,C5T] = ! ,ADVANCEM5T ( ! ,/EADY-,/ATE ,ECONOMY 7,C,A,S,S,E7 SITE3 

,! T]M TYPICALLY REF]S TO A NATIONAL ECONOMY1 BUT IT CAN ALSO BE APPLI$ TO A LOCAL1 REGIONAL1 OR GLOBAL ECONOMY4 ,AN ECONOMY CAN REA* A /EADY /ATE AFT] A P]IOD ( GR[? OR AFT] A P]IOD ( D[NSIZ+ OR DEGR[?4 ,TO BE SU/A9ABLE1 A /EADY-/ATE ECONOMY MAY NOT EXCE$ ECOLOGICAL LIMITS4 7,C,A,S,S,E1 #b#a#i7 

,GA!R+ RES\RCES 9 A COMMON POOL & %>+ !M 9 A VILLAGE-SIZ$ COMMUNITY IS NOT A TRANS=MATIVE PRACTICE 9 ITSELF4 ,BE=E ! ADV5T ( CAPITALISM 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 IT WAS ! MO/ COMMON =M ( L& MANAGEM5T4 ,LET US EXPLORE H[ COMMON+ MAY HELP TO TRANS=M A SOCIETY4 ,! COMMONS >E SPACES ( SOCIAL REPRODUCTION ACCESS$ EQUALLY BY ALL1 )\T 9T]V5TION BY ! ,/ATE OR ! M>KET4 ,PRODUCTION TAKES PLACE UND] COLLECTIVE LABOR & EQUAL ACCESS TO RES\RCES ( PRODUCTION4 ,! IDEA ( ! COMMONS ALSO REF]S TO COLLECTIVE ACTIVITIES ( PRODUCTION & REPRODUCTION4 ,IT MEANS 9CLUSIV5ESS1 BELONG+1 & %>+ ! \TCOME TOGE!R AS A GR\P OR AS A COMMUNITY4 

,COMMONS MAY FAIL :5 PRIVATELY [N$4 ,?IS IS CALL$ ! 0TRAG$Y ( ! COMMONS10 A T]M CO9$ BY ,G>RETT ,H>D9 7#a#i#f#h7 TO DEF9E ! EI<TE5? C5TURY L&-GRABB+ & 5CLOSURE MOVEM5T 9 ,5GL&4 ,H>D9 EMPHASIZ$ ?AT COMMONS CAN FAIL FROM OV]-EXHAU/ION CAUS$ BY TAK+ TOO MANY RES\RCES4 ,EL9OR ,O/ROM1 ON ! O!R SIDE1 ANALYZ$ TRAG$Y ( ! COMMONS FROM A POLITICAL ECONOMY PO9T ( VIEW1 P>TICUL>LY SEL=GANIZ+ & SELF-GOV]N+ 9/ITUTIONS4 ,%E PO9T$ \T ?AT MUTUALITY & RECIPROCITY >E ESS5TIAL = ! SUCCESS ( COMMON POOL RES\RCES 7,C,P,RS74 ,9DIVIDUALS US+ ,C,P,RS >E VIEW$ AS IF !Y >E CAPABLE ( %ORTT]M MAXIMIZATION1 BUT NOT ( LONG-T]M REFLECTION AB\T JO9T /RATEGIES TO IMPROVE JO9T \TCOMES 7,O/ROM1 #a#i#i3 #b#a#f74 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT1 A COMMONS MAY FAIL IF ! COMMUNITY DOES NOT BR+ A CONT9U\S RE9VIGORAT+ 5]GY & JOY TO ! COMMON SPACE = ! COMMON GOOD1 OR ! COMMONS IS NOT MANAG$ 9 A SELF-GOV]N+ WAY4 ,! EXHAU/ION ( ECOSY/EMS CAN BE 
SE5 9 ANY =M] COMMONS4 ,I OBS]V$ SU* A TRAG$Y 9 MY [N VILLAGE 9 ! ,AEGEAN REGION ( ,TURKEY DUR+ ! #a#i#gS4 ,A P>CEL ( COMMON L& WAS ALLOCAT$ = GRAZ+ VILLAGE ANIMALS4 ,! H]D WAS COMPRIS$ ( ANIMALS FROM EV]Y H\SEHOLD ) ONE P]SON TAK+ C>E ( ! H]D EV]Y DAY4 ,EV5 ! JOB DID NOT 9VOKE G5D] POLITICS4 ,VILLAG]S W]E FLEXIBLE 9 GIV+ ! RESPONSIBILITY TO A DIFF]5T MAN OR A WOMAN EV]Y DAY4 ,:ILE A MATURE WOMAN'S APPE>ANCE WAS NOT ACCEPTABLE 9 PUBLIC SPACES1 ?IS JOB ( %>+ = ! COMMONS MADE !M FREE 9 PUBLIC SPACES4 ,! PROBLEM BEGAN :5 PEOPLE DECID$ TO KEEP A NUMB] ( ANIMALS 9 !IR [N 9DIVIDUAL PA/URES4 ,! COMMON L&S GAVE !M EXTRA B5EFITS )\T PUTT+ ANY EF=T OR M9IMUM EF=T 94 ,:5 9DIVIDUAL PLOT PA/URES W]E EXHAU/$ ! PEOPLE TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! COMMON L&S4 ,?IS BR\<T AB\T EXHAU/ION 9 BO? COMMON L& & 9 ! COMMUNITY'S CAPACITY TO ORGANIZE ! COMMON PROP]TY4 ,AFT] A C\PLE ( YE>S1 ! COMMON L&S W]E PRIVATIZ$4 ,H[EV]1 ,H>D9'S VIEW & MY EXAMPLE MAY NOT BE VALID 9 SOME CASES1 BECAUSE !RE >E MANY SUCCESSFUL EXAMPLES ( SURVIV+ COMMONS >\ND ! WORLD4 ,TRADITIONAL COMMUNITIES >E CREAT+ LOCAL COMMONS BY TRAC+ !IR ECOLOGICAL PRACTICES BACK 9 TIME4 ,= EXAMPLE1 !RE IS A SUCCESSFUL EXAMPLE 9 ,RAJA/HAN1 ,9DIA4 ,!Y RE*>G$ GR\NDWAT] & RE/OR$ A L>GE IRRIGATION SY/EM BY CREAT+ SMALL DAMS ?R\< WOM5'S LEAD]%IP 9 #a#i#h#i4 ,EV5 ! 5G9E]+ & FUNDRAIS+ WAS DONE ?R\< WOM5'S LEAD]%IP4 ,!Y >E KN[N AS 0,RAJA/HAN'S WAT] W>RIORS40 ,?\S&S ( OLD E>!N DAMS CALL$ JOHADS W]E REPL5I%$ ) UND]GR\ND WAT] AS WELL4 ,?IS WAS A #a-YE> EF=T L$ BY VILLAGE COMMITTEES4 ,!Y PRACTIC$ DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,?IS IS A GOOD EXAMPLE ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ DR\<T3 0,CLOSE TO #a1JOHAD SY/EMS & O!R WAT] COLLECT+ & CONS]V+ /RUCTURES .<W]E CREAT$.> 9 APPROXIMATELY #a1#b VILLAGES & #ai DI/RICTS ( ,RAJA/HAN DUR+ ! PA/ #bh YE>S0 7,SUUT>I & ,M>T51 #b#e3 NP74 ,S9CE ! IRRIGATION ISSUE WAS RESOLV$1 !IR WELL-BE+ 9CREAS$ & CRIME & VIOL5CE R$UC$ SIGNIFICANTLY1 BECAUSE SOME PROGRESSIVE COOP]ATIVES W]E BUILT4 ,?IS ALSO HELP$ ECONOMIC JU/ICE1 & COLLECTIVE ABUNDANCE IS ! RESULT4 ,ANO!R EXAMPLE IS FROM ,ROJAVA1 9 NOR!RN ,SYRIA1 :]E A WOM5'S COOP]ATIVE CALL$ ,J9W> LAYS MUD BRICKS4 ,!Y HAVE 5G9E]$ AN ECOVILLAGE PROJECT1 & SAY 0?IS WILL BE ! FIR/ WOM5'S VILLAGE & ! MO/ RADICAL RESPONSE TO ! MALE-DOM9ANT M9DSET 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/0 7,COOP]ATIVE ,ECONOMY1 #b#a#g74 

,9 A DEGR[? /RATEGY1 A MORAL ECONOMY IS ! ANSW] = A SELF-GOV]N+ 9/ITUTION4 ,LET US BE> 9 M9D ?AT DEGR[? REQUIRES VOLUNT>Y SIMPLICITY TO R$UCE CONSUMPTION = MAT]IAL NE$S4 ,RA!R ?AN ,G,D,P AS MEASUREM5T ( GR[?1 ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS BECOMES ! IMPLEM5TATION ( REG5]ATIVE & RE/ORATIVE PRACTICES4 

,COMMON+ IS AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! GR[? ECONOMY BECAUSE IT MEANS VOLUNT>ILY LIMIT+ ! EXTRACTION ( NATURAL RES\RCES4 ,IT HELPS R$UCE 
C>BON EMISSIONS BY SAV+ 5]GY & WAT]4 ,H[EV]1 ! EXAMPLES ABOVE %[ ?AT COMMON+ IS A DYNAMIC COLLECTIVE ACTIVITY1 :I* REQUIRES CONT9U\S ATT5TION TO KEEP GO+ 9 ! RI<T DIRECTION4 ,!RE IS /ILL A RISK ( REV]SAL ?R\< PRIVATIZATION4 ,ANY COMMUNITY TRY+ TO RECREATE ! COMMONS %\LD BE C>EFUL AB\T ! POT5TIAL = ?IS TO OCCUR4 

,9 A DEGR[? /RATEGY1 A /ABLE-/ATE MORAL ECONOMY W\LD FIT WELL ) ?IS COMMON+ PROCESS4 ,DEGR[? /RATEGY %\LD BE BAS$ ON A MORAL ECONOMY ) ECOLOGICAL RE/ORATION1 RA!R ?AN EXTRACTION FROM NATURE1 & HAVE A SOCIAL & ECONOMIC JU/ICE DIM5SION4 ,RECALL ?AT DEGR[? REQUIRES VOLUNT>Y SIMPLICITY TO R$UCE CONSUMPTION = MAT]IAL NE$S4 ,RA!R ?AN ,G,D,P AS A MEASUREM5T ( GR[?1 ! ,9DEX ( ,SU/A9ABLE ,WELF>E CAN BE US$ AS ! 9DICATION ( A /ABLE-/ATE MORAL ECONOMY4 

,?IS IS :Y ! MORAL ECONOMY EMBODIES NORMS & S5TIM5TS REG>D+ ! RESPONSIBILITIES & RI<TS ( 9DIVIDUALS & 9/ITUTIONS ) RESPECT TO O!RS4 ,!SE NORMS & S5TIM5TS GO BEYOND MATT]S ( JU/ICE & EQUALITY TO CONCEPTIONS ( ! GOOD1 = EXAMPLE1 REG>D+ ! NE$S & 5DS ( ECONOMIC ACTIVITY4 ,!Y MI<T ALSO BE EXT5D$ FUR!R TO 9CLUDE TREATM5T ( ! 5VIRONM5T 7,SAY]1 #b#d3 #f74 

,= A /EADY-/ATE MORAL ECONOMY 9 ! CONTEXT ( ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS1 BIOPHYSICAL & SOCIAL 9DICATORS SEEM APPROPRIATE = A REG5]ATIVE & RE/ORATIVE TRANSITION1 AS OPPOS$ TO ! 0EXTRACTIVI/0 BEHAVIOR ( ! CAPITALI/ GR[? ECONOMY3 0,! GREAT *ALL5GE ( DEGR[? IS H[ TO MA9TA9 7OR EV5 5HANCE7 ! WELL-BE+ ( ! PLANET'S CITIZ5S :ILE GLOBAL RES\RCE USE & WA/E PRODUCTION >E BE+ R$UC$ TO )9 ECOLOGICAL LIMITS4 ,SOCIAL 9DICATORS >E NE$$ TO 5SURE ?AT QUALITY ( LIFE IS MA9TA9$ OR IMPROV$ BY DEGR[? & NOT DIM9I%$ BY IT0 7,O',NEILL1 #b#a#a74 ,9DE$1 WA/E R$UCTION = A HEAL?Y 5VIRONM5T MU/ BE ! MA9 FOCUS S9CE ! GR[? ECONOMY PRODUCES AN 5ORM\S AM\NT ( WA/E1 9CLUD+ TOXIC TYPES4 ,QUALITY ( LIFE C\LD BE MEASUR$ FROM MANY DIFF]5T P]SPECTIVES1 SU* AS HAPP9ESS4 ,:5 A SY/EM REA*ES A /ABLE /AGE1 ?AT PO9T C\LD 9DICATE ! A*IEVEM5T ( /ABILITY4 ,:ILE SOCIETY %\LD HAVE A NEW WAY ( LIV+1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO KEEP ! EQUILIBRIUM AT A /ABLE /ATE AT A GLOBAL LEVEL4 

,:AT ,SORTS ( ,GR[? DO ,WE ,WANT8 

,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ,LIMITS TO ,GR[? BR\<T US GRE5 CONSUM]I/ LIT]ATURE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,LIMITS TO ,GR[? NEI!R HELPS TO CREATE A VOCABUL>Y TO LIMIT CONSUMPTION NOR DOES IT PREV5T ! DECL9+ NATURAL RES\RCES :I*1 WE ALL AGREE1 >E LIMIT$4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE MO/ GRE5 DEVELOPM5TS >E1 9 ! 5D1 BAS$ ON GR[? 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,IT MEANS ?AT CONSUM]ISM IS JU/ REPLAC+ SO-CALL$ 0GRE50 PRODUCTS--RECALL ! %OPP+ BAGS ?AT >E MADE ( ,G,M,O CORN :I* >E COM+ 9TO VOGUE4 

,! REALITY ( NATURE'S LIMITS REQUIRES CLE> E?ICS TO REASSESS HUMAN NE$S1 WANTS1 & DESIRES4 ,AS EC(EM9I/ & SOCIAL ECOLOGI/ ,*AIA ,HELL] 
UND]L9ES1 0,\R NEW WAYS ( DESIR+ NATURE 5TAIL *ANGES NOT ONLY 9 P]SONAL LIFE-/YLE & \TLOOK1 BUT *ANGES 9 SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS AS WELL0 7,HELL]1 #a#i#i#i3 #a#b74 ,! FEM9I/ MOVEM5T CONTRIBUT$ AN IMPORTANT PHRASE TO SOCIAL MOVEM5TS3 0! P]SONAL IS POLITICAL40 ,H5CE1 P]SONAL LIFE/YLES >E 9T]CONNECT$ ) SOCIAL LIFE4 ,?IS APPLIES TO 9/ITUTIONS AS WELL4 ,WE CAN FOLL[ A PA? 9 :I* \R NE$S1 WANTS1 & DESIRES S]VE TO REG5]ATE NATURE & REPAIR ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT HELP TO REVOLUTIONIZE SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 

,BOOK*9 DI/+UI%$ HUMAN EVOLUTION 9 REG>DS TO ! RELATION%IP ) NATURE AS 0FIR/ NATURE0 & 0SECOND NATURE40 ,HE NAM$ NATURE AS 0FIR/ NATURE10 :I* BECOMES 0SECOND NATURE0 ?R\< HUMAN 9T]V5TION 7,BOOK*91 #b#e74 ,?R\< ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 !SE TWO >ISE DYNAMICS ( DOM9ATION OV] NATURE & DOM9ATION OV] HUMAN 7& BETWE5 G5D]S74 ,AS HUMAN BE+S1 WE HAVE CREAT$ SOCIAL ECOSY/EMS & MANY SORTS ( HI]>*Y1 SU* AS M5'S DOM9ATION ( WOMAN1 ! BOSS'S DOM9ATION ( LABOR1 :ITE PEOPLE'S DOM9ATION ( PEOPLE ( COLOR1 DOM9ANT CULTURES' DOM9ATION ( E?NICS1 & SO ON4 ,H[EV]1 ALL !SE HI]>*IES CAN BE RESOLV$ BY LE>N+ FROM NATURE4 ,NATURE COOP]ATES RA!R ?AN COMPETES4 ,= 9/ANCE1 FROM MY LONG-T]M OBS]VATION DUR+ MY L&SCAPE MANAGEM5T PRACTICES1 MO/ TREES COOP]ATE TO REA* SUNLI<T & %>E ! M9]ALS 9 ! ROOT SY/EM4 ,( C\RSE1 !RE >E ALSO SOME OPPORTUNI/IC 9VASIVE PLANTS ?AT >E NOT NATIVE TO ! LOCAL 5VIRONM5TS4 ,?IS PROCESS MAKES !M A P>T ( NATURAL EVOLUTION4 ,?AT IS :Y FROM SECOND NATURE EVOLUTION COMES ?IRD NATURE :I* BR+S SOCIAL DIV]SITY & ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY4 ,DEMOCRATIC & P>TICIPATORY TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T PLAYS A VITAL ROLE 9 ! SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL REALIZATION ( AN EMANCIPAT$ SOCIETY4 ,BOOK*9 EMPHASIZES ! HI]>*ICAL CONCEPT3 0,ORGANIC SOCIETIES >E NOT YET DIVID$ 9TO ! CLASSES & BUREAUCRACIES BAS$ ON EXPLOITATION ?AT WE F9D 9 HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY0 7,BOOK*91 #b#d3 #a#f#g74 

,FROM A TRUE ECOLOGICAL DESIGN P]SPECTIVE1 IF A CITY IS DESIGN$ 9 AN ECOLOGICAL WAY IT DOES NOT G5]ATE WA/E4 ,( C\RSE1 MUNICIPAL $UCATION1 VOLUNT>Y PRACTICES & 9CORPORATION ( CITIZ5S >E SIGNIFICANT COMPON5TS H]E4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 A CITY IS CONSID]$ A BIG ECOSY/EM4 ,I CAN DRAW ON MY ECOLOGICAL DESIGN EXP]I5CE1 9 :I* EV]Y ELEM5T IS L9K$ TO S]VE NOT ONLY MUTUAL SUPPORT1 BUT ALSO TO PROVIDE MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS AT ! NEI<BORHOOD LEVEL4 ,S9CE ALL HUMAN ACTIVITIES >E SUPPOS$ TO BE CIRCULAT$ 9 ! CLOS$ SY/EM1 ONE SY/EM'S \TPUT CAN BE AN 9PUT = ! FOLL[+ SY/EM4 ,?IS IS H[ *ICK5S GA9 PROTE9 FROM A COMPO/ PILE1 & PRODUCE EGGS & FEA!RS AS WELL AS RESOLV+ ! COMPO/ PROBLEM4 

,TRANS=MATION 9 EV]YDAY LIFE ?R\< G5U9E ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY IS NECESS>Y BY CONSUM+ LESS & BY BUILD+ RADICAL COMMONS4 ,5VIRONM5TAL SCI5TI/1 DEGR[? ACTIVI/1 & WRIT] ,GIORGOS ,KALLIS1 :O IS CRITICAL 
TO UTILIT>IANISM1 EXPLA9S H[ DEGR[? & WELF>E IS POSSIBLE ?R\< ALT]NATIVE ECONOMICS3 

,FIR/1 RECON/RUCT+ ! COMMONS2 SECOND1 RECLAIM+ /ATE DEC\PL+ WELL-BE+ SU* AS BASIC 9COME1 PUBLIC MONEY1 WORK-%>+1 C>BON CAPS & TAXES2 ?IRD1 POLITICAL ORGANIZ+ 7,KALLIS #b#a#e3 #c#a'#d074 

,I AGREE ?AT ADJU/+ ! ECONOMY TO CAP C>BON1 RA!R ?AN ALL[+ C>BON TRAD+1 IS IMPORTANT = ! REASONS \TL9$ ABOVE 9 ! SECTION ON GRE5 DEVELOPM5T4 ,! C>BON ECONOMY ONLY ASSI/S ! GRE5+ ( CAPITALISM4 ,! PO9T IS H[ TO REORGANIZE SOCIETY 9 A NON-HI]>*ICAL WAY4 ,ALSO ,I PREF] TO SAY GOV]NM5T 9/EAD ( ! ,/ATE AS A CRITICISM TO ,KALLIS4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT WE NE$ TO REORGANIZE 9/ITUTIONS 9 A DEGR[? ECONOMY1 BUT NOT ?R\< ! ,/ATE4 ,IF WE WANT TO TRANS=M CITIES 9TO ORGANIC ECOCOMMUNITIES1 AS ,LEFEBVRE & ,BOOK*9 PROPOS$1 REORGANIZ+ 9/ITUTIONS ACCORD+LY WILL BR+ A LOT ( *AOS4 ,= SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S1 *ALL5G+ POLITICAL & ECONOMIC P[] & CREAT+ ALT]NATIVES ?R\< MUNICIPALISM IS /RATEGICALLY IMPORTANT4 ,*AIA ,HELL] EXPLA9S ,BOOK*9'S MUNICIPALISM CONCEPT ) A COMMUNITY SPIRIT3 

,WE MU/ DEVELOP A NEW UND]/&+ ( CITIZ5%IP ?AT IS NOT DEF9$ 9 RELATION TO CAPITAL OR ! NATION-/ATE BUT 9/EAD1 DEF9$ 9 OPPOSITION TO CAPITAL & ! NATION-/ATE4 ,WE MAY BECOME REVOLUTION>Y CITIZ5S DEF9$ 9 RELATION TO LOCAL COMMUNITIES ?AT >E P>T ( A L>G] CONF$]ATION ( SELF-GOV]N+ BODIES4 ,WE MAY BECOME 0A COMMUNITY ( COMMUNITIES40 ,?IS NEW WAY ( ?9K+ AB\T POLITICAL REG5]ATION IS CALL$ LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM4 7,HELL]1 #a#i#i#i3 #a#b7 

,HELL] H]E ALSO CRITICIZES ! ,NATION-,/ATE1 :I* WE DO NOT NE$4 ,9/EAD1 WE NE$ TO REVOLUTIONE] ! 9/ITUTIONS ?AT CREATE & S]VE EQUITY & WELL-BE+4 

,DEMOCRATIC & P>TICIPATORY TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T PLAYS A VITAL ROLE 9 ! SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL REALIZATION ( AN EMANCIPAT$ SOCIETY4 ,FUR!RMORE1 A SOCIALLY & ECOLOGICALLY DIV]SE SOCIETY KEEPS ITS ROOTS /RONG4 ,A DEC5TRALIZ$ CITY REQUIRES A MUNICIPAL LEVEL ( NON-HI]>*ICAL GOV]NANCE4 ,?IS CAN BE APPLI$ TO DEGR[? = SELF-DET]M9ATION & ACTIVE CITIZ5%IP AS SOCIAL ECOLOGY BR+S SELF-DET]M9ATION BY OPPOS+ ANY =M ( DOM9ATION4 ,:5 PEOPLE BEG9 TO 5JOY HELP+ TO RESOLVE !IR PROBLEMS ?R\< DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 AS HAPP5$ 9 ! AUTONOM\S ,SYRIAN REGION ( ,ROJAVA1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO CREATE ALT]NATIVES 9 A SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL WAY--EV5 9 A W> ZONE4 

,9 ! 5D1 YES1 WE NE$ TO LIMIT GR[?1 RE-ASSESS \R REAL NE$S1 & SIMPLIFY LIFE1 AS WELL AS RE/ORE NATURAL SO-CALL$ 0RES\RCES0 BECAUSE IT HAS GONE BEYOND SAV+ RES\RCES N[4 ,WE NE$ TO CONC5TRATE ON H[ TO 
CLEAN UP ! SOIL1 AIR1 & RE*>GE UND]GR\ND WAT]4 ,H]E IS MY VIEW ( UTOPIA4 ,I DREAM ( A CITY ?AT IS MORE REG5]ATIVE & SELF-RELIANT VIA ITS LOCAL RES\RCES & SELF-SUFFICI5CY ?R\< DIRECT DEMOCRACY PR9CIPLES4 ,I DREAM ( A CITY1 ?AT IS CONNECT$ TO SURR\ND+ T[NS AT A BIOREGIONAL LEVEL & RES\RCES LOCALLY MANAG$4 ,I DREAM ( 5GAG+ PUBLIC SPACES SU* AS COMMUNITY G>D5S1 URBAN AGRICULTURAL SITES1 WILDLIFE ZONES1 SPACES = >T & CRAFT ACTIVITIES--ALSO TO %>E /ORIES4 ,I ALSO DREAM ( AN 9CLUSIVE CITY--ALONG E?ICAL1 RACIAL1 ECONOMIC1 & G5D] L9ES4 ,I DREAM ( A CITY ECONOMY NO LONG] SUBS]VI5T TO CAPITALISM'S 0GR[ OR DIE0 DILEMMA4 ,MAT]IAL ACCUMULATION WILL NO LONG] HOLD AS MU* SOCIAL KUDOS1 S9CE ! RADICAL COMMONS WILL PLAY VITAL ROLES4 ,I WANT A CITY ( CONVIVIALITY & FRUGALITY1 A H>MONI\S PLACE = ITS [N CITIZ5S4 ,I WANT A 0CONVIVIAL0 7,ILY* #a#i#g#c7 CITY :I* IS CONT9U\SLY EVOLV+ ) ITS COMMONS ?R\< ! JOY ( POLITICS 9 EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,I WANT A CITY ?AT S]VES ITS CITIZ5S ) ! VALUE ( SIMPLICITY--! ULTIMATE GOAL ( SOPHI/ICATION1 AS 9DICAT$ 9 ,LEON>DO'S /ATEM5T4 

,REF]5CES 

,BOOK*91 ,M4 #a#i#h#f4 ,! ,LIMITS ( ! ,CITY ,REVIS$ ,$ITION4 ,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS4 

,BOOK*91 ,M4 #a#i#i#b4 ,URBANIZATION ,)\T ,CITIES3 ,! ,RISE & ,DECL9E ( ,CITIZ5%IP4 ,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS4 

,BOOK*91 ,M4 #a#i#i#f4 ,T[>D AN ,ECOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY4 ,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS4 ,BOOK*91 ,M4 #b#d4 ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM4 ,OAKL&3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

,BOOK*91 ,M4 #b#e4 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM4 ,OAKL&3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

,BR[N1 ,A4 & ,ANNALI1 ,K4 #b#i4 ,URBAN ,POLICIES & ! ,RI<T TO ! ,CITY ,RI<TS1 RESPONSIBILITIES & CITIZ5%IP4 ,U,N-,HABITAT ,REPORT ,M>* #b#i4 .<,ONL9E.>4 .<,ACCESS$ #i ,JUNE #b#a#h.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 

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