,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY & ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM ,A READ] FROM ,MAKE ,ROJAVA ,GRE5 ,AGA9 9 COOP]ATION ) ! ASSOCIATION ( ! /UD5TS FROM ,KURDI/AN ,Y,X,K & ,J,X,K ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 ,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 O ,*APT] #a 3 ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN ON ! ,RETURN TO ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY #a1#b#c#e ,WORDS2 #g1#g#h#a ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #b 3 ,:AT IS ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY8 #i1#d#g#g ,WORDS2 #f#a1#c#d#d ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #c 3 ,! ,DEA? ( ,NATURE #b1#a#e#i ,WORDS2 #a#d1#c#g#i ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #d 3 ,ECOLOGY 9 ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM #a1#i#a#h ,WORDS2 #g1#f#a#d ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #e 3 ,REB] ,APO IS A ,P]MACULTURALI/ -- ,P]MACULTURE & ,POLITICAL ,TRANS=MATION 9 ,NOR? ,EA/ ,SYRIA #a1#g#a#f ,WORDS2 #a#a1#c#b ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #f 3 ,ECOLOGICAL ,CATA/ROPHE3 ,NATURE ,TALKS ,BACK #d1#a#c#i ,WORDS2 #b#e1#e#d ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #g 3 ,AGA9/ ,GRE5 ,CAPITALISM #e1#a#b#b ,WORDS2 #c#a1#b#c#b ,*>ACT]S O ,NOTES #bcc ,WORDS2 #a1#i#d ,*>ACT]S ,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 O ,*APT] #a 3 ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN ON ! ,RETURN TO ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY #a4 ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN ON ! RETURN TO SOCIAL ECOLOGY ,BY ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN ,! TEXT IS AN EXC]PT FROM ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN'S DEF5SE PAMPHLET 0,BIR ,HALKI ,SAVUNMAK0 75GL3 0,BEYOND ,/ATE1 ,P[] & ,VIOL5CE407 ,HUMANS GA9 9 VALUE :5 !Y UND]/& ?AT ANIMALS & PLANTS >E ONLY 5TRU/$ TO !M4 ,A SOCIAL 'CONSCI\SNESS' ?AT LACKS ECOLOGICAL CONSCI\SNESS WILL 9EVITABLY CORRUPT & DIS9TEGRATE4 ,JU/ AS ! SY/EM HAS L$ ! SOCIAL CRISIS 9TO *AOS1 SO HAS ! 5VIRONM5T BEGUN TO S5D \T ,S4,O4,S4 SIGNALS 9 ! =M ( LIFE-?REAT5+ CATA/ROPHES4 ,CANC]-LIKE CITIES1 POLLUT$ AIR1 ! P]=AT$ OZONE LAY]1 ! RAPIDLY ACCEL]AT+ EXT9CTION ( ANIMAL & PLANT SPECIES1 ! DE/RUCTION ( =E/S1 ! POLLUTION ( WAT] BY WA/E1 PIL+ UP M\NTA9S ( RUBBI% & UNNATURAL POPULATION GR[? HAVE DRIV5 ! 5VIRONM5T 9TO *AOS & 9SURRECTION4 ,IT'S ALL AB\T MAXIMUM PR(IT1 REG>DLESS ( H[ MANY CITIES1 PEOPLE1 FACTORIES1 TRANSPORTATION1 SYN!TIC MAT]IALS1 POLLUT$ AIR & WAT] \R PLANET CAN H&LE4 ,?IS NEGATIVE DEVELOPM5T IS NOT FATE4 ,IT IS ! RESULT ( AN UNBALANC$ USE ( SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY 9 ! H&S ( P[]4 ,IT W\LD BE WRONG TO HOLD SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY RESPONSIBLE = ?IS PROCESS4 ,SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY 9 !MSELVES >E NOT TO BLAME4 ,!Y FUNCTION ACCORD+ TO ! =CES ( ! SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,JU/ AS !Y CAN DE/ROY NATURE1 !Y CAN HEAL IT4 ,! PROBLEM IS EXCLUSIVELY A SOCIAL ONE4 ,!RE IS A GREAT CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! LEVEL ( SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY & ! /&>D ( LIV+ ( ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( PEOPLE4 ,?IS SITUATION IS ! RESULT ( ! 9T]E/S ( A M9ORITY ?AT HAS CONTROL OV] SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY4 ,9 A DEMOCRATIC & FREE SOCIETY1 H[EV]1 SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY WILL PLAY AN ECOLOGICAL ROLE4 ,ECOLOGY ITSELF IS ALSO A SCI5CE4 ,IT EXAM9ES ! RELATION%IP ( SOCIETY TO ITS 5VIRONM5T4 ,AL?\< IT IS /ILL A V]Y Y\NG SCI5CE1 IT WILL PLAY A LEAD+ ROLE 9 OV]COM+ ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 SOCIETY & NATURE TOGE!R ) ALL O!R SCI5CES4 ,! 5VIRONM5TAL CONSCI\SNESS ?AT HAS ALREADY BE5 DEVELOP$ 9 PLACES WILL MAKE A REVOLUTION>Y LEAP =W>D ?R\< ECOLOGY UND]/OOD 9 ?IS WAY4 ,! BOND BETWE5 ! COMMUNAL PRIMITIVE SOCIETY & NATURE IS LIKE ! BOND BETWE5 *ILD & MO!R4 ,NATURE IS UND]/OOD AS SOME?+ ALIVE4 ,! GOLD5 RULE ( ! RELIGION ( ?IS TIME WAS NOT TO DO ANY?+ AGA9/ IT 9 ORD] NOT TO BE PUNI%$ BY IT4 ,! NATURAL RELIGION IS ! RELIGION ( ! COMMUNAL PRIMITIVE SOCIETY4 ,!RE IS NO CONTRADICTION TO NATURE1 NO ANOMALY 9 ! EM]G5CE ( SOCIETY4 ,PHILOSOPHY ITSELF DEF9ES ! HUMAN BE+ AS 0NATURE BECOM+ AW>E ( ITSELF40 ,! HUMAN BE+ IS BASICALLY ! MO/ DEVELOP$ P>T ( NATURE4 ,?IS PROVES ! UNNATURALNESS & ANOMALY ( ?IS SOCIAL SY/EM1 :I* PUTS ! MO/ DEVELOP$ P>T ( NATURE 9 CONTRADICTION TO IT4 ,! FACT ?AT ?IS SOCIAL SY/EM HAS TURN$ ! HUMAN1 :O 5?USIA/ICALLY UNIT$ HIMSELF ) NATURE 9 FEA/S1 9TO SU* A PLAGUE = NATURE %[S ?AT IT IS ITSELF ! PLAGUE4 ,! HOLI/IC NATURE ( ! HUMAN & ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T DOES NOT ONLY REF] TO ECONOMIC & SOCIAL ISSUES4 ,IT IS ALSO AN 9DISP5SABLE PHILOSOPHICAL PASSION TO UND]/& NATURE4 ,?IS IS ACTUALLY BAS$ ON RECIPROCITY4 ,NATURE PROVES ITS GREAT CURIOSITY & CREATIVE P[] BY BECOM+ HUMAN4 ,! HUMAN BE+1 ON ! O!R H&1 RECOGNIZES ITSELF BY UND]/&+ NATURE4 ,IT IS REM>KABLE ?AT ! ,SUM]IAN WORD = FRE$OM1 0,AM>GI10 MEANS RETURN TO ! MO!R -- NATURE4 ,BETWE5 HUMAN BE+S & NATURE !RE IS A QUASI LOVE RELATION%IP4 ,?IS IS A GREAT LOVE /ORY4 ,TO DE/ROY ?IS LOVE IS1 RELIGI\SLY SPEAK+1 A MORTAL S94 ,BECAUSE Y\ CANNOT CREATE A GREAT] S5SE ( MEAN+ ?AN ?IS ONE4 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT1 ! REM>KABLE SIGNIFICANCE ( \R 9T]PRETATION ( ! FEMALE BLE$+ IS %[N ONCE AGA94 ,IT IS BO? A SIGN ( ! DI/ANCE FROM NATURE & ( ITS ORIG94 ,! WOMAN'S NATURALNESS /EMS FROM H] CLOS5ESS TO NATURE4 ,?IS IS ALSO ! REAL MEAN+ ( H] MY/]I\S ATTRACTION4 ,NO SOCIAL SY/EM ?AT IS NOT 9 H>MONY ) NATURE CAN CLAIM RATIONALITY & MORALITY = ITSELF4 ,!RE=E1 ! SY/EM ?AT IS MO/ AT ODDS ) NATURE WILL ALSO BE OV]COME 9 T]MS ( RATIONALITY & MORALITY4 ,AS CAN BE SE5 FROM ?IS BRIEF DEF9ITION ( ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! CAPITALI/ SOCIAL SY/EM & ITS PRES5T *AOTIC /ATE & ! CATA/ROPHIC DE/RUCTION ( ! 5VIRONM5T1 IT IS A DIALECTICAL RELATION%IP4 ,! FUNDAM5TAL CONTRADICTION TO NATURE CAN ONLY BE OV]COME BY TURN+ AWAY FROM ! SY/EM4 ,IT CANNOT BE SOLV$ BY 5VIRONM5TAL PROTECTION MOVEM5TS ALONE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY ALSO REQUIRES A MORAL *ANGE4 ,! AMORALITY ( CAPITALISM CAN ONLY BE OV]COME BY AN ECOLOGICAL APPROA*4 ,! CONNECTION BETWE5 MORALITY & CONSCI5CE DEM&S AN EMPA!TIC & SYMPA!TIC SPIRITUALITY4 ,?IS 9 TURN ONLY MAKES S5SE IF IT IS BAS$ ON ECOLOGICAL COMPET5CE4 ,ECOLOGY MEANS FRI5D%IP ) NATURE1 BELIEF 9 NATURAL RELIGION4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT ECOLOGY /&S = A R5EW$1 CONSCI\S & 5LIE QUITE TOPICAL4 ,ONE ( ! TASKS ( ! ACTIVI/S IS TO EXP& ! MANY EXI/+ ORGANIZATIONS 9 EV]Y RESPECT & TO MAKE !M AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY4 ,?IS ALSO 9CLUDES SOLID>ITY ) ! FEM9I/ & LIB]AL WOM5'S MOVEM5TS4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ACTIVITIES 9 DEMOCRATIZATION IS ! PROMOTION & ORGANIZATION ( 5VIRONM5TAL AW>5ESS4 ,JU/ AS !RE ONCE WAS A PRON\NC$ CLASS OR NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS1 WE MU/ CREATE AN AW>5ESS ( DEMOCRACY & ! 5VIRONM5T ?R\< 9T5SIVE CAMPAIGNS4 ,:E!R WE >E TALK+ AB\T ANIMAL RIRI$ \T PROP]LY1 >E 9DISP5SABLE ELEM5TS ( SOCIAL ACTIONISM4 ,= PEOPLE :O HAVE NO FEEL+ = ! BIOLOGICAL CAN ONLY HAVE A DI/URB$ SOCIAL FEEL+4 ,?OSE :O P]CEIVE ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! TWO CAN FEEL TRUE & ) ALL !IR S5SES4 ,NATURE1 :I* HAS SO F> BE5 PLUND]$ & EXPOS$1 MU/ & WILL WITNESS A GREAT /RUGGLE TO RE/ORE ITS COV] ( FLORA & FAUNA4 ,! =E/ WILL HAVE TO BE GIV5 A *ANCE AGA94 0,GREAT PATRIOTISM MEANS RE=E/ATION & PLANT+ TREES40 ,?IS IS A VALUABLE SLOGAN4 ,?OSE :O DO NOT LOVE & PROTECT ANIMALS WILL ALSO NOT BE ABLE TO PROTECT & LOVE HUMANS4 ,MAN GA9S VALUE :5 HE UND]/&S ?AT ANIMALS & PLANTS >E ONLY 5TRU/$ TO HIM4 ,A SOCIAL 0CONSCI\SNESS0 ?AT LACKS ECOLOGICAL CONSCI\SNESS WILL 9EVITABLY CORRUPT & DIS9TEGRATE1 AS WAS SE5 9 REAL-SOCIALISM4 ,ECOLOGICAL CONSCI\SNESS IS A FUNDAM5TAL IDEOLOGICAL CONSCI\SNESS4 ,IT RESEMBLES A BRIDGE BETWE5 PHILOSOPHY & MORALITY4 ,A POLICY ?AT PROMISES SALVATION FROM ! CURR5T CRISIS CAN ONLY LEAD TO A REAL SOCIAL SY/EM IF IT IS ECOLOGICAL4 ,AS ) ! PROBLEM ( WOM5'S FRE$OM1 ! PATRI>*AL & /ATI/ UND]/&+ ( P[] ALSO CONTRIBUTES TO ! FACT ?AT ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS HAVE BE5 DELAY$ = SO LONG & HAVE /ILL NOT BE5 SOLV$ PROP]LY4 ,IF ECOLOGY & FEM9ISM CONT9UE TO DEVELOP1 ! PATRI>*AL & /ATI/ SY/EM BECOMES COMPLETELY \T ( BALANCE4 ,! TRUE /RUGGLE = DEMOCRACY & SOCIALISM WILL ONLY BECOME A COMPLETE AFFAIR :5 IT TAKES UP ! CAUSE ( WOM5'S FRE$OM & NATURE'S SALVATION4 ,ONLY SU* A COMPLETE /RUGGLE = A NEW SOCIAL SY/EM CAN LEAD TO A MEAN+FUL WAY \T ( ! CURR5T *AOS4 O ,*APT] #b 3 ,:AT IS ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY8 #b4 ,:AT IS ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY8 ,BY ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 ,FROM ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY & ,COMMUNALISM1 ,A,K ,PRESS1 FIR/ PR9T+1 #b#g4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS BAS$ ON ! CONVICTION ?AT NE>LY ALL ( \R PRES5T ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS ORIG9ATE 9 DEEP-SEAT$ SOCIAL PROBLEMS4 ,IT FOLL[S1 FROM ?IS VIEW1 ?AT !SE ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS CANNOT BE UND]/OOD1 LET ALONE SOLV$1 )\T A C>EFUL UND]/&+ ( \R EXI/+ SOCIETY & ! IRRATIONALITIES ?AT DOM9ATE IT4 ,TO MAKE ?IS PO9T MORE CONCRETE3 ECONOMIC1 E?NIC1 CULTURAL1 & G5D] CONFLICTS1 AMONG MANY O!RS1 LIE AT ! CORE ( ! MO/ S]I\S ECOLOGICAL DISLOCATIONS WE FACE TODAY -- AP>T1 TO BE SURE1 FROM ?OSE ?AT >E PRODUC$ BY NATURAL CATA/ROPHES4 ,IF ?IS APPROA* SEEMS A BIT TOO SOCIOLOGICAL = ?OSE 5VIRONM5TALI/S :O ID5TIFY ! PRIM>Y ECOLOGICAL PROBLEM AS BE+ ! PRES]VATION ( WILDLIFE OR WILD]NESS1 OR MORE BROADLY AS ATT5D+ TO 0,GAIA0 TO A*IEVE PLANET>Y 0ON5ESS10 !Y MIEAS1 & VA/ HYDROELECTRIC PROJECTS ?AT FLOOD PLACES :]E PEOPLE LIVE1 TO CITE ONLY A FEW PROBLEMS1 >E SOB]+ REM9D]S ?AT ! REAL BATTLEGR\ND ON :I* ! ECOLOGICAL FUTURE ( ! PLANET WILL BE DECID$ IS CLE>LY A SOCIAL ONE1 P>TICUL>LY BETWE5 CORPORATE P[] & ! LONG-RANGE 9T]E/S ( HUMANITY AS A :OLE4 ,9DE$1 TO SEP>ATE ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS FROM SOCIAL PROBLEMS -- OR EV5 TO PLAY D[N OR GIVE ONLY TOK5 RECOGNITION TO !IR CRUCIAL RELATION%IP -- W\LD BE TO GROSSLY MISCON/RUE ! S\RCES ( ! GR[+ 5VIRONM5TAL CRISIS4 ,9 EFFECT1 ! WAY HUMAN BE+S DEAL ) EA* O!R AS SOCIAL BE+S IS CRUCIAL TO ADDRESS+ ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 ,UNLESS WE CLE>LY RECOGNIZE ?IS1 WE WILL FAIL TO SEE ?AT ! HI]>*ICAL M5TALITY & CLASS RELATION%IPS ?AT SO ?OR\E :AT HAS GIV5 RISE TO ! V]Y IDEA ( DOM9AT+ ! NATURAL WORLD4,UNLESS WE REALIZE ?AT ! PRES5T M>KET SOCIETY1 /RUCTUR$ >\ND ! BRUTALLY COMPETITIVE IMP]ATIVE ( 0GR[ OR DIE10 IS A ?OR\D LIMIT$ GOALS :OSE ATTA9M5T IS MORE COSMETIC ?AN CURATIVE4 ,SOME CRITICS HAVE REC5TLY QUE/ION$ :E!R SOCIAL ECOLOGY HAS TREAT$ ! ISSUE ( SPIRITUALITY 9 ECOLOGICAL POLITICS ADEQUATELY4 ,9 FACT1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY WAS AMONG ! E>LIE/ ( CONTEMPOR>Y ECOLOGIES TO CALL = A SWEEP+ *ANGE 9 EXI/+ SPIRITUAL VALUES4 ,9DE$1 SU* A *ANGE W\LD 9VOLVE A F>- REA*+ TRANS=MATION ( \R PREVAIL+ M5TALITY ( DOM9ATION 9TO ONE ( COMPLEM5T>ITY1 ONE ?AT SEES \R ROLE 9 ! NATURAL WORLD AS CREATIVE1 SUPPORTIVE1 & DEEPLY APPRECIATIVE ( ! WELL-BE+ ( NONHUMAN LIFE4 ,9 SOCIAL ECOLOGY A TRULY NATURAL SPIRITUALITY1 FREE ( MY/ICAL REGRESSIONS1 W\LD C5T] ON ! ABILITY ( AN EMANCIPAT$ HUMANITY TO FUNCTION AS E?ICAL AG5TS = DIM9I%+ NE$LESS SUFF]+1 5GAG+ 9 ECOLOGICAL RE/ORATION1 & FO/]+ AN ES!TIC APPRECIATION ( NATURAL EVOLUTION 9 ALL ITS FECUNDITY & DIV]SITY4 ,?US1 9 ITS CALL = A COLLECTIVE EF=T TO *ANGE SOCIETY1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY HAS NEV] ES*EW$ ! NE$ = A RADICALLY NEW SPIRITUALITY OR M5TALITY4 ,AS E>LY AS #a#i#f#e1 ! FIR/ PUBLIC /ATEM5T TO ADVANCE ! IDEAS ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY CONCLUD$ ) ! 9JUNCTION3 0,! CA/ ( M9D ?AT TODAY ORGANIZES DIFF]5CES AMONG HUMAN & O!R LIFE-=MS ALONG HI]>*ICAL L9ES ( 'SUPREMACY' OR '9F]IORITY' WILL GIVE WAY TO AN \TLOOK ?AT DEALS ) DIV]SITY 9 AN ECOLOGICAL MANN] -- ?AT IS1 ACCORD+ TO AN E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY4 ,9 SU* AN E?ICS1 HUMAN BE+S W\LD COMPLEM5T NONHUMAN BE+S ) !IR [N CAPACITIES TO PRODUCE A RI*]1 CREATIVE1 & DEVELOPM5TAL :OLE -- NOT AS A 0DOM9ANT0 SPECIES1 BUT AS A SUPPORTIVE ONE4 ,AL?\< ?IS E?ICS1 EXPRESS$ AT TIMES AS AN APPEAL = ! 0RESPIRITIZATION ( ! NATURAL WORLD10 RECURS ?R\<\T ! LIT]ATURE ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 IT %\LD NOT BE MI/AK5 = A !OLOGY ?AT RAISES A DEITY ABOVE ! NATURAL WORLD OR EV5 ?AT SEEKS TO DISCOV] ONE )9 IT4 ,! SPIRITUALITY ADVANC$ BY SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS DEF9ITIVELY NATURALI/ 7AS ONE W\LD EXPECT1 GIV5 ITS RELATION TO ECOLOGY ITSELF1 :I* /EMS FROM ! BIOLOGICAL SCI5CES7 RA!R ?AN SUP]NATURALI/IC OR PAN!I/IC >EAS ( SPECULATION4 ,! EF=T 9 SOME QU>T]S ( ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T TO PRIORITIZE ! NE$ TO DEVELOP A PAN!I/IC 0ECO-SPIRITUALITY0 OV] ! NE$ TO ADDRESS SOCIAL FACTORS RAISES S]I\S QUE/IONS AB\T !IR ABILITY TO COME TO GRIPS ) REALITY4 ,AT A TIME :5 A BL9D SOCIAL ME*ANISM -- ! M>KET -- IS TURN+ SOIL 9TO S&1 COV]+ F]TILE L& ) CONCRETE1 POISON+ AIR & WAT]1 & PRODUC+ SWEEP+ CLIMATIC & ATMOSPH]IC *ANGES1 WE CANNOT IGNORE ! IMPACT ?AT AN AGGRESSIVE HI]>*ICAL & EXPLOITATIVE CLASS SOCIETY HAS ON ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,WE MU/ FACE ! FACT ?AT ECONOMIC GR[?1 G5D] OPPRESSION1 & E?NIC DOM9ATION -- NOT TO SPEAK ( CORPORATE1 /ATE1 & BUREAUCRATIC 9CURSIONS ON HUMAN WELL-BE+ -- >E MU* MORE CAPABLE ( %AP+ ! FUTURE ( ! NATURAL WORLD ?AN >E PRIVATI/IC =MS ( SPIRITUAL SELFR$EMPTION4 ,!SE =MS ( DOM9ATION MU/ BE CONFRONT$ BY COLLECTIVE ACTION & BY MAJOR SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ?AT *ALL5GE ! SOCIAL S\RCES ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS1 NOT SIMPLY BY P]SONALI/IC =MS ( CONSUMPTION & 9VE/M5T ?AT (T5 GO UND] ! OXYMORONIC RUBRIC ( 0GRE5 CAPITALISM4 0 ,! PRES5T HIE4 ,AMONG ! MANY DEF9ITIONS ( NATURE ?AT HAVE BE5 =MULAT$ OV] TIME1 ! ONE ?AT HAS ! MO/ AFF9ITY ) SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS RA!R ELUSIVE & (T5 DIFFICULT TO GRASP BECAUSE UND]/&+ & >TICULAT+ IT REQUIRES A C]TA9 WAY ( ?9K+ -- ONE ?AT /&S AT ODDS ) :AT IS POPUL>LY CALL$ 0L9E> ?9K+40 ,?IS 0NONL9E>0 OR ORGANIC WAY ( ?9K+ IS DEVELOPM5TAL RA!R ?AN ANALYTICAL1 OR 9 MORE TE*NICAL T]MS1 IT IS DIALECTICAL RA!R ?AN 9/RUM5TAL4 ,IT CONCEIVES ! NATURAL WORLD AS A DEVELOPM5TAL PROCESS1 RA!R ?AN ! BEAUTIFUL VI/AS WE SEE FROM A M\NTA9TOP OR IMAGES FIX$ ON ! BACKS ( PICTURE PO/C>DS4 ,SU* VI/AS & IMAGES ( NONHUMAN NATURE >E BASICALLY /ATIC & IMMOBILE4 ,AS WE GAZE OV] A L&SCAPE1 TO BE SURE1 \R ATT5TION MAY MOM5T>ILY BE >RE/$ BY ! SO>+ FLIE REALLY WITNESS+ 9 SU* CASES IS ! M]E K9ETICS ( PHYSICAL MOTION1 CAUE1 WE BEG9 TO S5SE ?AT IT IS BASICALLY AN EVOLV+ & UNFOLD+ PH5OM5ON1 A RI*LY FECUND1 EV5 DRAMATIC DEVELOPM5T ?AT IS =EV] *ANG+4 ,I MEAN TO DEF9E NONHUMAN NATURE PRECISELY AS AN EVOLV+ PROCESS1 AS ! TOTALITY1 9 FACT1 ( ITS EVOLUTION4 ,NATURE1 SO CONC]N$1 5COMPASSES ! DEVELOPM5T FROM ! 9ORGANIC 9TO ! ORGANIC1 & FROM ! LESS DIFF]5TIAT$ & RELATIVELY LIMIT$ WORLD ( UNICELLUL> ORGANISMS 9TO ?AT ( MULTI-CELLUL> ONES EQUIPP$ ) SIMPLE1 !N COMPLEX1 & 9 TIME FAIRLY 9TELLIG5T NEURAL APP>ATUSES ?AT ALL[ !M TO MAKE 9NOVATIVE *OICES4 ,F9ALLY1 ! ACQUISITION ( W>M-BLOOD$NESS GIVES TO ORGANISMS ! A/ONI%+ FLEXIBILITY TO EXI/ 9 ! MO/ DEM&+ CLIMATIC 5VIRONM5TS4 ,?IS VA/ DRAMA ( NONHUMAN NATURE IS 9 EV]Y RESPECT /UNN+ & WONDR\S4 ,ITS EVOLUTION IS M>K$ BY 9CREAS+ SUBJECTIVITY & FLEXIBILITY & BY 9CREAS+ DIFF]5TIATION ?AT MAKES AN ORGANISM MORE ADAPTABLE TO NEW 5VIRONM5TAL *ALL5GES & OPPORTUNITIES & ?AT BETT] EQUIPS LIV+ BE+S 7SPECIFICALLY HUMAN BE+S7 TO ALT] !IR 5VIRONM5T TO MEET !IR [N NE$S RA!R ?AN M]ELY ADAPT TO 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGES4 ,ONE MAY SPECULATE ?AT ! POT5TIALITY ( MATT] ITSELF -- ! CEASELESS 9T]ACTIVITY ( ATOMS 9 =M+ NEW *EMICAL COMB9ATIONS TO PRODUCE EV] MORE COMPLEX MOLECULES1 AM9O ACIDS1 PROTE9S1 & UND] SUITABLE CONDITIONS1 ELEM5T>Y LIFE-=MS -- IS 9H]5T 9 9ORGANIC NATURE4 ,OR ONE MAY DECIDE QUITE MATT]- (-FACTLY ?AT ! 0/RUGGLE = EXI/5CE0 OR ! 0SURVIVAL ( ! FITTE/0 EXPLA9S :Y 9CREAS+LY SUBJECTIVE & MORE FLEXIBLE BE+S >E CAPABLE ( ADDRESS+ 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGE MORE EFFECTIVELY ?AN >E LESS SUBJECTIVE & FLEXIBLE BE+S4 ,BUT ! SIMPLE FACT REMA9S ?AT !SE EVOLUTION>Y DRAMAS DID OCCUR1 9DE$ ! EVID5CE IS C>V$ 9 /ONE 9 ! FOSSIL RECORD4 ,?AT NONHUMAN NATURE IS ?IS RECORD1 ?IS HI/ORY1 ?IS DEVELOPM5TAL OR EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 IS A V]Y SOB]+ FACT ?AT CANNOT BE IGNOR$ )\T IGNOR+ REALITY ITSELF4 ,CONCEIV+ NONHUMAN NATURE AS ITS [N 9T]ACTIVE EVOLUTION RA!R ?AN AS A M]E SC5IC VI/A HAS PR(\ND IMPLICATIONS -- E?ICAL AS WELL AS BIOLOGICAL -- = ECOLOGICALLY M9D$ PEOPLE4 ,HUMAN BE+S EMBODY1 AT LEA/ POT5TIALLY1 ATTRIBUTES ( NONHUMAN DEVELOPM5T ?AT PLACE !M SQU>ELY )9 ORGANIC EVOLUTION4 ,!Y >E NOT 0NATURAL ALI5S10 TO USE ,NEIL ,EV]ND5'S PHRASE1 /RONG EXOTICS1 PHYLOG5ETIC DE=MITIES ?AT1 [+ TO !IR TOOL-MAK+ CAPACITIES1 0CANNOT EVOLVE ) AN ECOSY/EM ANY:]E40 ,NOR >E !Y 09TELLIG5T FLEAS10 TO USE ! LANGUAGE ( ,GAIAN !ORI/S :O BELIEVE ?AT ! E>? 70,GAIA07 IS ONE LIV+ ORGANISM4 ,!SE UNT5ABLE DISJUNCTIONS BETWE5 HUMANITY & ! EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS >E AS SUP]FICIAL AS !Y >E POT5TIALLY MISAN?ROPIC4 ,HUMANS >E HIE A PRODUCT ( A SIGNIFICANT EVOLUTION>Y TR5D T[>D 9TELLECTUALITY1 SELFAW>5ESS1 WILL1 9T5TIONALITY1 & EXPRESSIV5ESS1 BE IT 9 V]BAL OR 9 BODY LANGUAGE4 ,HUMAN BE+S BELONG TO A NATURAL CONT9UUM1 NO LESS ?AN !IR PRIMATE ANCE/ORS & MAMMALS 9 G5]AL4 ,TO DEPICT !M AS 0ALI5S0 ?AT HAVE NO PLACE OR P$IGREE 9 NATURAL EVOLUTION1 OR TO SEE !M ESS5TIALLY AS AN 9FE/ATION ?AT P>ASITIZES ! PLANET ! WAY FLEAS P>ASITIZE DOGS & CATS1 IS NOT ONLY BAD ECOLOGY BUT BAD ?9K+4 ,LACK+ ANY S5SE ( PROCESS1 ?IS K9D ( ?9K+ -- REGRETTABLY SO COMMONPLACE AMONG E?ICI/S -- RADICALLY DIVIDES ! NONHUMAN FROM ! HUMAN4 ,9DE$1 TO ! DEGREE 5VIRONM5TAL ?9K]S ROMANTICIZE NONHUMAN NATURE AS WILD]NESS & SEE IT AS MORE AU!NTICALLY 0NATURAL0 ?AN ! WORKS ( HUMANS1 !Y FREEZE NONHUMAN NATURE AS A CIRCUMSCRIB$ DOMA9 9 :I* HUMAN 9NOVATION1 =ESIE PRODUCTS ( A LONG1 NATURAL EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,!IR SEEM+LY 0UNNATURAL0 ACTIVITIES -- LIKE ! DEVELOPM5T ( TE*NOLOGY & SCI5CE1 ! =MATION ( MUTABLE SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 HIGE >RAY ( PHYSICAL HUMAN ATTRIBUTES ?AT HAVE BE5 EONS 9 ! MAK+1 BE !Y ! L>GE HUMAN BRA9 OR ! BIP$AL MOTION ?AT FREES HUMAN H&S = MAK+ TOOLS & C>RY+ FOOD4 ,9 MANY RESPECTS1 HUMAN TRAITS >E 5L>GEM5TS ( NONHUMAN TRAITS ?AT HAVE BE5 EVOLV+ OV] ! AGES4 ,9CREAS+ C>E = ! Y\NG1 COOP]ATION1 ! SUB/ITUTION ( M5TALLY GUID$ BEHAVIOR = L>GELY 9/9CTIVE BEHAVIOR -- ALL >E PRES5T MORE KE5LY 9 HUMAN BEHAVIOR4 ,AMONG HUMANS1 AS OPPOS$ TO NONHUMAN BE+S1 !SE TRAITS >E DEVELOP$ SUFFICI5TLY TO REA* A DEGREE ( ELABORATION & 9TEGRATION ?AT YIELDS CULTURES1 COMPRIS+ 9/ITUTIONS ( FAMILIES1 B&S1 TRIBES1 HI]>*IES1 ECONOMIC CLASSES1 & ! /ATE -- 9 %ORT1 HID$ AS SOCIAL4 ,9 FACT1 ! EM]G5CE & DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN SOCIETY HAS BE5 A CONT9UAL PROCESS ( %$D+ 9/9CTIVE BEHAVIORAL TRAITS & ( CLE>+ A NEW T]RA9 = POT5TIALLY RATIONAL BEHAVIOR4 ,HUMAN BE+S ALWAYS REMA9 ROOT$ 9 !IR BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY1 :I* WE MAY CALL 0FIR/ NATURE10 BUT !Y PRODUCE A *>ACT]I/ICALLY HUMAN SOCIAL NATURE ( !IR [N1 :I* WE MAY CALL 0SECOND NATURE40 ,F> FROM BE+ UNNATURAL1 HUMAN SECOND NATURE IS EM95TLY A CREATION ( ORGANIC EVOLUTION'S FIR/ NATURE4 ,TO WRITE SECOND NATURE \T ( NATURE AS A :OLE1 OR 9DE$ TO M9IMIZE IT1 IS TO IGNORE ! CREATIVITY ( NATURAL EVOLUTION ITSELF & TO VIEW IT ONE-SID$LY4 ,IF 0TRUE0 EVOLUTION EMBODIES ITSELF SIMPLY 9 CREATURES LIKE GRIZZLY BE>S1 WOLVES1 & :ALES -- G5]ALLY1 ANIMALS ?AT PEOPLE F9D ES!TICALLY PLEAS+ OR RELATIVELY 9TELLIG5T -- !N HUMAN BE+S >E D5ATUR$4 ,SU* VIEWS1 :E!R !Y SEE HUMAN BE+S AS 0ALI5S0 OR AS 0FLEAS10 ESS5TIALLY PLACE !M \TSIDE ! SELF-ORGANIZ+ ?RU/ ( NATURAL EVOLUTION T[>D 9CREAS+ SUBJECTIVITY & FLEXIBILITY4 ,! MORE 5?USIA/IC PROPON5TS ( ?IS DE-NATUR+ ( HUMANITY MAY SEE HUMAN BE+S AS EXI/+ AP>T FROM NONHUMAN EVOLUTION1 AS A 0FREAK+10 AS ,PAUL ,%EPH]D PUT IT1 ( ! EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,O!RS SIMPLY AVOID ! PROBLEM ( CL>IFY+ HUMANITY'S UNIQUE PLACE 9 NATURAL EVOLUTION BY PROMISCU\SLY PUTT+ HUMAN BE+S ON A P> ) BEETLES 9 T]MS ( !IR 09TR9SIC WOR?40 ,! 0EI!R_/OR0 PROPOSITIONAL ?9K+ ?AT PRODUCES SU* OBFUSCATIONS EI!R SEP>ATES ! SOCIAL FROM ! ORGANIC ALTOGE!R OR FLIPPANTLY MAKES IT DISAPPE> 9TO ! ORGANIC1 RESULT+ 9 AN 9EXPLICABLE DUALISM AT ONE EXTREME OR A NAIVE R$UCTIONISM AT ! O!R4 ,! DUALI/IC APPROA*1 ) ITS QUASI-!OLOGICAL PREMISE ?AT ! WORLD WAS 0MADE0 = HUMAN USE1 IS SADDL$ ) ! NAME AN?ROPOC5TRISM1 :ILE ! R$UCTIONI/ APPROA*1 ) ITS ALMO/ MEAN+LESS NOTION ( A 0BIOC5TRIC DEMOCRACY10 IS SADDL$ ) ! NAME BIOC5TRISM4 ,! BIFUCATION ( ! HUMAN FROM ! NONHUMAN REFLECTS A FAILURE TO ?9K ORGANICALLY OR TO APPROA* EVOLUTION>Y PH5OM5A ) AN EVOLUTION>Y WAY ( ?\Y PROCESS ?AT IS GO+ ON TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R UND] \R V]Y EYES1 & AS SU*1 WE DI%ONOR IT BY ?9K+ ( IT 9 ANY?+ BUT A PROCESSUAL WAY4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 WE REQUIRE A WAY ( ?9K+ ?AT RECOGNIZES ?AT 0:AT IS10 AS IT SEEMS TO LIE BE=E \R EYES1 IS ALWAYS DEVELOP+ 9 0:AT IS NOT10 ?AT IT IS 5GAG$ 9 A CONT9UAL SELF-ORGANIZ+ PROCESS 9 :I* PA/ & PRES5T1 ALONG A RI*LY DIFF]5TIAT$ BUT %>$ CONT9UUM1 GIVE RISE TO A NEW POT5TIALITY = AN EV]-RI*] DEGREE ( :OL5ESS4 ,LIFE1 CLE>LY 9 ITS HUMAN =M1 BECOME OP5-5D$LY 9NOVATIVE & TRANSC5DS ITS RELATIVELY N>R[ CAPACITY TO ADAPT ONLY TO A PREGIV5 SET ( 5VIRONM5TAL CONDITIONS4 ,AS ,V4 ,GORDON ,*ILDE ONCE PUT IT1 0,MAN MAKES HIMSELF2 HE IS NOT PRESET TO SURVIVE BY HIS G5ETIC MAKEUP40 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 A PROCESSUAL1 ORGANIC1 & DIALECTICAL WAY ( ?9K+ HAS LITTLE DIFFICULTY 9 LOCAT+ & EXPLA9+ ! EM]G5CE ( ! SOCIAL \T ( ! BIOLOGICAL1 ( SECOND NATURE \T ( FIR/ NATURE4 ,IT SEEMS MORE FA%IONABLE !SE DAYS TO DEAL ) ECOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT SOCIAL ISSUES LIKE AN ACC\NTANT4 ,?US1 ONE SIMPLY JUXTAPOSES TWO LI/S ( CULTURAL FACTS -- ONE LABEL$ 0OLD P>ADIGM0 & ! O!R1 0NEW P>ADIGM10 -- AS ?\< !Y W]E COLUMNS ( DEBITS & CR$ITS4 ,OBVI\SLY DI/A/EFUL ITEMS LIKE C5TRALIZATION >E LI/$ UND] 0OLD P>ADIGM10 :ILE MORE APPEAL+ ONES LIKE DEC5TRALIZATION >E REG>D$ AS 0NEW P>ADIGM40 ,! RESULT IS AN 9V5TORY ( BUMP]-/ICK] SLOGANS :OSE 0BOTTOM L9E0 IS PAT5TLY ABSOLUTE GOOD V]SUS ABSOLUTE EVIL4 ,ALL ( ?IS MAY BE DELICI\SLY SYNOPTIC & EASY ON ! EYES1 BUT IT IS S+UL>LY LACK+ AS FOOD = ! BRA94 ,TO TRULY KN[ & BE ABLE TO GIVE 9T]PRETIVE MEAN+ TO ! SOCIAL ISSUES & IDEAS SO >RANG$1 WE %\LD WANT TO KN[ H[ EA* ONE D]IV$ FROM ! O!R & :AT ITS P>T IS 9 AN OV]ALL DEVELOPM5T4 ,:AT1 9 FACT1 IS MEANT BY 0DEC5TRALIZATION10 & H[1 9 ! HI/ORY ( HUMAN SOCIETY1 DOES IT D]IVE FROM OR GIVE RISE TO C5TRALIZATION8 ,AGA91 WE NE$ PROCESSUAL ?9K+ TO COMPREH5D PROCESSUAL REALITIES1 IF WE >E TO GA9 SOME S5SE ( DIRECTION -- PRACTICAL AS WELL AS !ORETICAL -- 9 ADDRESS+ \R ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY SEEMS TO /& ALONE1 AT PRES5T1 9 CALL+ = AN ORGANIC1 DEVELOPM5TAL WAY ( ?9K+ \T PROBLEMS ?AT >E BASICALLY ORGANIC & DEVELOPM5TAL 9 *>ACT]4 ,! V]Y DEF9ITION ( ! NATURAL WORLD AS A DEVELOPM5T 7ALBEIT NOT ANYONE7 9DICATES ! NE$ = ORGANIC ?9K+1 AS DOES ! D]IVATION ( HUMAN FROM NONHUMAN NATURE -- A D]IVATION FROM :I* WE CAN DRAW F>-REA*+ CONCLUSIONS = ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN ECOLOGICAL E?ICS ?AT 9 TURN CAN PROVIDE S]I\S GUIDEL9ES = ! SOLUTION ( \R ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY CALLS UPON US TO SEE ?AT ! NATURAL WORLD & ! SOCIAL >E 9T]L9K$ BY EVOLUTION 9TO ONE NATURE ?AT CONSI/S ( TWO DIFF]5TIATIONS3 FIR/ OR BIOTIC NATURE1 & SECOND OR SOCIAL NATURE4 ,SOCIAL NATURE & BIOTIC NATURE %>E AN EVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL = GREAT] SUBJECTIVITY & FLEXIBILITY4 ,SECOND NATURE IS ! WAY 9 :I* HUMAN BE+S1 AS FLEXIBLE1 HITIALLY CREATES AS WELL AS PRIM>ILY ADAPTS TO -- ! BIOPHYSICAL CIRCUM/ANCES OR ECOCOMMUNITY 9 :I* IT MU/ LIVE4 ,9 PR9CIPLE1 ON ?IS V]Y SIMPLE LEVEL1 HUMAN BE+S >E DO+ NO?+ ?AT DIFF]S FROM ! SURVIVAL ACTIVITIES ( NONHUMAN BE+S1 BE IT BUILD+ BEAV] DAMS OR DIGG+ GOPH] HOLES4 ,BUT ! 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGES ?AT HUMAN BE+S PRODUCE >E PR(\NDLY DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE PRODUC$ BY NONHUMAN BE+S4 ,HUMANS ACT UPON !IR 5VIRONM5TS ) CONSID]ABLE TE*NICAL =ESI\ND !M2 HUMAN BE+S 9NOVATE ?R\< ?\E P]V]SE1 BUT BECAUSE !Y HAVE EVOLV$ QUITE NATURALLY OV] ! AGES TO DO SO4 ,!IR CULTURES >E RI* 9 KN[L$GE1 EXP]I5CE1 COOP]ATION1 & CONCEPTUAL 9TELLECTUALITY2 H[EV]1 !Y HAVE BE5 %>PLY DIVID$ AGA9/ !MSELVES AT MANY PO9TS ( !IR DEVELOPM5T1 ?R\< CONFLICTS BETWE5 GR\PS1 CLASSES1 NATION-/ATES1 & EV5 CITY-/ATES4 ,NONHUMAN BE+S G5]ALLY LIVE 9 ECOLOGICAL NI*ES1 !IR BEHAVIOR GUID$ PRIM>ILY BY 9/9CTIVE DRIVES & CONDITION$ REFLEXES4 ,HUMAN SOCIETIES >E 0BOND$0 TOGE!R BY 9/ITUTIONS ?AT *ANGE RADICALLY OV] C5TURIES4 ,NONHUMAN COMMUNITIES >E NOTABLE = !IR G5]AL FIXITY1 BY !IR CLE>LY PRESET1 (T5 G5ETICALLY IMPR9T$ RHY?MS4 ,HUMAN COMMUNITIES >E G5]ALLY TI$ TOGE!R BY G5ETICALLY ROOT$ 9/9CTIVE FACTORS -- TO ! EXT5T ?AT !SE COMMUNITIES EXI/ AT ALL4 ,H5CE1 HUMAN BE+S1 EM]G+ FROM AN ORGANIC EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 9ITIATE1 BY ! %E] =CE ( !IR BIOLOGICAL & SURVIVAL NE$S1 A SOCIAL EVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T ?AT CLE>LY 9VOLVES !IR ORGANIC EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,[+ TO !IR NATURALLY 5D[$ 9TELLIG5CE1 P[]S ( COMMUNICATION1 CAPACITY = 9/ITUTIONAL ORGANIZATION1 & RELATIVE FRE$OM FROM 9/9CTIVE BEHAVIOR1 !Y REFA%ION !IR 5VIRONM5T -- AS DO NONHUMAN BE+S -- TO ! FULL EXT5T ?AT !IR BIOLOGICAL EQUIPM5T ALL[S4 ,?IS EQUIPM5T MAKES IT POSSIBLE = !M TO 5GAGE NOT ONLY 9 SOCIAL LIFE BUT 9 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT IS NOT SO MU* ?AT HUMAN BE+S1 9 PR9CIPLE1 BEHAVE DIFF]5TLY FROM ANIMALS OR >E 9H]5TLY MORE PROBLEMATICAL 9 A /RICTLY ECOLOGICAL S5SE1 AS IT IS ?AT ! SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T BY :I* !Y GRADE \T ( !IR BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T (T5 BECOMES MORE PROBLEMATICAL = !MSELVES & NONHUMAN LIFE4 ,H[ !SE PROBLEMS EM]GE1 ! IDEOLOGIES !Y PRODUCE1 ! EXT5T TO :I* !Y CONTRIBUTE TO BIOTIC EVOLUTION OR ABORT IT1 & ! DAMAGE !Y 9FLICT ON ! PLANET AS A :OLE LIE AT ! V]Y HE>T ( ! MOD]N ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 ,SECOND NATURE AS IT EXI/S TODAY1 F> FROM M>K+ ! FULFILLM5T ( HUMAN POT5TIALITIES1 IS RIDDL$ BY CONTRADICTIONS1 ANTAGONISMS1 & CONFLICT+ 9T]E/S ?AT HAVE DI/ORT$ HUMANITY'S UNIQUE CAPACITIES = DEVELOPM5T4 ,ITS FUTURE PROSPECTS 5COMPASS BO? ! DANG] ( TE>+ D[N ! BIOSPH]E & ALAS1 GIV5 ! /RUGGLE TO A*IEVE AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 ! CAPACITY TO PROVIDE AN 5TIRELY NEW ECOLOGICAL DISP5SATION4 ,SOCIAL HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION ,H[1 !N1 DID ! SOCIAL EM]GE FROM ! BIOLOGICAL8 ,WE HAVE GOOD REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT AS BIOLOGICAL FACTS SU* AS K9 L9EAGE1 G5D] DI/9CTIONS1 & AGE DIFF]5CES W]E SL[LY 9/ITUTIONALIZ$1 !IR UNIQUELY SOCIAL DIM5SION WAS 9ITIALLY QUITE EGALIT>IAN4 ,LAT] ?IS DEVELOPM5T ACQUIR$ AN OPPRESSIVE HI]>*ICAL & !N AN EXPLOITATIVE CLASS =M4 ,! L9EAGE OR BLOOD TIE 9 E>LY PREHI/ORY OBVI\SLY =M$ ! ORGANIC BASIS ( ! FAMILY4 ,9DE$1 IT JO9$ TOGE!R GR\PS ( FAMILIES 9TO B&S1 CLANS1 & TRIBES1 ?R\< EI!R 9T]M>RIAGE OR FICTIVE =MS ( DESC5T1 !REBY =M+ ! E>LIE/ SOCIAL HORIZON ( \R ANCE/ORS4 ,MORE ?AN 9 O!R MAMMALS1 ! SIMPLE BIOLOGICAL FACTS ( HUMAN REPRODUCTION & ! PROTRACT$ MAT]NAL C>E ( ! HUMAN 9FANT T5D$ TO KNIT SIBL+S TOGE!R & PRODUC$ A /RONG S5SE ( SOLID>ITY & GR\P 9W>DNESS4 ,M51 WOM51 & !IR *ILDR5 W]E SOCIALIZ$ BY MEANS ( A FAIRLY /ABLE FAMILY LIFE1 BAS$ ON MUTUAL OBLIGATION & AN EXPRESS$ AFF9ITY ?AT WAS (T5 SANCTIFI$ BY 9ITIATION C]EMONIES & M>ITAL V[S ( ONE K9D OR ANO!R4 ,HUMAN BE+S :O W]E \TSIDE ! FAMILY & ALL ITS ELABORATIONS 9TO B&S1 CLANS1 TRIBES1 & ! LIKE1 W]E REG>D$ AS 0/RANG]S0 :O C\LD ALT]NATIVELY BE WELCOM$ HOSPITABLY OR 5SLAV$ OR PUT TO DEA?4 ,:AT MORES EXI/$ W]E BAS$ ON UNREFLECTIVE CU/OMS ?AT SEEM$ TO HAVE BE5 9H]IT$ FROM TIME IMMEMORIAL4 ,:AT WE CALL MORALITY BEGAN AS ! RULES OR COMM&M5TS ( A DEITY OR V>I\S DEITIES1 9 ?AT MORAL BELIEFS REQUIR$ SOME K9D ( SUP]NATURAL OR MY/ICAL RE9=CEM5T OR SANCTIFICATION TO BE ACCEPT$ BY A COMMUNITY4 ,ONLY LAT]1 BEG9N+ ) ! ,GREEKS1 DID E?ICS EM]GE1 BAS$ ON RATIONAL DISC\RSE & REFLECTION4 ,! %IFT FROM BL9D CU/OM TO A COMM&+ MORALITY & F9ALLY TO A RATIONAL E?ICS OCCURR$ ) ! RISE ( CITIES & URBAN COSMOPOLITANISM1 AL?\< BY NO MEANS DID CU/OM & MORALITY DIM9I% 9 IMPORTANCE4 ,HUMANITY1 GRADUALLY DIS5GAG+ ITS SOCIAL ORGANIZATION FROM ! BIOLOGICAL FACTS ( BLOOD TIES1 BEGAN TO ADMIT ! 0/RANG]0 & 9CREAS+LY RECOGNIZE ITSELF AS A %>$ COMMUNITY ( HUMAN BE+S 7& ULTIMATELY A COMMUNITY ( CITIZ5S7 RA!R ?AN AN E?NIC FOLK OR GR\P ( K9SM54 ,9 ?IS PRIMORDIAL & SOCIALLY =MATIVE WORLD1 O!R HUMAN BIOLOGICAL TRAITS W]E ALSO REWORK$ FROM ! /RICTLY NATURAL TO ! SOCIAL4 ,ONE ( !SE WAS ! FACT ( AGE & ITS DI/9CTIONS4 ,9 SOCIAL GR\PS AMONG E>LY HUMANS1 ! ABS5CE ( A WRITT5 LANGUAGE HELP$ TO CONF] ON ! ELD]LY A HI< DEGREE ( /ATUS1 = IT WAS !Y :O POSSESS$ ! TRADITIONAL WISDOM ( ! COMMUNITY1 9CLUD+ KN[L$GE ( ! TRADITIONAL K9%IP L9ES ?AT PRESCRIB$ M>ITAL TIES 9 OB$I5CE TO EXT5SIVE 9CE/ TABOOS AS WELL AS SURVIVAL TE*NIQUES ?AT HAD TO BE ACQUIR$ BY BO? ! Y\NG & ! MATURE MEMB]S ( ! GR\P4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! BIOLOGICAL FACT ( G5D] DI/9CTIONS WAS SL[LY REWORK$ ALONG SOCIAL L9ES 9TO :AT W]E 9ITIALLY COMPLIM5T>Y SORORAL & FRAT]NAL GR\PS4 ,WOM5 =M$ !IR [N CU/OMS1 BELIEF SY/EMS1 & VALUES1 :ILE M5 =M$ !IR [N HUNT+ & W>RIOR GR\PS ) !IR [N BEHAVIORAL *>ACT]I/ICS1 MORES1 & IDEOLOGIES4 ,FROM EV]Y?+ WE KN[ AB\T ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! BIOLOGICAL FACTS ( K9%IP1 AGE1 & G5D] GR\PS -- !IR ELABORATION 9TO E>LY 9/ITUTIONS -- !RE IS NO REASON TO D\BT ?AT !SE GR\PS EXI/$ 9ITIALLY 9 COMPLEM5T>Y RELATION%IPS ) ONE ANO!R4 ,EA*1 9 EFFECT1 NE$$ ! O!RS TO =M A RELATIVELY /ABLE :OLE4 ,NO ONE GR\P 0DOM9AT$0 ! O!R OR TRI$ TO PRIVILEGE ITSELF 9 ! NORMAL C\RSE ( ?+S4 ,YET EV5 AS ! BIOLOGICAL UND]P9N+S ( CONSOCIATION W]E1 OV] TIME1 FUR!R REWORK$ 9TO SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 SO ! SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS W]E SL[LY REWORK$1 AT V>I\S P]IODS & 9 V>I\S DEGREES1 9TO HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURES BAS$ ON COMM& & OB$I5CE4 ,I SPEAK H]E ( A HI/ORICAL TR5D1 9 NO WAY PR$ET]M9$ BY ANY MY/ICAL =CE OR DEITY1 & ONE ?AT WAS (T5 A V]Y LIMIT$ DEVELOPM5T AMONG MANY PRELIT]ATE OR ABORIG9AL CULTURES & EV5 9 C]TA9 FAIRLY ELABORATE CIVILIZATIONS4 ,HI]>*Y 9 ITS E>LIE/ =MS WAS PROBABLY NOT M>K$ BY ! H>% QUALITIES IT HAS ACQUIR$ OV] HI/ORY4 ,ELD]S1 AT ! V]Y BEG9N+S ( G]ONTOCRACY1 W]E NOT ONLY RESPECT$ = !IR WISDOM BUT W]E (T5 BELOV$ ( ! Y\NG1 ) AFFECTION ?AT WAS (T5 RECIPROCAT$ 9 K9D4 ,WE CAN PROBABLY ACC\NT = ! 9CREAS+ H>%NESS ( LAT] G]ONTOCRACIES BY SUPPOS+ ?AT ! ELD]LY1 BURD5$ BY !IR FAIL+ PHYSICAL P[]S & DEP5D5T UPON !IR COMMUNITY'S GOODWILL1 W]E MORE VULN]ABLE TO AB&ONM5T 9 P]IODS ( MAT]IAL WANT ?AN ANY O!R P>T ( ! POPULATION4 0,EV5 9 SIMPLE FOOD- GA!R+ CULTURES10 OBS]V$ AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,PAUL ,RAD91 09DIVIDUALS ABOVE FIFTY1 LET US SAY1 APP>5TLY >ROGATE TO !MSELVES C]TA9 P[]S & PRIVILEGES :I* B5EFIT$ !MSELVES SPECIFICALLY1 & W]E NOT NECESS>ILY1 IF AT ALL1 DICTAT$ BY CONSID]ATIONS EI!R ( ! RIE ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ?AT G]ONTOCRACY WAS PROBABLY ! E>LIE/ =M ( HI]>*Y IS CORROBORAT$ BY ITS EXI/5CE 9 COMMUNITIES AS DISP>ATE AS ! ,AU/RALIAN ,ABORIG9ES1 TRIBAL SOCIETIES 9 ,EA/ ,AFRICA1 & ,NATIVE COMMUNITIES 9 ! ,AM]ICAS4 ,MANY TRIBAL C\NCILS ?R\<\T ! WORLD W]E REALLY C\NCILS ( ELD]S1 AN 9/ITUTION ?AT NEV] COMPLETELY DISAPPE>$ 7AS ! WORD ALD]MAN SUGGE/S71 EV5 AFT] !Y W]E OV]LAID BY W>RIOR SOCIETIES1 *IEFDOMS1 & K+%IPS4 ,PATRIC5TRICITY1 9 :I* MASCUL9E VALUES1 9/ITUTIONS1 & =MS ( BEHAVIOR PREVAIL OV] FEM99E ONES1 SEEMS TO HAVE DEVELOP$ 9 ! WAKE ( G]ONTOCRACY4 ,9ITIALLY1 ! EM]G5CE ( PATRIC5TRICITY MAY HAVE BE5 A USEFUL ADJUNCT TO A LIFE DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 ! PRIMORDIAL NATURAL WORLD2 PRELIT]ATE & E>LY ABORIG9AL SOCIETIES W]E ESS5TIALLY SMALL DOME/IC COMMUNITIES 9 :I* ! AU!NTIC C5T] ( MAT]IAL LIFE WAS ! HOME1 NOT ! 0M5'S H\SE0 SO WIDELY PRES5T 9 LAT]1 MORE ELABORATE TRIBAL SOCIETIES4 ,MALE RULE1 IF SU* IT CAN /RICTLY BE CALL$1 TAKES ON ITS H>%E/ & MO/ CO]CIVE =M 9 PATRI>*Y1 AN 9/ITUTION 9 :I* ! ELDE/ MALE ( AN EXT5D$ FAMILY OR CLAN HAS A LIFE-&-DEA? COMM& OV] ALL O!R MEMB]S ( ! GR\P4 ,WOM5 MAY BE ORD]$ :OM TO M>RY1 BUT !Y >E BY NO MEANS ! EXCLUSIVE OR EV5 ! PR9CIPAL OBJECT ( PATRI>*Y'S DOM9ATION4 ,SONS1 LIKE DAU*'S COMM& OR BE KILL$ AT HIS :IM4 ,SO F> AS PATRIC5TRICITY IS CONC]N$1 H[EV]1 ! AU?ORITY & PR]OGATIVE ( ! MALE >E ! PRODUCT ( A LONG1 (T5 SUBTLY NEGOTIAT$ DEVELOPM5T 9 :I* ! MALE FRAT]NITY $GES \T ! FEMALE SORORITY BY VIRTUE ( ! =M]'S GR[+ 0CIVIL0 RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,9CREAS+ POPULATION1 M>AUD+ B&S ( \TSID]S :OSE MIGRATIONS MAY BE 9DUC$ BY DR\1 CREATE A NEW 0CIVIL0 SPH]E SIDE BY SIDE ) WOMAN'S DOME/IC SPH]E1 & ! =M] GRADUALLY 5CROA*ES UPON ! LATT]4 ,) ! APPE>ANCE ( CATTLE-DRAWN PL[ AGRICULTURE1 ! MALE1 :O IS ! 0MA/] ( ! BEA/S10 BEG9S TO 9VADE ! HORTICULTURAL SPH]E ( WOMAN1 :OSE PRIMACY AS ! FOOD CULTIVATOR & FOOD GA!R] GIVES H] CULTURAL PREEM95CE4 ,W>RIOR SOCIETIES & *IEFDOMS C>RY ! MOM5TUM ( MALE DOM9ANCE TO ! LEVEL ( A NEW MAT]IAL & CULTURAL DISP5SATION4 ,MALE DOM9ANCE BECOMES EXTREMELY ACTIVE & ULTIMATELY YIELDS A WORLD 9 :I* MALE ELITES DOM9ATE NOT ONLY WOM5 BUT ALSO1 9 ! =M ( CLASSES1 O!R M54 ,! CAUSES ( ! EM]G5CE ( HI]>*Y >E TRANSP>5T 5\<3 ! 9FIRMITIES ( AGE1 9CREAS+ POPULATION NUMB]S1 NATURAL DISA/]S1 TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGES ?AT PRIVILEG$ ACTIVITIES ( HUNT+ & ANIMAL HUSB&RY OV] HORTICULTURAL RESPONSIBILITIES1 ! GR[? ( CIVIL SOCIETY1 & ! SPREAD ( W>F>E1 ALL S]V$ TO 5HANCE ! MALE'S /&+ AT ! EXP5SE ( ! FEMALE'S4 ,IT MU/ BE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT HI]>*ICAL DOM9ATION1 H[EV] CO]CIVE IT MAY BE1 IS NOT ! SAME ?+ AS CLASS EXPLOITATION4 ,AS ,I WROTE 9 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 HI]>*Y MU/ BE VIEW$ AS 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ RELATION%IPS1 RELATION%IPS ?AT LIV+ BE+S LIT]ALLY 9/ITUTE OR CREATE BUT :I* >E NEI!R RU?LESSLY FIX$ BY 9/9CT ON ! ONE H& NOR IDIOSYNCRATIC ON ! O!R4 ,BY ?IS1 ,I MEAN ?AT !Y MU/ COMPRISE A CLE>LY SOCIAL /RUCTURE ( CO]CIVE & PRIVILEG$ RANKS ?AT EXI/ AP>T FROM ! IDIOSYNCRATIC 9DIVIDUALS :O SEEM TO BE DOM9ANT )9 A GIV5 COMMUNITY1 A HI]>*Y ?AT IS GUID$ BY A SOCIAL LOGIC ?AT GOES BEYOND 9DIVIDUAL 9T]ACTIONS OR 9BORN PATT]NS ( BEHAVIOR4 ,!Y >E NOT R$UCIBLE TO /RICTLY ECONOMIC RELATION%IPS BAS$ ON ! EXPLOITATION ( LABOR4 ,9 FACT1 MANY *IEFS E>N !IR PRE/IGE1 SO ESS5TIAL TO !IR AU?ORITY1 BY DISPOS+ ( GIFTS1 & EV5 BY A CONSID]ABLE DISACCUMULATION ( !IR P]SONAL GOODS4 ,! RESPECT ACCORD$ TO MANY *IEFS IS E>N$1 NOT BY HO>D+ SURPLUSES AS A S\RCE ( P[] BUT BY DISPOS+ ( !M AS EVID5CE ( G5]OSITY4 ,BY CONTRA/1 CLASSES T5D TO OP]ATE ALONG DIFF]5T L9ES4 ,9 CLASS SOCIETIES P[] IS USUALLY GA9$ BY ! ACQUISITION ( WEAL?1 NOT BY ITS DISPOSAL2 RUL]%IP IS GU>ANTE$ BY \TRIANTOR ( AU?ORITY4 ,?AT HI]>*Y IS HI/ORICALLY MORE 5TR5*$ ?AN CLASS CAN P]HAPS BE V]IFI$ BY ! FACT ?AT DESPITE SWEEP+ *ANGES 9 CLASS SOCIETIES1 EV5 ( AN ECONOMICALLY EGALIT>IAN K9D1 WOM5 HAVE /ILL BE5 DOM9AT$ BE+S = MILL5NIA4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 ! ABOLITION ( CLASS RULE & ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION (F]S NO GU>ANTEE :ATEV] ?AT ELABORATE HI]>*IES & SY/EMS ( DOM9ATION WILL ALSO DISAPPE>4 ,9 NONHI]>*ICAL SOCIETIES1 C]TA9 CU/OMS GUIDE HUMAN BEHAVIOR ALONG BASICALLY DEC5T L9ES4 ,( PRIM>Y IMPORTANCE AMONG E>LY CU/OMS WAS ! PR9CIPLE ( ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM 7TO USE ,PAUL ,RAD9'S EXPRESSION71 ! %>$ NOTION ?AT ALL MEMB]S ( ! SAME COMMUNITY >E 5TITL$ TO ! MEANS ( LIFE1 IRRESPECTIVE ( ! AM\NT ( WORK !Y P]=M4 ,TO D5Y ANYONE FOOD1 %ELT]1 & ! BASIC MEANS ( LIFE BECAUSE ( !IR 9FIRMITIES OR EV5 !IR FRIVOL\S BEHAVIOR W\LD HAVE BE5 SE5 AS A HE9\S D5IAL ( ! V]Y FIDS1 & EV5 TOOLS & WEAPONS1 IF LEFT IDLE1 W]E (T5 AT ! DISPOSITION ( ANYONE 9 ! COMMUNITY :O NE$$ !M4 ,LA/LY1 CU/OM FO/]$ ! PRACTICE ( MUTUAL AID1 ! RA!R S5SIBLE COOP]ATIVE %>+ ( ?+S & LABOR1 SO ?AT AN 9DIVIDUAL OR FAMILY 9 /RAIT5$ CIRCUM/ANCES C\LD EXPECT TO BE HELP$ BY O!RS4 ,TAK5 AS :OLE1 !SE CU/OMS BECAME SO S$IM5T$ 9TO ORGANIC SOCIETY ?AT !Y P]SI/$ LONG AFT] HI]>*Y BECAME OPPRESSIVE & CLASS SOCIETY BECAME PR$OM9ANT4 ,! IDEA ( DOM9AT+ NATURE ,NATURE1 9 ! S5SE ( ! BIOTIC 5VIRONM5T FROM :I* HUMANS TAKE ! SIMPLE ?+S !Y NE$ = SURVIVAL1 (T5 HAS NO MEAN+ TO PRELIT]ATE PEOPLES AS A G5]AL CONCEPT4 ,IMM]S$ 9 IT AS !Y >E1 EV5 CELEBRAT+ ANIMI/IC RITUALS 9 AN 5VIRONM5T !Y VIEW AS A NEXUS ( LIFE1 (T5 IMPUT+ !IR [N SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS TO ! BEHAVIOR ( NONHUMAN SPECIES1 AS 9 ! CASE ( BEAV] 0LODGES0 & HUMAN-LIKE SPIRITS1 ! CONCEPT ( 0NATURE0 AS SU* ELUDES !M4 ,WORDS ?AT EXPRESS \R CONV5TIONAL NOTIONS ( NATURE >E NOT EASY TO F9D1 IF !Y EXI/ AT ALL1 9 ! LANGUAGES ( ABORIG9AL PEOPLES4 ,) ! RISE ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION1 H[EV]1 ! SE$S W]E PLANT$ = ! BELIEF ?AT FIR/ NATURE NOT ONLY EXI/S AS A WORLD ?AT IS 9CREAS+LY DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ! COMMUNITY BUT ONE ?AT IS HI]>*ICALLY ORGANIZ$ & CAN BE DOM9AT$ BY HUMAN BE+S4 ,! WORLDVIEW ( MAGIC REVEALS ?IS %IFT CLE>LY4 ,H]E NATURE WAS NOT CONCEIV$ AS A WORLD AP>T2 RA!R1 A PRACTITION] ( MAGIC ESS5TIALLY PLEAD$ ) ! 0*IEF SPIRIT0 ( A GAME ANIMAL 7ITSELF A PUZZL+ FIGURE 9 ! DREAM WORLD7 TO COAX IT 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! >R[ OR A SPE>4 ,LAT]1 MAGIC BECAME ALMO/ 5TIRELY 9/RUM5TAL2 ! HUNT] US$ MAGICAL TE*NIQUES TO 0CO]CE0 ! GAME TO BECOME PREY4 ,:ILE ! E>LIE/ =MS ( MAGIC MAY BE REG>D$ AS ! PRACTICES ( A G5]ALLY NONHI]>*ICAL & EGALIT>IAN COMMUNITY1 ! LAT] K9DS ( ANIMI/IC BELIEFS BETRAY A MORE OR LESS HI]>*ICAL VIEW ( ! NATURAL WORLD & ( LAT5T HUMAN P[]S ( DOM9ATION OV] REALITY4 ,WE MU/ EMPHASIZE H]E ?AT ! IDEA ( DOM9AT+ NATURE HAS ITS PRIM>Y S\RCE 9 ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN & 9 ! /RUCTUR+ ( ! NATURAL WORLD 9TO A HI]>*ICAL *A9 ( BE+ 7A /ATIC CONCEPTION1 9CID5TALLY1 ?AT HAS NO RELATION%IP TO ! DYNAMIC EVOLUTION ( LIFE 9TO 9CREAS+LY ADVANC$ =MS ( SUBJECTIVITY & FLEXIBILITY74 ,! BIBLICAL 9JUNCTION ?AT GAVE COMM& ( ! LIV+ WORLD TO ,ADAM & ,NOAH WAS ABOVE ALL AN EXPRESSION ( A SOCIAL DISP5SATION4 ,ITS IDEA ( DOM9AT+ NATURE -- SO ESS5TIAL TO ! VIEW ( ! NONHUMAN WORLD AS AN OBJECT ( DOM9ATION -- CAN BE OV]COME ONLY ?R\< ! CREATION ( A SOCIETY )\T ?OSE CLASS & HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURES ?AT MAKE = RULE & OB$I5CE 9 PRIVATE AS WELL AS PUBLIC LIFE1 & ! OBJECTIFICATIONS ( REALITY AS M]E MAT]IALS = EXPLOITATION4 ,?AT ?IS REVOLUTION>Y DISP5SATION W\LD 9VOLVE *ANGES 9 ATTITUDES & VALUES %\LD GO )\T SAY+4 ,BUT NEW ECOLOGICAL ATTITUDES & VALUES WILL REMA9 VAPOR\S IF !Y >E NOT GIV5 SUB/ANCE & SOLIDITY ?R\< REAL & OBJECTIVE 9/ITUTIONS 7! /RUCTURES BY :I* HUMANS CONCRETELY 9T]ACT ) EA* O!R7 & ?R\< ! TANGIBLE REALITIES ( EV]YDAY LIFE FROM *ILD-RE>+ TO WORK & PLAY4 ,UNTIL HUMAN BE+S CEASE TO LIVE 9 SOCIETIES ?AT >E /RUCTUR$ >\ND HI]>*IES AS WELL AS ECONOMIC CLASSES1 WE %ALL NEV] BE FREE ( DOM9ATION1 H[EV] MU* WE TRY TO DISPEL IT ) RITUALS1 9CANTATIONS1 ECO!OLGIES1 & ! ADOPTION ( SEEM+LY 0NATURAL0 LIFEWAYS4 ,! IDEA ( DOM9AT+ NATURE HAS A HI/ORY ?AT IS ALMO/ AS OLD AS ?AT ( HI]>*Y ITSELF4 ,ALREADY 9 ! ,GILGAME% EPIC ( ,MESOPOTAMIA1 A DRAMA :OSE WRITT5 =M DATES BACK SOME F\R ?\S& YE>S1 ! H]O DEFIES ! DEITIES & CUTS D[N !IR SACR$ TREES 9 HIS QUE/ = IMMORTALITY4 ,! ,ODYSSEY IS A VA/ TRAVELOGUE ( ! ,GREEK W>RIOR1 MORE CANNY ?AN H]OIC1 :O 9 HIS W&]+S ESS5TIALLY SUBDUES ! NATURE DEITIES ?AT ! ,HELL5IC WORLD HAD 9H]IT$ FROM ITS LESS WELL-KN[N PRECURSORS 7IRONICALLY1 ! D>K PRE-,OLYMPIAN WORLD ?AT HAS BE5 REVIV$ BY PURVEYORS ( ECO-MY/ICISM & SPIRITUALISM74 ,LONG BE=E ! EM]G5CE ( MOD]N SCI5CE1 0L9E>0 RATIONALITY1 & 09DU/RIAL SOCIETY0 7TO CITE CAUSAL FACTORS ?AT >E 9VOK$ SO FLIPPANTLY 9 ! MOD]N ECOLOGY MOVEM5T71 HI]>*ICAL & CLASS SOCIETIES LAID WA/E TOO MU* ( ! ,M$IT]RANEAN BAS9 AS WELL AS ! HILLSIDES ( ,*9A1 BEG9N+ A VA/ REMAK+ & (T5 DESPOLIATION ( ! PLANET4 ,TO BE SURE1 HUMAN SECOND NATURE1 9 9FLICT+ H>M ON FIR/ NATURE1 CREAT$ NO ,G>D5 ( ,$54 ,MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 IT DESPOIL$ MU* ?AT WAS BEAUTIFUL1 CREATIVE1 & DYNAMIC 9 ! BIOTIC WORLD1 JU/ AS IT RAVAG$ HUMAN LIFE ITSELF 9 MURD]\S W>F>E1 G5OCIDE1 & ACTS ( HE>TLESS OPPRESSION4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY MA9TA9S ?AT ! FUTURE ( HUMAN LIFE GOES H& 9 H& ) ! FUTURE ( ! NONHUMAN WORLD1 YET IT DOES NOT OV]LOOK ! FACT ?AT ! H>M ?AT HI]>*ICAL & CLASS SOCIETY 9FLICT$ ON ! NATURAL WORLD WAS MORE ?AN MAT*$ BY ! H>M IT 9FLICT$ ON MU* ( HUMANITY4 ,H[EV] TR\BL+ ! ILLS PRODUC$ BY SECOND NATURE1 ! CU/OMS ( ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM1 USUFRUCT1 & MUTUAL AID CANNOT BE IGNOR$ 9 ANY ACC\NT ( AN?ROPOLOGY OR HI/ORY4 ,!SE CU/OMS P]SI/$ WELL 9TO HI/ORICAL TIMES & SURFAC$ SOMETIMES EXPLOSIVELY 9 MASSIVE POPUL> UPRIS+S1 FROM REVOLTS 9 ANCI5T ,SUM] TO ! PRES5T TIME4 ,MANY ( ?OSE REVOLTS DEM&$ ! RECOV]Y ( C>+ & COMMUNI/IC VALUES1 AT TIMES :5 !SE W]E COM+ UND] ! ONSLAUMIES ?AT ROAM$ ! L&SCAPE ( W>R+ >EAS1 ! TAX-GA!R]S :O PLUND]$ ORD9>Y VILLAGE PEOPLES1 & ! DAILY ABUSES ?AT OV]SE]S 9FLICT$ ON PEASANTS & WORK]S1 COMMUNITY LIFE /ILL P]SI/$ & RETA9$ MANY ( ! *]I%$ VALUES ( A MORE EGALIT>IAN PA/4 ,NEI!R ANCI5T DESPOTS NOR FEUDAL LORDS C\LD FULLY OBLIT]ATE !M 9 PEASANT VILLAGES & 9 ! T[NS ) 9DEP5D5T CRAFT ASSOCIATIONS4 ,9 ,ANCI5T ,GREECE1 A RATIONAL PHILOSOPHY ?AT REJECT$ ! 5CUMB]+ ( ?\KETS W]E /ILL MODE/1 USUALLY LOCAL AFFAIRS1 9 :I* GUILDS EX]CIS$ /RICT CONTROL OV] PRICES1 COMPETITION1 & ! QUALITY ( ! GOODS PRODUC$ BY !IR MEMB]S4 0,GR[ OR DIE0 ,BUT JU/ AS HI]>*IES & CLASS /RUCTURE HAD ACQUIR$ MOM5TUM & P]MEAT$ MU* ( SOCIETY1 SO TOO ! M>KET BEGAN TO ACQUIRE A LIFE ( ITS [N & EXT5D$ ITS REA* BEYOND A FEW LIMIT$ REGIONS 9TO ! DEP?S ( VA/ CONT95TS4 ,:]E EX*ANGE HAD ONCE BE5 PRIM>ILY A MEANS TO PROVIDE = ESS5TIAL NE$S1 LIMIT$ BY GUILDS OR BY MORAL & RELIGI\S RE/RICTIONS1 LONG-DI/ANCE TRADE SUBV]T$ ?OSE LIMITS4 ,NOT ONLY DID TRADE PLACE A HI< PREMIUM ON TE*NIQUES = 9CREAS+ PRODUCTION2 IT ALSO BECAME ! PROG5ITOR ( NEW NE$S1 MANY ( !M :OLLY >TIFICIAL1 & GAVE A TREM5D\S IMPETUS TO CONSUMPTION & ! GR[? ( CAPITAL4 ,FIR/ 9 NOR!RN ,ITALY & ! ,EUROPEAN L[L&S1 & LAT] -- & MO/ DECISIVELY -- 9 ,5GL& DUR+ ! SEV5TE5? & EIRI]S TO M>KET GR[?4 ,BY ! LATE EILY N9ETE5? C5TURIES1 ! NEW 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/ CLASS1 ) ITS FACTORY SY/EM & COMMITM5T TO LIMITLESS EXPANSION1 HAD EMB>K$ ON ITS COLONIZATION ( ! 5TIRE WORLD1 9CLUD+ MO/ ASPECTS ( P]SONAL LIFE4 ,UNLIKE ! FEUDAL NOBILITY1 ) ITS *]I%$ L&S & CA/LES1 ! B\RGEOISIE HAD NO HOME BUT ! M>KETPLACE & ITS BANK VAULTS4 ,AS A CLASS1 IT TURN$ MORE & MORE ( ! WORLD 9TO A DOMA9 ( FACTORIES4 ,9 ! ANCI5T & M$IEVAL WORLDS1 5TREPR5EURS HAD NORMALLY 9VE/$ PR(ITS 9 L& & LIV$ LIKE C\NTRY G5TRY1 GIV5 ! PREJUDICES ( ! TIMES AGA9/ 0ILL-GOTT50 GA9S FROM TRADE4 ,BUT ! 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/S ( ! MOD]N WORLD SPAWN$ A BITT]LY COMPETITIVE M>KETPLACE ?AT PLAC$ A HI< PREMIUM ON 9DU/RIAL EXPANSION & ! COMM]CIAL P[] IT CONF]R$1 FUNCTION+ AS ?\< GR[? W]E AN 5D 9 ITSELF4 ,9 SOCIAL ECOLOGY IT IS CRUCIALLY IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE ?AT 9DU/RIAL GR[? DID NOT & DOES NOT RESULT FROM *ANGES 9 CULTURAL \TLOOK ALONE -- LEA/ ( ALL FROM ! IMPACT ( SCI5TIFIC & TE*NOLOGICAL RATIONALITY ON SOCIETY4 ,GR[? OCCURS ABOVE ALL FROM H>%LY OBJECTIVE FACTORS *URN$ UP BY ! EXPANSION ( ! M>KET ITSELF1 FACTORS ?AT >E L>GELY IMP]VI\S TO MORAL CONSID]ATIONS & EF=TS AT E?ICAL P]SUASION4 ,9DE$1 DESPITE ! CLOSE ASSOCIATION BETWE5 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION1 ! MO/ DRIV+ IMP]ATIVE ( ANY 5T]PRISE 9 ! H>%LY CAPITALI/ M>KETPLACE1 GIV5 ! SAVAGELY DEHUMANIZ+ COMPETITION ?AT PREVAILS !RE1 IS ! NE$ ( AN 5T]PRISE TO GR[ 9 ORD] TO AVOID P]I%+ AT ! H&S ( ITS SAVAGE RIVALS4 ,IMPORTANT AS EV5 GRE$ MAY BE AS A MOTIVAT+ =CE1 %E] SURVIVAL REQUIRES ?AT ! 5TREPR5EUR MU/ EXP& HIS OR H] PRODUCTIVE APP>ATUS 9 ORD] TO REMA9 AHEAD ( O!RS4 ,EA* CAPITALI/1 9 %ORT1 MU/ TRY TO DEV\R HIS OR H] RIVALS -- OR ELSE BE DEV\R$ BY !M4 ,! KEY TO ?IS LAW ( LIFE -- TO SURVIVAL -- IS EXPANSION1 & ! QUE/ = EV]- GREAT] PR(ITS1 TO BE 9VE/$1 9 TURN1 9 /ILL FUR!R EXPANSION4 ,9DE$1 ! NOTION ( PROGRESS1 ONCE REG>D$ AS FAI? 9 ! EVOLUTION ( GREAT] HUMAN COOP]ATION & C>E1 IS N[ ID5TIFI$ ) EV] GREAT] COMPETITION & RECKLESS ECONOMIC GR[?4 ,! EF=T BY MANY WELL-9T5TION$ ECOLOGY !ORI/S & !IR ADMIR]S TO R$UCE ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS TO A CULTURAL CRISIS RA!R ?AN A SOCIAL ONE BECOMES V]Y OBFUSCATORY & MISLEAD+4 ,H[EV] ECOLOGICALLY WELL-MEAN+ AN 5TREPR5EUR MAY BE1 ! H>% FACT IS ?AT HIS OR H] V]Y SURVIVAL 9 ! M>KETPLACE PRECLUDES ! DEVELOPM5T ( A MEAN+FUL ECOLOGICAL ORI5TATION4 ,! ADOPTION ( ECOLOGICALLY S\ND PRACTICES PLACES A MORALLY CONC]N$ 5TREPR5EUR AT A /RIK+ & 9DE$ FATAL DISADVANTAGE 9 A COMPETITIVE RELATION%IP ) A RIVAL -- :O1 OP]AT+ )\T ECOLOGICAL GUIDEL9ES & MORAL CON/RA9TS1 PRODUCES *EAP COMMODITIES AT L[] CO/S & REAPS HI<] PR(ITS = FUR!R CAPITAL EXPANSION4 ,! M>KETPLACE HAS ITS [N LAW ( SURVIVAL3 ONLY ! MO/ UNSCRUPUL\S CAN RISE TO ! TOP ( ?AT COMPETITIVE /RUGGLE4 ,9DE$1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5TS & IDEOLOGIES M]ELY MORALIZE AB\T ! WICK$NESS ( \R ANTI-ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY & CALL = *ANGES 9 P]SONAL LIFE/YLES & ATTITUDES1 !Y OBSCURE ! NE$ = CONC]T$ SOCIAL ACTION & T5D TO DEFLECT ! /RUGGLE = F>-REA*+ SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,MEAN:ILE1 CORPORATIONS >E SKILLFULLY MANIPULAT+ ?IS POPUL> DESIRE = P]SONAL ECOLOGICALLY S\ND PRACTICES BY CULTIVAT+ ECOLOGICAL MIRAGES4 ,M]C$ES-,B5Z1 = EXAMPLE1 DECLAIMS 9 A TWO-PAGE MAGAZ9E ADV]TISEM5T1 DECORAT$ ) A BISON PA9T+ FROM A ,PALEOLI?IC CAVE WALL1 ?AT 0WE MU/ WORK TO MAKE PROGRESS MORE 5VIRONM5TALLY SU/A9ABLE BY 9CLUD+ 5VIRONM5TAL !MES 9 ! PLANN+ ( NEW PRODUCTS4 ,SU* MESSAGES >E COMMONPLACE 9 ,G]MANY1 ONE ( WE/]N ,EUROPE'S WOR/ POLLUT]S4 ,SU* ADV]TIS+ IS EQUALLY MANIPULATIVE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :]E LEAD+ POLLUT]S PI\SLY DECL>E ?AT = !M1 0EV]Y DAY IS ,E>? ,DAY40 ,! PO9T SOCIAL ECOLOGY EMPHASIZES IS NOT ?AT MORAL & SPIRITUAL P]SUASION & R5EWAL >E MEAN+LESS OR UNNECESS>Y2 !Y >E NECESS>Y & CAN BE $UCATIONAL4 ,BUT MOD]N CAPITALISM IS /RUCTURALLY AMORAL & H5CE IMP]VI\S TO MORAL APPEALS4 ,! MOD]N M>KETPLACE IS DRIV5 BY IMP]ATIVES ( ITS [N1 IRRESPECTIVE ( :AT K9D ( ,C,E,O SITS 9 A CORPORATION'S DRIV]'S SEAT OR HOLDS ON TO ITS H&LEB>S4 ,! DIRECTION IT FOLL[S DEP5DS NOT UPON E?ICAL PRESCRIPTIONS & P]SONAL 9CL9ATIONS BUT UPON OBJECTIVE LAWS ( PR(IT OR LOSS1 GR[? OR DEA?1 EAT OR BE EAT51 & ! LIKE4 ,! MAXIM 0,BUS9ESS IS BUS9ESS0 EXPLICITLY TELLS US ?AT E?ICAL1 RELIGI\S1 PSY*OLOGICAL1 & EMOTIONAL FACTORS HAVE VIRTUALLY NO PLACE 9 ! PR$ATORY WORLD ( PRODUCTION1 PR(IT1 & GR[?4 ,IT IS GROSSLY MISLEAD+ TO ?9K ?AT WE CAN DIVE/ ?IS H>%1 9DE$ ME*ANI/IC WORLD ( ITS OBJECTIVE *>ACT]I/ICS BY MEANS ( E?ICAL APPEALS4 ,A SOCIETY BAS$ ON ! LAW ( 0GR[ OR DIE0 AS ITS ALL-P]VASIVE IMP]ATIVE MU/ ( NECESSITY HAVE A DEVA/AT+ IMPACT ON FIR/ NATURE4 ,NOR DOES 0GR[?0 H]E REF] TO POPULATION GR[?2 ! CURR5T WISDOM ( POPULATION- BOOM]S TO ! CONTR>Y1 ! MO/ S]I\S DISRUPTORS ( ECOLOGICAL CYCLES >E F\ND 9 ! L>GE 9DU/RIAL C5T]S ( ! WORLD1 :I* >E NOT ONLY POISON+ WAT] & AIR BUT PRODUC+ ! GRE5H\SE GASES ?AT ?REAT5 TO MELT ! ICE CAPS & FLOOD VA/ >EAS ( ! PLANET4 ,SUPPOSE WE C\LD SOMEH[ CUT ! WORLD'S POPULATION 9 HALF3 W\LD GR[? & ! DESPOLIATION ( ! E>? BE R$UC$ AT ALL8 ,CAPITAL W\LD 9SI/ ?AT IT WAS 09DISP5SABLE0 TO [N TWO OR ?REE ( EV]Y APPLIANCE1 MOTOR VEHICLE1 OR ELECTRONIC GADGET1 :]E ONE W\LD MORE ?AN SUFFICE IF NOT BE TOO MANY4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! MILIT>Y W\LD CONT9UE TO DEM& EV] MORE LE?AL 9/RUM5TS ( DEA? & DEVA/ATION1 ( :I* NEW MODELS W\LD BE PROVID$ ANNUALLY4 ,NOR W\LD 0S(T]0 TE*NOLOGIES1 IF PRODUC$ BY A GR[-OR-DIE M>KET1 FAIL TO BE US$ = DE/RUCTIVE CAPITALI/IC 5DS4 ,TWO C5TURIES AGO1 L>GE =E/$ >EAS 9 ,5GL& W]E HACK$ 9TO FUEL = IRON =GES ) AXES ?AT HAD NOT *ANG$ APPRECIABLY S9CE ! ,BRONZE ,AGE1 & ORD9>Y SAILS GUID$ %IPS LAD5 ) COMMODITIES TO ALL P>TS ( ! WORLD WELL 9TO ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,9DE$1 MU* ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS CLE>$ ( ITS =E/S1 WILDLIFE1 & ABORIG9AL 9HABITANTS ) TOOLS & WEAPONS ?AT C\LD HAVE EASILY BE5 RECOGNIZ$1 H[EV] MU* !Y W]E MODIFI$1 BY ,R5AISSANCE PEOPLE C5TURIES E>LI]4 ,:AT MOD]N TE*NICS DID WAS ACCEL]ATE A PROCESS ?AT HAD BE5 WELL UND] WAY AT ! CLOSE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,IT CANNOT BE HELD SOLELY RESPONSIBLE = 5DEAVORS ?AT W]E UND] WAY = C5TURIES2 IT ESS5TIALLY ABETT$ DAMAGE CAUS$ BY ! EV]-EXP&+ M>KET SY/EM1 :OSE ROOTS1 9 TURN1 LAY 9 ONE ( HI/ORY'S MO/ FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL TRANS=MATIONS3 ! ELABORATION ( A SY/EM ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION BAS$ ON EX*ANGE RA!R ?AN COMPLEM5T>ITY & MUTUAL AID4 ,AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS AN APPEAL NOT ONLY = MORAL REG5]ATION BUT1 & ABOVE ALL1 = SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION ALONG ECOLOGICAL L9ES4 ,IT EMPHASIZES ?AT1 TAK5 BY ITSELF1 AN E?ICAL APPEAL TO ! P[]S ?AT BE1 BAS$ ON BL9D M>KET =CES & RU?LESS COMPETITION1 IS C]TA9 TO BE FUTILE4 ,9DE$1 TAK5 BY ITSELF1 SU* AN APPEAL OBSCURES ! REAL P[] RELATION%IPS ?AT PREVAIL TODAY BY MAK+ ! ATTA9M5T ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY SEEM M]ELY A MATT] ( *ANG+ 9DIVIDUAL ATTITUDES1 SPIRITUAL R5EWAL1 OR QUASI-RELIGI\S R$EMPTION4 ,AL?\< ALWAYS M9DFUL ( ! IMPORTANCE ( A NEW E?ICAL \TLOOK1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY SEEKS TO R$RESS ! ECOLOGICAL ABUSES ?AT ! PREVAIL+ SOCIETY HAS 9FLICT$ ON ! NATURAL WORLD BY GO+ TO ! /RUCTURAL AS WELL AS ! SUBJECTIVE S\RCES ( NOTIONS LIKE ! DOM9ATION ( FIR/ NATURE4 ,?AT IS1 IT *ALL5GES ! 5TIRE SY/EM ( DOM9ATION ITSELF -- ITS ECONOMY1 ITS MISUSE ( TE*NICS1 ITS ADM9I/RATIVE APP>ATUS1 ITS DEGRADATIONS ( POLITICAL LIFE1 ITS DE/RUCTION ( ! CITY AS A C5T] ( CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T1 9DE$ ! 5TIRE PANOPLY ( ITS MORAL HYPOCRISIES & DEFIL+ ( ! HUMAN SPIRIT -- & SEEKS TO ELIM9ATE ! HI]>*ICAL & CLASS $IFICES ?AT HAVE IMPOS$ !MSELVES ON HUMANITY & DEF9$ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 NONHUMAN & HUMAN NATURE4 ,IT ADVANCES AN E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY 9 :I* HUMAN BE+S PLAY A SUPPORTIVE ROLE 9 P]PETUAT+ ! 9TEGRITY ( ! BIOSPH]E -- ! POT5TIALITY ( HUMAN BE+S TO BE ! MO/ CONSCI\S PRODUCTS ( NATURAL EVOLUTION4 ,9DE$1 HUMANS HAVE AN E?ICAL RESPONSIBILITY TO FUNCTION CREATIVELY 9 ! UNFOLD+ ( ?AT EVOLUTION4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY ?US /RESSES ! NE$ TO EMBODY ITS E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY 9 PALPABLE SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS ?AT WILL MAKE HUMAN BE+S CONSCI\S E?ICAL AG5TS 9 PROMOT+ ! WELL-BE+ ( !MSELVES & ! NONHUMAN WORLD4 ,IT SEEKS ! 5RI*M5T ( ! EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS BY ! DIV]SIFICATION ( LIFE-=MS & ! APPLICATION ( REASON TO A WONDR\S REMAK+ ( ! PLANET ALONG ECOLOGICAL L9ES4 ,NOT)/&+ MO/ ROMANTIC VIEWS1 0,MO!R ,NATURE0 DOES NOT NECESS>ILY 0KN[ BE/40 ,TO OPPOSE ACTIVITIES ( ! CORPORATE WORLD DOES NOT REQUIRE ONE TO BECOME NAIVELY BIOC5TRIC4 ,9DE$ BY ! SAME TOK51 TO APPLAUD HUMANITY'S POT5TIAL = =ESIE ! TWO REALMS SO SEP>AT$ FROM EA* O!R ?AT WE MU/ *OOSE ONE OR ! O!R -- EI!R NATURAL EVOLUTION1 ) ITS 0BIOC5TRIC0 HALO1 OR SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 AS WE HAVE KN[N IT UP TO N[1 ) ITS 0AN?ROPOC5TRIC0 HALO -- AS ! BASIS = A CREATIVE BIOSPH]E4 ,WE MU/ GO BEYOND BO? ! NATURAL & ! SOCIAL T[>D A NEW SYN!SIS ?AT CONTA9S ! BE/ ( BO?4 ,SU* A SYN!SIS MU/ TRANSC5D BO? FIR/ & SECOND NATURE 9 ! =M ( A CREATIVE1 SELFCONSCI\S1 & !RE=E 0FREE NATURE10 9 :I* HUMAN BE+S 9T]V5E 9 NATURAL EVOLUTION ) !IR BE/ CAPACITIES -- !IR E?ICAL S5SE1 !IR UNEQUAL$ CAPACITY = CONCEPTUAL ?\KABLE P[]S & RANGE ( COMMUNICATION4 ,BUT SU* A GOAL REMA9S M]E RHETORIC UNLESS A MOVEM5T GIVES IT LOGI/ICAL & SOCIAL TANGIBILITY4 ,H[ >E WE TO ORGANIZE SU* A MOVEM5T8 ,LOGI/ICALLY1 0FREE NATURE0 IS UNATTA9ABLE )\T ! DEC5TRALIZATION ( CITIES 9TO CONF$]ALLY UNIT$ COMMUNITIES S5SITIVELY TAILOR$ TO ! NATURAL >EAS 9 :I* !Y >E LOCAT$4 ,ECOTE*NOLOGIES1 & ( SOL>1 W9D1 ME?ANE1 & O!R R5EWABLE S\RCES ( 5]GY2 ORGANIC =MS ( AGRICULTURE2 & ! DESIGN ( HUMANLY SCAL$1 V]SATILE 9DU/RIAL 9/ALLATIONS TO MEET ! REGIONAL NE$S ( CONF$]AT$ MUNICIPALITIES -- ALL MU/ BE BR\ITY4 ,IT MEANS TOO1 AN EMPHASIS NOT ONLY ON RECYCL+ BUT ON ! PRODUCTION ( HI<- QUALITY GOODS ?AT CAN1 9 MANY CASES1 LA/ = G5]ATIONS4 ,IT MEANS ! REPLACEM5T ( NE$LESSLY 9S5SATE LABOR ) CREATIVE WORK & AN EMPHASIS ON >TFUL CRAFTSP]SON%IP 9 PREF]5CE TO ME*ANIZ$ PRODUCTION4 ,IT MEAS ! FREE TIME TO BE >TFUL & TO FULLY 5GAGE 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,ONE W\LD HOPE ?AT ! %E] AVAILABILITY ( GOODS1 ! ME*ANIZATION ( PRODUCTION1 & ! FRE$OM TO *OOSE ONE'S MAT]IAL LIFE/YLE W\LD SOON] OR LAT] 9FLU5CE PEOPLE TO PRACTICE MOD]ATION 9 ALL ASPECTS ( LIFE AS A RESPONSE TO ! CONSUM]ISM PROMOT$ BY ! CAPITALI/ M>KET4 ,BUT NO E?ICS OR VISION ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 H[EV] 9SPIR$1 CAN BE MEAN+FUL UNLESS IT IS EMBODI$ 9 A LIV+ POLITICS4 ,BY POLITICS1 ,I DO NOT MEAN ! /ATECRAFT PRACTIC$ BY :AT WE CALL POLITICIANS -- NAMELY1 REPRES5TATIVES ELECT$ OR SELECT$ TO MANAGE PUBLIC AFFAIRS & =MULATE POLICIES AS GUIDEL9ES = SOCIAL LIFE4 ,TO SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 POLITICS MEANS :AT IT MEANT 9 ! DEMOCRATIC POLIS ( CLASSICAL ,A!NS SOME TWO ?\S& YE>S AGO3 DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 ! =MULATION ( POLICIES BY DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 & ! ADM9I/RATION ( ?OSE POLICIES BY M&AT$ COORD9ATORS :O CAN EASILY BE RECALL$ IF !Y FAIL TO ABIDE BY ! DECISION ( ! ASSEMBLY'S CITIZ5S4 ,I AM V]Y M9DFUL ?AT ,A!NIAN POLITICS1 EV5 9 ITS MO/ DEMOCRATIC P]IODS1 WAS M>R$ BY ! EXI/5CE ( SLAV]Y & PATRI>*Y1 & BY ! EXCLUSION ( ! /RANG] FROM PUBLIC LIFE4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 TO BE SURE1 IT DIFF]$ V]Y LITTLE FROM MO/ ( ! O!R ANCI5T ,M$IT]RANEAN CIVILIZATIONS -- & C]TA9LY ANCI5T ,ASIAN ONES -- ( ! TIME4 ,:AT MADE ,A!NIAN POLITICS UNIQUE1 H[EV]1 WAS ?AT IT PRODUC$ 9/ITUTIONS ?AT W]E EXTRAORD9>ILY DEMOCRATIC -- EV5 DIRECTLY SO -- BY COMP>ISON ) ! REPUBLICAN 9/ITUTIONS ( ! SO-CALL$ 0DEMOCRACIES0 ( TODAY'S WORLD4 ,EI!R DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY1 ! ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY 9SPIR$ LAT]1 MORE ALL-5COMPASS+ DIRECT DEMOCRACIES1 SU* AS MANY M$IEVAL ,EUROPEAN T[NS1 ! LITTLE-KN[N ,P>ISIAN 0SECTIONS0 7OR NEIO*IAL1 EV5 RACI/4 ,H5CE ! NE$ TO EXT5D ! ECOLOGICAL POLITICS ( A DIRECT DEMOCRACY 9TO CONF$]ATIONS ( ECOCOMMUNITIES1 & TO FO/] A HEAL?Y 9T]DEP5D5CE1 RA!R ?AN AN 9TROV]T$1 /ULTIFY+ 9DEP5D5CE4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY W\LD BE OBLIG$ TO EMBODY ITS E?ICS 9 A POLITICS ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 9 :I* MUNICIPALITIES CONJO9TLY GA9 RI ASSEMBLIES ( ! CONF$]AT$ T[N & CITIES4 ,?IS 9/ITUTIONAL PROCESS C\LD BE 9ITIAT$ 9 ! NEIGE AS ,NEW ,YORK & ,P>IS1 ONLY TO BE DEFEAT$ BY WELL- ORGANIZ$ ELITI/ GR\PS ?AT S\E FULLY EMP[]$ AS SOCIAL BE+S TO MAKE DECISIONS 9 NEW COMMUNAL ASSEMBLIES4 ,ATTEMPTS TO EMP[] PEOPLE 9 ?IS MANN] & =M CON/ITUTE AN ABID+ *ALL5GE TO ! NATION- /ATE -- ?AT IS1 A DUAL P[] 9 :I* ! FREE MUNICIPALITY EXI/S 9 OP5 T5SION ) ! NATION-/ATE4 ,P[] ?AT DOES NOT BELONG TO ! PEOPLE 9V>IABLY BELONGS TO ! /ATE & ! EXPLOITATIVE 9T]E/S IT REPRES5TS4 ,:I* IS NOT TO SAY ?AT DIV]SITY IS NOT A DESID]ATUM2 TO ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS ! S\RCE ( CULTURAL CREATIVITY4 ,/ILL IT NEV] %\LD BE CELEBRAT$ 9 A NATIONALI/IC S5SE ( 0AP>TNESS0 FROM ! G5]AL 9T]E/S ( HUMANITY AS A :OLE1 OR ELSE IT WILL REGRESS 9TO ! P>O*IALISM ( FOLKDOM & TRIBALISM4 ,%\LD ! FULL REALITY ( CITIZ5%IP 9 ALL ITS DISCURSIV5ESS & POLITICAL VITALITY BEG9 TO WANE1 ITS DISAPPE>ANCE W\LD M>K AN UNPREC$5T$ LOSS 9 HUMAN DEVELOPM5T4 ,CITIZ5%IP1 9 ! CLASSICAL S5SE ( ! T]M1 :I* 9VOLV$ A LIFELONG1 E?ICALLY ORI5T$ $UCATION 9 ! >T ( P>TICIPATION 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS 7NOT ! EMPTY =M ( NATIONAL LEGITIMATION ?AT IT SO (T5 CONSI/S ( TODAY71 W\LD DISAPPE>4 ,ITS LOSS W\LD MEAN ! ATROPHY+ ( A COMMUNAL LIFE BEYOND ! LIMITS ( ! FAMILY1 ! WAN+ ( A CIVIC S5SIBILITY TO ! PO9T ( ! %RIVEL$ EGO1 ! COMPLETE REPLACEM5T ( ! PUBLIC >5A ) ! PRIVATE WORLD & ) PRIVATE PURSUITS4 ,! FAILURE ( A RATIONAL1 SOCIALLY COMMITT$ ECOLOGY MOVEM5T W\LD YIELD A ME*ANIZ$1 ES!TICALLY >ID1 & ADM9I/]$ SOCIETY1 COMPOS$ ( VACU\S EGOS AT BE/ & TOTALIT>IAN AUTOMATA AT WOR/4 ,BE=E ! PLANET WAS R5D]$ PHYSICALLY UN9HABITABLE1 !RE W\LD BE FEW HUMANS :O W\LD BE ABLE TO 9HABIT IT4 ,ALT]NATIVELY1 A TRULY ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY W\LD OP5 ! VI/A ( A 0FREE NATURE0 ) A SOPHI/ICAT$ ECO- TE*NOLOGY BAS$ ON SOL>1 W9D1 & WAT]2 C>EFULLY TREAT$ FOSSIL FUELS W\LD BE SIT$ TO PRODUCE P[] TO MEET RATIONALLY CONCEIV$ NE$S4 ,PRODUCTION W\LD OCCUR 5TIRELY = USE1 NOT = PR(IT1 & ! DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS W\LD OCCUR 5TIRELY TO MEET HUMAN NE$S BAS$ ON NORMS E/ABLI%$ BY CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLIES & CONF$]ATIONS ( ASSEMBLIES4 ,DECISIONS BY ! COMMUNITY W\LD BE MADE ACCORD+ TO DIRECT1 FACE-TO-FACE PROC$URES ) ALL ! COORD9ATIVE JUDGM5TS M&AT$ BY DELEGATES4 ,!SE JUDGM5TS1 9 TURN1 W\LD BE REF]R$ BACK = DISCUSSION1 APPROVAL1 MODIFICATION1 OR REJECTION BY ! ASSEMBLY ( ASSEMBLIES 7OR ,COMMUNE ( COMMUNES7 AS A :OLE1 REFLECT+ ! WI%ES ( ! FULLY ASSEMBL$ MAJORITY4 ,WE CANNOT TELL H[ MU* TE*NOLOGY WILL BE EXP&$ A FEW DECADES FROM N[2 LET ALONE A FEW G5]ATIONS4 ,ITS GR[? & ! PROSPECTS IT IS LIKELY TO OP5 OV] ! C\RSE ( ?IS C5TURY ALONE >E TOO DAZZL+ EV5 = ! MO/ IMAG9ATIVE UTOPIAN TO 5VISION4 ,IF NO?+ ELSE1 WE HAVE BE5 SWEPT 9TO A P]MAN5T TE*NOLOGICAL & COMMUNICATIONS REVOLUTION :OSE CULM9ATION IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO =ESEE4 ,?IS AMASS+ ( P[] & KN[L$GE OP5S TWO RADICALLY OPPOS+ PROSPECTS3 EI!R HUMANITY WILL TRULY DE/ROY ITSELF & ITS HABITAT1 OR IT WILL CREATE A G>D51 A FRUITFUL & B5IGN WORLD ?AT NOT EV5 ! MO/ FANCIFUL UTOPIAN1 ,*>LES ,F\RI]1 C\LD HAVE IMAG9$4 ,IT IS FITT+ ?AT SU* DIRE ALT]NATIVES %\LD APPE> N[ & 9 SU* EXTREME =MS4 ,UNLESS SOCIAL ECOLOGY -- ) ITS NATURALI/IC \TLOOK1 ITS DEVELOPM5TAL 9T]PRETATIONS ( NATURAL & SOCIAL PH5OM5A1 ITS EMPHASIS ON DISCIPL9E ) FRE$OM & RESPONSIBILITY ) IMAG9ATION -- CAN BE BR\ISE ?AT WILL BE/IR HUMANITY 9TO ACTION1 OR ! LA/ GREAT *ANCE 9 HI/ORY = ! COMPLETE EMANCIPATION ( HUMANITY WILL P]I% 9 UNRE/RA9$ SELF-DE/RUCTION4 O ,*APT] #c 3 ,! ,DEA? ( ,NATURE #c4 ,! ,DEA? ( ,NATURE ,BY ,C>OLYN ,M]*ANT ,EXC]PT FROM ! BOOK ,! ,DEA? ( ,NATURE ,! WORLD WE HAVE LO/ WAS ORGANIC4 ,FROM ! OBSCURE ORIG9S ( \R SPECIES1 HUMAN BE+S HAVE LIV$ 9 DAILY1 IMM$IATE1 ORGANIC RELATION ) ! NATURAL ORD] = !IR SU/5ANCE4 ,9 #a#e1 ! DAILY 9T]ACTION ) NATURE WAS /ILL /RUCTUR$ = MO/ ,EUROPEANS1 AS IT WAS = O!R PEOPLES1 BY CLOSE- KNIT1 COOP]ATIVE1 ORGANIC COMMUNITIES4 ,?US IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT = SIXTE5?-C5TURY ,EUROPEANS ! ROOT METAPHOR B9D+ TOGE!R ! SELF2 SOCIETY1 & ! COSMOS WAS ?AT ( AN ORGANISM4 ,AS A PROJECTION ( ! WAY PEOPLE EXP]I5C$ DAILY LIFE1 ORGANISMIC !ORY EMPHASIZ$ 9T]DEP5D5CE AMONG ! P>TS ( ! HUMAN BODY1 SUBORD9ATION ( 9DIVIDUAL TO COMMUNAL PURPOSES 9 FAMILY1 COMMUNITY1 & /ATE1 & VITAL LIFE P]MEAT+ ! COSMOS TO ! L[LIE/ /ONE4 ,! IDEA ( NATURE AS A LIV+ ORGANISM HAD PHILOSOPHICAL ANTEC$5TS 9 ANCI5T SY/EMS ( ?\IATIONS ( :I* =M$ ! PREVAIL+ IDEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY4 ,! ORGANISMIC METAPHOR1 H[EV]1 WAS IMM5SELY FLEXIBLE & ADAPTABLE TO V>Y+ CONTEXTS1 DEP5D+ ON :I* ( ITS PRESUPPOSITIONS WAS EMPHASIZ$4 ,A SPECTRUM ( PHILOSOPHICAL & POLITICAL POSSIBILITIES EXI/$1 ALL ( :I* C\LD BE SUBSUM$ UND] ! G5]AL RUBRIC ( ORGANIC4 ,C5TRAL TO ! ORGANIC !ORY WAS ! ID5TIFICATION ( NATURE1 ESPECIALLY ! E>?1 ) A NURTUR+ MO!R3 A K9DLY B5EFIC5T FEMALE :O PROVID$ = ! NE$S ( MANK9D 9 AN ORD]$1 PLANN$ UNIV]SE4 ,BUT ANO!R OPPOS+ IMAGE ( NATURE AS FEMALE WAS ALSO PREVAL5T3 WILD & UNCONTROLLABLE NATURE ?AT C\LD R5D] VIOL5CE1 /ORMS1 DR\? AS A NURTUR+ MO!R WAS GRADUALLY TO VANI% AS A DOM9ANT IMAGE AS ! ,SCI5TIFIC ,REVOLUTION PROCE$$ TO ME*ANIZE & TO RATIONALIZE ! WORLD VIEW4 ,! SECOND IMAGE1 NATURE AS DISORD]1 CALL$ =? AN IMPORTANT MOD]N IDEA1 ?AT ( P[] OV] NATURE4 ,TWO NEW IDEAS1 ?OSE ( ME*ANISM & ( ! DOM9ATION & MA/]Y ( NATURE1 BECAME CORE CONCEPTS ( ! MOD]N WORLD4 ,AN ORGANICALLY ORI5T$ M5TALITY 9 :I* FEMALE PR9CIPLES PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE WAS UND]M9$ & REPLAC$ BY A ME*ANICALLY ORI5T$ M5TALITY ?AT EI!R ELIM9AT$ OR US$ FEMALE PR9CIPLES 9 AN EXPLOITATIVE MANN]4 ,AS ,WE/]N CULTURE BECAME 9CREAS+LY ME*ANIZ$ 9 ! #a#fS1 ! FEMALE E>? & VIRG9 E>? SPIRIT W]E SUBDU$ BY ! MA*9E4 ,! *ANGE 9 CONTROLL+ IMAG]Y1 WAS DIRECTLY RELAT$ TO *ANGES 9 HUMAN ATTITUDES & BEHAVIOR T[>D ! E>?4 ,:]EAS ! NURTUR+ E>? IMAGE CAN BE VIEW$ AS A CULTURAL CON/RA9T RE/RICT+ ! TYPES ( SOCIALLY & MORALLY SANCTION$ HUMAN ACTIONS ALL[ABLE ) RESPECT TO ! E>?1 ! NEW IMAGES ( MA/]Y & DOM9ATION FUNCTION$ AS CULTURAL SANCTIONS = ! D5UDATION ( NATURE4 ,SOCIETY NE$$ !SE NEW IMAGES AS IT CONT9U$ ! PROCESSES ( COMM]CIALISM & 9DU/RIALIZATION1 :I* DEP5D$ ON ACTIVITIES DIRECTLY ALT]+ ! E>?-M9+1 DRA9AGE1 DE=E/ATION1 & ASS>T+ 7GRUBB+ UP /UMPS TO CLE> FIELDS74 ,! NEW ACTIVITIES UTILIZ$ NEW TE*NOLOGIES-LIFT & =CE PUMPS1 CRANES1 W9DMILLS1 GE>$ :EELS1 FLAP VALVES1 *A9S1 PI/ONS1 TREADMILLS1 UND]- & OV]%OT WAT]MILLS1 FULL+ MILLS1 FLY:EELS1 BELL[S1 EXCAVATORS1 BUCKET *A9S1 ROLL]S1 GE>$ & :EEL$ BRIDGES1 CRANKS1 ELABORATE BLOCK & TACKLE SY/EMS1 WORM1 SPUR1 CR[N1 & LANT]N GE>S1 CAMS & ECC5TRICS1 RAT*ETS1 WR5*ES1 PRESSES1 & SCREWS 9 MAGNIFIC5T V>IATION & COMB9ATION4 ,!SE TE*NOLOGICAL & COMM]CIAL *ANGES DID NOT TAKE PLACE QUICKLY2 !Y DEVELOP$ GRADUALLY OV] ! ANCI5T & M$IEVAL ]AS1 AS DID ! ACCOMPANY+ 5VIRONM5TAL DET]IORATION4 ,SL[LY OV] MANY C5TURIES E>LY ,M$IT]RANEAN & ,GREEK CIVILIZATION HAD M9$ & QU>RI$ ! M\NTA9SIDES1 ALT]$ ! =E/$ L&SCAPE1 & OV]GRAZ$ ! HILLS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 TE*NOLOGIES W]E L[ LEVEL1 PEOPLE CONSID]$ !MSELVES P>TS ( A F9ITE COSMOS1 & ANIMISM & F]TILITY CULTS ?AT TREAT$ NATURE AS SACR$ W]E NUM]\S4 ,ROMAN CIVILIZATION WAS MORE PRAGMATIC1 SECUL>1 & COMM]CIAL & ITS 5VIRONM5TAL IMPACT MORE 9T5SE4 ,YET ,ROMAN WRIT]S SU* AS ,OVID1 ,S5ECA1 ,PL9Y1 & ! ,/OIC PHILOSOPH]S OP5LY DEPLOR$ M9+ AS AN ABUSE ( !IR MO!R1 ! E>?4 ,) ! DIS9TEGRATION ( FEUDALISM & ! EXPANSION ( ,EUROPE 9TO NEW WORLDS & M>KETS1 COMM]CIAL SOCIETY BEGAN TO HAVE ACCEL]AT$ IMPACT ON ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,BY ! SIXTE5? & SEV5TE5? C5TURIES1 ! T5SION BETWE5 TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ! WORLD ( ACTION & ! CONTROLL+ ORGANIC IMAGES 9 ! WORLD ( ! M9D HAD BECOME TOO GREAT4 ,! OLD /RUCTURES W]E 9COMPATIBLE ) ! NEW ACTIVITIES4 ,BO? ! NURTUR+ & DOM9ATION METAPHORS HAD EXI/$ 9 PHILOSOPHY1 RELIGION1 & LIT]ATURE4 ,! IDEA ( DOM9ION OV] ! E>? EXI/$ 9 ,GREEK PHILOSOPHY & ,*RI/IAN RELIGION2 ?AT ( ! NURTUR+ E>?1 9 ,GREEK & O!R PAGAN PHILOSOPHIES4 ,BUT1 AS ! ECONOMY BECAME MOD]NIZ$ & ! ,SCI5TIFIC ,REVOLUTION PROCE$$1 ! DOM9ION METAPHOR SPREAD BEYOND ! RELIGI\S SPH]E & ASSUM$ ASC5DANCY 9 ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL SPH]ES AS WELL4 ,!SE TWO COMPET+ IMAGES & !IR NORMATIVE ASSOCIATIONS CAN BE F\ND 9 SIXTE5?-C5TURY LIT]ATURE1 >T1 PHILOSOPHY1 & SCI5CE4 ,! IMAGE ( ! E>? AS A LIV+ ORGANISM & NURTUR+ MO!R HAD S]V$ AS A CULTURAL CON/RA9T RE/RICT+ ! ACTIONS ( HUMAN BE+S4 ,ONE DOES NOT READILY SLAY A MO!R1 DIG 9TO H] 5TRAILS = GOLD OR MUTILATE H] BODY1 AL?\< COMM]CIAL M9+ W\LD SOON REQUIRE ?AT4 ,AS LONG AS ! E>? WAS CONSID]$ TO BE ALIVE & S5SITIVE1 IT C\LD BE CONSID]$ A BREA* ( HUMAN E?ICAL BEHAVIOR TO C>RY \T DE/RUCTIVE ACTS AGA9/ IT4 ,= MO/ TRADITIONAL CULTURES1 M9]ALS & METALS RIP5$ 9 ! UT]US ( ! ,E>? ,MO!R1 M9ES W]E COMP>$ TO H] VAG9A1 & METALLURGY WAS ! HUMAN HA/5+ ( ! BIR? ( ! LIV+ METAL 9 ! >TIFICIAL WOMB ( ! FURNACE--AN ABORTION ( ! METAL'S NATURAL GR[? CYCLE BE=E ITS TIME4 ,M9]S (F]$ PROPITIATION TO ! DEITIES ( ! SOIL & SUBT]RANEAN WORLD1 P]=M$ C]EMONIAL SACRIFICES1 & OBS]V$ /RICT CLEANL9ESS1 SEXUAL AB/95CE1 & FA/+ BE=E VIOLAT+ ! SACR$NESS ( ! LIV+ E>? BY S9K+ A M9E4 ,SMI?S ASSUM$ AN AWESOME RESPONSIBILITY 9 PRECIPITAT+ ! METAL'S BIR? ?R\< SMELT+1 FUS+1 & BEAT+ IT ) HAMM] & ANVIL2 !Y W]E (T5 ACCORD$ ! /ATUS ( %AMAN 9 TRIBAL RITUALS & !IR TOOLS W]E ?\? /ILL C>RI$ ) IT SUBTLE E?ICAL CONTROLS & RE/RA9TS4 ,SU* IMAG]Y F\ND 9 A CULTURE'S LIT]ATURE CAN PLAY A NORMATIVE ROLE )9 ! CULTURE4 ,CONTROLL+ IMAGES OP]ATE AS E?ICAL RE/RA9TS OR AS E?ICAL SANCTIONS-AS SUBTLE 0\TES 9 ! #a#f#bS & #a#f#cS & ELABORAT$ BY A GR\P ( ,5GLI% EMIGRES TO ,P>IS 9 ! #a#f#dS & #a#f#eS1 ! NEW ME*ANICAL !ORIES EMPHASIZ$ & RE9=C$ ELEM5TS 9 HUMAN EXP]I5CE DEVELOP+ SL[LY S9CE ! LATE ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 BUT ACCEL]AT+ 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY4 ,NEW =MS ( ORD] & P[] PROVID$ A REM$Y = ! DISORD] P]CEIV$ TO BE SPREAD+ ?R\<\T CULTURE4 ,9 ! ORGANIC WORLD1 ORD] MEANT ! FUNCTION ( EA* P>T )9 ! L>G] :OLE1 AS DET]M9$ BY ITS NATURE1 :ILE P[] WAS DIFFUS$ FROM ! TOP D[NW>D ?R\< ! SOCIAL OR COSMIC HI]>*IES4 ,9 ! ME*ANICAL WORLD1 ORD] WAS R$EF9$ TO MEAN ! PR$ICTABLE BEHAVIOR ( EA* P>T )9 A RATIONALLY DET]M9$ SY/EM ( LAWS1 :ILE P[] D]IV$ FROM ACTIVE & IMM$IATE 9T]V5TION 9 A SECUL>IZ$ WORLD4 ,ORD] & P[] TOGE!R CON/ITUT$ CONTROL4 ,RATIONAL CONTROL OV] NATURE1 SOCIETY1 & ! SELF WAS A*IEV$ BY R$EF9+ REALITY ITSELF ?R\< ! NEW MA*9E METAPHOR4 ,AS ! UNIFY+ MODEL = SCI5CE & SOCIETY1 ! MA*9E HAS P]MEAT$ & RECON/RUCT$ HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS SO TOTALLY ?AT TODAY WE SC>CELY QUE/ION ITS VALIDITY4 ,NATURE1 SOCIETY1 & ! HUMAN BODY >E COMPOS$ ( 9T]*ANGEABLE ATOMIZ$ P>TS ?AT CAN BE REPAIR$ OR REPLAC$ FROM \TSIDE4 ,! 0TE*NOLOGICAL FIX0 M5DS AN ECOLOGICAL MALFUNCTION1 NEW HUMAN BE+S REPLACE ! OLD TO MA9TA9 ! SMOO? FUNCTION+ ( 9DU/RY & BUREAUCRACY1 & 9T]V5TIONI/ M$IC9E EX*ANGES A FRE% HE>T = A WORN- \T1 DISEAS$ ONE4 ,! ME*ANICAL VIEW ( NATURE N[ TAU SY/EM4 ,NONE ( ?IS WAS COMMON S5SE TO \R SEV5TE5?-C5TURY C\NT]P>TS4 ,! REPLACEM5T ( ! OLD]1 0NATURAL0 WAYS ( ?9K+ BY A NEW & 0UNNATURAL0 =M ( LIFE--SEE+1 ?9K+1 & BEHAV+--DID NOT OCCUR )\T /RUGGLE4 ,! SUBM]G5CE ( ! ORGANISM BY ! MA*9E 5GAG$ ! BE/ M9DS ( ! TIMES DUR+ A P]IOD FRAU-REA*+ EFFECT ( ! ,SCI5TIFIC ,REVOLUTION4 ,BECAUSE NATURE WAS N[ VIEW$ AS A SY/EM ( DEAD1 9]T P>TICLES MOV$ BY EXT]NAL1 RA!R ?AN 9H]5T =CES1 ! ME*ANICAL FRAMEWORK ITSELF C\LD LEGITIMATE ! MANIPULATION ( NATURE4 ,MOREOV]1 AS A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK1 ! ME*ANICAL ORD] HAD ASSOCIAT$ ) IT A FRAMEWORK ( VALUES BAS$ ON P[]1 FULLY COMPATIBLE ) ! DIRECTIONS TAK5 BY COMM]CIAL CAPITALISM4 ,! ME*ANI/IC VIEW ( NATURE1 DEVELOP$ BY ! SEV5TE5?-C5TURY NATURAL PHILOSOPH]S & BAS$ ON A ,WE/]N MA!MATICAL TRADITION GO+ BACK TO ,PLATO1 IS /ILL DOM9ANT 9 SCI5CE TODAY4 ,?IS VIEW ASSUMES ?AT NATURE CAN BE DIVID$ 9TO P>TS & ?AT ! P>TS CAN BE RE>RANG$ TO CREATE O!R SPECIES ( BE+4 0,FACTS0 OR 9=MATION BITS CAN BE EXTRACT$ FROM ! 5VIRONM5TAL CONTEXT & RE>RANG$ ACCORD+ TO A SET ( RULES BAS$ ON LOGICAL & MA!MATICAL OP]ATIONS4 ,! RESULTS CAN !N BE TE/$ & V]IFI$ BY RESUBMITT+ !M TO NATURE1 ! ULTIMATE JUDGE ( !IR VALIDITY4 ,MA!MATICAL =MALISM PROVIDES ! CRIT]ION = RATIONALITY & C]TA9TY1 NATURE ! CRIT]ION = EMPIRICAL VALIDITY & ACCEPTANCE OR REJECTION ( ! !ORY4 ,! WORK ( HI/ORIANS & PHILOSOPH]S ( SCI5CE NOT)/&+1 IT IS WIDELY ASSUM$ BY ! SCI5TIFIC COMMUNITY ?AT MOD]N SCI5CE IS OBJECTIVE1 VALUE-FREE1 & CONTEXT-FREE KN[L$GE ( ! EXT]NAL WORLD4 ,TO ! EXT5T TO :I* ! SCI5CES CAN BE R$UC$ TO ?IS ME*ANI/IC MA!MATICAL MODEL1 ! MORE LEGITIMATE !Y BECOME AS SCI5CES4 ,?US ! R$UCTIONI/ HI]>*Y ( ! VALIDITY ( ! SCI5CES FIR/ PROPOS$ 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY BY ,FR5* POSITIVI/ PHILOSOPH] ,AUGU/ ,COMTE IS /ILL WIDELY ASSUM$ BY 9TELLECTUALS1 ! MO/ MA!MATICAL & HITICLES--ELECTRONS1 PROTONS1 NEUTRONS1 MESONS1 MUONS1 PIONS1 TAUS1 !TAS1 SIGMAS1 PIS1 & SO ON4 ,! SE>* = ! ULTIMATE UNIFY+ P>TICLE1 ! QU>K1 CONT9UES TO 5GAGE ! EF=TS ( ! BE/ !ORETICAL PHYSICI/S4 ,MA!MATICAL =MALISM ISOLATES ! ELEM5TS ( A GIV5 QUANTUM ME*ANICAL PROBLEM1 PLACES !M 9 A LATTICE LIKE MATRIX1 & RE>RANGES !M ?R\< A MA!MATICAL FUNCTION CALL$ AN OP]ATOR4 ,SY/EMS !ORY EXTRACTS POSSIBLY RELEVANT 9=MATION BITS FROM ! 5VIRONM5TAL CONTEXT & /ORES !M 9 A COMPUT] MEMORY = LAT] USE4 ,BUT S9CE IT CANNOT /ORE AN 9F9ITE NUMB] ( 0FACTS10 IT MU/ SELECT A F9ITE NUMB] ( POT5TIALLY RELEVANT PIECES ( DATA ACCORD+ TO A !ORY OR SET ( RULES GOV]N+ ! SELECTION PROCESS4 ,= ANY GIV5 SOLUTION1 ?IS ME*ANI/IC APPROA* V]Y LIKELY EXCLUDES SOME POT5TIALLY RELEVANT FACTORS4 ,SY/EMS !ORI/S CLAIM = !MSELVES A HOLI/IC \TLOOK1 BECAUSE !Y BELIEVE ?AT !Y >E TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ! WAYS 9 :I* ALL ! P>TS 9 A GIV5 SY/EM AFFECT ! :OLE4 ,YET ! =MALISM ( ! CALCULUS ( PROBABILITIES EXCLUDES ! POSSIBILITY ( MA!MATIZ+ ! GE/ALT--?AT IS1 ! WAYS 9 :I* EA* P>T AT ANY GIV5 9/ANT TAKE !IR MEAN+ FROM ! :OLE4 ,! MORE OP51 ADAPTIVE1 ORGANIC1 & COMPLEX ! SY/EM1 ! LESS SUCCESSFUL IS ! =MALISM4 ,IT IS MO/ SUCCESSFUL :5 APPLI$ TO CLOS$1 >TIFICIAL1 PRECISELY DEF9$1 RELATIVELY SIMPLE SY/EMS4 ,ME*ANI/IC ASSUMPTIONS AB\T NATURE PU% US 9CREAS+LY 9 ! DIRECTION ( >TIFICIAL 5VIRONM5TS1 ME*ANIZ$ CONTROL OV] MORE & MORE ASPECTS ( HUMAN LIFE1 & A LOSS ( ! QUALITY ( LIFE ITSELF4 O ,*APT] #d 3 ,ECOLOGY 9 ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM #d4 ,ECOLOGY 9 ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM BY ,]CAN ,AYBOGA ,ECOLOGY DISCUSSIONS & PRACTICES 9 ! ,KURDI% ,FRE$OM ,/RUGGLE ) A FOCUS ON ,NOR? ,KURDI/AN 7,BAKUR7 ,MESOPOTAMIA ,ECOLOGY ,MOVEM5T1 WWW4MEZOPOTAMYAEKOLOJI4ORG ,ECOLOGY IS ONE ( ! ?REE PILL>S ( ! P>ADIGM ( ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM1 ! POLITICAL-!ORETICAL CONCEPT ( ! ,KURDI% ,FRE$OM ,MOVEM5T4 ,BESIDES DEMOCRACY & G5D] LIB]ATION1 ECOLOGY HAS BE5 M5TION$ EXPLICITLY AS A DIM5SION 9 ?IS CONCEPT S9CE #b#e4 ,H[EV] TO DATE1 ECOLOGY IS LESS DISCUSS$ & PRACTIC$ ?AN ! TWO O!R PILL>S4 ,ECOLOGICAL ,DE/RUCTION & ,EXPLOITATION 9 ,KURDI/AN ,) ! WIDESPREAD 9TRODUCTION ( CAPITALISM TO ,KURDI/AN 9 ! #a#i#eS CAME A SY/EMIC & DE/RUCTIVE EXPLOITATION ( NATURE4 ,! F\R COLONIALI/ /ATES -,TURKEY1 ,IRAN1 ,IRAQ & ,SYRIA -- />T$ TO PLAN L>GE 5]GY1 M9+1 AGRICULTURE1 9FRA/RUCTURE & O!R 9VE/M5T PROJECTS :OSE IMPLEM5TATION L$ TO EXCE$+LY GRAVE ECOLOGICAL DE/RUCTION & EXPLOITATION4.<#a.> ,?IS IS CAUS$1 AMONG O!R FACTORS1 BY ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC MODEL1 RESPECTIVELY L[ ECOLOGICAL & SOCIAL /&>DS 9 ! IMPLEM5TATION ( ! MANY PROJECTS AS WELL AS BY ! SIMPLE FACT ?AT ,KURDI/AN HAS ! DE FACTO /ATUS ( A QU>T]$ COLONY4 ,:ILE KEEP+ ! COLONIAL /ATUS1 ! HEGEMONIAL /ATES 9TRODUC$ /EP BY /EP1 US+ ECONOMIC AS WELL AS MILIT>Y MEASURES1 CAPITALI/ RELATIONS 9TO ! SOCIETIES ( ,KURDI/AN4 ,9 ! #a#i#gS ! CON/RUCTION ( NUM]\S L>GE PROJECTS -- P>TICUL>LY DAMS1 OIL-DRILL+ & M9+ -- HAD BE5 REALIZ$ ?R\< ! EX]CISE ( ! HEGEMONIC P[] ( ! HITS ( ,KURDI/AN UND] ! PRETEXT ( PROGRESS4 ,AFT] ! FIR/ PREP>ATION WORK 9 ! #a#i#fS1 AGRICULTURE />T$ TO BE 9DU/RIALIZ$ 9 ! #a#i#gS1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,WE/ ,KURDI/AN 7,ROJAVA7 & ,NOR? ,KURDI/AN 7,BAKUR71 LAT] 9 ,S\? 7,BA8UR7 & ,EA/ ,KURDI/AN 7,ROJHILAT74 ,ONE RESULT ( !SE POLICIES WAS ?AT COMMUNAL & SOLID>ITY-BAS$ RELATIONS BECAME WEAK] 9 ! SOCIETY ( ,KURDI/AN4 ,! 9FRA/RUCTURE PROJECTS & 9VE/M5TS W]E DESIGN$ & IMPLEM5T$ ) ABSOLUTELY NO CONSULTATION ( ! LOCAL POPULATION & ?R\< AN AU?ORIT>IAN APPROA*1 W]E 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! COLONIALI/ /ATES & ! COLONIALI/ & COLLABORATIVE ,KURDI% UPP] CLASSES & AIM$ A PR(IT MAXIMIZATION ?R\< CAPITALI/ MOD]NIZATION1 OPPRESSION & A DEEP5+ ASSIMILATION4 ,:ILE ?IS DEVELOPM5T WAS /ILL SL[ 9 ! #a#i#eS & #a#i#fS1 IT TOOK ON A ACCEL]AT+ *>ACT] 9 ! #a#i#gS4 ,AS A RESULT ( ! IMPLEM5TATION ( L>GE 9FRA/RUCTURE PROJECTS 9 RURAL >EAS & ! CONSEQU5T DISPLACEM5T ( HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S2 ! 9DU/RIALIZATION ( AGRICULTURE2 ! CONT9U\S ECONOMICALLY-DRIV5 MIGRATION ( RURAL PEOPLE2 RAPID URBANIZATION2 9DU/RIALIZATION2 & ! COLONIALI/ W>S AGA9/ ! POPULATION AS FROM ! #a#i#hS2 SOCIETY HAS LO/ = A BIG P>T ITS *>ACT]I/ICS ( SOLID>ITY & COMMUNALITY4 ,! MA9 *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! PRE-CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES W]E COMMUNALI/ APPROA* & SOLID>ITY ON DECISION-MAK+1 ECONOMY1 SOCIALITY1 CULTURE & O!RS ISSUES1 BUT DIFF]5T 9T5SITY ( FEUDAL & CONS]VATIVE =MS W]E ALSO PRES5T4 ,S9CE ! #a#i#iS1 ! NUMB] ( IMPLEM5T$ L>GE PROJECTS1 AS WELL AS ! LIVELIHOODS ( PEOPLE & ECONOMIC RELATIONS1 EXP]I5C$ GRAVE *ANGES4 ,! SURVIV+ ELEM5TS ( ! SUBSI/5CE ECONOMY & LOCAL CIRCLES ( ECONOMY W]E M>G9ALIZ$ & ,KURDI/AN BECAME FULLY P>T ( ! 0NATIONAL M>KET0 ( EA* /ATE & 5T]$ ! NEOLIB]AL GLOBAL M>KET4 ,! =M] TIMES W]E C]TA9LY FULL ( HI]>*Y1 PATRI>*Y & DISCRIM9ATION1 BUT ! TRANSITION TO CAPITALISM WAS A BRUTAL BREAK 9 ! SOCIAL & HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T & 9 A C]TA9 WAY IT HAS EV5 DEEP5$ SOCIETAL SEXISM & PATRI>*Y4 ,TO UND]/& :AT HAS BE5 DIM9I%$ 9 !SE DECADES1 ! FOLL[+ APPROA*ES & *>ACT]I/ICS ( COMMUNALISM & SOLID>ITY W]E ]OD$ BETWE5 ! #a#i#eS & #a#i#iS4 ,TYPICALLY3 ,AL?\< USUALLY NOT 9CLUSIVE CONC]N+ SEX & AGE1 MANY VILLAGES HAD 9 PRACTICE A K9D ( ASSEMBLY ( MO/LY OLD] M5 & SOMETIMES ( SOME OLD] WOM5 :I* GA!R$ IF NECESS>Y & TOOK DECISIONS4 ,SOLID>ITY ON ECONOMICAL ISSUES WAS COMMON4 ,= EXAMPLE1 :5 A FAMILY OR A H\SEHOLD WANT$ TO BUILD A NEW H\SE1 ! :OLE 7OR MO/7 ( ! VILLAGE JO9$ ! CON/RUCTION = AT LEA/ SEV]AL DAYS :I* W]E CRUCIAL TO BUILD+ WORK PROCE$+ SIGNIFICANTLY4 ,IT WAS USUAL ?AT ! ANIMALS ( ALL H\SEHOLDS HAVE BE5 GRAZ$ TOGE!R 9 APPROPRIATE LOCATIONS4 ,?IS WAS MANAG$ 9 TURN BY ALL H\SEHOLDS4 ,:5 A H\SEHOLD HAD A BAD YE> ( H>VE/1 ! O!RS 9 ! VILLAGE SUPPORT$ ! AFFECT$ FAMILY BY SUPPLY+ !M ) ! BASIC FOODS4 ,:5 A H\SEHOLD LACK$ YEA/ = COOK+ BREAD OR MILK1 ! NEI$ IT )\T HESITATION OR ANY DISCUSSION4 ,9 ! FOLL[+ DAYS ! SUPPORT$ H\SEHOLD PUT ! SAME AM\NT 9 ! FRONT ( ! H\SE :OSE FAMILY GAVE ! SUPPORT4 ,:5 A H\SEHOLD HAD A L>GE H>VE/ ( A C]TA9 PRODUCT 7LIKE WALNUT71 IT WAS (T5 ! PRACTICE TO %>E SOME ( ! SURPLUS ) O!RS 9 & >\ND ! VILLAGE4 ,SOLID>ITY ON SOCIAL AFFAIRS WAS ALSO COMMON4 ,= EXAMPLE1 :5 ONE OR TWO P>5TS ( A FAMILY DI$ OR W]E =C$ TO MIGRATE 9 SE>* ( WORK1 !N ! O!RS 9 ! VILLAGE TOOK C>E ( ! *ILDR5 :O C\LD NOT SUPPORT !MSELVES4 ,!RE WAS CULTURAL SOLID>ITY4 ,9 ! EV5+S (T5 PEOPLE GA!R$ 9 ONE ( ! H\SES & %>$ /ORIES1 MY?S1 POEMS & SONGS AMONG EA* O!R4 ,KURDI/AN BELONGS WORLDWIDE TO ! C\NTRIES :]E UNTIL REC5TLY CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY.<#b.> WAS WEAK & SOLID>ITY & COMMUNAL /RUCTURES 9 ! SOCIETIES W]E /ILL EXI/+ 9 A SIGNIFICANT WAY4 ,TODAY ! OLD] G5]ATIONS ( ,KURDI/AN REMEMB] QUITE WELL H[ LIFE WAS UNTIL ! #a#i#fS OR #a#i#gS4 ,!RE IS NO OBJECTIVE TO ROMANTICIZE ! LIFE SEV]AL DECADES AGO1 BUT NEV]!LESS !RE WAS A SIGNIFICANT SOLID>ITY & %>+ 9 ! SOCIETY & NOT EV]Y?+ WAS VALU$ MONET>ILY2 LIFE & COMMODIFICATION.<#c.> WAS NOT MAT]IALIZ$ AS IT IS ! CASE TODAY4 ,/>T ( ,DISCUSSION ON ,ECOLOGY ,AFT] TWO DECADES ( FRE$OM /RUGGLE 9 ,NOR? ,KURDI/AN1 9 ! #a#i#iS ! ,KURDI% ,FRE$OM ,MOVEM5T 7,K,F,M7 />T$ TO DISCUSS ! ECOLOGICAL QUE/ION ON A ,KURDI% & GLOBAL LEVEL4 ,! DISCUSSION TOOK PLACE AGA9/ ! BACKGR\ND ( ! SY/EMATIC DE/RUCTION 9 ,BAKUR ?R\< ! ,TURKI% ,/ATE'S W> ON ,KURDS2 MORE ?AN #b1#e MILLION DISPLAC$ PEOPLE W]E CONFRONT$ 9 A BRUTAL WAY ) ! URBAN & CAPITALI/IC LIFE :ILE ,TURKI% /ATE =CES DE/ROY$ UP TO #d VILLAGES & TOR*$ HUGE =E/$ >EAS 9 ,BAKUR4 ,! MAJORITY ( ! DISPLAC$ PEOPLE HAD BE5 LIV+ BE=E 9 A MA9LY SUBSI/5CE ECONOMY ) REGIONAL PRODUCT CIRCULATION & LIMIT$ ECOLOGICAL DAMAGE4 ,P>TICUL>LY BETWE5 #aiib & #aiie L>GE >EAS W]E DEPOPULAT$ & MANY CITIES 9 ,BAKUR (T5 D\BL$ !IR POPULATION )\T BE+ PREP>$ 9 ANY WAY & )\T SUPPORT FROM ! ,TURKI% GOV]NM5T OR O!RS4 ,9 ! #a#i#iS ESPECIALLY ! POLITICAL LEAD] ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN ( ! ,KURDI% ,FRE$OM ,MOVEM5T 7,K,F,M7 QUE/ION$ ! EM]G5CE ( NEO-LIB]AL CAPITALISM1 ) NEW ANALYZES 9 G5]AL & NOTABLY 9 RELATION TO NEOLIB]ALISM'S IMPACTS ON NATURE4 ,P>TICUL>LY ! CONCEPT ( GR[?1 & ! 9CREAS+ DISCONNECTION ( PR(IT FROM PRODUCTION HAS BE5 CRITICIZ$ 9 ,OCALAN'S WRIT+S & SPEE*ES4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 HE IS SPEAK+ AGA9/ ! GR[+ NUMB] ( L>GE 9VE/M5T PROJECTS BECAUSE ( ! HUGE & IRREP>ABLE DE/RUCTION ( NATURE !Y CAUSE4 ,H]E HE 9CLUD$ ALSO ! CLIMATE *ANGE :I*1 AMONG O!RS1 HE CONSID]$ AS AN ACCEL]ATION ( ECOLOGICAL DE/RUCTION BY CAPITALISM4 ,TO DE/ROY NATURE = ! 9T]E/ ( C5TRAL GOV]NM5TS & PR(IT ( COMPANIES MEANS USUALLY TO DE/ROY ! BASIS ( LIFE ( MILLIONS4 ,! MASSIVE ECOLOGICAL DE/RUCTION AFFECTS S]I\SLY HUMAN LIFE4 ,(T5 L>GE PROJECTS DISPLACE A L>GE NUMB] ( PEOPLE &_/OR EXPLOIT ! L& & SURR\ND+ >EAS :I* !Y >E =C$ TO LEAVE4 ,OCALAN ALSO DISCUSS$ ! DISCONNECTION ( PEOPLE TO NATURE & :AT K9D ( IMPACTS ?IS C\LD HAVE ON PEOPLE'S M9DS & ! RELATION ( PEOPLE TO EA* O!R4 ,9 A FUNDAM5TAL WAY ! ALI5ATION ( PEOPLE HAS BE5 PUT 9 RELATION TO ! DISCONNECTION ( PEOPLE FROM NATURE4 ,AT ?IS PO9T ,OCALAN CONNECTS ! DISCUSSION ON ECOLOGY ) 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ HI]>*Y :I* HAS ITS ROOTS 9 PATRI>*Y4 ,BUT ECOLOGY HAD NOT F\ND A PLACE AT ! CORE ( ! ONGO+ DISCUSSIONS 9 ! #a#i#iS4 ,IT WAS NEW1 NOT YET !ORETICALLY /RONGLY DEVELOP$ & 9 ! %AD[ ( ! ONGO+ BRUTAL W> ( ! ,TURKI% /ATE4 ,! C5TRAL !ORETICAL DISCUSSION AT ?AT TIME FOCUS$ ON HI*ICAL /RUCTURES 9 SOCIETY4 ,H[EV] AN IMPORTANT P>T ( ! REVOLUTION>IES & POLITICAL ACTIVI/S )9 ! ,K,F,M TOOK NOTE ( ! DISCUSSION ON ECOLOGY ( ! #a#i#iS4 ,IT 9FLU5C$ 9 ! FOLL[+ YE>S ! M9DS ( ?\S&S ( POLITICALLY 5GAG$ & 9T]E/$ PEOPLE4 ,OCALAN'S DISCUSSION %[$ A /RATEGIC APPROA* AS IT WAS A DISCUSSION :I* WAS AHEAD ( ! TIMES 9 COMP>ISON ) ALL O!R LEFT7I/7-DEMOCRATIC GR\PS & MOVEM5TS 9 ,KURDI/AN & ,TURKEY4 ,OCALAN WAS RA!R AT ! SAME LEVEL ) SOME GLOBAL DISCUSSIONS & MOVEM5TS :I* HAD />T$ TO DISCUSS ! ECOLOGICAL CONTRADICTION4 ,MUNICIPALITIES 9 ,BAKUR -- ,*ALL5GE TO ,DEVELOP AN ,ECOLOGICAL ,PRACTICE ,%ORTLY AFT] ,OCALAN HAS BE5 KIDNAPP$ ?R\< AN 9T]NATIONAL PLOT UND] ! CO-ORD9ATION ( ! ,U,S,A & DELIV]$ TO ! ,TURKI% /ATE 9 #a#i#i#i1 ! >M$ /RUGGLE ( ! ,KURDI/AN ,WORK]S ,P>TY 7,P,K,K7 /OPP$1 & A NEW & BROAD DISCUSSION ON MEANS & P]SPECTIVES ( ! FRE$OM /RUGGLE />T$ :ILE GIV+ PRIORITY TO ! POLITICAL-CIVIL /RUGGLE4 ,! AIM TO SET UP A 0,KURDI% /ATE0 HAS BE5 GIV5 UP F9ALLY4 ,9 ! SAME YE> 9 ! LOCAL ELECTIONS SEV]AL IMPORTANT MUNICIPALITIES HAD BE5 WON BY ,H,A,D,E,P1 ! ,PEOPLE'S ,DEMOCRACY ,P>TY1 ! LEGAL P>TY ( ! ,K,F,M AT ?AT TIME4 ,! GA9$ MUNICIPALITIES -- AMONG !M ,AM$ 7,DIY>BAKIR71 ,BATMAN & ,WAN 7,VAN7 -- BECAME ESS5TIAL ELEM5TS ( ! FRE$OM /RUGGLE ( ! ,KURDS4 ,?IS CO9CID$ ) DECREAS+ REPRESSIVE CONDITIONS MA9LY BECAUSE ( ! /OP ( ! >M$ /RUGGLE4 ,?IS FACILITAT$ ! SPACE = ! MUNICIPALITIES1 ,H,A,D,E,P & O!R ORGANIZATIONS ( ! ,K,F,M TO SPREAD !IR [N POLITICAL IDEAS & TO GET BETT] 9 CONTACT ) NEW & NOT POLITICALLY ORGANIZ$ P>TS ( ! SOCIETY4 ,:AT HAS BE5 CLAIM$ = YE>S1 NAMELY ?AT ! ,K,F,M HAS BETT] & MU* MORE DEMOCRATIC CONCEPTS1 C\LD BE IMPLEM5T$ AT LOCAL LEVEL ?R\< MUNICIPALITIES & O!R POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME ! DYNAMIC CREAT$ BY ! >M$ /RUGGLE DID NOT EXI/ ANYMORE4 ,A %IFT 9 ! WAY ( ?9K+ & ACT+ BECAME NECESS>Y4 ,BETWE5 #aiii & #bd ,H,A,D,E,P ADM9I/]$ #cg MUNICIPALITIES & HAS BE5 *ALL5G$ TO PROVE TO ! POPULATION ?AT IT IS CAPABLE TO GOV]N BETT] & MORE SOCIALLY-RESPONSIBLY ?AN ALL O!R AU?ORIT>IAN & CORRUPT$ POLITICAL P>TIES ( ! HEGEMONIC SY/EM4 ,AFT] TAK+ OV] ( ! MUNICIPALITIES ! /ATE REPRESSION NEV] CEAS$1 BUT IT WAS MU* LESS ?AN 9 ! #a#i#iS4 ,RA!R ! ,/ATE'S APPROA* WAS TO GIVE SOME SPACE1 BUT TO BR+ ! ,H,A,D,E,P 7REPLAC$ 9 #bb BY ,D,E,H,A,P1 #bd ,D,T,P1 #bi ,B,D,P & #bad ,H,D,P_/,D,B,P7 MUNICIPALITIES ) C]TA9 IMPOS$ POLICIES1 9CLUD+ *ALL5G+ FRAMEWORKS LIKE NEO-LIB]ALISM & ADM9I/RATIVE C5TRALISM1 TO A PO9T :]E !Y W\LD FAIL1 ?US LOOSE ! FOLL[+ LOCAL ELECTIONS & F9ALLY LOSE !IR ATTRACTIVITY4 ,! ,H,A,D,E,P MUNICIPALITIES1 & 9 BROAD] T]MS ! ,KURDI% ,FRE$OM ,MOVEM5T1 HAVE ! DECL>$ POLITICAL GOAL ( CREAT+ A DEMOCRATIC-ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY ) ! YE> #b4 ,IT WAS EXPRESS$ PUBLICLY ?AT ! APPROA* TO ! NATURE W\LD BE RESPECTFUL2 NATURAL SITES W\LD BE CONS]V$ & DEVELOP$ )9 ! CITIES & !IR SURR\ND+S W\LD BE MORE CLEAN & GRE52 & ! 9VE/M5TS PROJECTS W\LD NOT BE IMPLEM5T$ AT ! EXP5SE ( NATURE4 ,! PRACTICE HAD TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFF]5T FROM MUNICIPALITIES RUL$ BY O!R P>TIES :I* 9 ,KURDI/AN DID NOT C>E 9 ANY WAY = ECOLOGICAL LIFE4 ,!SE FIR/ YE>S W]E ! TIME :5 ?\S&S ( POLITICAL ACTIVI/S & O!R POLITICALLY-9T]E/$ PEOPLE 9 ,KURDI/AN & ,TURKEY />T$ TO READ >TICLES & BOOKS ON ECOLOGY & P>TICUL>LY SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 9CLUD+ ,MURRAY ,BOOK*94 ,?IS BR\D ! DISCUSSION H[ AN ECOLOGICAL LIFE %\LD BE DEVELOP$ & :AT ?AT C\LD MEAN 9 LONG-T]M & %ORT-T]M POLITICS4 ,IT AFFECT$ ALSO SOME EMPLOYES & POLITICIANS 9 ! MUNICIPALITIES4 ,?IS WAS IMPORTANT AS ! DIFF]5CE CAN BE OBS]V$ SOMETIMES 9 ! DETAILS4 ,IT %\LD BE CONSID]$ ?AT 9 ! :OLE /ATE ( ,TURKEY ! DISCUSSIONS ON A MORE ECOLOGICAL OR 0SU/A9ABLE0 C\NTRY W]E QUITE NEW1 & POLITICAL CAMPAIGNS AGA9/ DE/RUCTIVE & EXPLOITATIVE DEVELOPM5TS & PROJECTS W]E R>ELY C>RI$ \T4 ,BUT IT WAS ALSO ! TIME :5 9 SEV]AL REGIONS /RUGGLES AGA9/ L>GE 9VE/M5T PROJECTS CAME UP4 ,9 ,BAKUR TWO /RUGGLES BECAME WIDELY KN[N4 ,ONE WAS AGA9/ ! ,ILISU ,DAM ON ! ,TIGRIS :I* IS PLANN$ TO FLOOD A L>GE P>T ( ! ,TIGRIS ,VALLEY & ! ANCI5T T[N ( ,HASANKEYF4 ,ANO!R ONE WAS AGA9/ SEV]AL DAMS ON ! ,MUNZUR ,RIV] 9 ,D]SIM :]E LIVE MA9LY PEOPLE ( ,ALEVI BELIEVE4 ,BO? /RUGGLES GA9$ BIG SUPPORT AMONG ! ,KURDS4 ,! ,KURDI% SOCIETY />T$ TO DISCUSS = ! FIR/ TIME ISSUES ( RIV]S1 DAMS1 5]GY1 CULTURAL & NATURAL H]ITAGE & DEVELOPM5T 9 RELATION TO EA* O!R ON A BROAD] SCALE ?AT CONTRIBUT$ TO AN 9CREASE ( A CRITICAL AW>5ESS ON !SE ISSUES4 ,H[EV]1 9 FACT ! GA9$ MUNICIPALITIES 9 !IR FIR/ P]IOD 7UNTIL #b#d7 %[$ A PRACTICE :I* WAS BY F> BETT] ?AN ! O!RS FROM AN ECOLOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW4 ,! CITIES BECAME CLEAN] & HEAL?I] ) IMPROVEM5T ( ! WA/E SY/EM1 ALSO 9 ! POORE/ NEIS4 ,! GRE5 >EA P] P]SON 9CREAS$ TOO4 ,! SITES ( CULTURAL H]ITAGE GOT MORE ATT5TION & ACCESSIBILITY = ! PUBLIC4 ,MORE PUBLIC SPACES LIKE SQU>ES OR M>KET PLACES HAD BE5 BUILD UP4 ,! PUBLIC TRANSPORT HAD BE5 DEVELOP$ TO ALL SETTL$ >EAS & = A COMP>ATIVELY L[ PRICE4 ,SOME DESIGN$ L>GE PROJECTS ) PROBLEMATIC SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS HAD BE5 CANCEL$ OR *ANG$ BY ! MUNICIPALITIES OR NOT FOLL[$ UP4 ,! LIFE CONDITIONS 9 ! POOR QU>T]S HAD BE5 IMPROV$ ALSO BY PAV+ ! /REETS1 BUILD+ SOCIAL 9FRA/RUCTURE LIKE SOCIAL C5T]S OR WA%+ C5T]S = CLO!S & ! NEGLECTION ( UNPAID WAT] BILLS4 ,EF=TS TO 9CLUDE CIVIL SOCIETY GR\PS 9 ! DECISION-MAK+ PROCESS ON MANY PROJECTS & EV5 CITY PLANN+ BECAME DAY TO DAY REALITY4 ,WE CAN /ATE ?AT 9 ! V]Y BEG9N+ !RE W]E MANY URG5T WORKS 9 ! FIELD ( BASIC S]VICES ?AT HAD TO BE UND]TAK54 ,! LIV+ QUALITY 9 MO/ CITIES WAS UND] A BIG ?REAT -- A /RESS ?AT WAS EXAC]BAT$ BY ! SITUATION ( ?OSE DISPLAC$ BY CONFLICT 9 ! #a#i#iS4 ,AL?\< !SE POSITIVE DEVELOPM5TS OCCURR$1 !RE WAS LACK ( AN OV]ALL CONS5SUS AS TO H[ TO DEVELOP A FUR!R & FUTURE ECOLOGICAL POLICY & ! BIGG] ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT C\LD NOT BE EXPLA9$ WELL4 ,ALMO/ ALL MAYORS & POLICY DECISION MAK]S ( ! MUNICIPALITIES & O!R /RUCTURES ( ! ,K,F,M DID NOT CONSID] ! ECOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE AS ONE ( ! MA9 /RATEGIC APPROA*ES & IT REMA9$ (T5 SECOND>Y IF O!R ASPECTS PREVAIL$4 ,! ECOLOGICAL CONSCI\SNESS ( SU* PEOPLE /AY$ LIMIT$ ) ! PRAGMATISM ( P>LIAM5T>ISM4 ,?IS WAS NOT V]Y SURPRIS+ AS ! G5]AL POLITICAL MOVEM5T /AY$ WEAK 9 ! FIELD ( ECOLOGY & ! DISCUSSION WAS QUITE NEW = ! MOVEM5T 9 G5]AL & P>TICUL>LY = ! BROAD] SOCIETY4 ,!RE W]E NO /RONG ACTORS )9 SOCIETY :O CLAIM$ A /RONG] ECOLOGICAL POLICY BY ! MUNICIPALITIES4 ,9 !SE YE>S ! =E-M5TION$ ECOLOGI/ MOVEM5TS AGA9/ DAM PROJECTS CONC5TRAT$ !IR EF=TS ON ! DAM PROJECTS2 & ! NEW 05VIRONM5TAL0 ASSOCIATIONS & CIVIL ORGANIZATIONS ?AT W]E EM]G+ 9 ! CITIES1 9CLUD+ ORGANIZATIONS ( 5G9E]S1 >*ITECTS1 LAWY]S & M$ICAL DOCTORS1 DID NOT YET DEM& /RONGLY 5\< ECOLOGICAL CRIT]IA TO BE 9CLUD$ 9 URBAN DEVELOPM5T4 ,!RE W]E TWO O!R ASPECTS ( RELEVANCE4 ,! FIR/ IS ?AT ! SOCIETY WAS ONLY JU/ EM]G+ FROM AN EXT5D$ P]IOD ( 9T5SIVE SY/EMATIC /ATE T]ROR & WAS /ILL 9 A PHASE ( BASIC RECOV]Y4 ,! POLITICAL FOCUS ( ! ,K,F,M WAS MA9LY ON ! HUMAN RIG] 9VE/M5TS W]E DONE4 ,MANY MORE PEOPLE />T$ TO E>N BIG AM\NTS ( MONEY ?R\< TRADE & 9VE/M5TS4 ,?IS CREAT$ AN 9T5SE PRESSURE ALSO ON ! CITIES 9 ,BAKUR & APPROA*ES TO OP5 SPACE = PRIVATE 9VE/ORS AFFECT$ ALMO/ ALL MUNICIPALITIES :I* SUFF]$ FROM /RUCTURAL F9ANCIAL L[ 9COME4 ,!SE W]E ! YE>S :5 NEO-LIB]ALISM 5T]$ ,BAKUR4 ,9 ,BAKUR & ALSO 9 ,BA8UR 7) ! ,U,S OCCUPATION 9 #b#c7 & ,ROJHILAT1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( EXTRACTIVE 9DU/RIES 7M9+1 OIL & GAS7 BECAME V]Y DRAMATIC 9 !SE YE>S4 ,9VE/M5T PROJECTS 9 ALL FIELDS HAD BECOME WIDESPREAD4 ,9 ?IS S5SE ! RURAL >EAS HAD BE5 CONFRONT$ ) ! FOLL[+ PROJECTS3 ALL RIV]S %\LD BE TRANS=M$ BY HUNDR$S ( DAMS 9TO >TIFICIAL LAKES OR DRI$ \T BY DIV]SION DAMS2 ?\S&S ( LIC5SES HAD BE5 COMMISSION$ TO COMPANIES = TE/ M9E DRILL+2 ALL MA9 ROADS />T$ TO BE BROAD5$2 MEGA COAL PLANTS HAD BE5 CON/RUCT$ 9 SEV]AL PROV9CES2 ONE ( ! WORLD'S L>GE/ CEM5T FACTORY HAD BE5 CON/RUCT$2 ,BAKUR HAD BECOME A HOT SPOT = FRACK+2 & F9ALLY ! :OLE AGRICULTURAL L& -- EV5 ! M\NTA9\S >EAS -- FAC$ FA/ *ANGE ACCORD+ TO CAPITALI/IC M>KET RULES4 ,! /ATE PLANN]S />T$ TO CONSID] EA* SQU>E MET] 9 T]MS ( F9ANCIALLY EXPLOITABLE L& & PREP>$ OR APPROV$ ?\S&S ( PROJECTS4 ,! ,A,K,P GOV]NM5T UND] ,]DOGAN ATTRACT$ ) SU* POLICIES ! 9T]E/ ( GLOBAL CAPITAL4 ,ONLY ! CITIES ADM9I/]$ BY ! ,K,F,M RESI/$ = A BIG P>T ?IS DEVELOPM5T4 ,?AT IS :Y ! GOV]NM5T C\LD NOT IMPLEM5T ! MO/ PLANN$ POLICIES 9 HALF ( ! CITIES ( ,BAKUR4 ,9 A P]IOD :5 ! SOCIETY ( ,BAKUR />T$ TO DEVELOP QUICKLY AN ECOLOGICAL AW>5ESS1 ! NEO-LIB]ALIZ$ CAPITALISM />T$ TO MAKE ! L>GE/ HI/ORICAL ECOLOGICAL 7& ?US SOCIAL7 DE/RUCTION & EXPLOITATION 9 ,BAKUR4 ,! DE/RUCTION ( NATURE & OV]COM+ ( MO/ ( REMA9+ SOCIAL-TRADITIONAL ELEM5TS 9 ! SOCIETY WAS MU* MORE 9T5SIVE ?AN DUR+ ! W> ( ! #a#i#iS4 ,ONLY ! M\NTA9\S >EAS ) DIFFICULT ACCESS = HUMANS C\LD RECOV] AFT] #b4 ,ECOLOGY )9 ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM3 ! ,!ORETICAL ,CONCEPT ,ON ,NEWROZ #b#e1 ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN DECL>$ 0,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM0 AS ! NEW POLITICAL-!ORETICAL CONCEPT ( ! ,KURDI% ,FRE$OM ,MOVEM5T4 ,!REBY ! WRIT+S & DISCUSSIONS ( ! PRIOR YE>S & ! :OLE EXP]I5CE ( #c YE>S ( /RUGGLE C\LD BE SUMM>IZ$ & PUT 9TO RELATION TO EA* O!R 9 A SY/EMATIC WAY4 ,)\T D\BT ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM CANNOT BE CONSID]$ DISCONNECT$ FROM ! DISCUSSIONS & CRITICS AFT] ! COLLAPSE ( ! 0/ATE_/REAL SOCIALISM0 >\ND #aii & ! NEW LEFTI/ & LIB]T>IAN SOCIAL & POLITICAL MOVEM5TS ALL >\ND ! WORLD4 ,! \TCOME WAS A CRITICAL1 9CLUSIVE & RADICAL ?9K+ ) NEW P]SPECTIVES = ! ,KURDS 9 RELATION ) O!R PEOPLE 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 ,! NEW POLITICAL CONCEPT IS BE+ EXPRESS$ ) A P>ADIGM BAS$ ON ?REE PILL>S4 ,AN ECOLOGICAL APPROA* TO ! LIFE WAS /RESS$ AS MU* AS RADICAL DEMOCRACY1 :I* GOES BEYOND P>LIAM5T>IANISM1 & G5D] LIB]ATION ) A FOCUS ON WOM5 LIB]ATION4 ,TO REPEAT ! OBVI\S3 ,! PILL>S & ! :OLE CONCEPT >E EXPRESS$ ) ! AIM TO A*IEVE A LIB]AT$1 EMANCIPAT$1 EQUAL & SOLID>ITY-BAS$ SOCIETY 9 H>MONY ) NATURE4 ,RADICAL DEMOCRACY & WOM5'S LIB]ATION HAD BE5 /RESS$ & DEVELOP$ /RONGLY AMONG ! ,KURDS ALREADY = MANY YE>S BE=E4 ,BUT ACTUALLY EA* ( ! ?REE PILL>S ( ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM CANNOT BE ?OR\T+ PO9T IS WOM5'S LIB]ATION4 ,PRIOR TO #e YE>S ( WOM5'S OPPRESSION & EXCLUSION EVOLV$ ! ,NEOLI?IC P]IOD :5 A COMPLETE COMMUNAL SOCIAL ORD] WAS CREAT$ >\ND WOMAN :I* CAN BE ALSO CALL$ MATRIC5TRIC SOCIETY4 ,OCALAN EMPHASIZES ?AT ?IS SOCIAL ORD] SAW NONE ( ! 5=CEM5T PRACTICES ( ! /ATE ORD] & EXI/$ = ?\S&S ( YE>S4 ,IT IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY EQUALITY & FRE$OM1 WAS VIABLE BECAUSE ! SOCIAL MORALITY ( ! MATRI>*AL ORD] DID NOT ALL[ [N]%IP & IT HAD A H>MONY ) ! NATURE4 ,IT IS ?IS LONG-LA/+ ORD] ?AT %AP$ HUMANITY'S COLLECTIVE SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS2 & IT IS \R 5DLESS YE>N+ TO REGA9 & IMMORTALIZE ?IS SOCIAL ORD] ( EQUALITY & FRE$OM ?AT L$ TO \R CON/RUCT ( P>ADISE4 ,OCALAN /ATES ?AT ) ! OV]COM+ ( MATRIAC5TRIC SOCIETY BY PATRI>*Y 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURES HAD EM]G$ & SPREAD AMONG HUMAN SOCIETIES & *>ACT]IZ$ ! UPCOM+ /ATES UNTIL N[ADAYS4 ,LONG BE=E EXPLICIT SOCIAL CLASSES CAME 9TO BE+1 ! FIR/ OPPRESS$ & EXPLOIT$ CLASS >E WOM54 ,?IS HAS BE5 FOLL[$ 9 ! FOLL[+ C5TURIES & MILL5IA BY ! OPPRESSION ( *ILDR5 & MAN4 ,?IS POLITICAL-IDEOLOGICAL =MATION L$ ALSO TO ! DOM9ATION & DE/RUCTION ( NATURE BY HUMANS DUR+ ! DIFF]5T P]IODS ( HUMAN HI/ORY4 ,! ECOLOGICAL EXPLOITATION & DE/RUCTION MU/ BE ANALYZ$ BASICALLY FROM SU* AN APPROA*4 ,TODAY ! CONS]VATIVE & REACTION>Y APPROA*ES ( EXI/+ /ATES IS EXP]I5C$ 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE BY SOCIETY ?R\< ! OPPRESSION ( WOM54 ,ANO!R IMPORTANT PO9T IS ?AT ,WOM5 AS OPPRESS$ G5D] HAVE A /RONG] RELATION TO ! NATURE ?AN M52 9 ALL PATRI>*AL SOCIETIES M5 >E USUALLY MORE ATTA*$ TO P[] & ?US >E MORE ALI5AT$ FROM NATURE ?AN4 ,?US1 ! /RUGGLE = AN ECOLOGICAL & LIB]AT$ SOCIETY MEANS 9 ! 5D ALSO ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ PATRI>*Y & LIB]ATION ( WOM5 OR1 TO PUT IT ANO!R WAY1 )\T ! LIB]ATION ( WOM5 !RE CANNOT BE AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,AS ! OPPRESSION ( SOCIETY />TS ) PATRI>*Y1 IT IS LOGICAL ?AT ! ,K,F,M HAS />T$ TO FOCUS MORE & MORE ON ! LIB]ATION ( WOM5 :I* AT ! SAME IS ! LIB]ATION ( ALL K9D ( G5D]S & ! :OLE SOCIETY4 ,)9 ! ,K,F,M1 ?IS CONSCI\SNESS CAME \T TO TOP 9 ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#i#iS & ?US AN 9T5SIVE & WIDESPREAD DISCUSSION ON WOM5'S LIB]ATION />T$ :I* BECAME MORE DEEP & SY/EMATIC AFT] ! HALT ( ! W> 9 ,BAKUR 9 #aiii & ADDITIONALLY MORE ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM4 ,DISCUSS+ MORE 9 DEP? ! APPROA* ( ! ,K,F,M ON NATURE1 FIR/LY IT HAS TO BE /AT$ ?AT ! ,K,F,M VIEWS NATURE AS ! BODY ( ALL LIV+ BE+S1 9CLUD+ HUMANS4 ,HUMANS >E P>T ( NATURE & DO NOT /& OV] IT OR ANY SPECIES4 ,LIKE 9 ! ,NEOLI?IC ,P]IOD IT IS REG>D$ AS ALIVE & ANIMAT$1 NO DIFF]5T FROM !MSELVES4 ,ALL LIV+ BE+S >E P>T ( ONE COMMON BIG ECOSY/EM :I* (F]S 5\< OPPORTUNITIES TO LIVE = EV]YBODY4 ,NATURE WAS OMNIPRES5T1 !RE WAS = ! SIGNIFICANT MAJORITY ( PEOPLE ALWAYS 9 ! DAILY LIFE A /RONG CONNECTION ) NATURE4 ,OCALAN DESCRIBES ?IS AS FOLL[S3 0,?IS PA/ AW>5ESS ( NATURE FO/]$ A M5TALITY ?AT RECOGNIZ$ A MULTITUDE ( SANCTITIES & DIV9ITIES 9 NATURE4 ,WE MAY GA9 A BETT] UND]/&+ ( ! ESS5CE ( COLLECTIVE LIFE IF WE ACKN[L$GE ?AT IT WAS BAS$ ON ! METAPHYSICS ( SANCTITY & DIV9ITY1 /EMM+ FROM REV]5CE = ! MO!R-WOMAN40 ,TODAY !RE >E /ILL SOME BELIEFS :]E 9 NATURE >E A MULTITUDE ( SANCTITIES & DIV9ITIES1 ONE ( !M IS ! ,ALEVI BELIEF4 ,CONSEQU5TLY = SPIRITUALITY & 9SPIRATION AMONG HUMANS NATURE WAS & IS ! MA9 S\RCE4 ,BAS$ ON ?R\< ADH]5CE TO ECOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES NATURE %\LD BE TREAT$ RESPECTFULLY & NOT AS A RES\RCE = PR(IT4 ,NATURE WAS & IS ! S\RCE ( FOOD1 H\S+ & ALL O!R MAT]IAL NE$S ( LIFE4 ,UND] CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY1 HUMANS LIV+ 9 URBAN C5T]S >E USUALLY WEAKLY CONNECT$ TO NATURE & UND]/& LESS ! RELATION & CONNECTION TO NATURE4 ,NATURE HAD & HAS A MULTIDIM5SIONAL MEAN+ 9 LIFE & IS ESS5TIAL = ! DEVELOPM5T ( CULTURE & ID5TITY AS WELL AS SPIRITUALITY4 ,DUE TO ! ALI5ATION BETWE5 HUMAN BE+S :I* CONTRIBUTES SIGNIFICANTLY TO ! ALI5ATION BETWE5 NATURE & HUMAN BE+S1 N[ADAYS NATURE IS OV]EXPLOIT$4 ,DESPITE EV]YONE EXP]I5C+ ! IMPACTS ( GRAVE ECOLOGICAL DE/RUCTION 9 ! NEXT DECADES1 ! DE/RUCTION ( NATURE SEEMS TO CONT9UE4 ,! CURR5T APPROA* ( HUMAN DRIV5 CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY IS A /ATE ( BETRAYAL ( HUMANS TO NATURE1 TO !IR BODY4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 IF HUMAN BE+S W\LD MEET ONLY !IR NE$S1.<#d.> NATURE W\LD NOT EXP]I5CE S]I\S DE/RUCTION & ! ECOSY/EMS W\LD HAVE ! CAPACITY TO RECOV] ITSELF4 ,AT ?IS PO9T1 ! QUE/ION :AT IS ! REAL NE$ ( PEOPLE TODAY IS NOT EASY TO BE RESPOND$ & %\LD NOT BE LEFT ONLY TO BIOLOGI/S OR ECONOMI/S1 RA!R IT RELATES TO ! QUE/ION ( DEMOCRACY1 I4E4 :E!R A SOCIETY CAN TAKE DECISIONS UND] BROADLY DEMOCRATIC CONDITIONS FREE FROM IMPOS$ EXPLOITATIVE-EXTRACTIVE ECONOMY POLICIES4 ,WE ASSUME ?AT 9 A LIB]AT$1 SOLID>ITY-BAS$1 RADICAL-DEMOCRATIC & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY !RE WILL BE NO PRESSURE TO OV]-EXTRACT 0ELEM5TS0.<#e.> FROM NATURE4 ,DO NOT =GET ?AT HUMANS >E NOT ONLY PHYSICAL OR MAT]IAL ORGANISMS1 !Y HAVE /RONG & DEEP IMMAT]IAL FEEL+S & METAPHYSICAL NE$S 9 !IR LIFE4 ,AL?\< HUMANS CANNOT EXPRESS !M1 !Y DO NOT ?9K & ACT ONLY 9 A RATIONAL WAY4 ,= ?\S&S ( YE>S1 PEOPLE HAVE S\EAS >E SUITABLE 9 ?IS S5SE & SO IT BECOMES ALWAYS MORE DIFFICULT = 9SPIRATION BY NATURE1 9 CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY P>TICUL>LY = POOR] PEOPLE FROM CITIES :O HAVE LESS F9ANCIAL CAPACITIES TO EXP]I5CE DIRECTLY NATURE4 ,9 CONNECTION ) ?AT ?IS AFFECTS ALSO PHYSICAL REPRODUCTION & RECOV]Y ACTIVITIES = PEOPLE FROM URBAN C5T]S4 ,COMMUNITIES F> AWAY FROM ! URBAN C5T]S1 9DU/RY & 9DU/RIAL AGRICULTURAL >EAS >E CLOS] TO NATURE & HAVE MORE SPIRITUAL CONNECTION ) 5VIRONM5T4 ,! LESS !RE IS CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY1 ! MORE NATURAL & SPIRITUAL ! LIFE CAN BE4 ,IF SU* COMMUNITIES 9 NON-URBAN >EAS BELONG TO OPPRESS$ GR\PS LIKE ! 9DIG5\S PEOPLES ( ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 ! ,ADIVASI FROM ,9DIA & ,ALEVI ,KURDS1 !N ! CONNECTION TO NATURE MAY HAVE AN ADDITIONAL IMPORTANCE BECAUSE ! OPPRESS$ PEOPLES EXPRESS !MSELVES ALSO ?R\< NATURE4 ,9 ?IS S5SE ! NATURE IS A V]Y ESS5TIAL P>T ( !IR OPPRESS$ ID5TITY4 ,ACCORD+LY ! DE/RUCTION OR MISAPPROPRIATION ( NATURE BY ! COLONIALI/ =CE IS AN ELIM9ATION ( !IR ID5TITY4 ,?IS IS (T5 NOT MU* UND]/OOD BY PEOPLE 9 ! CAPITALI/ & BIG URBAN C5T]S :]E LIFE NO LONG] HAS HAS A /RONG RELATION TO NATURE4 ,9 ! IDEOLOGY ( ! ,K,F,M1 ! ECOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE IS CONSID]$ ( /RATEGICAL IMPORTANCE & AS A TOOL TO CREATE AW>5ESS 9 ! :OLE HUMAN SOCIETY & ALL HUMAN L9K$ ACTIVITIES & PROCESSES FROM A NATURE CONS]VATION1 ANTI-CAPITALI/ & HOLI/IC P]SPECTIVE4 ,9 DO+ SO1 ! APPROA* IS ?AT ! DIM5SIONS NOT COV]$ BY G5D] LIB]ATION OR RADICAL DEMOCRACY W\LD BE EXPRESS$ ) ECOLOGY4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ! EMPHASIS ON ECOLOGY )9 ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM CAN BE UND]/OOD ALSO AS ! COMPLETION ( ! TWO O!R PILL>S4 ,H[EV]1 IT %\LD BE UND]L9$ ?AT NATURE CONS]VATION & EV5 NATURE RE/ORATION BY HUMANS IS A /RATEGIC GOAL4 ,FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ ON1 ! ,K,F,M /RESS$ ?AT EA* LIV+ BE+ HAS ! RID+ NATURE CONS]VATION1 ! GOAL TO LIMIT & /OP AN?ROPOG5IC CLIMATE *ANGE IS A CRUCIAL TOPIC1 AS 9 ! NEXT DECADES IT C\LD AFFECT 9 A MU* MORE DRAMATIC WAY EV]Y?+ ON \R PLANET -- ACTUALLY ,KURDI/AN & ,MIDDLE ,EA/ HAVE ALREADY BE5 AFFECT$ = ALMO/ TWO DECADES DUE TO DECREAS+ PRECIPITATION4 ,CLIMATE *ANGE IS NO LESS IMPORTANT ?AN 0NATURE CONS]VATION0 7H]E IT MEANT PROJECTS_/POLICIES TO CONS]VE SPECIES1 HABITATS & >EAS ( HI< BIODIV]SITY7 & REV]SE1 AS SOME 5VIRONM5TAL ORGANIZATIONS OR POLITICIANS PRIORITIZE 9 !IR DISCUSSIONS1 !Y >E MUTUALLY DEP5D5T & %\LD NOT BE TREAT$ 9DEP5D5TLY FROM EA* O!R4 ,CLIMATE *ANGE CAN NOT BE LIMIT$ )\T ! CONS]VATION & RE/ORATION ( =E/S1 VEGETATION1 RIV]S1 WAT] CYCLE1 SOIL1 AIR ETC4 ,= ! ,K,F,M1 CLIMATE *ANGE IS P>T ( NATURE CONS]VATION & A REASON :Y 9 ?IS PAP] CLIMATE *ANGE IS NOT M5TION$ SPECIFICALLY4 ,?US IT IS CONCLUD$ ?AT EA* /RUGGLE AGA9/ ECOLOGICAL DE/RUCTION IS V]Y ESS5TIAL & A NECESS>Y /EP TO REE/ABLI% A RELATION TO NATURE = MANY PEOPLE2 BUT 9 LONG-T]M NOT 5\< TO PROTECT ! CONTE/$ NATURAL >EA & RELAT$ HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,NOT 5\< BECAUSE ! RELAT$ 9VE/M5T PROJECT AS WELL AS ALL O!R DE/RUCTIVE PROJECTS >E CAUS$ BY ! DOM9ANT POLITICAL- ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,?IS DOM9ANT SY/EM WILL NEV] /EP BACK TO IMPLEM5T ALL DESIGN$ & PLANN$ PROJECTS4 ,?AT IS :Y BE+ ECOLOGICAL MEANS ALSO TO CRITICIZE ALL PROCESSES 9 ! SOCIETY1 P>TICUL>LY ! WAY ( PRODUC+ & CONSUM+1 FE$+1 H\S+1 MOBILIZATION1 ORGANIZ+ LEISURE ETC4 ,! ,K,F,M REJECTS CATEGORICALLY ! WAY !SE MODELS >E IMPLEM5T$ BY CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY & ! DIRECTION !Y TAKE TODAY -- ,K,F,M'S 9SI/5CE ON COMMUNAL LIFE IS AN EXPRESSION ( SU* A REJECTION4 ,! CURR5T LEVEL ( CONSUMPTION IS )\T D\BT TOO MU* = ! E>?4 ,GO+ ON LIKE ?IS W\LD 5D 9 ! DRAMATIC DE/RUCTION OR SIGNIFICANT DET]IORATION ( ALL EXI/+ ECOSY/EMS & ! LOSS ( ! MO/ BIODIV]SITY4 ,IF !RE IS NO DECEL]ATION 9 ! %ORT-T]M & SIGNIFICANT CONCEPTIONAL *ANGE 9 MID-T]M1 NATURE'S DE/RUCTION & CLIMATE *ANGE WILL CONT9UE & ! BASIS ( LIFE WILL BECOME MU* WEAK] ) GRAVE IMPACTS = ! ECOSY/EMS1 BIODIV]SITY1 ANIMALS1 PLANTS & BILLIONS ( HUMANS4 ,! WOR/ AFFECT$ PEOPLE W\LD BE MA9LY PEOPLE1 COMMUNITIES & /ATES ) WEAK SOCIO-ECONOMIC CAPACITIES4 ,TO A*IEVE A CONSID]ABLE *ANGE ( !SE MODELS1 ! BASIC APPROA* MU/ BE TO R$UCE CONSUMPTION ( 5]GY & MAT]IAL BY AT LEA/ #h .0 9 9DU/RIAL /ATES 9 MID-T]M & TO F9D A NEW BALANCE :]E EA* HUMAN HAS ! SAME AM\NT ( 5]GY & MAT]IAL = USE2 ONE IMPORTANT CRIT]IA %\LD BE TO ALL[ DEGRAD$ ECOSY/EMS & BIODIV]SITY TO RECOV]4 ,AT ?IS PO9T IT %\LD BE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT EA* DE/RUCTION ( NATURE OR ECOSY/EM HAS S]I\S IMPACTS ON HUMANS & IS ?US A SOCIAL DE/RUCTION -- SEV]AL FACTORS DET]M9E ! LEVEL4 ,EA* 9VE/M5T PROJECT LIKE DAMS & M9+ HAS ! HI< POT5TIAL TO DE/ROY NATURE AS WELL AS TO VIOLATE ! BASIC RIE ?AT ) CAPITALISM -- EV5 )\T NEO-LIB]ALISM -- ! ECOLOGICAL DE/RUCTION CAN NEV] BE /OPP$1 NOT TO M5TION ! REV]SAL1 I4E4 ! R5ATURATION ( NATURE & RE/ORATION ( CLIMATE BALANCE4 ,IF CAPITALISM DOM9ATES ! GLOBAL ECONOMY & CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY ! POLITICAL SPH]E1 !RE WILL BE AN 9T5SE PRESSURE TO HAVE 0GR[?0 9 ! CAPITALI/ S5SE & 7ALMO/7 NO SPACE TO DEVELOP O!R =MS ( LIV+1 = DEMOCRATIC DECISION-MAK+ PROCESSES & A COMMUNAL & DEMOCRATIC ECONOMY4 ,OV] C5TURIES & DECADES1 CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY HAS CONQU]$ ! BRA9S & BEHAVIORS ( BILLIONS ( HUMANS 9 A SUBTLE WAY4 ,IT CANNOT BE OV]COME ) A CONCEPT BAS$ ONLY ON NEW SOCIAL & ECONOMIC GOALS AS 0REAL_//ATE SOCIALISM0 9T5D$ TO DO4 ,HI]>*Y1 /ATE & CAPITALISM IS FIR/LY AN IDEOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY HAS />T$ TO DEEP5 AT AN ACCEL]AT$ TEMPO ! ALI5ATION ( HUMANS FROM HUMANS & FROM NATURE2 & ?IS MU* MORE ?AN ! =M] HI]>*ICAL POLITICAL SY/EMS4 ,P>TICUL>LY 9 ! LA/ #b YE>S EA* >EA ( ! WORLD & EA* COMMUNITY HAS BE5 AFFECT$ BY CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY4 ,N[ADAYS ALL PEOPLE -- EXCEPT ! RI* -- HAVE BE5 PUT UND] PRESSURE ) NEO-LIB]ALISM4 ,?R\< DISPLAC+ PEOPLE FROM !IR NATURAL 5VIRONM5TS BY PHYSICAL OR ECONOMIC =CE TO CITIES1 HUMANS LO/ !IR CULTURE ( LIV+ 9 MU* MORE NATURAL SURR\ND+S4 ,& :5 T]RITORIES >E UND] ?REAT BY SU* DE/RUCTIVE 9VE/M5TS 9 >EAS :]E PEOPLE >E OPPRESS$ ON ! BASIS ( !IR ID5TITY1 ! DISPLACEM5T ( PEOPLE BY NATION/ATES CONTRIBUTES TO ! ASSIMILATION ( CULTURES UND] ?REAT & PRESSURE4 ,SMALL OR M>G9ALIZ$ OPPRESS$ CULTURES >E P>TICUL>LY AFFECT$ BY SU* POLICIES4 ,! ,KURDS >E ONE IMPORTANT EXAMPLE = ?AT4 ,PEOPLE 9 CITIES DO NOT ONLY CONSUME1 !Y >E ALSO DISCONNECT$ FROM !IR /RONG SOCIAL & CULTURAL H]ITAGE & ?US >E LO/ FI%ES 9 ! SEA EASILY TO CAT*4 ,DISCONNECT$ FROM !IR CULTURAL PA/ MEANS1 AMONG O!RS1 TO BE OP5 = EXTREME 9DIVIDUALI/IC & ISOLAT$ WAYS ( LIFE :]E A HEAL?Y BALANCE BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS & SOCIETY DOES NOT EXI/4 ,PEOPLE ALI5AT$ FROM NATURE & COMMUNAL & SOLID>ITY-BAS$ RELATIONS >E MU* EASI] TO BECOME 9/RUM5TS ( EXPLOITATION 9 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION1 CONSUMPTION1 REACTION>Y ?\IAN POLITICAL SY/EMS4 ,URBAN PEOPLE DO NOT KN[ USUALLY ANY MORE ! NAME ( MO/ PLANTS & ANIMALS & H[ 9 PRACTICE PROCESSES 9 NATURE FUNCTION OR H[ HUMANS CAN B5EFIT FROM !M SU/A9ABLY AS \R ANCE/ORS HAVE DONE IT = ?\S&S ( YE>S4 ,SO HUMANS 9 CITIES DO NOT LIVE ! NATURE ON A DAILY BASIS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 HUMANS DO NOT FEEL SOIL1 PLANTS1 WAT]1 SUN & AIR & />T TO LOSE A DEEP UND]/&+ = !M & !IR CONTEXT2 !Y MAY KN[ IT USUALLY 9 !ORY LIKE BIOLOGI/S4 ,9 CITIES1 MORE N[ ?AN EV] BE=E1 EV]Y?+ IS ORGANIZ$ ) MONEY :ILE VILLAG]S /ILL CAN PRODUCE SOME ( !IR NE$S1 EX*ANGE GOODS AMONG !MSELVES & SUPPORT EA* O!R ) SELF PRODUC$ GOODS4 ,PEOPLE 9 RURAL >EAS >E USUALLY LESS AFFECT$ BY CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY & REPRODUCE A ?9K+ & LIFE/YLE LESS CONNECT$ TO CAPITALISM & /ATE HEGEMONY4 ,9 CITIES1 ON AV]AGE HUMANS >E FAC$ ) MORE PSY*OLOGICAL & SOCIAL TRAUMAS ?AN 9 RURAL COMMUNITIES2 & !SE TRAUMAS >E TRANSF]R$ TO !IR *ILDR54 ,! TRAUMAS ( DISPLAC$ PEOPLE FROM RURAL >EAS >E MAYBE ! WOR/4 ,ACTUALLY1 TODAY ! MAJORITY ( \R SOCIETIES LIVE UND] HEAVY PSY*OLOGICAL CONDITIONS4 ,CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY CREATES PEOPLE (F]+ !IR LABOR =CE TO PRIVATE COMPANIES OR PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS )\T TO PRODUCE ANY ( !IR NE$S AS !IR ANCE/ORS DID 9 VILLAGES4 ,?US FROM !IR SAL>Y !Y HAVE TO BUY ALL !IR NE$S4 ,!SE PEOPLE >E PUT UND] H>D & /RESSFUL WORK+ CONDITIONS44 ,WORK+ PEOPLE UND] P]MAN5T PRESSURE DID NOT C>E MU* AB\T ! ONGO+ ECOLOGICAL DE/RUCTION 9 ! FIR/ P]IOD ( 9DU/RIALIZATION :5 WORK+ CONDITIONS & SAL>IES W]E 9 ! C5T] ( !IR 9T]E/4 ,AL?\< /RONG TRADE UNIONS DID NOT DEVELOP$ AN ECOLOGICAL APPROA* UNTIL REC5TLY4 ,H[EV] AFT] G5]ATIONS MORE & MORE PEOPLE 9 ALMO/ ALL P>TS ( ! WORLD HAVE />T$ TO ?9K AB\T ECOLOGY & ALT]NATIVES TO ! CAPITALI/ WAY ( LIV+4 ,:ILE 9 ! OLD] 9DU/RIAL /ATES ! MO/ PEOPLE />T TO LE>N FACTS ON NATURE & AN ECOLOGICAL LIFE FROM Z]O1 9 ! NEWLY OR H>DLY 9DU/RIALIZ$ /ATES !RE >E MU* MORE *>ACT]I/ICS & REMNANTS ( NON-CAPITALI/IC RELATIONS1 PROCESSES & ?9K+ ON :I* CRITICAL PEOPLE CAN BUILD UP4 ,! RECOV]Y CAN BE REALIZ$ 9 AN EASI] & FA/] WAY AS = EXAMPLE CRITICAL PEOPLE CAN B5EFIT FROM ! EXP]I5CE ( !IR GR& P>5TS OR EV5 P>5TS4 ,KURDI/AN IS SU* A GEOGRAPHY4 ,:ILE ABOVE ! CONNECTION BETWE5 ECOLOGY & WOM5'S LIB]ATION HAS BE5 9TRODUC$1 !RE IS /ILL ! CONNECTION BETWE5 ECOLOGY & DEMOCRACY TO BE DESCRIB$4 ,9 ORD] TO DEF5D NATURE & ECOLOGICAL RELATIONS1 DE/RUCTIVE & EXPLOITATIVE PROJECTS NE$ TO BE /OPP$ & ! MODELS ( H\S+1 PRODUCTION1 CONSUMPTION1 MOBILITY ETC HAVE TO BE ALT]$ RADICALLY4 ,ALL ?IS CAN BE DONE ONLY IF DEMOCRATIC DECISION MAK+ /RUCTURES >E DOM9ANT 9 ! SOCIETY1 I4E4 RADICAL DEMOCRACY IS DEVELOP$1 & NO MORE SMALL CIRCLES 9 ! SOCIETY CAN 9FLU5CE VIA LOBBY+ ! POLITICAL DECISION4 ,ONLY :5 !RE IS AN ECONOMY BAS$ ON SOLID>ITY & COMMUNALITY CAN ! BIG ECOLOGICAL DE/RUCTION BE PREV5T$ 9 LONG-T]M4 ,SUMM+ UP IT CAN BE ANALYZ$ ?AT ! CONNECTION BETWE5 ECOLOGY & DEMOCRACY IS REALIZ$ P>TICUL>LY VIA ! SPH]E ( ECONOMIC RELATIONS4 ,! ,K,F,M HAS DEVELOP$ OV] ! YE>S SOME NEW T]M9OLOGY ) ! CONCEPT ( ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM :I* MAY BE ( 9T]E/4 ,MANY MOVEM5TS DO ?IS1 BUT )9 ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM SOME MORE WORDS HAVE BE5 CREAT$4 ,IT />TS ) ! NAME ( ! CONCEPT4 ,SOME DEF9ITIONS >E A COMB9ATION ( WORDS LIKE 0DEMOCRACY0 & 0AUTONOMY0 OR 0DEMOCRATIC0 & 0NATION0 :I* >E WIDELY US$ 4 ,! !ORY ( ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM FOLL[S ALSO ! L9E TO OCCUPY EXI/+ CRUCIAL DEF9ITIONS LIKE 0NATION0 OR 0MOD]NITY0 & TO GIVE !M ALSO A POSITIVE CONT5T 9 A C]TA9 FRAMEWORK4 ,FROM AN ECOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE )9 ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM ! T]MS 0ECOLOGICAL 9DU/RY0 & 0COMMUNAL LIFE0 IS ( HI<] RELEVANCE4 ,ECOLOGICAL 9DU/RY MAY BE CONTROV]SIAL AS 9DU/RIAL ACTIVITIES HAVE L$ TO A BIG P>T TO ! DE/RUCTION & POLLUTION ( ! NATURE & CONC5TRATE CONT9U\SLY ECONOMIC & POLITICAL P[]4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME ! HUMAN SOCIETIES HAVE A*IEV$ A PO9T ( LIFE & ECONOMICAL RELATION :I* CAN NOT BE MA9TA9$ )\T 9DU/RY4 ,= ! ,K,F,M 09DU/RY0 IS UND]/OOD AS ! PRODUCTION ( GOODS 9 A SY/EMATIC & CONC5TRAT$1 I4E4 BY ME*ANIZ$ PROCESSES1 WAY44 ,IT NE$S SOME EXP]T SKILLS & HI<] TE*NOLOGIES4 ,ACTUALLY PRIMITIVE =MS ( 9DU/RY EXI/S = A LONG P]IOD 9 HUMAN HI/ORY4 ,! CURR5T LEVEL ( 9DU/RY ) ITS NEGATIVE IMPACTS WAS NOT 9EVITABLE2 HI/ORY C\LD HAVE TAK5 A DIFF]5T TURN4 ,H[EV]1 N[ADAYS IT IS EXTREMELY *ALL5G+ 7ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE7 TO DE-9DU/RIALIZE SOCIETIES :I* W\LD HAVE 9CALCULABLE RISKS4 ,?US ! QUE/ION IS H[ TO REORGANIZE ! 9DU/RY 9 T]MS ( TE*NOLOGY1 CAPACITY & MANAGEM5T FROM AN ECOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE & BREAK+ ) ! EXI/+ CONCEPT ( ECONOMIC GR[?4 ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM HAS ON ?IS TOPIC YET NO WELL-DEVELOP$ CONCEPTS1 BUT RA!R BASIC IDEAS4 ,ROLE ( ! ,GU]RILLA 9 ! GR[+ ,ECOLOGICAL ,AW>5ESS ,! 9CREAS+ ECOLOGICAL AW>5ESS IS RELAT$ ALSO TO ! GU]RILLA ( ! ,P,K,K1 ! ,PEOPLE'S ,DEF5SE ,=CES ,H,P,G1 :I* NEV] CEAS$ TO EXI/ WIDESPREAD 9 ! M\NTA9S ( ,NOR? & ,S\? ,KURDI/AN S9CE ! #hIES4 ,! ,H,P,G HAS ?\S&S ( GU]RILLAS 9 HUGE >EAS ( ,NOR!RN ,KURDI/AN1 & 9 A BROAD /RET* ( #be KM 9 ,S\? ,KURDI/AN2 ?US MU/ BE CONSID]$ AS A GEOGRAPHICALLY & POLITICAL HIMY1 ! GU]RILLAS SP5D !IR TIME 9 A MIX ( MILIT>Y & POLITICAL $UCATION4 ,9 ,S\? ,KURDI/AN1 ! FOCUS IS EV5 MORE ON POLITICAL DISCUSSION & $UCATION4 ,! GU]RILLAS DISCUSS ! 5TIRE RANGE ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL ISSUES 9 !IR POLITICAL $UCATIONAL PROGRAM4 ,S9CE ! #a#i#iS :5 ,OCALAN />T$ TO DISCUSS ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS 1 ! GU]RILLA 9CLUD$ ECOLOGY 9 !IR DISCUSSIONS4 ,! MANN] 9 :I* IT DISCUSSES ECOLOGY & ALL ! O!R TOPICS DIFF]S FROM PEOPLE & ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! BROAD] ,KURDI% SOCIETY1 :I* MAKES ! DISCUSSION ITSELF MORE 9DEP5D5T4 ,! GU]RILLAS >E NOT P>T ( ! HEGEMONIC POLITICAL SY/EM & HAVE NO N>R[ 9DIVIDUAL EXPECTATIONS FROM ! /ATE OR O!RS4 ,9 CONTRA/1 PEOPLE & ORGANIZATIONS FROM ! 0NORMAL0 SOCIETY >E 9FLU5C$ CONT9U\SLY BY CONC]NS & P]SONAL LIMITATIONS4 ,EV5 IF !Y /RUGGLE 9T5SIVELY TO GET RID ( 9FLU5CES BY CAPITALISM & /ATISM1 !RE IS ALWAYS A REMA9+ P>T4 ,! DIFF]5CE ) ! GU]RILLA IS ?AT S9CE ITS EM]G5CE 9 ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#i#iS1 ! LIFE CONDITIONS >E EXCE$+LY DIFFICULT1 BUT COMPLETELY COMMUNAL1 BAS$ ON SOLID>ITY & F> AWAY FROM CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY4 ,!RE IS ALMO/ NO PRIVATE PROPRIETY EXI/+2 MONEY & MAT]IAL 9T]E/S PLAY NO ROLE 9 ! RELATIONS AMONG HUMANS2 DECISIONS >E TAK5 SOMETIMES ON A BASIS DEMOCRATIC WAY2 & A SY/EM ( CRITICISM & SELF-CRITICISM IS IMPLEM5T$ SY/EMATICALLY4 ,CONC]N+ ECOLOGY1 IT IS ALSO V]Y CRUCIAL ?AT ! GU]RILLA LIVES 9 H>MONY ) ! NATURE4 ,!RE IS ALMO/ NO NEGATIVE IMPACT BY ! GU]RILLA ON PLANTS1 ANIMALS & ECOSY/EMS2 RA!R 9 ! LA/ YE>S !Y C>E MORE ?AN EV] ON ?IS ISSUE4 ,! LIFE IS ORI5T$ /RONGLY ALONGSIDE ECOLOGICAL CRIT]IA4 ,IT COMES ALONG ?AT ! EXI/5CE ( ! GU]RILLA 9 MANY M\NTA9\S REGIONS LEADS TO ! PREV5TION ( WIDESPREAD HUNT+1 & TO ! PRES]VATION ( MANY =E/S ?R\< CALLS OR BANS ON ! />T OR CONT9UATION ( NUM]\S DE/RUCTIVE 9FRA/RUCTURE PROJECTS ( ! ,TURKI% /ATE OR ! ,KURDI% ,REGIONAL ,GOV]NM5T 9 ,S\? ,KURDI/AN4 ,! DISCUSSIONS & PROPOSALS = OV]COM+ ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS >E (T5 PRACTIC$ 9 ! GU]RILLA >EAS ON A SMALL SCALE & AS MU* AS POSSIBLE 9 ! LIVES ( 9DIVIDUAL GU]RILLAS & AS A COMMUNITY4 ,SO !RE >E NOT SOLELY !ORETICAL \TCOMES1 !RE IS ALSO A DIM5SION ( PRACTICE4 ,?R\< ?IS PRACTICE 9 SOME CASES ! GU]RILLA CAN ADJU/ !IR FIR/ !ORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS4 ,! ECOLOGICAL PRACTICE ( ! GU]RILLA CAN BE EXPLA9$ ) ! FOLL[+ EXAMPLES4 ,IT IS ABSOLUTELY =BIDD5 TO ?R[ AWAY WA/E LIKE PLA/IC OR METAL 9 ! 5VIRONM5T2 TREES >E CUT ONLY UND] EXCEPTIONAL CASES2 ANIMALS >E HUNT$ NOT MU* & ONLY 9 A WAY SO ?AT NO SPECIES W\LD BE 5DANG]$ 9 A C]TA9 REGION -- SOME SPECIES C\LD RECOV]2 A FEW DOZ5 SMALL DIV]SION DAMS = ELECTRICITY >E BUILT 9 ,S\? ,KURDI/AN :I* DIV]T USUALLY ONE ?IRD ( ! FL[+ WAT] 7MO/ /ATES DIV]T BETWE5 #b_/#c & #i.072 AS MU* AS POSSIBLE FOOD IS PRODUC$ BY ! GU]RILLA'S [N MEANS 9 ! M\NTA9S4 ,! RESULTS & DEVELOP$ APPROA*ES ( ! GU]RILLA REFLECT ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ) ! /RONG *>ACT]I/ICS ( SOLID>ITY1 COMMUNALITY & ECOLOGY2 & !Y *ALL5GE ! O!R P>TS ( ! SOCIETY -- P>TICUL>LY ! P>T ( ! POPULATION :I* IS PHYSICALLY & POLITICALLY CLOSE TO !M4 ,! REASON IS ?AT CRITICSM IS MU* MORE PR(\ND & IDEOLOGICALLY JU/IFI$1 ! CLAIMS >E HI<] & !RE >E LESS 0REALI/IC0 ELEM5TS :I* C\LD LIMIT ?9K+4 ,?US ! GU]RILLA ACCEPT FEW] COMPROMISES & ?US FEW] SPACES = CAPITALISM4 ,! APPROA*ES ( ! GU]RILLA >E CLOS] TO H>MONY ) NATURE & REQUE/ /RONG] & BROAD] COMMUNAL /RUCTURES4 ,DEVELOP$ APPROA*ES & PROPOSALS ON ECOLOGY -- LIKE ) ! O!R FIELDS -- CAN BE CONNECT$ & TRANSF]R$ QUITE EASILY TO ! BROAD] SOCIETY ( ,KURDI/AN AS !RE IS A /RONG RELATION ( ! GU]RILLA ) ! ,KURDI% SOCIETY4 ,CONSID] ?AT EA* YE> HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE MEET & DISCUSS ) GU]RILLAS4 ,COM+ FROM ! CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY & MEET+ REVOLUTION>IES :O %>E COMMUNAL LIFE AFFECTS !SE PEOPLE & BEYOND1 ESPECIALLY Y\NG ONES4 ,H[EV] 9 ALL FIELDS TWO BASIC APPROA*ES )9 ! ,KURDI% ,FRE$OM ,MOVEM5T -- ONE REPRES5T$ MA9LY BY ! EXPRESS$ IDEAS ( ! GU]RILLA -- COLLIDE (T5 9 A /RONG WAY4 ,NOT ALL PROPOSALS >E APPROV$ ONE TO ONE BY POLITICAL ACTIVI/S OR POLITICALLY 9T]E/$ PEOPLE 9 ! BROAD SOCIETY :O LIVE 9 DIFF]5T MAT]IAL CONDITIONS4 ,!RE >E ASPECTS :I* ! GU]RILLA DOES NOT CONSID] 9 !IR DISCUSSIONS AS !Y LIVE F> AWAY & 9 DIFF]5T & EXTRAORD9>Y CONDITIONS4 ,G5]ALLY1 ! APPROA*ES ( ! GU]RILLA >E CLOS] TO :AT IS CONSID]$ MORE DEMOCRATIC1 COMMUNAL1 G5D] LIB]AT$ & ECOLOGICAL4 ,! SYN!SIS MU/ HAVE BE5 9 MAJORITY ( ! CASES ! MO/ CORRECT WAY AS ! ,K,F,M MANAG$ TO SURVIVE & TO GET /RONG] 9 ! LA/ YE>S4 ,WE CAN SAY ?AT ! M\NTA9-CITY RELATIONS ( ! ,KURDS HAVE CREAT$ OV] ! YE>S A SPECIFIC DYNAMIC :I* IS B5EFICIAL = ! :OLE ,K,F,M4 ,H[ ! ,CONTRADICTION CREATES A ,DYNAMIC ,! ,KURDI% ,FRE$OM ,MOVEM5T HAS BE5 W9N+ ! LOCAL ELECTIONS 9 AN 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( CITIES 9 ,NOR? ,KURDI/AN S9CE #a#i#i#i1 & !Y HAVE ACQUIR$ SOME IMPORTANT KN[L$GE ON H[ LOCAL GOV]NM5TS CAN TRANS=M ! SOCIETY TO BE MORE SOCIAL1 G5D] LIB]AT$ & ECOLOGICALLY ORI5T$4 ,IT IS ONLY S9CE #b#a_/#b#a#a ?AT ! REASONS TO TRANS=M LIFE ECOLOGICALLY W]E GRASP$ SUB/ANTIALLY2 PREVI\SLY1 ! APPROA* & ! DISC\RSE ( ECOLOGY W]E RA!R %ALL[ AS DESCRIB$ ABOVE4 ,!RE >E BASICALLY ?REE REASONS = ?AT4 ,FIR/1 CAPITALI/ RELATIONS CONT9U$ TO ADVANCE QUICKLY 9 ,NOR? ,KURDI/AN 9 ! SECOND P>T ( ! #b'S & ! ECOLOGICAL DE/RUCTION REA*$ S]I\SLY CONC]N+ LEVELS4 ,SECOND1 ! CONCEPT ( ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM HAS 5C\RAG$ & /R5G!N$ ECOLOGI/S 9 ,BAKUR TO DEEP5 & BROAD5 !IR /RUGGLE4 ,?IRD1 ! CRITIC & RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ! ECOLOGICAL DE/RUCTION & EXPLOITATION 9CREAS$ 9 AN ORGANIZ$ WAY1 GA!R$ SOME S]I\S EXP]I5CE & EV5 SMALL SUCCESSES4 ,! BOOK ,9 DEF5SE ( A ,PEOPLE BY ,OCALAN PUBLI%$ 9 #bd & ! DECL>ATION ( ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM 9 ,M>* #be CONTRIBUT$ DEF9ITIVELY TO ! BETT] SY/EMATIZATION ( ! IDEAS & DISCUSSION ON AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY 9 ,BAKUR & O!R P>TS ( ,KURDI/AN4 ,9 ! FIR/ MON?S AFT] ! DECL>ATION ( ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM1 !RE WAS A CONTROV]SIAL DISCUSSION AMONG MANY POLITICAL ACTIVI/S )9 ! ,K,F,M OR ?OSE CLOSE TO IT1 AB\T ! PILL> ECOLOGY4 ,:ILE = ! ACTIVI/S :O ALREADY 9CORPORAT+ ECOLOGY 9 !IR ACTIVISM & DISCUSSIONS ?IS WAS V]Y 5C\RAG+ & SUPPORTIVE1 ! O!RS EI!R DID NOT TAKE IT 9TO ACC\NT S]I\SLY OR RAIS$ CONC]N$ & CONSID]$ IT PREMATURE TO EMPHASIZE ECOLOGY OR 0NOT FITT+ TO ! REALITY ( ,KURDI% SOCIETY40 ,H[EV]1 9 G5]AL1 ! POLITICAL /RUCTURES ( ! ,K,F,M WELCOM$ ! PILL> ECOLOGY & />T$ TO DISCUSS IT -- EV5 IF IT WAS /ILL ONLY SUP]FICIALLY4 ,AT LEA/ IT OP5$ ! M9D = ECOLOGICAL DISCUSSIONS1 CAMPAIGNS & REQUE/S4 ,JU/ 9 ?IS TIME ! ,ILISU ,DAM & ,HYDROELECTRIC ,P[] ,PLANT1 ! L>GE/ DAM PROJECT 9 PLANN+ OR CON/RUCTION 9 ,BAKUR & ,TURKEY1 CAME AGA9 ON ! AG5DA AFT] ! ,TURKI% GOV]NM5T />T$ A NEW EF=T TO BUILD IT -- ! FIR/ ATTEMPT HAD FAIL$ 9 #b#a_/#b#b4 ,BETWE5 #bf & #ba ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ?IS DAM PROJECT1 :I* W\LD HAVE HUGE GRAVE IMPACTS ON SOCIAL /RUCTURES1 CULTURAL H]ITAGE & ! ,TIGRIS ECOSY/EM & DE/RUCTIVE CONSEQU5CES = ! LOCAL SOCIETY1 WAS CONT9U\SLY ON ! AG5DA ( ! ,KURDS & GOT SUPPORT BY MANY ,KURDI% ORGANIZATIONS1 ACTIVI/S & M$IA4 ,CO-ORD9AT$ BY ! ,9ITIATIVE TO ,KEEP ,HASANKEYF ,ALIVE ?IS CAMPAIGN WAS AN EXPRESSION ( ! 9CREAS$ ECOLOGICAL & CULTURAL AW>5ESS AMONG ! ,KURDS4 ,IT CONTRIBUT$ AT A NEW LEVEL TO ! QUE/ION+ ( 5]GY1 WAT]1 AGRICULTURE & DEVELOPM5T POLICIES ( ! ,TURKI% /ATE & EXCE$$ SIGNIFICANTLY ! DISCUSSIONS DUR+ ! FIR/ R\ND ( /RUGGLE ON ! ,ILISU PROJECT BETWE5 #aiii & #b#b4 ,9 ! FOLL[+ YE>S !RE WAS A /EADY 9CREASE 9 ! NUMB] ( GR\PS & PEOPLE WORK+ ON ISSUES CONC]N+ NATURE CONS]VATION1 ! IMPACTS ( BIG 9FRA/RUCTURE & 5]GY PROJECTS1 FOOD PRODUCTION & SOCIAL ECOLOGY !ORY4 ,ASSOCIATIONS & 9ITIATIVES OPPOS+ DAMS1 M9+1 COAL PLANTS1 5VIRONM5TAL POLLUTION1 URBAN DEVELOPM5T1 COMM]CIALIZATION ( LIFE ETC4 HAVE BE5 9ITIAT$ OR /R5G!N$ = EXAMPLE 9 ,AM$1 ,D]SIM1 ,QOLEM]G 7,HAKK>I71 ,BATMAN1 ,QOS] 7,KIZILTEPE71 ,WAN & ,RIHA 7,URFA74 ,AL?\< 9 !SE YE>S ! DIV]SITY ( CONTE/$ PROJECT TYPES BROAD5$1 DAMS W]E /ILL ! MA9 *ALL5GE = ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5TS4 ,!SE W]E ! YE>S :5 EA* SQU>E KILOMET] ( ,BAKUR & ! :OLE ,TURKI% /ATE T]RITORY HAVE BE5 CONSID]$ BY /ATE PLANN]S & BIG COMPANIES AS A S\RCE ( PR(IT -- 9T]NATIONALLY ?IS APPROA* />T$ TO BE DISCUSS$ AS 0EXTRACTIVISM40 ,CAPITALISM WAS SPREAD+ TO ALL NI*ES ( ! SOCIETY ( ,BAKUR4 ,! CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY UNFOLD$ ITS MAXIMUM DE/RUCTIVE =CES1 ! ,A,K,P GOV]NM5T DID EV]Y?+ TO 5ABLE 9VE/M5TS 9 ! REGION4 ,! NE$ TO =M A COALITION ( GR\PS & ACTIVI/S ) A /RONG ECOLOGICAL & CRITIC AW>5ESS 9 ,BAKUR HAS BECOME IMPORTANT 9 !SE YE>S4 ,CONSID]+ !SE GR[+ PROTE/S & ! NE$ TO ACT 9 A COMPREH5SIVE WAY AGA9/ ! 5CROA*M5T ( NEO-LIB]AL CAPITALISM1 ! CO-ORD9ATION ( ! ,MESOPOTAMIAN ,SOCIAL ,=UM1 :I* HAS BE5 ORGANIZ$ = ! FIR/ TIME 9 #bi 9 ,AM$1 DECID$ TO ORGANIZE AN ,ECOLOGY ,=UM4 ,AT ?IS =UM 9 ,JANU>Y #baa ) ! CONTRIBUTION ( ACTIVI/S BY ALL /RUGGLES ( ,BAKUR1 RESE>*]S1 REPRES5TATIVES ( DIFF]5T CIVIL ORGANIZATIONS & MOVEM5TS & ACTIVI/S FROM ,TURKEY & O!R C\NTRIES1 ECOLOGICAL /RUGGLES & APPROA*ES W]E DISCUSS$ 9 ,KURDI/AN 9 A BROAD & ORGANIZ$ WAY = ! FIR/ TIME 9 HI/ORY4 ,AS CONSEQU5CE ( ! =UM1 0ECOLOGY ACTIVI/S0 />T$ A DISCUSSION TO =M A NETWORK ( GR\PS 9 ,BAKUR4 ,IT TOOK MORE ?AN ONE & HALF YE> TO A*IEVE ! FIR/ MEET+S ( AB\T T5 GR\PS & A DECISION TO =M ! 0,MESOPOTAMIA ,ECOLOGY ,MOVEM5T0 WAS TAK54 ,! !ORETICAL BASIS FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ ON WAS ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY & ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM4 ,AL?\< ! NAME DESCRIB$ IT AS A MOVEM5T1 RA!R 9 ! FIR/ YE>S IT WAS A NETWORK4 ,9 !SE YE>S CAPITALISM HAS />T$ TO AFFECT 9 A /RONG WAY ALSO SOME POLITICAL /RUCTURES & ?9K+ ( ACTIVI/S 9 ! ,K,F,M1 9CLUD+ MUNICIPALITIES & ACTIVI/S 9 SMALL T[NS4 ,DUE TO ! FACT ?AT !RE WAS /ILL A LACK ( SY/EM & DEP? 9 ! DISCUSSION ( ECOLOGY REG>D+ ALL DECISIONS & ACTIONS )9 ! ,K,F,M1 IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT SOME PEOPLE & /RUCTURES ACT$ CONTR>ILY4 ,! IMPACT 9 ! PRACTICE WAS ?AT1 AMONG O!RS1 ! BEHAVIOR & APPROA*ES ( POLITICAL P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS ( ! EXI/+ HEGEMONIC SY/EM DID NOT *ANGE SIGNIFICANTLY = MANY ACTIVI/S ( ! ,K,F,M DECISIONS LIKE CITY PLANN+ DID NOT REALLY BRAKE ) CAPITALI/- /ATI/ PRESCRIPTIVE PRACTICES2 SOME MAYORS W]E CO-OPT$ BY LOCAL 5TREPR5EURS TO GET T5D]S2 & COMPETITION F> AWAY FROM SOLID>ITY RELATIONS BETWE5 ORGANIZATIONS & ACTIVI/S P>TLY 9CREAS$4 ,!SE *ALL5GES MAY ALWAYS COME UP & BECOME DOM9ANT 9 ! CASE ( A NOT V]Y WELL DEVELOP$ & ACCEPT$ RADICAL DEMOCRATIC /RUCTURE ) TRANSP>5T & 9CLUSIVE DECISION-MAK+ PROCESSES4 ,! ,K,F,M HAD ONLY />T$ 9 #bg TO SET UP A COMPLETELY NEW POLITICAL /RUCTURE :I* TAKES ! P>ADIGM ( ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM AS BASIS4 ,! ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIETY ,CONGRESS 79 ,KURDI%3 ,K,C,D2 9 ,TURKI%3 ,D,T,K7 AS ! UMBRELLA /RUCTURE ( ! ,K,F,M = ! NEW PEOPLE'S C\NCILS FROM ! NEITIES WAS QUITE NEW & /ILL 9 ! PROCESS ( F9D+ A WAY TO FUNCTION PROP]LY GIV5 ! BIG DIV]SITY ( ABOVE-M5TION$ /RUCTURES4 ,9 ! 9ITIAL /AGE1 ! ,MESOPOTAMIA ,ECOLOGY ,MOVEM5T 7,M,E,M7 WAS *ALL5G$ TO F9D WAYS TO BR+ ! MEMB] GR\PS TOGE!R >\ND SUBJECTS1 CAMPAIGNS & DISCUSSIONS & SET UP A P]MAN5T & RELIABLE WORK+ /RUCTURE4 ,IF ?IS C\LD BE REALIZ$1 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! NUM]\S DE/RUCTIVE & EXPLOITATIVE PROJECTS & POLICIES ( ! /ATE C\LD BE CONFRONT$ BETT] & )9 ! ,K,C,D ! /RUGGLE = ECOLOGICAL DISCUSSIONS1 ?9K+ & APPROA*ES W\LD GET MORE POLITICAL WEIT$ TO QUE/ION ! /ATE POLICIES 9 O!R >EAS4 ,NOT ONLY ! POLICIES ON ,KURDI% ID5TITY1 COLLECTIVE RIIZATION1 BUT ALSO ?OSE ON ECONOMY1 5]GY1 AGRICULTURE & RELAT$ ISSUES 9 ,BAKUR BECAME MORE & MORE A FOCUS ( ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE4 ,EA* ECONOMIC DECISION OR 9VE/M5T PROJECT />T$ TO BE P]CEIV$ MORE CRITICALLY4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! MUNICIPALITIES GOV]N$ BY ! LEGAL P>TY ( ! ,K,F,M CAME UND] A CRITICAL FOCUS BY ! ,M,E,M BECAUSE MUNICIPALITIES ACT+ AGA9/ ! POLITICAL GOALS ( ! G5]AL MOVEM5T W\LD H>M ! :OLE /RUGGLE1 9CLUD+ ! ECOLOGICAL DIM5SION4 ,! DEM& WAS ?AT MUNICIPAL POLITICS HAD TO BE *ANG$ COMPREH5SIVELY ALONG ECOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES1 DEVELOP$ BY ! ,M,E,M1 & ! SELF-ADM9I/RATION ( PEOPLE'S C\NCILS4 ,! AIM ( ! /ATE IS CLE>3 IT WANTS TO DOM9ATE1 OPPRESS & EXPLOIT ! SOCIETY 9 CLOSE COOP]ATION ) BIG COMPANIES1 & 9 ,BAKUR ALSO ) MIDDLE BIG COMPANIES4 ,9 ?IS /RUGGLE1 ! ,K,F,M MUNICIPALITIES HAD TO MAKE A CLE> /ANCE AGA9/ ! /ATE POLICIES4 ,AL?\< MUNICIPALITIES >E ACCORD+ TO ,TURKI% LAW 9 ! 5D AN ORGAN ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 !Y HAVE LIMIT$ CAPACITIES & FRE$OM ) :I* !Y C\LD *ALL5GE /ATE POLICIES4 ,:ILE ON ! ONE H& !Y >E =C$ TO ACT 9 COMPLIANCE ) ,TURKI% LAW1 ON ! O!R H& ! MUNICIPALITIES %\LD DO EV]Y?+ 9 !IR P[]TO SUPPORT RADICAL DEMOCRATIC /RUCTURES 9 ! SOCIETY1 I4E4 P>TICUL>LY ! PEOPLE'S C\NCILS1 WOM5'S SELF-ORGANIZATION & A COMMUNAL ECONOMY1 AS WELL AS TAK+ AS /ANCE AGA9/ ! G5TRIFICATION ( URBAN >EAS & BR++ EQUITABLY S]VICES TO ! 5TIRE POPULATION4 ,BUT ! REALITY 9 !SE YE>S WAS (T5 ONLY 9 P>T LIKE ?IS4 ,CAPITALISM HAS PUT ! MUNICIPALITIES ( ,BAKUR UND] ! PRESSURE TO FOLL[ ! NEO-LIB]AL ,A,K,P MUNICIPALITIES AS DEVELOPM5T MODEL ?R\< ! DOM9ATION ( DISCUSSIONS AB\T URBAN DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT WAS A TIME -- UP UNTIL #baa -- :5 ECONOMIC GR[? 9 ,TURKEY WAS HI<1 ! SOCIAL CONTRADICTIONS 9 ,TURKEY & ,BAKUR W]E SIGNIFICANTLY LESS & ! ,A,K,P GOV]NM5T WAS /ILL NOT V]Y REPRESSIVE3 H5CE1 ! CRITICSM BY ! ,K,F,M AGA9/ CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY DID NOT GO D[N WELL 9 ,KURDI% SOCIETY4 ,ANO!R PRESSURE WAS SY/EMATIC F9ANCIAL DISCRIM9ATION BY ! ,TURKI% NATIONAL GOV]NM5T3 S9CE #a#i#i#i1 ,K,F,M MUNICIPALITIES C\LD NOT B5EFIT FROM MANY GOV]NM5TAL FUNDS UNLIKE O!R MUNICIPALITIES4,OB/ACLES W]E ALSO (T5 CREAT$ 9 ! APPROVAL ( BIG PROJECTS 7EA* BIG PROJECT NE$S USUALLY APPROVAL BY ! GOV]NOR :O IS DIRECTLY APPO9T$ BY ! ,TURKI% GOV]NM5T7 & ! ,K,F,M MUNICIPALITIES HAVE NOT BE5 SUPPORT$ ) EXP]TS & SKILLS LIKE ! O!R MUNICIPALITIES4 ,?IS LATT] DISCRIM9ATION WAS NOT V]Y SURPRIS+ AS ! ,KURDS HAVE BE5 OPPRESS$ S9CE ! F\NDATION ( ! ,REPUBLIC ( ,TURKEY4 ,IT IS A SUBJECT ) :I* A /RUGGLE IS NE$$4 ,H[EV]1 :AT WAS MORE CONC]N+ = ! ,M,E,M WAS ! LACK+ /ANCE ( ! MUNICIPALITIES ON CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1ONE CASE BECAME IMPORTANT = ! ECOLOGY /RUGGLE 9 ,KURDI/AN4 ,IT IS AB\T ! HILL ',KIRKL> ,DAGI0 9 ! \TSKIRTS ( ! CITY ( ,AM$ :]E A H\S+ PROJECT WAS ANN\NC$ 9 #b#i4 ,AS A HI/ORICAL & NATURAL >EA AT ! S\? $GE ( ! CITY ( ,AM$1 ,KIRKL> ,DAGI IS V]Y KN[N AMONG ! POPULATION & ?US A S5SITIVE LOCATION4 ,:5 ! PHYSICAL PREP>ATION = ! H\S+ PROJECTS />T$ 9 #b#a#a_/#b#a#b1 :I* ACTUALLY WAS NOT 9 L9E ) ! MA/] PLAN APPROV$ 9 #b#f1 ! ,M,E,M & SOME O!R CIVIL ORGANIZATIONS REQUE/$ AN IMM$IATE /OP & CANCELLATION3 AFT] LONG DISCUSSIONS & NEGOTIATIONS1 ! TWO 9VOLV$ MUNICIPALITIES ( ,AM$ REJECT$ ?IS DEM&4 ,SO1 :5 ! CON/RUCTION />T$ FULLY 9 #bac A DEMON/RATION BY ! ,M,E,M ) ?\S&S ( PEOPLE WAS ORGANIZ$4 ,AL?\< ! PROJECT DID NOT /OP1 ! DEMON/RATION WAS A NOVUM = ! ,K,F,M3 A CIVIL ORGANIZATION CRITICIZ$ PUBLICLY 9 A %>P WAY A MUNICIPALITY FROM ! 0 [N POLITICAL MOVEM5T0 BECAUSE ( AN URBAN PROJECT4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS HAD SOME LONG-T]M IMPACTS4 ,9 ! FOLL[+ YE>S1 ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,REGIONS ,P>TY 7,D,B,P2 ! P>TY ( ! ,K,F,M & MEMB] ( ! ,H,D,P7 MUNICIPALITIES />T$ TO ACT MORE C>EFULLY :5 !Y PLANN$ ANY H\S+ OR BIGG] PROJECT4 ,?IS CASE %[$ ?AT ?9K+ & ACT+ ECOLOGICALLY NE$S ACTIVI/S TO CONSID] ALSO !IR [N SIDE & NOT ! O!R SIDE1 ! /ATE & BIG CAPITAL4 ,AP>T FROM ! CASE ( ,KIRKL> ,DAGI !RE >E MANY O!R PROJECTS 9 ! CITIES1 :I* >E OBJECT ( CAPITALI/ TRANS=MATION & NE$ TO BE REG>D$ MU* MORE CRITICALLY4 ,ANO!R CRITICSM ( ! ,M,E,M T>GETS ! BIG %OPP+ MALLS :I* HAVE BE5 CON/RUCT$ 9 ! LA/ YE>S 9 EA* CITY4 ,!SE >E PRIVATE PROJECTS & ( C\RSE SUPPORT$ BY ! ,A,K,P GOV]NM5T1 BUT !RE W]E SOME CASES :]E ! ,D,B,P MUNICIPALITIES HAVE NOT 9T]V5$ & 9 FEW CASES EV5 WELCOM$ !M4 ,SOME ( ! %OPP+ MALLS C\LD HAVE BE5 PREV5T$1 OR AT LEA/ DELAY$4 ,! ,TURKI% LAW ALL[S ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T TO TAKE OV] CITY PLANN+ :5EV] IT CONSID]S NECESS>Y4 ,SO1 ! QUE/ION IS H[ TO RESI/ ?IS LEGAL UNFAIRNESS2 EV5 IF IT NOT POSSIBLE TO IMP$E 9 ! LONG-T]M ! NONWANT$ PROJECTS1 AT LEA/ !Y %\LD BE DELAY$ & SUBJECT TO PUBLIC DEBATE4 ,AFT] 9T5SIVE CRITICSM BY ! ,M,E,M & O!R MOVEM5TS LIKE ! WOM5'S MOVEM5T 9 #b#a#d1 A MU* MORE CRITICAL APPROA* HAS BE5 IMPLEM5T$ BY ! ,D,B,P MUNICIPALITIES4 ,!SE TWO CASES %[ ?AT ! ECOLOGY /RUGGLE 9 ,BAKUR HAS NOT ONLY TO FOCUS ONLY 9 RURAL >EAS1 BUT ALSO 9 URBAN >EAS1 BECAUSE CAPITALISM HAS />T$ MANY YE>S AGO TO SEEK = PR(ITABLE 9VE/M5T PROJECTS EV]Y:]E4 #bac WAS ! YE> :5 AN ECOLOGICAL AW>5ESS & CRITICSM />T$ TO EXPRESS ITSELF MU* MORE OP5LY1 ACCOMPANI$ BY PUBLIC ACTIONS & ?IS NOT ONLY ?R\< ! ,M,E,M4 ,! Y\? MOVEM5T1 WOM5'S MOVEM5T1 PR(ESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 7P>TICUL>LY >*ITECTS1 5G9E]S1 M$ICAL DOCTORS71 TRADE UNIONS A*IEV$ QUALITATIVELY A NEW LEVEL 9 !IR APPROA* AS TO H[ SOCIETY MILIAM5T>IAN SY/EMS1 ECOLOGICAL_/5VIRONM5TAL ,N,G,OS & MOVEM5TS ACT USUALLY ON !IR [N = ! OBJECTIVE TO /OP C]TA9 PROJECTS &_/OR TO *ANGE ! LAWS OR SOCIETY 9 ECOLOGICAL S5SE4 ,9 ! NEW SY/EM ( ,BAKUR -- & ,ROJAVA -- ! SOCIAL MOVEM5TS /RUGGLE = !IR OBJECTIVES1 BUT DO IT )9 A DEMOCRATIC & 9CLUSIVE SY/EM4 ,?IS COMES FROM ! P]CEPTION ?AT SOCIETY IS ONE :OLE & HAS BE5 DIVID$ BY CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY SO MU* ?AT ! DIFF]5T SOCIAL & POLITICAL GR\PS & G5D]S DO NOT ACT 9 BALANCE ) EA* O!R3 ONE GR\P TRIES ALWAYS TO DOM9ATE ! O!R ONE4 ,9 CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY1 USUALLY ! GR\PS ) BIG F9ANCIAL CAPACITIES OR WEAPONS DOM9ATE OV] ! O!RS4 ,?IS IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFF]5CE :I* HAS BE5 BR\E 9T]RELAT$1 >E ! RELATIONS ( ! ,M,E,M ) ! ECONOMY MOVEM5T4 ,! ECONOMY MOVEM5T HAS BE5 =M$ 9 #bac AFT] BROAD DISCUSSIONS BY DOZ5S ( ACTIVI/S FROM DIFF]5T /RUGGLES & CRITICAL ECONOMI/S FROM ,BAKUR & ,TURKEY4 ,AMONG !SE PEOPLE W]E SEV]AL ACTIVI/S FROM ! ,M,E,M4 ,S9CE !N !RE IS A GOOD CONNECTION & EX*ANGE BETWE5 ! TWO BRAN*ES4 ,! GOOD RELATION%IP HAS BR\E RELAT$ TO BO? FIELDS ECOLOGY & ECONOMY4 ,ONE EXAMPLE IS ! LONG- DISCUSS$ CON/RUCTION ( A BANK = LOCAL ORGANIC SE$S4 ,A DYNAMIC1 COOP]ATIVE & CRITICAL RELATION ) ! NEW UPCOM+ ECONOMY MOVEM5T1 :I* WANTS TO DEVELOP A COMMUNAL & DEMOCRATIC ECONOMY 9 ,BAKUR1 IS CRUCIAL = ! AIM TO DEVELOP AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,ALL ?AT IS DISCUSS$ & DEVELOP$ AMONG ! ,M,E,M IS AIM$ TO BE IMPLEM5T$ 9 COOP]ATION ) ! ECONOMY FIELD AS WELL ) AS ! MUNICIPALITIES4 ,)\T CONSID]+ COMMUNAL ECONOMY1 AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY IS IMPOSSIBLE AS DESCRIB$ ABOVE4 ,! ,MESOPOTAMIA ,ECOLOGY ,MOVEM5T ,9 #b#a#d1 A NEW DISCUSSION AMONG ! ACTIVI/S ( ! ,M,E,M AB\T ITS RE/RUCTUR+ ) ! AIM TO BECOME A REAL & BROAD SOCIAL MOVEM5T />T$4 ,AFT] MANY DISCUSSIONS1 IT RESULT$ 9 ! =MATION ( C\NCILS 9 EA* PROV9CE ( ,BAKUR :I* (F]$ SPACE = POLITICAL ACTIVI/S WORK+ ON ECOLOGY & = NEWCOM]S4 ,ALL PREVI\S & NEW 9ITIATIVES & ASSOCIATIONS & ACTIVI/S WORK+ ON ECOLOGY1 BUT ALSO O!R CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS1 PR(ESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS1 UNIONS1 MUNICIPALITIES & ! PEOPLE'S C\NCILS ( ! ,K,C,D 9 ! URBAN QU>T]S & RURAL REGIONS HAD BE5 9VIT$ TO P>TICIPATE4 ,?IS =M ( REPRES5TATION 9T5DS TO 9CLUDE AS MU* AS POSSIBLE ( SOCIETAL PLAYORS & TO E/ABLI% SOME?+ :I* 9 %ORT & M$IUM T]M %\LD BUILD A SOCIETY ?AT IS MORE ECOLOGICAL1 & ?US1 MORE JU/ & DEMOCRATIC4 ,! MA9 WORK ( ! ,M,E,M IS DONE 9 ! DIFF]5T COMMISSIONS :I* >E E/ABLI%$ ACCORD+ TO ! NE$S & EMPHASIS DEF9$ BY ! PROV9CIAL C\NCILS4 ,EV]Y ACTIVI/ 9 ! ,M,E,M JO9S AT LEA/ ONE COMMISSION 9 ITS PROV9CE4 ,AP>T FROM ! COMMISSIONS :I* EXI/ 9 NE>LY EV]Y PROV9CE1 !RE >E SOME SPECIFIC COMMISSIONS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ! PROV9CE ,D]SIM1 !RE IS ONE COMMISSION = =E/S &1 9 ! METROPOLITAN >EA ( ,AM$1 ONE = ANIMAL RIE ALSO A FEW COMMISSIONS AT ! ,BAKUR LEVEL1 LIKE ?OSE = DIPLOMACY1 LAW & ORGANIZ+4 ,! CO-ORD9ATION AT PROV9CIAL LEVEL CONSI/S ( ! TWO CO-SPOKESP]SONS -- ONE WOMAN & ONE MAN4 ,! CO*AIRS >E ELECT$ P]IODICALLY 7#c OR #f MON?S7 BY ! PROV9CIAL ASSEMBLY :I* GA!RS AT LEA/ TWICE A YE> 7SOMETIMES #d TIMES EA* YE>74 ,EA* PROV9CIAL ASSEMBLY ELECTS ANNUALLY SEV]AL 7>\ND #f7 DELEGATES BAS$ ON G5D] QUOTA = ! ASSEMBLY AT ,BAKUR LEVEL :I* MEETS TWICE A YE>4 ,! CO-ORD9ATIONS AT PROV9CIAL LEVEL ELECT TWO DELEGATES1 ONE WOMAN & ONE MAN1 = ! ,BAKUR CO-ORD9ATION :I* MEETS MORE (T5 ?AN ! ,BAKUR ASSEMBLY4 ,AS IT CAN BE DET]M9$ )9 ! ,M,E,M EA* /RUCTURE HAS A G5D] M9IMUM QUOTA ( #d.0 = ITS DELEGATES4 ,! ,M,E,M HAS A #e.0 QUOTA4 ,S9CE ?IS RE/RUCTUR+ ! ,M,E,M IS N[ REPRES5T$ MORE /RONGLY 9 ! ,K,C,D ?R\< ! ACTIONS1 PROJECTS & CAMPAIGNS IT IS REALIZ+4 ,! ,M,E,M CAN BR+ BETT] ITS CONT5T & REQUE/S TO ! CO-ORD9ATIONS ( ! ,K,C,D ON PROV9CIAL & ,BAKUR LEVEL & TO ! ,K,C,D G5]AL ASSEMBLY4 ,! /RONG] ! ,M,E,M IS1 ! MORE IT CAN HAVE IMPACTS ON ! ,K,C,D AS A :OLE1 & ON ITS ACTIVI/S4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IT IS CRUCIAL TO WORK T[>DS ?OSE MUNICIPALITIES :I* HAVE NO GOOD PRACTICE ON ECOLOGY AS WELL AS ON O!R ISSUES4 ,! ,M,E,M IS CONNECT$ QUITE WELL ) MANY ECOLOGICAL MOVEM5TS & ,N,G,O'S \TSIDE ( ,BAKUR )9 ! ,TURKI% /ATE4 ,S9CE #bae = SEV]AL TIMES !RE W]E COMMON ACTIONS1 DELEGATIONS 7LIKE ON =E/ FIRES7 & DISCUSSIONS4 ,9 ?IS S5SE IT IS P>T ( ! ECOLOGY C\NCIL ( ! ,PEOPLE ,DEMOCRATIC ,C\NCIL 7,H,D,K74 ,! ,H,D,K IS ! TURKEY-WIDE SUPRA-/RUCTURE ( ALL /RUCTURES ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 ?US ALSO 9CLUD+ ! ,H,D,P4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,H,D,K IS EQUIVAL5T TO ,K,C,D :ILE NOT BE+ COMP>ATIVELY /RONG LIKE ! ,K,C,D4 ,S9CE ITS />T ! ,M,E,M HAD TO /RUGGLE ) A L[ AW>5ESS = ECOLOGY 9 SOCIETY :I* HAS ITS IMPACTS 9 ! DIFF]5T ORGANIZATIONS ( ! ,K,C,D4 ,AL?\< !RE IS A MEAN+FUL *ANGE 9 ! LA/ YE>S1 ECOLOGY IS /ILL CONSID]$ BY A BIG P>T ( ! SOCIETY AS SOME?+ ELITI/ & F> AWAY FROM REAL LIFE & IS ASSOCIAT$ ) FOCUS+ ON ! CONS]VATION ( SOME SPECIES OR IMPORTANT NATURAL >EAS OR HAV+ HEAL?Y BUT EXP5SIVE ORGANIC FOOD4 ,MOREOV] ! T]M9OLOGY US$ /ILL DOES NOT MAKE MU* UND]/&ABLE :AT ! ACTIVI/S >E SEEK+4 ,?AT IS :Y PRACTICE HAS BECOME SO CRUCIAL 9 ORD] TO ATTRACT MORE PEOPLE = ! MOVEM5T4 ,CONSID]+ ?AT EV5 A L>GE NUMB] ( PEOPLE ) AN ACADEMIC BACKGR\ND >E 9T]E/$ LESS 9 !ORY & MORE 9 PRACTICE1 PROJECTS ON ! GR\ND CAN MOTIVATE & ACTIVATE MANY & CAN MAKE BETT] UND]/&ABLE :AT IS AIM$ ) AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,PROJECTS LIKE COMMON G>D5+ & TRADITIONAL CON/RUCTION1 :I* ALL 9T]E/$ PEOPLE CAN JO91 HAVE ALSO ! IMPACT ?AT ! ,M,E,M CAN VALIDATE & DEVELOP ITS !ORETICAL APPROA* BAS$ ON ! \TCOMES ( SU* PROJECTS4 ,?IS %\LD BE CONSID]$ ALSO 9 ! LITS ) ! G5]AL APPROA* 9 ! MO/ FIELDS ( SOCIETY & SUB/ANTIATE ITS APPROA* 9 A PROTRACT$ PROCESS ( PRACTICE & DISCUSSION4 ,PROJECTS ON ! GR\ND (F] COLLECTIVE WORK & GIVE BACK ! FEEL+ ( COMMUNITY & SOLID>ITY TO PEOPLE1 P>TICUL>LY FROM CITIES4 ,ONE SUCCESSFUL PROJECT WAS ! COLLECTION ( LOCAL & ORGANIC SE$S FROM DIFF]5T >EAS ,BAKUR 9 ! W9T] #b#a#e_/#b#a#f & !IR REPRODUCTION 9 #baf 9 SEV5 PROV9CES4 ,! REPRODUCTION HAS BE5 DONE MO/LY ) ! LOCAL PEOPLE'S NEITS ( ! SOCIETY4 ,CONSID]+ ?AT HUMANS >E RATIONAL AS WELL AS EMOTIONAL BE+S1 T\*+ SOIL1 WAT]1 MUD1 PLANTS & WOOD CAN CREATE A BIG SYN]GY4 ,A FUR!R RESULT SU* A PRACTICAL APPROA* CAN HAVE3 9 TIMES ( REPRESSION & W> IT CAN HOLD PEOPLE TOGE!R & ALL[S !M TO COME ?R\< POLITICALLY DIFFICULT P]IODS LIKE ! ONE />T$ ) ! W> 9 SUMM] #bae :I* WORS5$ ) ! /ATE ( EM]G5CY 9 SUMM] #b#a#f4 ,9 AUTUMN #bae ! ,M,E,M CONDUCT$ A HALF YE> DISCUSSION ON ! EI$ & LAT] APPROV$ AT ! FIR/ ,M,E,M CONF]5CE 9 ,APRIL #baf 9 ,WAN4 ,!SE POLICY PAP]S HAVE BECOME ! GUIDEL9ES = ! FUTURE WORK :I* COV] A BROAD SPAN & >E L9K$ TO O!R POLITICAL FIELDS LIKE WOM5'S LIB]ATION1 ECONOMY & HEAL?4 ,?IS *ALL5G+ WORK MAY HELP TO F9D 9ITIAL ANSW]S ON ! QUE/ION AS TO :I* DIRECTION ! ,M,E,M %\LD TAKE1 /R5G!N )\T D\BT ! COMMITM5T TO ! /RUGGLE & PRIVIDE TOOLS = SUCCESSFULLY /RUGGL+ AGA9/ /ATE & COMPANIES AS WELL AS )9 ! ,K,F,M4 ,REM>KS ,IT NE$S TO BE /AT$ ?AT ! HEAVY POLITICAL REPRESSION 9 ,BAKUR ON ALL LEVELS ( POLITICAL 5GAGEM5T1 :I* />T$ 9 SUMM] #bae & A*IEV$ ) ! /ATE ( EM]G5CY1 DECL>$ 9 ,JULY #b#a#f1 AN EXTREME LEVEL1 HAS AFFECT$ 9 A /RONG WAY ALSO ! ,M,E,M4 ,S9CE !N ! MO/ ACTIVITIES ( ! ,M,E,M HAVE BE5 LIMIT$1 HALT$ OR *ANG$4 ,H[EV] ! ACTIVITIES HAVE UND]GONE SOME IMPORTANT *ANGE4 ,9 ?IS PAP] ! P]IOD AFT] ! /ATE ( EM]G5CY HAS NOT BE5 CONSID]$4 ,RA!R IT HAS BE5 AIM$ TO DESCRIBE ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CONSCI\SNESS & DISCUSSION ON & ! /RUGGLE = ECOLOGY 9 ,BAKUR BE=E ! CURR5T REPRESSION4 ,! DISCUSSIONS & PRACTICE ( ,ROJAVA HAS NOT BE5 9CLUD$ 9 ?IS PAP] AS !RE >E V]Y DIFF]5T FRAMEWORKS 7NO /ATE ANY MORE1 MU* LESS CAPITALISM ETC47 AL?\< ! POLITICAL CONCEPT IS ! SAME4 O ,*APT] #e 3 ,REB] ,APO IS A ,P]MACULTURALI/ -- ,P]MACULTURE & ,POLITICAL ,TRANS=MATION 9 ,NOR? ,EA/ ,SYRIA #e4 ,REB] ,APO IS A ,P]MACULTURALI/ -- ,P]MACULTURE & ,POLITICAL ,TRANS=MATION 9 ,NOR? ,EA/ ,SYRIA ,BY ,VIYAN ,Q]ECOX ,IF ,REB] ,APO1 ! IMPRISON$ LEAD] ( ! ,KURDI% LIB]ATION MOVEM5T1 WAS A G>D5]1 ,I W\LD EXPECT HIS G>D5 TO BE COLORFUL & WILD1 SPILL+ \T BEYOND ITS BORD]S1 A GLORI\S MIXTURE ( VEGETABLES1 TREES1 FL[]S & V9ES4 ,DRAW+ ON HIS WRIT+S ON POLITICAL TRANS=MATION1 ,I IMAG9E HIM TO BE A P]MACULTURALI/1 CREAT+ G>D5S BAS$ ON ! WISDOM ( NATURE4 ,P]MACULTURE IS A DESIGN SY/EM ?AT /RIVES TO MAKE ECOLOGICAL SPACES SU/A9ABLE & PRODUCTIVE4 ,BUT ! APPROA* IS ALSO GE>$ T[>DS O!R K9DS ( DESIGN1 :E!R IT'S >*ITECTURE1 URBAN PLANN+1 ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURES OR EV5 POLITICAL SY/EMS4 ,! WORD COMES FROM A COMB9ATION ( 0P]MAN5T0 & 0CULTURE10 SO AT IT'S MO/ FUNDAM5TAL IT'S AN ATTEMPT TO DEVELOP A CULTURE ( P]MAN5CE4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 P]MAN5T DOES NOT MEAN /ATIC -- LIKE NATURE1 ! SY/EM MU/ GR[ & DEVELOP AS IT RESPONDS TO 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL *ANGE -- BUT IT IS P]MAN5T 9 ?AT IT IS NOT GE>$ T[>DS SELF-DE/RUCTION 9 ! WAY ?AT \R CURR5T AGRICULTURAL SY/EMS T5D TO BE4 ,P]MACULTURE TAKES A VALUES-C5T]$ APPROA*1 SO ! E?ICS ( 0E>? C>E1 PEOPLE C>E & FAIR %>ES0 HOLD ! C5T]1 & FROM !RE PRODUCTIVE & SU/A9ABLE \TPUTS %APE ! =M4 ,P]MACULTURE IS A HOLI/IC SY/EM -- IT 9SI/S ?AT WE LOOK NOT JU/ AT COMPON5T P>TS ( A DESIGN1 BUT AT ! RELATION%IPS BETWE5 !M1 & H[ !Y COME TOGE!R TO CREATE A :OLE4 ,A P]MACULTURE G>D5 AIMS TO TAKE 9SPIRATION FROM ! WAY 9 :I* ECOLOGICAL SY/EMS SU/A9 !MSELVES 9 NATURE1 ) ! SAY+ 0?9K LIKE A =E/1 ACT LIKE A MEAD[0 GIV+ A POETIC 9SIE BO? ECOSY/EMS :I* SU/A9 AN A/\ND+ DIV]SITY ( LIFE )9 A 0CLOS$ LOOP0 & RESILI5T SY/EM4 ,!Y DON'T REQUIRE EXT]NAL F]TILIZ]1 *EMICAL PE/ICIDES OR >TIFICIAL WAT]+ SY/EMS4 ,& YET !Y SU/A9 IMPRESSIVE NUMB]S ( PLANT & ANIMAL SPECIES1 PLUS C\NTLESS FUNGI1 BACT]IA & MICRO-ORGANISMS 9 ! SOIL :I* >E ALSO CRUCIAL TO KEEP+ ! SY/EM HEAL?Y4 ,A P]MACULTURE G>D5 W\LD SEEK TO REPLICATE !SE PATT]NS & RELATION%IPS4 ,RA!R ?AN GR[+ PLANTS 9 ISOLAT$ R[S1 A P]MACULTURE G>D5 W\LD GR\P PLANTS TOGE!R SO !Y CAN WORK COLLECTIVELY4 ,A CLASSIC EXAMPLE ( ?IS -- DRAWN FROM 9DIG5\S KN[L$GE -- IS ! '?REE SI/]S' PLANT+ PATT]N4 ,MAIZE1 CLIMB+ BEANS & SQUA% >E GR[N TOGE!R1 SO ?AT ! SQUA% COV]S ! SOIL TO KEEP MOI/URE 9 ! GR\ND1 ! CLIMB+ BEANS PUT NUTRI5TS 9TO ! SOIL ?AT ! O!R PLANTS NE$1 & ! MAIZE PROVIDES A CLIMB+ /RUCTURE = ! BEANS4 ,IF PLANT$ 9 ?IS WAY1 ?IS VEGETABLE PAT* PRES]VES SOIL QUALITY1 R$UCES NE$ = WAT] & IMPROVES H>VE/1 SO IT'S SU/A9ABLE & EFFICI5T4 ,?IS IS ONE ( MANY APPROA*ES ?AT P]MACULTURE H>NESSES ?R\< ITS TWELVE PR9CIPLES1 :I* 5COMPASS CONCEPTS SU* AS 0PRODUCE NO WA/E10 0USE & VALUE DIV]SITY10 0CREATIVELY USE & RESPOND TO *ANGE10 & 0DESIGN FROM PATT]N TO DETAIL40 ,MAK+ ! LEAP FROM G>D5S TO REVOLUTION>Y APPROA*ES 9 POLITICAL ORGANIZ+1 WE CAN SEE A LOT ( USEFUL P>ALLELS ?AT %[ US H[ TO BUILD MOVEM5TS1 ORGANIZATIONS & COMMUNITIES :I* >E PRODUCTIVE1 SU/A9ABLE & HOLI/IC4 ,BUT BE=E WE EXPLORE ! COMPATIBILITIES ( P]MACULTURE & POLITICAL TRANS=MATION1 LET'S LOOK AT :Y IT EV5 MAKES S5SE TO DO IT4 ,ONE REASON HAS ALREADY BE5 M5TION$ -- P]MACULTURE TAKES A HOLI/IC APPROA* TO DEVELOP+ /RATEGIES & SOLUTIONS1 & HAV+ A COH]5T FRAMEWORK IS CRUCIAL TO HAV+ AN EFFECTIVE POLITICAL /RATEGY4 ,?IS IS A /R5G? ( ! ,KURDI% LIB]ATION IDEOLOGY AS %AP$ BY ,REB] ,APO & MORE REC5TLY1 ! ,NEW ,P>ADIGM4 ,IT ALREADY TAKES A HOLI/IC IDEOLOGICAL APPROA*1 RECOGNIZ+ ! 9T]CONNECTION BETWE5 PATRI>*Y1 CAPITALISM1 ! /ATE & ECOLOGICAL DE/RUCTION4 ,9 ! ,WE/1 TOO (T5 WE FIREFIE FIACT]IZ$ POLITICS S9CE ! RISE ( ! /ATE4 ,PATRI>*Y & CAPITALISM 5ACT DOM9AT+ RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME E/ABLI%+ A DOM9AT+ RELATION%IP ) ! 5VIRONM5T4 ,SO ! WAY ?AT WE RELATE TO EA* O!R IS 9EXTRICABLE FROM H[ WE RELATE TO NATURE1 & WE CAN LOOK TO NATURE = A DIFF]5T APPROA*4 ,A NEW WAY ( DO+ POLITICS MEANS DO+ POLITICS 9 A WOM5'S WAY 7A WAY :I* REJECTS PATRI>*AL APPROA*ES7 & 9 AN ECOLOGICAL WAY1 & P]MACULTURE CAN %$ SOME LITICUL>LY 9T]E/+ TO ANALYZE ! MOVEM5T ?R\< ! L5S ( P]MACULTURE4 ,ONE PR9CIPLE ( P]MACULTURE :I* 9VITES 9T]E/+ ANALYZES IS 0CREATIVELY USE & RESPOND TO *ANGE10 :I* IS SOMETIMES CONCEPTUALIZ$ AS 0! PROBLEM IS ! SOLUTION40 ,?IS PR9CIPLE AIMS TO COMMUNICATE ?AT SOMETIMES :5 ?+S >5'T GO+ AS !Y %\LD1 ! SOLUTION LIES )9 ! PROBLEM4 ,! MO/ FAM\S EXAMPLE IS ?AT IF Y\R G>D5 IS OV]RUN BY SLUGS1 RA!R ?AN 9VE/+ 9 *EMICAL PE/ICIDES OR SP5D+ H\RS PLUCK+ SLUGS FROM LETTUCE LEAVES1 Y\ C\LD 9TRODUCE SOME DUCKS 9TO Y\R G>D54 ,! DUCKS WILL HAPPILY MUN* ON ! SLUGS :ILE ALSO PRODUC+ DELICI\S EGGS & HEAL?Y F]TILIZ] = Y\R G>D54 ,POLITICALLY1 0CREATIVELY USE & RESPOND TO *ANGE0 CAN MEAN ANY?+ FROM REPURPOS+ VIRAL RIADIGM ( ! ,KURDI% LIB]ATION MOVEM5T4 ,= A LONG TIME ! ANSW] TO ! 0,KURDI% ,PROBLEM0 WAS ASSUM$ TO BE A ,KURDI% /ATE4 ,BUT ?R\< ! NEW P>ADIGM1 ! PROBLEM ITSELF BECOMES ! SOLUTION -- /ATELESSNESS IS ! ANSW] TO H[ TO BUILD A TRULY LIB]AT$ POLITICAL SY/EM4 ,P]MACULTURE ALSO TEA*ES US TO 0USE & VALUE ! M>G9S & $GES0 & 0USE & VALUE DIV]SITY40 ,9 ! G>D51 ?IS MEANS US+ POLYCULTURE GR[+ TE*NIQUES1 LIKE ! '?REE SI/]S' PLANT+ PATT]N DESCRIB$ ABOVE4 ,IT ACKN[L$GES ?AT MONOCULTURE- JU/ HAV+ ONE K9D ( PLANT -- DOES NOT EXI/ 9 NATURE1 OR IS A SYMPTOM ( A SY/EM \T ( BALANCE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 WE CAN OBS]VE ?AT ! SPACES BETWE5 SY/EMS -- ! 'M>G9S & $GES' -- >E >EAS ( HI< DIV]SITY & PRODUCTIVITY4 ,?IS 9CLUDES SPACES LIKE TIDAL POOLS OR RIV]BANKS1 :]E UNIQUE =MS ( LIFE DEVELOP & FL\RI%4 ,!SE PR9CIPLES >E RELEVANT TO POLITICAL ORGANIZ+ 9 LOTS ( WAYS :I* >E 5COMPASS$ BY DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM4 ,DEMOCRATIC MOD]NITY EMBRACES DIV]SITY & PLURALITY1 REJECT+ ! HEGEMONIC & FASCI/ T5D5CIES ( CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY & ! /ATE SY/EM4 ,9 POLITICS1 WE EMBRACE ! $GES ?R\< ORGANIZ+ AS & ALONGSIDE M>G9ALIZ$ COMMUNITIES4 ,! ,KURDI% LIB]ATION MOVEM5T ALSO TEA*ES US TO NOT FOCUS ALL ( \R 5]GY ON ! C5T] ( P[] -- ! /ATE & CORPORATIONS -- BUT TO ALSO BUILD P[] >\ND ! $GES1 9 SOCIETY & 9 ! PLACES :]E ! /ATE DOES NOT HAVE A MONOPOLY ON P[]4 ,?IS WAY Y\'RE ABLE TO GR[ REVOLUTION ON F]TILE GR\ND1 ) MANY VOICES FE$+ 9TO ! PROCESS & EMBRAC+ ! DIV]SITY ?AT WILL GIVE A REVOLUTION>Y SY/EM SU/A9ABILITY4 ,A TRULY SU/A9ABLE SY/EM IS ABLE TO ABSORB & WORK ) *ANGE1 /AY+ TRUE TO ! VALUES AT ! HE>T ( ! SY/EM :ILE ADJU/+ ! ME?ODS4 ,! P]MACULTURE PR9CIPLE ?AT DESCRIBES ?IS APPROA* IS 0APPLY SELF REGULATION & ACCEPT FE$BACK40 ,SIMPLY PUT1 ?IS MEANS DON'T TAKE MORE ?AN :AT Y\ NE$1 BE AW>E ( ! IMPACTS ( Y\R ACTIONS ON ! WORLD >\ND Y\1 & CONT9U\SLY READJU/ Y\R APPROA* TO 5SURE ?AT Y\ >E ALIGN$ ) ! VALUES AT ! CORE ( Y\R WORK4 ,IT DOESN'T TAKE MU* EF=T TO SEE H[ ?IS APPLIES TO ECOLOGY & POLITICS EQUALLY4 ,?IS CONCEPT IS 5COMPASS$ BY ! ,ZAPATI/A APPROA* ( 0WALK+1 WE ASK QUE/IONS10 :I* 5CAPSULATES H[ REVOLUTION IS AN ONGO+ PROCESS ?AT REQUIRES CON/ANT REFLECTION1 QUE/ION+ & READJU/+ \R PA?4 ,TEKMIL1 ! ,KURDI% LIB]ATION MOVEM5T'S PRACTICE ( CRITIC & SELF-CRITIC1 IS ALSO CRUCIAL 9 ?IS PROCESS4 ,?R\< GIV+ CRITICISM & EVALUAT+ \R WORK1 WE 5SURE ?AT WE /AY ON TRACK1 & >E BE+ AS EFFECTIVE AS POSSIBLE4 ,EXAMPLES ( ?IS 9CLUDE REC5T ACTIONS ( ! ,AUTONOM\S ,ADM9I/RATION 9 ADJU/+ ! ROLE ( ,TEV ,DEM TO SUPPORT ! NEIY BETWE5 ! POLITICAL & ECOLOGICAL REALMS1 WE CAN /R5G!N \R ABILITY TO BUILD MOVEM5TS ?AT >E RESILI5T1 DYNAMIC & EFFECTIVE4 ,DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM & ! ,KURDI% LIB]ATION MOVEM5T HAVE A NATURAL AFF9ITY TO ECOLOGICAL ?9K+1 SO IT'S NO SURPRISE ?AT ! NEW P>ADIGM PLACES ECOLOGICAL SU/A9ABILITY AS ONE ( ! ?REE CORE PILL>S ( A REVOLUTION>Y APPROA*4 ,AS ! ECOLOGICAL VALUES AT ! HE>T ( ! REVOLUTION >E APPLI$ TO ! REALITY 9 ,NOR? ,EA/ ,SYRIA1 P]MACULTURE CAN BE A USEFUL TOOL TO FRAME ! 5VIRONM5TAL APPROA*4 ,CONV]SELY1 ,WE/]N POLITICAL MOVEM5TS /RUGGLE TO MEAN+FULLY 9TEGRATE SU/A9ABILITY 9TO BROAD] POLITICAL MOVEM5TS1 & ECOLOGICAL CAMPAIGNS (T5 TAKE A HI ,KEMAL'S NOVEL ',9CE ,MEM$10 PULL A KNIFE ON ! TABLE !Y EAT ON8 ,OH YES6 ,W\LD A HUMAN BE+ GR[ UP TO CALL ! MO!R WOMB ?AT GAVE BIR? TO !M 0SAVAGE08 ,DEF9ITELY6 ,UNTIL ?AT FIRE COMES TO SURR\ND !M1 UNTIL ?AT BRAN* FALLS ON !IR HEAD1 UNTIL ?AT KNIFE T\*ES !IR BONE1 UNTIL ?AT NE/ COMPLETELY CLOSES TO !M SO ?AT !Y >E LEFT BREA?LESS1 HUMAN BE+S W\LD1 HAVE DONE1 & UN=TUNATELY /ILL CONT9UE TO DO ALL ( ! A=EM5TION$ ?+S4 ,( C\RSE NOT ALL ( A SUDD51 BUT EV] S9CE !Y BECAME VICTIMS ( HUMAN-MADE M5TALITIES & SY/EMS4 ,N[ WE CAN CALL IT ! 0ECOLOGY ISSUE0 OR WE CAN CALL IT NATURE TEA*+ US A LESSON1 9 ANY CASE WE >E PAY+ ! PRICE = \R BETRAYAL ( NATURE4 ,EV]Y PH5OM5ON :OSE VALUE WE DO NOT APPRECIATE MAKES US PAY ! PRICE4 ,! BIGG] ! VALUE :OSE VALUE WE DO NOT RECOGNIZE1 ! BIGG] ! PRICE WE PAY = BETRAY+ IT4 ,IF IT IS \R [N NATURE :OSE VALUE WE DO NOT APPRECIATE1 ! NATURE 9TO :I* WE >E BORN1 ?IS PRICE WILL TURN 9TO GLOBAL W>M+ & BURN US1 IT WILL BECOME A =E/ FIRE & ROA/ US1 IT WILL BECOME A FLOOD & DR[N US1 IT WILL TURN 9TO ICE & FREEZE US1 IT WILL BECOME CONTAM9ATION & POISON US4 ,& = EV]Y DAY ?AT WE IGNORE NATURE'S CALLS TO SOLVE ! PROBLEM1 DEA? WILL HITS US EV5 H>D]4 ,BUT HAS IT ALWAYS BE5 ! CASE ?AT WE DID NOT RECOGNIZE ! IMPORTANCE ( NATURE8 ,IS ?IS H[ WE DEVELOP$8 ,H[ C\LD WE BECOME ! 5EMIES & KILL]S ( ! OCEANS1 =E/S1 L&S1 & AIR ?AT HAVE GIV5 BIR? TO US8 ,& H[ C\LD ! SAME NATURE1 :I* IS \R BIR? NE/1 TURN 9TO FIRE RA9+ D[N ON US1 9TO FLOOD1 & 9TO POISON ?AT ?R[S UP ON US8 ,LIFE IS /ILL 9 NATURE'S H&S1 JU/ LIKE DEA?4 ,BUT :5 & :Y DID NATURE />T PROV+ TO ITS [N *ILDR51 :O KILL LIFE1 ITS [N ABILITY TO KILL8 ,DOES NATURE HAVE A M9D ?AT MAKES FUN ( \R M9D :I* CONSID]S ITSELF AS ! SUPREME ONE AMONG 0,GOD'S HIT ?AT COMES FROM ?IS NATURE -- SO P]HAPS1 :5 WE HURT ?IS NATURE'S S\L1 IT TAKES REV5GE BY DE/ROY+6 ,BUT :Y8 ,& H[8 ,!SE >E N[ QUE/IONS ?AT NO HUMAN :O LIVES ON ?IS WORLD CAN ESCAPE FROM ANY LONG]4 ,UND]/&+ :]E1 :5 & H[ ?IS H>M & ! RESULT+ PROCESS ( HAV+ TO PAY ! PRICE = IT1 HAVE BEGUN1 MU/ BE ! RESPONSIBILITY ( EV]Y HUMAN :O WANTS TO LIVE 9 FRE$OM4 ,SO 9 ORD] TO UND]/& ! ISSUE1 LET'S />T AT ! ROOTS4 ,LET US HAVE A LOOK AT :AT K9D ( M5TALITY WE HAVE LO/ & H[ IT RELAT$ TO NATURE3 ,NATURAL SOCIETY'S M5TALITY WORLD RELIES ON AN ANIMAT$ UND]/&+ ( NATURE4 ,IT BELIEVES ?AT EV]Y PH5OM5ON 9 NATURE HAS A SPIRIT4 ,SPIRITS >E UND]/OOD AS FEATURES ?AT SECURE ALIV5ESS4 ,9 ! TOTEMIC RELIGIONS ! CONCEPT ( AN EXT]NAL1 RUL+ DEITY AP>T FROM ! SELF IS NOT YET DEVELOP$4 ,GREAT EF=T IS MADE TO BE 9 H>MONY ) NATURE'S SPIRITS4 ,FAILURE TO DO SO IS SIMIL> TO DEA?4 ,:5 ?IS IS ! FUNDAM5TAL P]SPECTIVE ON NATURE1 AN EXTRAORD9>Y NE$ = H>MONY EM]GES4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE ( ECOLOGY1 WE >E FACE TO FACE ) LIFE4 ,EF=T IS MADE TO AVOID SOCIETAL LIFE FROM GO+ AGA9/ ! NATURAL =CES4 ,:5 CON/RUCT+ RELIGIONS & E?ICS1 ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE IS H>MONY ) ! 5VIRONM5T & ! NATURAL =CES4 ,?IS PR9CIPLE IS SO DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 ! M5TALITY ?AT IT IS VALU$ AS A RELIGI\S & MORAL TRADITION4 ,9 FACT1 ?IS IS ! PR9CIPLE ( LIFE'S NATURAL FL[ MANIFE/+ ITSELF 9 ! HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,!RE IS NO BE+ ?AT DOES NOT CONSID] ITS 5VIRONM5T4 ,%ORT-T]M DEVIATIONS >E OV]COME 9 A /REAM )9 EXT]NAL & 9T]NAL CONDITIONS2 O!RWISE1 BY BE+ COMPLETELY LEFT \T ( ! SY/EM1 !Y CEASE !IR EXI/5CE4 ,! IMPORTANCE ( ! PR9CIPLE ( ECOLOGY = HUMAN SOCIETY D]IVES FROM ?IS FUNDAM5TAL FEATURE ( NATURE4 ,9 NATURAL SOCIETY1 ALL MEMB]S ( ! SOCIALITY ORGANICALLY P>TICIPATE 9 ! 5TIRETY ( LIFE4 ,EV]YONE IS A G5U9E1 ESS5TIAL P>T ( SOCIETY4 ,BELIEF & P]CEPTIONS >E COMMON4 ,! CONCEPTS ( LY+ & *EAT+ HAVE NOT YET DEVELOP$4 ,IT IS AS ?\< !Y SPEAK ! SAME *ILDI% LANGUAGE ) NATURE4 ,TO DOM9ATE NATURE1 TO ABUSE IT IS ! BIGGE/ S91 TABOO1 & EVIL AGA9/ !IR E?ICS & BELIEFS1 !IR NEWLY DEVELOP$ SOCIETAL RULES4 ,:AT WAS TURN$ UPSIDE D[N 9 ! SLAVE-HOLD+ /ATI/ SOCIETY IS ?IS RELIGI\S & E?ICAL FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE4 ,H[EV]1 HUMANITY 9CREAS+LY LO/ T\* ) ?IS E?ICAL UND]/&+3 ,! RISE ( ! SLAVEHOLD+ /ATI/ SOCIETY CON/ITUTES A FUNDAM5TAL BREAK ) ?IS VITAL PR9CIPLE4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! 5VIRONM5TAL1 ECOLOGICAL QUE/ION ALONG ) ?IS P>TICUL> DIRECTION ?AT SOCIETY HAS TAK5 IS ?US FUNDAM5TALLY L9K$ TO ! BEG9N+ ( CIVILIZATION4 ,! CIVILIZATION ( CLASS$ SOCIETY IS A SOCIETY AT CONFLICT ) NATURE4 ,! MA9 REASON = ?IS PH5OM5AL QUE/ION HAS TO DO ) ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y SLAVEHOLD+ M5TALITY P>ADIGM ( ?IS NEW SOCIETY4.<#f.> ,9DE$1 ! BREAK FROM NATURAL SOCIETY & ! TRANSITION TO ! SLAVE M5TALITY-P>ADIGM HAVE COME AT A HEAVY PRICE4 ,ONCE ! WORLD'S TIES W]E LOOS5$ & REMOV$1 ! BONDS BETWE5 NATURE & SOCIAL LIFE TRANS=M$ FROM A H>MONIC1 MUTUALLY N\RI%+ RELATION%IP TO A SUBJECT-OBJECT RELATION4 ,! IMAGE ( A MO!R-WOMAN1 :O FE$S A *ILD ) ONE BREA/ & AN ANIMAL CUB ) ! O!R BREA/ HAS BECOME LAUY 9 \R EYES TODAY4 ,9 ! WE/]N 5LIT$ TO SAY3 0,!RE IS NO DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! CRIES ( AN ANIMAL OR ! GR9D+ ( ! MA*9E :5 EXP]IM5T+40 ,! SAME M5TALITY REA*$ HORRIFIC DIM5SIONS 9 ! H&S ( ! *UR* 9 ! TORTURES ( WIT*ES1 ! WISE WOM54 ,!Y TOO1 BECAME OBJECTS ( LIMITLESS SCI5CE4 0,! MO/ REALI/IC WAY ( LOOK+ = ! ROOTS ( ! 9CREAS+LY DEEP5+ ECOLOGICAL CRISIS1 :I* DEVELOPS P>ALLEL TO ! CRISIS ( ! SOCIAL SY/EM1 IS TO CONSID] ! BEG9N+ ( CIVILIZATION4 ,! MORE ALI5ATION )9 SOCIETY HAPP5S DUE TO DOM9ATION )9 SOCIETY1 ! MORE ! ALI5ATION FROM NATURE IS REALIZ$40.<#g.> ,! HUMAN HAS BECOME CRUEL T[>DS NATURE BY OPPRESS+ ITS [N SPECIES3 0,ESPECIALLY ! SCI5TIFIC ME?OD DEVELOP$ BY ,FRANCIS ,BACON CON/ITUT$ AN ATTEMPT TO 5=CE AN ORD] ?AT W\LD HAVE A RATIONALI/IC & SCI5TIFIC EFFECT ON NATURE4 ,SIMIL> TO ! DET]M9ATION ( ! MOVEM5T ( PLANETS1 ?IS SCI5TIFIC ME?OD REQUIR$ ! EXTRACTION ( NATURE FROM ITS SPIRIT 9 ORD] TO IMPLEM5T RATIONALI/IC ME?ODOLOGICAL PROCESSES4 ,C>OLYN ,M]*ANT1 9 H] BOOK ',! ,DEA? ( ,NATURE3 ,WOM51 ,ECOLOGY & ! ,SCI5TIFIC ,REVOLUTION' CLAIMS ?AT IT WAS 9 ?IS AGE :5 NATURE WAS ID5TIFI$ ) WOMAN & ?AT ALONG ) ,MA*IAVELLI1 SCI5TI/S LIKE ,BACON />T$ EXPRESS+ !IR DESIRE TO OPPRESS 'IRRATIONAL' 7WOMAN-LIKE7 NATURE4 ,9 FACT1 ,BACON US$ ! ANALOGY ( ! 9T]ROGATION ( WIT*ES TO >GUE = ! SCI5TIFIC ME?ODOLOGY ( ! EXTRACTION ( 'TRU?' FROM NATURE4 ,HE WROTE3 ',9 ORD] TO OBS]VE NATURE'S ADV5TURES1 !RE IS NO O!R WAY ?AN TO =CE IT 9TO A CORN]4 ,?AT IS ! ONLY WAY TO RULE IT4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,M]*ANT1 'NATURE IS SE5 AS A WOMAN :O TAKES ORD]S FROM MAN & OP]ATES UND] HIS AU?ORITY4'0.<#h.> ,! RESULT ( ?IS /RUGGLE 9 ! NAME ( CONQU]+ IRRATIONALITY UND] ! BANN] ( REASON WAS COMPLETE IRRATIONALITY 9 TURN4 ,IT IS \T ( DISCUSSION ?AT 9 ! NAME ( 0OBTA9+ ! TRU?10 TRU? ITSELF WAS BETRAY$4 ,AFT] \R M5TALITY BROKE AWAY FROM NATURAL SOCIETY'S M5TALITY1 ! NAME ( ! SOCIETAL SY/EM *ANG$ BUT ITS M5TALITY DID NOT4 ,IT IS A M5TALITY ?AT BREAKS FROM NATURAL SOCIETY1 BETRAYS ITSELF & NATURE1 & EV]Y DAY CUTS ! BRAN* ( ! TREE IT SITS ON4 ,IT DOES NOT MATT] :E!R WE CALL ?IS M5TALITY =MATION DOM9ANT1 /ATI/1 SLAVEHOLD+1 FEUDAL OR CAPITALI/4 ,ALL ( !SE TOGE!R CON/ITUTE A BREAK FROM NATURAL SOCIETY & NATURE4 ,!Y MAKE UP ! OPPOSITE POLE TO NATURAL SOCIETY1 9 O!R WORDS1 !Y >E ANTI-NATURE4 ,!Y >E ANTI-LIFE1 ANTI-HUMAN4 ,?US !Y >E ANTI-ECOLOGICAL4 ,IF SOCIALITY & NATURE MANAG$ TO LIVE TOGE!R = ?\S&S ( YE>S 9 H>MONY1 IT MEANS ?AT ! HUMAN1 9 FACT ! HUMAN ( NATURAL SOCIETY1 PROV$ ?IS REALITY3 ! HUMAN IS NOT ! OPPOSITE ( ! SAME NATURE IT CAME FROM1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS NATURE'S V]Y [N *ILD4 ,& ?US1 !Y CAN LIVE TOGE!R )\T ]ADICAT+ EA* O!R4 ,?US1 CONTR>Y TO ! LONG IMPOSITION ( ,WE/]N M5TALITY1 NEI!R IS NATURE SAVAGE1 NOR DO HUMANS NE$ TO SURVIVE BY FI AGA9/ ! 0WILD40 ,N[ IT IS ! TURN ( ?IS /ORY'S 0OBJECT0 TO SPEAK4 ,N[1 IT IS TALK+4 ,& EV]Y DAY1 IT GIVES US ! MESSAGE ?AT WE NE$ TO TAKE IT S]I\SLY4 ,:E!R WE SEE IT OR NOT1 N[ ! WORLD BELONGS TO NATURE4 ,?IS WORLD CRIES ?AT IT NO LONG] WANTS TO BE ! OBJECT ( ?IS /ORY3 IF WE TAKE A LOOK AT 9T]NET SE>*ES RELAT$ TO ?\S&S ( REC5T NEWS ITEMS ON ! 05VIRONM5T0 OR 0ECOLOGY10 :ILE KEEP+ 9 M9D ?AT SU* SE>*ES CAN ONLY SCRAT* ! SURFACE ( ! REAL EXT5T ( \R E>?'S ECOLOGICAL DISA/]1 IT IS EASY TO HE> ?IS \TCRY4 ,DAMS & O!R 9FRA/RUCTURES ?AT SWALL[ NATURAL BEAUTIES1 NUCLE> PLANTS1 FOSSIL FUEL 5]GY S\RCES1 =E/ FIRES DUE TO W>S OR CLIMATE *ANGE1 PETROL CONTAM9ATION ( WAT] & SOIL1 *EMICAL WA/E DUMP+1 DE=E/ATION1 9TOXICATION ( SOIL1 WAT] & AIR DUE TO GOLD CYANIDATION1 ! GLOBAL FOOD CRISIS & ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,G,M,OS1 ! DANG]\S DISPOSAL ( M$ICATION1 LACK ( ACCESS TO CLEAN DR9K+ WAT]1 GRE5H\SE GASES RELAT$ TO 9DU/RIAL AGRICULTURE1 EXT9CTION ( SPECIES1 M9$ T]RITORIES1 E>?QUAKES1 ACTIVAT$ VOLCANOES1 TSUNAMIS1 ! EM]G5CE ( ILLNESSES1 ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( NATURAL 5VIRONM5TS 9 FAVOR ( CITIES & FACTORIES1 ACID RA9444 & P]HAPS MANY O!R PH5OM5A WE MAY NOT EV5 BE AW>E ( & :I* HAVE CAUS$ ECOLOGICAL DISA/]S BY HUMAN H&4 ,EXT5D+ ?IS LI/ NOT ONLY DEPRESSES US1 BUT ! MULTIPLE DIM5SIONS ( ! PROBLEM >E ALSO ILLU/RATIVE ( NATURE'S MY/]I\S SELF-DEF5SE P[]4 ,NATURE HAS AN EVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] ?AT HAS BE5 9 ACTION = MILLIONS ( YE>S4 ,?IS IS NOT AB\T ! FITTE/ EXT]M9AT+ ! LESS FIT4 ,P]HAPS IT IS TRUE ?AT ! LESS FIT DECREASE 9 NUMB]S4 ,H[EV]1 ! SMALLE/ ORGANISMS TO ! GREAT ECOSY/EMS 9 NATURE >RANGE1 ADAPT & *ANGE !MSELVES ACCORD+ TO *ANG+ CONDITIONS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 NATURE RESI/S4 ,IT CREATES ITS [N ME*ANISMS TO DEF5D ITSELF4 ,OR ! HUMAN-CAUS$ ISSUES UPSET NATURE'S BALANCE & RESULT 9 CATA/ROPHES ?AT BR+ AB\T GREAT *ANGES4 ,:ILE HUMANS TRI$ TO CONQU] & DOM9ATE NATURE & TO 5GAGE 9 A COMPETITION TO %[ NATURE :O IS ! MA/]1 !Y =GOT A FAIRLY SIMPLE PH5OM5ON4 ,NATURE WAS !IR HOME1 !IR BIR? NE/1 IT WAS ! LIFE ATMOSPH]E TO :I* HUMANS [E !IR BREAD1 WAT]1 !IR V]Y EXI/5CE & HAPP9ESS4 0,! FUNDAM5TAL REASON = ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IS ! RUL+ P[] R5D]+ AN ANTI-NATURAL LIFE POSSIBLE ?R\< ITS TYRANNY & LIES4 ,BY D5Y+ NATURE'S ROLE 9 LIFE & BY REPLAC+ IT ) FAKE DEITIES & CREATORS1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO CALL NATURE 'BL9D =CE4'0.<#i.> ,BUT ! EYES & HE>TS ?AT W]E SO FOCUS$ ON PR(IT AMBITIONS REMA9$ OBLIVI\S TO ?IS NAK$ REALITY4 ,:ILE ! BELIEF WAS HELD ?AT NATURE HAS BE5 MADE MUTE AFT] ALL !SE ATTACKS1 ! ONE :O WAS =C$ ON !IR KNEES WAS ! HUMAN 9 ! 5D4 ,9 A WAY1 NATURE HAS MANAG$ TO EXPRESS ITSELF 9 MANY WAYS1 :ILE IT IS HUMANS :O SWALL[ !IR TONGUE4 ,9 ORD] TO SEE ! WAYS 9 :I* WE PAY ! PRICE = DE/ROY+ ! RITICLE WAS FIR/ WRITT5 7#b#i-#b#a73 ,EXP]TS CLAIM ?AT ! FLOOD 9 ,PAKI/AN & ! EXTREME HEAT 9 ,RUSSIA >E L9K$ TO ! EXTRAORD9>Y IMPACTS ( GLOBAL W>M+4 ,DUE TO FLOOD & L&SLIDES1 MORE ?AN #g PEOPLE 9 ,*9A1 MORE ?AN #a1#f PEOPLE 9 ,PAKI/AN1 MORE ?AN #ac PEOPLE 9 ,9DIA HAVE BE5 KILL$4 ,?\S&S ( PEOPLE DISAPPE>$4 ,MILLIONS ( PEOPLE LO/ !IR HOMES4 ,9 ! SMOG & DU/ ?AT COV]S ,MOSC[ & :I* RESULT$ 9 DR\T$ 9 MORE ?AN #f DIFF]5T >EAS1 #e PEOPLE 9 ,RUSSIA HAVE BE5 KILL$4 ,! FIRES />T$ TO AFFECT ! MILIT>Y >EAS SO ?AT ! EXPLOSIVE MAT]IALS 9 !SE REGIONS W]E C>RI$ TO O!R >EAS BY ! AU?ORITIES4 ,9 ,*ILI1 #a4#e MILLION HOMES W]E DE/ROY$1 ! NUMB] ( DISAPPE>$ PEOPLE ROSE TO #c4 ,*ILI'S PRESID5T ,BA*ELET CLAIM$ ?AT HE C\LD NOT F9D ! WORDS TO DESCRIBE ! #h4#h LEVEL E>?QUAKE & ! CATA/ROPHE IT CAUS$4 ,9 A C\NTRY ) A POPULATION ( #af MILLION1 AT LEA/ #b MILLION W]E AFFECT$ BY ! E>?QUAKE4 ,RESCUE ATTEMPTS CONT9UE 9 ,ITALY'S NOR?1 :]E AN E>?QUAKE TOOK ! LIVES ( #be PEOPLE4 ,9 ! E>?QUAKE1 #a#e1 BUILD+S W]E R5D]$ 9OP]ABLE4 ,IT HAS BE5 REPORT$ ?AT ! BU% FIRES ?AT HAVE BE5 CONT9U+ 9 ! S\? ( ,AU/RALIA = DAYS HAVE BE5 CAUS$ BY >SON4 ,FIRES CONT9UE /ILL 9 #b DIFF]5T PLACES4 ,! NUMB] ( DEA?S MIM+ IS MELT+ ! GLACI]S ( ,M\NT ,KILIMANJ>O1 :I* IS CONSID]$ WORLD H]ITAGE4 ,! =E/ FIRES 9 ,GREECE CANNOT BE BR\T$ NE> ,A!NS IS APPROA*+ ! CITY C5T]4 ,DUE TO ! 9CREAS+ FIRE1 /R5G!N$ BY ! W9D1 A /ATE ( EM]G5CY HAS BE5 DECL>$4 ,?+S HAVE ONLY WORS5$ EV] S9CE4 ,MORE REC5TLY1 A SCI5TIFIC REPORT BY ! ,W,W,F REVEAL$ ?AT #f.0 ( ANIMAL POPULATIONS HAVE BE5 WIP$ \T BY HUMANITY S9CE #aig ) DISA/R\S EFFECTS ON NATURE & ITS HUMAN *ILDR54 ,IT SEEMS ?AT ECOLOGICAL CATA/ROPHE HAS ADVANC$ TO SU* A DEGREE ?AT IT W\LD TAKE UP TO #g MILLION YE>S = NATURE TO RECOV] EV5 IF DE/RUCTION W\LD BE HALT$ N[4 ,5TIRE SPECIES >E PR$ICT$ TO DIE \T1 C\NTLESS HURRICANES1 DR\E ANTICIPAT$4 ,EXP]TS SPEAK ( A 0CLIMATE G5OCIDE40 ,! MO/ AFFECT$ HUMANS ( !SE DEVELOPM5TS >E 9 ! ,GLOBAL ,S\?1 9 P>TICUL> 9DIG5\S & RURAL COMMUNITIES1 :OSE RELATION%IP TO NATURE IS SYMBIOTIC & ORGANIC4 ,! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IS ALSO CAUS$ BY GLOBAL >MS TRADE & LIKEWISE W>S >E (T5 TRIGG]$ BY *ANGES 9 ! CLIMATE1 DUE TO UNSU/A9ABLE CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S 9 NATURAL RES\RCES4 ,YET1 /ATES & COMPANIES1 ! MA9 CULPRITS ( ECOLOGICAL CATA/ROPHE CONSCI\SLY )DRAW FROM LEGAL & 9T]NATIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES & RESORT TO MEANS ( D5Y+ ! OBVI\S1 DISA/R\SLY APPROA*+ DEA? ( LIFE4 ,AS IF TO SUMMON ! 5D ( ! WORLD1 !Y ANN\NCE FUR!R DE/RUCTION ( NATURAL HABITATS1 & ! EXPLOITATION ( LIFE4 ,& !RE >E MORE NEWS ITEMS AB\T BIGG] & SMALL] ECOLOGICAL DISA/]S & CATA/ROPHES ?AT >E NOT 9CLUD$ H]E4 ,IS IT POSSIBLE ?AT HUMANS CALL HUMAN-MADE CATA/ROPHES 0NATURAL DISA/]S10 9 ORD] TO COV] UP !IR [N GUILT8 ,OR P]HAPS1 BY CALL+ !SE DISA/]S 0,GOD'S PLAN10 !Y TRY TO F9D A DIV9E P>TN] 9 CRIME8 ,9 REALITY1 NO DISA/] IS ABLE TO GR[ ?IS MU* & CLAIM SO MANY LIVES1 )\T ! IMPACT ( HUMANS4 ,9DE$1 HUMAN-MADE 9DU/RY1 TE*NOLOGY1 W>S1 WEAPONS 7*EMICAL1 BIOLOGICAL OR ANY O!R K9D ( WEAPONRY71 OV]POPULATION & MANY O!R DEVELOPM5TS OR 9V5TIONS BURN NATURE1 & NATURE BURNS BACK4 ,! MORE IT GETS DE/ROY$ AT ! H&S ( HUMANS1 IT DE/ROYS BACK4 ,! MORE IT GETS MASSACR$ BY HUMANS1 IT BR+S DEA? TO HUMANITY4 ,!SE >E NEI!R EXPRESSIONS ( A PESSIMI/IC PO9T ( VIEW1 NOR DO !Y REFLECT ! PROPAG&A ( A SCI5CE FICTION H]O ?AT IS LOOK+ = A PIECE ( L& TO />T A NEW SOCIAL LIFE ) ! SE$S 9 !IR H&S AFT] ALL ! L&S HAVE BE5 ]ADICAT$4 ,MAYBE !SE CATA/ROPHES HAVE NOT IMPACT$ ALL ( US 9DIVIDUALLY YET4 ,P]HAPS WE HAVE NOT YET SE5 HUNDR$S ( PEOPLE DIE AT ONCE 9 FRONT ( \R EYES4 ,BUT EV]YBODY :O LIVES ON ?IS PLANET NE$S TO KN[ ?AT ! HUMAN-MADE CATA/ROPHES >E AS CLOSE TO US AS \R BREA?1 WAT] & BREAD1 EV5 AS ! BLOOD RUNN+ 9 \R VE9S4 ,AS ALWAYS1 WE >E UND] NATURE'S SIEGE4 ,BUT ?IS NATURE IS NO LONG] ! NATURAL NATURE ( ?\S&S ( YE>S AGO4 ,?IS NATURE IS A NATURE :OSE NATURE HAS BE5 MANIPULAT$4 ,?AT IS :Y ITS SIEGE IS UNLIKE ITS MO!R NE/4 ,WE >E 9 ! SIEGE ( A NATURE ?AT HAS BE5 HURT1 DIVID$1 DEFIL$1 POISON$1 H>M$ & MADE TO BLE$4 ,( C\RSE1 9 CASES :5 NATURE SEEM$ DEF5SELESS AGA9/ HUMANS1 !RE HAVE BE5 TIMES :]E IT BR\E NOT EV5 AW>E ( H[ WE EXACTLY H>M NATURE AS HUMANS4 ,:O KN[S H[ MANY NUCLE> TE/S !RE >E8 ,H[ MU* HAVE \R SEAS1 \R L&S BE5 CONTAM9AT$ BY PETROL OR TOXIC MAT]IAL8 ,WE DON'T KN[ EXACTLY ! AM\NT ( GRE5H\SE GASES & C>BON CONTAM9ATION4 ,:O W\LD KN[ ! BIODIV]SITY & ECOSY/EMS ?AT W]E ELIM9AT$ BY ! SOLDI] H&S ?AT ALSO BURN$ D[N ! =E/S ( ,KURDI/AN8 ,9 %ORT1 !RE IS AN UNCONTROLLABLE ATTACK ON NATURE BY HUMANS4 ,?AT IS :Y P]HAPS NATURE WILL /RIKE BACK ) A HORRIBLE SURPRISE ?R\< A S]IES ( UNCONTROLLABLE DISA/]S ?AT WE CANNOT ANTICIPATE4 ,\R AIM IS NEI!R TO DEMONIZE HUMANS1 NOR TO ADVOCATE = A PROTECTION ( NATURE ?AT IS SEP>ATE FROM ! HUMAN & SOCIETY4 ,WE M]ELY DISCUSS A FACTUAL REALITY ?AT WAS DESIGN$ BY HUMAN H&1 M9D & ACTION1 P]HAPS BY LACK+ ! KN[L$GE OV] ! IMPORTANCE ( TIME4 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS WRIT+1 WE M5TION$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ECOLOGICAL ISSUE ) ! RISE ( ! SLAVEHOLD+ SY/EM4 ,BUT ?OSE CONC]N$ ) ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS >E AW>E ?AT ! SY/EM ?AT HAS DEEP5$ & FUR!R L$ !SE ISSUES TO UNSU/A9ABILITY IS CAPITALISM4 0,EUROPE'S 9DIVIDUALISM HAS COME TO EMBODY ! MASSACRE ( ! SOCIETY & ITS ECOLOGY4 ,! CAPITALI/ SY/EM'S E/ABLI%M5T ( ITS DOM9ANCE1 ITS MOVE FROM 9DIVIDUALITY TO 9DIVIDUALISM1 NOT ONLY REV]S$ SOCIAL GA9S1 BUT ALSO CAUS$ ! BIGGE/ ECOLOGICAL DEVIATION 9 HI/ORY40.<#a.> ,ECOLOGICAL ISSUES & !IR S\RCES HAVE BE5 DISCUSS$ ?R\< A V>IETY ( PHILOSOPHICAL1 SOCIETAL1 ECO-FEM9I/ & MANY O!R P]SPECTIVES & HAVE ?US BECOME VISIBLE AS A S]I\S PROBLEM = YE>S N[4 ,P]HAPS ! REAL PROBLEM !N IS H[ MU* ?IS PROBLEM IS BE+ FELT4 ,?IS CONC]NS ! REAL P[]S ( ! SOCIETY4 ,BECAUSE :5 ! REAL =CES ?AT MAKE UP SOCIETY />T TO S5SE ?IS PROBLEM1 A L>GE P>T ( ! SOLUTION WILL HAVE BE5 A*IEV$4 ,BECAUSE 0,! ACTUAL ECOLOGICAL PH5OM5ON IS TO PREV5T ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 NATURE & SOCIETY BECOM+ A GAP4 ,IF ?IS GAP IS NOT CLOS$ AS SOON AS POSSIBLE1 ! SOCIETY WILL TURN 9TO D9OSAURS40.<#a#a.> ,:5 WE LOOK AT ! ISSUE FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 WE CAN MAKE A GLOBAL EF=T TO S5SE ! PROBLEM & BR+ IT TO ! AG5DA4 ,! ,WORLD ,SOCIAL ,=UM'S SLOGAN 0,ANO!R ,WORLD IS ,POSSIBLE10 ! ,U,N'S CLIMATE CONF]5CES1 LOCALLY ORGANIZ$ FREE ECOLOGICAL =UMS1 SOCIAL URBAN MOVEM5TS1 ! AGREEM5T ( BIG C\NTRIES ON ISSUES LIKE R$UC+ C>BON 9T5SITY1 C\NTRIES' DISCUSSIONS ON BIO-SECURITY1 ! CREATION ( ECOLOGICAL COLLECTIVES1 HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( ACTIVI/S >\ND ! WORLD RISK+ !IR LIVES TO DRAW ATT5TION TO ECOLOGICAL ISSUES1 ! DISCUSSIONS ( ECO-SOCIALI/S & ECO-FEM9I/S1 ! ORGANIZATION ( ECOLOGY FE/IVALS1 ,U,N,E,S,C,O COMPIL+ A LI/ ON 5DANG]$ WORLD H]ITAGE1 SU/A9ABLE 5]GY CONF]5CES1 ! SLOGAN 0,! DEAD DON'T WE> GOLD0 ( ?OSE :OSE SOIL HAS BE5 CONTAM9AT$1 & ?\S&S ( ACTIONS1 EV5TS1 ORGANIZATIONS1 WORK1 9CREAS+ AW>5ESS & ACTIVISM >E ALL SIGNS ( AN EF=T TO CLOSE ?IS GAP BETWE5 NATURE & SOCIETY4 ,H[EV]1 :5 CONSID]+ ! SIZE ( ! CATA/ROPHE WE >E FAC+1 !SE 9ITIATIVES REMA9 DISP]S$ & 9SUFFICI5T4 ,LET US LOOK AT ! CALL MADE BY AN ECOLOGY SITE3 0,! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IS NOT A CO9CID5TAL FEATURE ( CAPITALISM4 ,IT IS 9 ! ,D,N,A ( ! SY/EM4 ,IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO RESOLVE ?R\< RE=MS ?IS 9CESSANT HUNG]1 ! DESIRE TO MULTIPLY PR(ITS P]PETUALLY4 ,! ONLY ?+ ?AT CAPITALI/S CAN ?9K ( :5 CONSID]+ ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IS H[ MU* MORE PR(IT !Y CAN MAKE \T ( IT4 ,!RE=E1 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS CANNOT SUCCE$ UNTIL ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM IS REMOV$40 ,9DE$1 ! M5TALITY ( ! SOLUTION IS IMPORTANT4 ,TO CREATE A COMMON ECOLOGICAL M9DSET 9 ! FACE ( ! CAPITALI/1 CIVILIZATIONI/ M5TALITY ?AT CREAT$ ECOLOGICAL DE/RUCTION MEANS TO ORGANIZE & MOBILIZE ALL ( !SE EF=TS & BR+ AB\T A FA/] & MORE EFFICI5T 9T]V5TION4 ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN'S /ATEM5T ?AT 0! REVOLUTION ( ! #b#a/ C5TURY IS ECOLOGICAL0 NOT ONLY /RESSES ! EXT5T ( ! SOLUTION1 BUT ALSO ITS IMPORTANCE1 AS WELL AS ! IDEA ?AT ! CRISIS IS 9DE$ RESOLVABLE :5 ! SOLUTIONS >E IMPLEM5T$4 ,?IS /ATEM5T IS ALSO IMPORTANT TO UND]/& & EXPOSE ! CLEV]NESS ( M>KET CIRCLES & !IR VIEWS ?AT ! GLOBAL ECOLOGICAL CRISIS CAN BE RESOLV$ )9 CAPITALISM OR ?R\< RE=MS4 ,:5 WE LOOK AT ! EFFECTS ( ! PROBLEM ON \R LIVES1 EV5 IF R\ ?AT A REVOLUTION>Y VIEWPO9T & PRACTICE IS NECESS>Y4 ,9 ORD] TO SEE ?IS1 ! PROBLEM MU/ BE APPROA*$ 9 AN E?ICAL WAY4 ,BECAUSE IF \R REAL /&>D 9 \R ATTITUDE T[>DS NATURE IS ! NATURAL SOCIETY1 & IF NATURAL SOCIETY IS ! /EM CELL ( ! E?ICAL-POLITICAL SOCIETY2 \R P]SPECTIVE ON ! RESOLUTION ( ECOLOGICAL ISSUES MU/ CONTA9 AN E?ICAL DIM5SION3 0,IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO DEF5D ! RATIONALITY1 E?ICS ( ANY SOCIETAL SY/EM ?AT DOES NOT UNIFY ) NATURE4 ,! REASON = ! SY/EM BE+ OV]COME 9 T]MS ( RATIONALITY & MORALITY IS ! FACT ?AT IT IS 9 ! GREATE/ CONFLICT ) NATURE4 ,! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! *AOS EXP]I5C$ BY ! CAPITALI/ SOCIETAL SY/EM & 5VIRONM5TAL CATA/ROPHE IS DIALECTICAL4 ,ONLY ! EXIT FROM ! SY/EM CAN OV]COME ! RADICAL CONTRADICTIONS ) NATURE4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5TS ALONE CANNOT OV]COME ?IS CONTRADICTORY *>ACT]4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY NECESSITATES A MORAL TRANS=MATION AS WELL4 ,! ANTI-E?ICAL SY/EM ( CAPITALISM CAN ONLY BE OV]COME ) AN ECOLOGICAL ATTITUDE4 ,! E?ICS-CONSCI5CE RELATION%IP NECESSITATES AN EMPA!TIC & SYMPA!TIC SPIRITUALITY4 ,?IS 9 TURN CAN ONLY C>RY MEAN+ ) A COMPET5T ECOLOGICAL EQUIPM5T4 ,IT IS FRI5D%IP ) NATURE1 IT IS ! BELIEF 9 NATURAL RELIGION4 ,AS SU*1 IT MEANS TO RE-UNITE ) ! NATURAL ORGANIC SOCIETY ) A NEW & AWAK5$ CONSCI\SNESS4 ,A SOCIETAL CONSCI\SNESS DEVOID ( AN ECOLOGICAL CONSCI\SNESS CANNOT HELP BUT DISSOLVE & CORRUPT1 AS SE5 9 ! CASE ( REAL SOCIALISM4 ,ECOLOGICAL CONSCI\SNESS IS FUNDAM5TALLY AN IDEOLOGICAL CONSCI\SNESS4 ,IT IS LIKE ! BRIDGE BETWE5 ! BORD]S BETWE5 PHILOSOPHY & E?ICS4 ,ONLY IF ! POLITICS ?AT AIM TO SAVE US FROM ! CONTEMPOR>Y CRISIS >E ECOLOGICAL1 IT CAN LEAD US T[>DS A RI 0,NO MATT] H[ SMALL1 !RE >E ! REMA9S ( NATURAL SOCIETY 9 EV]YBODY40.<#a#c.> ,P]HAPS ?IS MEANS TO LOOK AT \R 9N] MIRROR :5 LOOK+ = SOLUTIONS4 ,ONLY IF EV]YBODY TURNS T[>DS ?IS 9N] MIRROR TO EXAM9E ONE'S [N RESPONSIBILITIES1 CONSCI\SNESS & ACTIONS1 ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS1 & NATURE'S MY/]I\S1 EXTRAORD9>Y EXI/5CE CAN BE FELT4 ,) ?IS 9 M9D1 WE MU/ NOT ALL[ CAPITALISM TO PROPAGATE 9DIVIDUALI/ SOLUTIONS TO :AT REQUIRES A GLOBAL SY/EM *ANGE4 O ,*APT] #g 3 ,AGA9/ ,GRE5 ,CAPITALISM #g ,AGA9/ ,GRE5 ,CAPITALISM ,BY ,HEL9 ,ASI ,?IS YE> ! DISCUSSIONS & /RUGGLES = ! CLIMATE HAVE GA9$ 5ORM\S ATT5TION & \TREA*4 ,! IMPORTANCE & S]I\SNESS ( ! SITUATION1 AL?\< LONG KN[N1 HAS BE5 EMPHASIZ$ 9 REC5T MON?S BY Y\NG PEOPLE >\ND ! WORLD4 ,! 0,FRIDAYS = ,FUTURE0 MOVEM5TS HAVE GR[N 9TO A NOTABLE & REM>KABLY Y\NG GLOBAL MASS MOVEM5T -- ) LOCAL ACTIONS 9 MANY ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 ,AU/RALIA1 ,*9A1 ,9DIA1 ,JAPAN1 ,TURKEY1 ,ROJAVA1 ,S\? ,KOREA1 ,?AIL&1 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 ,URUGUAY1 ,>G5T9A & ,MEXICO4 ,! WEEKLY /RIKES >E L$ & ORGANIZ$ BY Y\NG PEOPLE4 ,! GOALS >E CONCRETE3 ! FA/E/ POSSIBLE EXIT FROM COAL1 A COMPLETE SWIT* TO R5EWABLE 5]GIES1 CONSI/5T TAXATION ( GRE5H\SE GAS EMISSIONS & COMPLIANCE ) ! RELEVANT 9T]NATIONAL AGREEM5TS4 ,GLOBAL W>M+ %\LD NOT EXCE$ #a4#e DEGREES ,CELSIUS4 ,IT IS N[ CLE> TO MANY ?AT !SE >E NOT UNREALI/IC1 UTOPIAN GOALS1 BUT ! ONLY WAY \T ( ! CURR5T SITUATION4 0,REZO0 EFFECT ,9 ! PROTE/S IT IS MADE CLE> ?AT !RE WILL BE NO FUTURE WOR? LIV+ IF ?+S CONT9UE AS !Y HAVE DONE SO F>4 ,) SIMIL> WORDS1 AB\T #a WELL- KN[N 0,Y\,TUB]S0 HAVE LAUN*$ A CALL TO !IR SUBSCRIB]S %ORTLY BE=E ! ,EUROPEAN ELECTIONS ON ,SUNDAY1 9 :I* !Y REF] TO ! CLIMATE CRISIS & ADVISE AGA9/ ELECT+ P>TIES ?AT HAVE NO PROSPECTS 9 ?IS RESPECT1 :O /& IDLY BY OR EV5 REFUSE TO RECOGNIZE ! CRISIS4 ,AFT] ! 5ORM\S SUCCESS ( ! ,GRE5S 9 ,G]MANY1 :O W]E ABLE TO D\BLE !IR %>E ( ! VOTE 9 ! ,EUROPEAN ELECTIONS & ?US OV]TOOK ! ,S,P,D1 ! ,S,P,D EV5 SPEAKS ( ! 0,REZO0 EFFECT -- ! ,Y\TUB] ,REZO HAD PREVI\SLY PUBLI%$ & LAUN*$ ! CALL4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ! CLIMATE SEEMS TO BE ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ISSUES = Y\NG PEOPLE 9 ,G]MANY4 ,A P>T ( SOCIETY ?AT %\LD NOT BE UND]E/IMAT$1 H[EV]1 CONT9UES TO D5Y & TRIVIALIZE CLIMATE *ANGE4 ,! CLIMATE MOVEM5TS >E BOMB>D$ ) ACCUSATIONS1 & RIDICULE4 ,ESPECIALLY ! RIE DELIB]ATELY DI/ORT$3 IT IS (T5 SAID 9 A SCORNFUL TONE ?AT ! /RIK]S WANT TO GO BACK TO ! ,/ONE ,AGE1 ?AT !Y W\LD /OP 0PROGRESS0 OR SIMPLY WANT TO SKIP S*OOL UND] ! PRETEXT ( A /RIKE4 ,:AT IS C]TA9 IS ?AT ! CLIMATE ACTIVI/S MU/ )/& ALL K9DS ( DELEGITIMIZATION4 ,?US1 %ORTLY AFT] ! ELECTION1 ,C,D,U ,*AIRWOMAN ,KRAMP-,K>R5BAU] D5I$ ! ,Y\TUB]S ! LEGITIMACY ( !IR POLITICAL POSITION+4 ,& ! POLITICAL RIE HIDD5 P[] 9T]E/S BEH9D ! CLIMATE MOVEM5T1 & ?AT ACTIVI/S LIKE ,GRETA ,?UNB]G >E ONLY PUPPETS 9 A P[] GAME4 ,FAILURE ( ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION ,IT IS NO WOND] ?AT PEOPLE DEVELOP SU* A VIVID IMAG9ATION :5 IT COMES TO LOOK+ FACTS 9 ! EYE1 ESPECIALLY :5 REALITY IS SO AT ODDS ) ONE'S [N LIFE/YLE1 ONE'S [N POLITICAL POSITIONS & ONE'S CURR5T VALUE & ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,! CLIMATE CRISIS ULTIMATELY REVEALS ! FAILURE ( ! SUPPOS$ ECONOMIC & TE*NOLOGICAL 0PROGRESS0 ( ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION1 PRAIS$ BY BO? LIB]ALS & RIY1 ANTI-COLONIALI/ ?9K] ,FRANTZ ,FANON1 :O SAID #f YE>S AGO3 0,= C5TURIES ,EUROPE HAS /OPP$ PROGRESS 9 O!R PEOPLE & SUBJUGAT$ !M = ITS [N PURPOSES & GLORY2 = C5TURIES IT HAS SUFFOCAT$ ALMO/ ALL HUMANITY 9 ! NAME ( ITS SUPPOS$ 'SPIRITUAL ADV5TURE4' ,SEE H[ TODAY IT OSCILLATES BETWE5 ATOMIC & SPIRITUAL DISSOLUTION40 ,! MAJORITY >E N[ AW>E ?AT ! NEO-LIB]AL SY/EM1 :I* IS COMMITT$ TO FRE$OM & PROGRESS1 HAS N[ FAIL$ AT ! LA/4 ,:AT ! EXPLOITATION ( WOM5 WORK]S1 WORLDWIDE HUNG] & EV]-9CREAS+ POV]TY HAVE %[N = DECADES F9DS ITS LA/ PRO( 9 ! CLIMATE CRISIS4 ,CAPITALISM HAS NOT ONLY UPROOT$ & ALI5AT$ MANK9D FROM 7ITS [N7 NATURE1 BUT HAS ALSO ATTACK$ & DISMEMB]$ NATURE TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT ALL LIV+ BE+S >E DEPRIV$ ( !IR LIVELIHOOD4 ,! CLIMATE CRISIS IS NOT A NATURAL DEVELOPM5T1 NOR IS IT1 AS SOME CLAIM1 ! RESULT ( OV]POPULATION4 ,! CLIMATE CRISIS IS ! RESULT ( UNLIMIT$ PRODUCTION1 UNLIMIT$ M>KET FRE$OM & CONSUM] ORI5TATION4 ,IT IS A QUE/ION ( ECONOMIC & 5]GY POLICY1 & !RE=E ( ! SY/EM 9 :I* WE LIVE4 ,ALL /ATI/ICS SUGGE/ ?AT CLIMATE *ANGE IS MAN-MADE & ?AT GRE5H\SE GAS EMISSIONS >E P>TICUL>LY CAUS$ BY ! EXCESSIVE USE ( FOSSIL FUELS 9 ! MASS PRODUCTION ( GOODS 9 NEO-LIB]ALISM4 ,NOT ALIGN+ ! /RUGGLE TO ! GIV5 CIRCUM/ANCES ,IT IS QUE/IONABLE :E!R ! SUCCESS ( ! ,GRE5S 9 ! ,EUROPEAN ELECTIONS WILL *ANGE ANY?+4 ,AP>T FROM ! FACT ?AT ! ,GRE5S DID NOT TAKE ANY SIGNIFICANT /EPS 9 ! ,F$]AL ,GOV]NM5T 9 ! PA/1 AN \TCOME ( ! CURR5T ECOLOGICAL CATA/ROPHES CANNOT BE ALIGN$ ) ! GIV5 ECONOMIC CONDITIONS4 ,AN ECOLOGICAL /RUGGLE MU/ BE EXPLICITLY ANTI-CAPITALI/ & MU/ NOT MAKE COMPROMISES 9 ! S5SE ( CAPITAL4 ,! GA9 ( GRE5 P>TIES 9 ,EUROPE IS !RE=E NOT NECESS>ILY A GA9 = ! CURR5T /RUGGLE ( ! MANY Y\NG PEOPLE :O >E WORK+ AT GRASSROOTS LEVEL = ! CLIMATE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! NEXT FEW YE>S WILL PRES5T ! MOVEM5T ) EV5 GREAT] *ALL5GES3 IT MU/ NOT RELY ON P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICS & MU/ CONSI/5TLY FITS ( SOCIETY CAN OV]COME AN 9CR$IBLE NUMB] ( B>RI]S4 ,! EXAMPLE ( SELF-GOV]N+ /RUCTURES 9 ,ROJAVA_/,NOR!RN ,SYRIA %[S ! /R5G? ( POLITICAL SELF- GOVEMM5T4 ,PEOPLE >E TAK5 S]I\SLY AS POLITICAL SUBJECTS & HAVE !IR SAY ON MATT]S ?AT CONC]N !M4 ,SU* A =M ( GRASSROOTS WORK & ORGANIZATION IS NE$$ SO ?AT DIVISIONS )9 SOCIETY CAN BE LOOS5$4 ,A /RONGLY POL>IZ+ LANGUAGE IS US$1 ESPECIALLY :5 IT COMES TO ! CLIMATE1 :]E 0O!RS0 >E QUICKLY ACCUS$ & CONDEMN$4 ,BUT ?R\< ?IS REPROA* ! REJECTION CAN EV5 /R5G!N ITSELF1 BECAUSE IT DOES NOT TRY TO W9 PEOPLE = ITSELF4 ,ONLY :5 PEOPLE >E PICK$ UP :]E !Y /& & P]CEIV$ & TAK5 S]I\SLY AS POLITICAL SUBJECTS 9 ?IS /RUGGLE CAN A FL\RI%+ /RUGGLE EM]GE4 ,! FACT ?AT CLIMATE *ANGE AFFECTS & WILL AFFECT EV]YONE ON ?IS PLANET )\T EXCEPTION CAN ALSO BE SE5 AS AN OPPORTUNITY 9 ?IS RESPECT4 ,! CLIMATE CRISIS HAS ! POT5TIAL TO MOBILIZE ALL POSSIBLE MOVEM5TS = A COMMON /RUGGLE4 ,:ATEV] UTOPIAS WE CREATE1 WE WILL NOT BE ABLE TO REALIZE !M 9 A BROK5 & DE/ROY$ WORLD4 ,! Y\NG AGE ( ! ACTIVI/S"9 IS ALSO A GREAT ADVANTAGE4 ,PUPILS"91 *ILDR51 Y\NG PEOPLE1 /UD5TS :OSE 5]GIES >E O!RWISE EXPLOIT$ & :OSE REBELLIONS >E (T5 PUNI%$ & SUBJUGAT$1 >E N[ ORGANIZ+ !MSELVES & >E HE>D BY ! :OLE WORLD4 ,)9 A FEW MON?S1 MILLIONS ( PEOPLE >\ND ! WORLD HAVE RIS51 EV5 IF IT ALL />T$ SMALL4 ,ECOLOGICAL /RUGGLE CAN ONLY BE 9T]NATIONALI/ 0,SY/EM *ANGE NOT CLIMATE *ANGE0 IS :AT MANY ,FRIDAYS ,= ,FUTURE PROTE/S SAY4 ,WE %\LD TAKE ?IS SLOGAN AT ITS WORD & ORGANIZE A WAY ( LIV+ TOGE!R ?AT IS WOR? LIV+ = EV]YONE 9 ! WORLD4 ,! ECOLOGICAL /RUGGLE CAN ONLY BE 9T]NATIONALI/1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE REGIONAL *ANGES >E NOT 5\<1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE WE HAVE TO BE AW>E ?AT ! EXTREME GRE5H\SE GAS EMISSIONS ( ! SO-CALL$ 9DU/RIALIZ$ C\NTRIES AFFECT ABOVE ALL ECONOMICALLY POOR] REGIONS1 :I* LACK ! MEANS TO PROTECT !MSELVES FROM ! EFFECTS4 ,! SUPPOS$LY PROGRESSIVE ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION IS RESPONSIBLE NOT ONLY = ITS [N CRISIS1 BUT ALSO = ! DEGRADATION ( NATURE EV]Y:]E4 ,AT ! 5D ( HI/ORY1 CAPITALISM %OT ITSELF 9 ! LEG1 & IT IS N[ UP TO Y\NG PEOPLE ALL OV] ! WORLD TO %AKE ! ALREADY BROK5 SY/EM = GOOD4 ,! ,NEW ,P>ADIGM3 ,WEAV+ ECOLOGY1 DEMOCRACY & G5D] LIB]ATION 9TO A REVOLUTION>Y POLITICAL P>ADIGM ,VIYAN ,QU]ECOX ,?IS >TICLE IS A TRANSCRIPTION ( A TALK - GIV5 BY A =M] ,C,F,G,N /AFF MEMB] 9 ,ROJAVA - RECORD$ 9 ,ROJAVA = ! ,GRE5 ,E>? ,AWAK5+ & ! ,D,S,E,I ANTI->MS TRADE MOBILIZATION1 :I* BO? TOOK PLACE 9 ,5GL& LA/ MON?4 ,! AIM ( ! TALK WAS TO HIE LESSONS ?AT CAN HELP BUILD ! MOVEM5T 9 ! ,U,K4 ,I'M S5D+ ?IS MESSAGE FROM ! LIB]AT$ T]RITORY ( ! ,AUTONOM\S ,ADM9I/RATION ( ,NOR? ,EA/ ,SYRIA1 MORE COMMONLY KN[N AS ,ROJAVA4 ,I CAME H]E OV] HALF A YE> AGO TO JO9 ! WORK ( ! REVOLUTION & TO LE>N FROM IT4 ,I'VE BE5 DO+ ECOLOGICAL WORKS -- SOME TREE PLANT+ & G>D5 DESIGN1 AS WELL AS WORK+ ) ! WOM5'S MOVEM5T1 LE>N+ ,KURDI% & TEA*+ ,5GLI%4 ,BE=E ,I CAME H]E1 ,I ORGANIZ$ ) RADICAL GR\PS 9 ! ,U,K = OV] A DECADE1 9CLUD+ ECOLOGICAL CAMPAIGNS1 FEM9I/ & QUE] GR\PS1 ! ANTI-FASCI/ MOVEM5T & MORE REC5TLY TAK+ A MORE COMMUNITY ORGANIZ+ & RADICAL DEMOCRACY APPROA*4 ,ONE ( ! MA9 REASONS ,I CAME TO ,ROJAVA WAS BECAUSE ,I FELT ?AT AL?\< !RE IS A LOT ( AMAZ+ ORGANIZ+ 9 ! ,U,K1 WE'VE ALSO COME UP AGA9/ A BRICK WALL 9 SOME WAYS1 & WE HAVE A LOT ( QUE/IONS ?AT WE'RE TRY+ TO ANSW] 9 T]MS ( :AT K9D ( WORLD WE'RE TRY+ TO BUILD1 & H[ WE GET !RE4 ,& :5 ,I />T$ TO LE>N MORE AB\T ! REVOLUTION 9 ,ROJAVA1 ,I REALLY />T$ TO FEEL ?AT ?IS WAS A MOVEM5T ?AT WE C\LD LE>N A LOT FROM1 ?AT HAS OV] A FEW DECADES BUILT UP SOME?+ P[]FUL 5\< TO TAKE ON ! =CES ( FASCISM1 PATRI>*Y & CAPITALISM1 & TO E/ABLI% A SOCIETY BAS$ ON ECOLOGICAL SU/A9ABILITY1 G5D] LIB]ATION & RADICAL DEMOCRACY4 ,SO 9 ?IS TALK ,I'LL TRY TO SPEAK A BIT AB\T ! ?+S ?AT -FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( BE+ H]E -- >E ! MO/ LACK+ 9 ! ,U,K RADICAL LEFT MOVEM5T4 ,AT ! ROOT ( :AT WE >E LACK+ 9 ! ,U,K1 :AT IS /OPP+ US FROM BE+ ABLE TO DEVELOP A TRULY REVOLUTION>Y P]SPECTIVE1 IS \R 9ABILITY SO F> TO COMMIT TO A NEW POLITICAL P>ADIGM :I* LAYS ! F\NDATION = A DIFF]5T K9D ( SOCIETY4 ,9/EAD1 WE T5D TO JU/ REACT AGA9/ ! MO/ REC5T \TRAGES ?AT ! DOM9ANT SY/EM ?R[S AT US -- :E!R ?AT'S FRACK+1 ,BREXIT OR ,BORIS ,JOHNSON4,?IS TALK IS BE+ RECORD$ BO? = ! ,D,S,E,I ANTI>MS MOBILIZATION1 AS WELL AS = ! ,GRE5 ,E>? ,AWAK5+1 & AT FIR/ ,I ?\N+S ,I'M TRY+ TO BR+ FROM BE+ P>T ( ! REVOLUTION H]E1 ,I REALIZ$ ?AT :AT WAS MISS+ 9 ! ,U,K IS ?IS COMMON F\NDATION ( A NEW POLITICAL P>ADIGM1 & ?AT'S SOME?+ ?AT WE NE$ TO BUILD ACROSS ALL ! DIFF]5T T5D5CIES & >EAS ( FOCUS )9 \R BROAD] MOVEM5T4 ,SO AL?\< ,I C\LD TALK AB\T H[ ! ,TURKI% /ATE USES BO? ,F- #ae FI ON ! REVOLUTION1 & ,I C\LD TALK AB\T ! ECOLOGICAL PROJECTS H]E -! TREE NURS]Y COOP]ATIVES1 ! RE=E/ATION ( ! REGION1 ! $UCATION SY/EMS -- ,I DON'T ?9K ?AT IS :AT ! 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T 9 ! ,U,K REALLY NE$S TO HE> 9 ORD] TO DEVELOP4 ,?IS AW>5ESS & ?IS ANALYSIS ISN'T :AT WE'RE MISS+ 9 ! ,U,K -WE'RE MISS+ SOME?+ A LOT MORE FUNDAM5TAL4 ,9 ORD] = ! ECOLOGICAL MOVEM5T -- = ALL RADICAL MOVEM5TS 9 ! ,U,K -- TO TRANSITION FROM BE+ A MOVEM5T ( PROTE/ TO A MOVEM5T ( :OLESALE SOCIAL TRANS=MATION1 WE NE$ A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ?AT TIES \R ACTIONS TOGE!R & GIVES US A CLE> DIRECTION TO WORK T[>DS4 ,WE NE$ TO MOVE BEYOND BE+ ANTI-FASCI/1 ANTI-FRACK+1 ANTI-,BORIS1 ANTI-CAPITALI/ & SO ON1 TO BE+ = SOME?+ ?AT TIES TOGE!R ALL ( \R FRAGM5T$ MOVEM5TS & GIVES US A COMMON HORIZON TO WORK T[>DS4 ,ONE ( ! BIGGE/ ?REATS WE >E FAC+ AS HUMANITY IS CLIMATE *ANGE1 & 9 ORD] TO RISE TO ! *ALL5GE ( ORGANIZ+ AGA9/ A POLITICAL & ECONOMIC SY/EM :OSE IDEOLOGY & PHILOSOPHY FUELS CLIMATE *ANGE1 WE NE$ AN IDEOLOGY & PHILOSOPHY ?AT COH]5TLY L9KS TOGE!R CLIMATE *ANGE ) O!R =MS ( OPPRESSION4 ,! WORK ( ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN AS WELL AS ! PHILOSOPHY ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY HAVE MADE ?IS L9K ?R\< UND]/&+ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 HUMANS & NATURE AS BE+ A FACET ( ! RELATION%IPS ( DOM9ATION BETWE5 HUMAN & HUMAN1 & ESPECIALLY ! RELATION%IP ( DOM9ATION ( M5 OV] WOM5 -- :AT WE CALL PATRI>*Y4 ,?IS UND]/&+ IS A BASIS1 A F\NDATION1 ( ! ,KURDI% FRE$OM MOVEM5T'S 0,NEW ,P>ADIGM10 :I* WAS DEVELOP$ 9 RESPONSE TO ! %ORTCOM+S & CONTRADICTIONS ( A MORE TRADITIONAL /ATE-BAS$ SOCIALI/ APPROA*4 ,! ,NEW ,P>ADIGM IS CRITICAL ( ! 9/ITUTION ( ! /ATE1 SEE+ IT AS A ME*ANISM ( DOM9ATION1 & 9/EAD BASES ITSELF ON ! PILL>S ( ECOLOGICAL SU/A9ABILITY1 WOM5'S LIB]ATION & GRASSROOTS DEMOCRACY4 ,! ,NEW P>ADIGM IS MORE ?AN JU/ AN IDEOLOGY OR A /RATEGY1 IT'S A :OLE WAY ( ?9K+1 ( OBS]V+1 EXP]I5C+ & ANALYZ+1 ( CONCEPTUALIZ+ TRU?4 ,SO H]E WE SEE A BIT ( A MISMAT* BETWE5 :AT ! MOVEM5T H]E IS PROPOS+ AS A C\NT] TO CLIMATE *ANGE1 V]SUS :AT \R MOVEM5TS 9 ! ,U,K HAVE BE5 ABLE TO PROPOSE4 ,9 ! ,U,K1 :5 WE TALK AB\T FIBON TAXES1 WE TALK AB\T REJECT+ GR[? BAS$ ECONOMICS & SOMETIMES AB\T CAPITALISM4 ,SL[LY MORE SEGM5TS ( ! MOVEM5T >E />T+ TO LI/5 TO ! VOICES ( COMMUNITIES ( COLOR & 9DIG5\S PEOPLE & SAY+ WE NE$ TO TALK AB\T COLONIALISM1 AB\T RACISM -- :I* IS A /EP 9 ! RIADIGM ( ! ,KURDI% FRE$OM MOVEM5T & H[ IT MANIFE/S 9 ,ROJAVA & 9 ECOLOGICAL APPROA*ES ( ! MOVEM5T1 BECAUSE Y\ CAN'T REALLY SEP>ATE IT \T4 ,! POLITICAL P>ADIGM ( ! MOVEM5T DRIVES ! WORK H]E1 & ! 9SI/5CE ?AT 5VIRONM5TAL SU/A9ABILITY IS 9TR9SICALLY TI$ TO G5D] LIB]ATION & BOTTOM UP DEMOCRACY BUILDS A FRAMEWORK ( ANALYSIS ?AT IS A C\NT]-PROPOSAL TO ! P>ADIGM ( CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY1 RA!R ?AN JU/ A REJECTION ( IT4 ,BECAUSE ! IDEA ( A :OLE POLITICAL P>ADIGM IS SO HUGE1 ,I F9D IT USEFUL TO BREAK IT D[N A LITTLE BIT 9TO A FEW DIFF]5T FACETS4 ,ONE ( ! WAYS ,I'VE BE5 LOOK+ AT IT IS ?R\< ?REE ASPECTS3 POLITICAL CULTURE1 IDEOLOGY1 & ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM4 ,SO FIR/ LET'S LOOK AT ! POLITICAL PR9CIPLES & CULTURE1 :I* = ME WAS ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ?+S TO UND]/&4 ,COM+ FROM ! SO CALL$ 0WE/10 WE T5D TO LOOK AT TE*NICAL1 /RUCTURAL SOLUTIONS TO OPPRESSION4 ,9 T]MS ( ECOLOGY1 ?IS MEANS TRY+ TO *ANGE LAWS1 PASS 9T]NATIONAL AGREEM5TS1 MAKE R5EWABLE TE*NOLOGY MORE AVAILABLE OR BAN PLA/IC BAGS1 FOSSIL FUELS OR HI<-POLLUT+ 9DU/RIES4 ,9 WID] POLITICAL ORGANIZ+1 EV5 9 RADICAL GR\PS1 MORE TE*NICAL1 SUP]FICIAL SOLUTIONS 9CLUDE BUILD+ POLITICAL /RUCTURES ?AT >E MORE REPRES5TATIVE1 OR DEVELOP+ ECONOMIC SY/EMS :I* >E GE>$ T[>DS JU/ICE4 ,& BE=E COM+ H]E1 ,I W\LD NEV] HAVE CALL$ !SE ?+S TE*NICAL & SUP]FICIAL1 ,I W\LD HAVE ?\N$ H]E IS ?AT WE NE$ TO GO DEEP]1 & MY UND]/&+ ( :AT 0DEEP0 MEANS IS /ILL *ANG+4 ,SO TO AN EXT5T ,I CAME TO ,ROJAVA LOOK+ = !SE TE*NICAL SOLUTIONS -- H[ DO ! C\NCILS WORK8 ,H[ (T5 >E ELECTIONS8 ,H[ MANY PEOPLE MAKE UP A NEIY POLITICAL CULTURE4 ,?IS POLITICAL CULTURE HAS ITS F\NDATION 9 TRU/ -- 9 \RSELVES1 9 EA* O!R1 9 ! IDEAS ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,IT'S BAS$ ON COMMITM5T & D$ICATION1 WILL+NESS TO GIVE Y\RSELF FULLY -- & NOT GRUDG+LY -- TO ! WORK ?AT IS NECESS>Y4 ,TO PUT 5]GY 9TO DEVELOP+ & *ANG+ Y\RSELF & ! PEOPLE Y\ >E ORGANIZ+ ALONGSIDE1 RA!R ?AN REJECT+ SOMEONE IF !Y DO SOME?+ WRONG OR Y\ DON'T SEE EYE TO EYE4 ,IT ALSO MEANS GIV+ PRIORITY TO ! COLLECTIVE OV] ! 9DIVIDUAL1 REFRAM+ Y\R IDEA ( FRE$OM SO ?AT IT IS LESS BAS$ ON 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY & MORE BAS$ ON COLLECTIVE LIB]ATION4 ,SO ?+S LIKE CALL-\T CULTURE DON'T REALLY EXI/ H]E4 ,9/EAD1 !RE IS A CON/ANT CULTURE ( GIV+ CRITICISM ) LOVE & RESPECT1 BECAUSE WE >E COMMITT$ TO HELP+ \R FRI5DS IMPROVE & PROGRESS4 ,?IS POLITICAL CULTURE & REVOLUTION>Y VALUES >E ! S\L ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,TRY+ TO BUILD DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM -- & 5VIRONM5TAL SU/A9ABILITY -- )\T A F\NDATION ( ?IS POLITICAL CULTURE IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! SECOND FACET IS ! IDEOLOGY ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,?IS IS AS IMPORTANT1 OR AT LEA/ ALMO/ AS IMPORTANT1 BECAUSE IT GIVES A FRAMEWORK & A DE/9ATION TO \R POLITICAL PR9CIPLES4 ,IT'S ?R\< IDEOLOGY ?AT WE ANALYZE ! /ATE AS A RELATION%IP ( DOM9ATION1 ?AT WE SEE CAPITALISM AS A TEMPOR>Y PHASE ( HUMAN HI/ORY :I* WE CAN OV]COME1 ?AT 9 ORD] TO FI*Y WE NE$ TO TRANSF] P[] TO WOM5 & O!R OPPRESS$ G5D]S1 & SO ON4 ,I WAS ALWAYS REALLY REPELL$ BY IDEOLOGY :5 ,I WAS ORGANIZ+ 9 ,5GL&1 BUT ,I FEEL LIKE ,I'VE REALLY CONNECT$ ) ! IMPORTANCE ( IDEOLOGY ?R\< MY TIME H]E4 ,SOME?+ ?AT IS TAUE WORK+ ?R\< ! WRONG ANALYTICAL L5S4 ,& IF Y\ FAIL TO CON/RUCT AN ALT]NATIVE ANALYTICAL L5S TO ! DOM9ANT ONES -- :I* 9 ! ,U,K >E LIB]ALISM1 CAPITALISM1 /ATE-M5TALITY & SO ON -- !N Y\ WILL 5D UP WORK+ )9 ! DOM9ANT ANALYTICAL L5S4 ,& IT'S IDEOLOGY ?AT MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO BUILD ?IS ANALYTICAL L5S4 ,! MOVEM5T H]E (T5 EXPLA9S ?AT %ORTCOM+S ( ,WE/]N AN>*ISM & ,WE/]N FEM9ISM 9 ?IS WAY -- !SE MOVEM5TS W]E 9CR$IBLY P[]FUL1 & A*IEV$ SOME GREAT ?+S1 BUT W]E NOT ABLE TO BREAK\T ( ! FRAMEWORK ( LIB]ALISM & !RE=E GOT /UCK 9 AN 9DIVIDUALI/1 CAPITALI/ & /ATE-BAS$ WAY ( ?9K+4 ,HAV+ SOME K9D ( IDEOLOGY ?AT TIES US TOGE!R ALL[S US TO HOLD ! CONTRADICTIONS )9 \R /RATEGY & ACTIONS1 :I* IS ABSOLUTELY CRUCIAL 9 T]MS ( FIGO MEANS ?AT MORE SU/A9ABLE TE*NOLOGY IS 9CR$IBLY H>D TO ACCESS4 ,SOMETIMES DECISIONS NE$ TO BE MADE 9 :I* A MORE ECOLOGICAL APPROA* COMES 9TO CONTRADICTION ) A MORE PRACTICAL %ORT] T]M APPROA*4 ,H[EV]1 !RE IS /ILL A PR9CIPL$ COMMITM5T TO ECOLOGY :I* MANIFE/S BO? ON A /RUCTURAL LEVEL -- = EXAMPLE EA* MUNICIPALITY & REGION HAS AN ECOLOGY COMMITTEE -- BUT ALSO ON ! LEVEL ( E?ICS1 ( PR9CIPLES4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ! LACK ( ?IS COMMON IDEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK 9 ! ,U,K HAS MEANT ?AT WE >E LESS ABLE TO HOLD CONTRADICTIONS1 SO WE GET REALLY WRAPP$ UP 9 TE*NICAL DEBATES AB\T PLA/IC /RAWS1 OR :E!R TO EAT VEGET>IAN1 LOCAL OR ORGANIC4 ,AL?\< !SE CONV]SATIONS CAN BE USEFUL1 !Y CAN /OP US FROM ORGANIZ+ MORE EFFECTIVELY ACROSS ALL ( SOCIETY & BUILD+ BRIDGES ) O!R RADICAL MOVEM5TS2 WE DEVELOP APPROA*ES :I* CAN BE PURI/ & DOGMATIC4 ,IT MEANS WE GET /UCK 9 A LOOP ( REACTION>Y POLITICS -- REACT+ AGA9/ P[] /ATIONS & RUNWAYS1& PROPOS$ LEGISLATION1 OR SPECIFIC POLITICIANS -- LETT+ !SE ?+S COMPLETELY %APE \R POLITICAL /RATEGY RA!R ?AN WORK+ PROACTIVELY TO DEVELOP A NEW POLITICAL P>ADIGM & RESPOND+ TO ?REATS FROM )9 ?AT P>ADIGM4 ,F9ALLY1 !RE >E ! /RUCTURES & PROCESSES ?R\< :I* ! MOVEM5T H]E ORGANIZES4 ,!SE /RUCTURES ( GRASSROOTS DEMOCRACY & F$]ATION BUILD ! SY/EM ( DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM4 ,?IS IS ! MORE TE*NICAL ELEM5T ( H[ ! POLITICAL P>ADIGM MANIFE/S 9 ,ROJAVA1 & IS C]TA9LY NOT A BLUEPR9T ?AT CAN BE TRANSPLANT$ FROM ONE C\NTRY TO ANO!R4 ,9 ,5GL& WE WILL NE$ TO COME UP ) \R [N SY/EM ( DEMOCRATIC GOV]NANCE1 :I* IS %AP$ BY \R HI/ORICAL1 CULTURAL1 SOCIAL1 ECONOMIC CONTEXT4 ,H]E SOCIETY IS ORGANIZ$ 9TO DEMOCRATIC UNITS1 ! SMALLE/ ( :I* IS ! NEID1 SO ONLY DECISIONS ?AT HAVE A BROAD] IMPACT >E DISCUSS$ ON ! WID] LEVELS4 ,! SY/EM IS /ILL V]Y MU* DEVELOP+1 & 9 FACT NOT MANY PEOPLE ?OR\TLY DUE TO ! P[]FUL IDEOLOGY ?AT DRIVES ! WORK & PRES5TS A P[]FUL1 COMPELL+ VISION ?AT WE >E ALL WORK+ T[>DS TOGE!R4 ,SO ( C\RSE IT'S NOT AB\T !SE ?REE ?+S -- POLITICAL PR9CIPLES1 IDEOLOGY & DEMOCRATIC SY/EM -- SEP>ATE FROM EA* O!R4 ,IT'S ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 !M1 ! T5SIONS & CONTRADICTIONS BETWE5 !M4 ,Y\ CAN'T HAVE ! ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURES ( ! MOVEM5T SEP>ATE FROM ! CULTURE & FROM ! IDEOLOGY4 ,= SOME PEOPLE ) AN ECOLOGICAL BACKGR\ND IT MIIES GOOD OR BAD1 RIIES- IT IS ALSO :AT W\LD SE5 H]E AS AN ANTI-PATRI>*AL APPROA*4 ,& ,I WANT TO TALK A BIT MORE AB\T H[ ! MOVEM5T CONNECTS ANTI-PATRI>*Y ) ECOLOGICAL SU/A9ABILITY -- AS WELL AS ANTI-FASCISM1 ANTI-RACISM1 PRO-DEMOCRACY ETC -- BECAUSE = ME ?IS IS SOME?+ ?AT WE CAN REALLY DRAW ON 9 \R ORGANIZ+4 ,& ,I SEE A LOT ( GR\PS 9 ! ,U,K WORK+ ON DEVELOP+ ?IS ANALYSIS & N>RATIVE -- FROM ! ,WRET*$ ( ! ,E>? COLLECTIVE1 TO ! ,P[] BEYOND ,BORD]S CAMP ?IS SUMM]1 TO ! FACT ?AT !RE IS AN 5VIRONM5TALLY FOCUS$ DAY AT ! ,D,S,E,I MOBILIZATION4 ,SO = ME1 IT'S AB\T TAK+ ?AT NEXT /EP & NOT JU/ L9K+ /RUGGLES & MAK+ CONNECTIONS1 BUT DEVELOP+ A POLITICAL P>ADIGM ?AT MAKES IT COMPLETELY NON-NEGOTIABLE ?AT ECOLOGICAL SU/A9ABILITY1 G5D] LIB]ATION1 RADICAL DEMOCRACY1 ANTIIMP]IALISM1 ANTI-RACISM & ANTI-FASCISM >E WOV5 TOGE!R 9TO A MOVEM5T ?AT PRES5TS AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! CAPITALI/ P>ADIGM & IS P[]FUL 5\< TO TAKE ON ITS P[] /RUCTURES4 ,I'VE BE5 TALK+ A LOT SO F> ON A FAIRLY AB/RACT LEVEL1 & ,I'D LIKE TO BR+ SOME ( ?IS TO LIFE A BIT MORE4 ,9 ORD] TO EXPLORE :AT IT LOOKS LIKE TO BUILD ?IS K9D ( P>ADIGM %IFT1 ,I'D LIKE TO TALK A BIT AB\T H[ WOM5'S LIB]ATION TIES 9 ) ECOLOGY & ! DEVELOPM5T ( A NEW K9D ( SOCIETY1 A NEW K9D ( POLITICS4 ,ONE ( ! WAYS WOM5'S LIB]ATION IS BE+ WORK$ = 9 ,ROJAVA IS ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOME?+ CALL$ ,J9EOLOJI -- ! SCI5CE ( WOM54 ,J9EOLOJI IS NOT A CAMPAIGN OR AN IDEOLOGY1 IT'S BE+ DEVELOP$ AS A SCI5CE1 AS A ME?ODOLOGY1 TO CREATE A P>ADIGM ( ANALYSIS & TRU? :I* IS HOLI/IC1 RA!R ?AN BREAK+ EV]Y?+ D[N 9TO ?+S Y\ CAN PROVE1 ?+S Y\ CAN'T PROVE -- ?+S :I* >E REAL & ?+S :I* >E NOT REAL4 ,! REASON ?AT ?IS IS COM+ FROM ! WOM5'S MOVEM5T IS BECAUSE PATRI>*Y IS SE5 AS BE+ TI$ TO A WAY ( ?9K+ :I* IS AB\T B9>IES1 DOM9ATION1 & FRAGM5TATION -- TO ! PHILOSOPHICAL APPROA* ( POSITIVISM4 ,WOM5 >E SE5 AS BE+ ABLE TO HOLD UP A DIFF]5T WAY ( ?9K+ :I* PATRI>*Y HAS BE5 TRY+ TO SUPPRESS = ?\S&S ( YE>S1 BUT :I* HAS BE5 KEPT ALIVE ALL ?IS TIME ?R\< ! RESI/ANCE TO PATRI>*Y BY WOM5 & ALL OPPRESS$ G5D]S4 ,SO H]E AGA9 WE SEE ! C\NT]-PROPOSAL TO ! PATRI>*AL P>ADIGM1 NOT JU/ A REJECTION ( IT4 ,& WE CAN CONNECT IT ) ECOLOGY BECAUSE ! DOM9ATION ( NATURE BY HUMANS GOES TOGE!R ) ! DOM9ATION ( WOM5 BY M54 ,& SO ! LEAD]%IP ( ! WOM5 ( ! MOVEM5T IS P>T ( ! ECOLOGICAL PILL> ( ! REVOLUTION1 AS WELL AS BE+ P>T ( ! DEMOCRATIC PILL>4 ,! REVOLUTION 9 ,ROJAVA IS A WOM5'S REVOLUTION4 ,?IS DOESN'T JU/ MEAN ?AT WOM5 F\M$ =CES1 BUT ?AT WOM5 >E TAK+ LEAD]%IP POSITIONS ON EV]Y LEVEL ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK4 ,?IS 9CLUDES WOM5 ( ALL CLASSES1 E?NICITIES1 AGES4 ,MO!RS >E SE5 AS PLAY+ A KEY ROLE 9 ! REVOLUTION1 & !Y >E (T5 ! MO/ RADICAL & BAD-ASS 9 T]MS ( !IR D$ICATION1 !IR VISION1 & !IR PASSION4 ,!SE WOM5 DON'T JU/ HAPP5 TO BE TAK+ LEAD]%IP POSITION -- ! LEAD]%IP ( WOM5 IS A NON-NEGOTIABLE 9 ! POLITICAL /RUCTURES H]E4 ,ALL 9/ITUTIONS -- :E!R !Y >E COMMUNITY ASSEMBLIES & LOCAL GOV]NM5T1 CULTURAL 9/ITUTIONS1 $UCATIONAL ACADEMIES OR POLITICAL P>TIES -- >E GOV]N$ ?R\< A 0CO-*AIR0 OR 0CO-PRESID5T0 SY/EM1 9 :I* ONE ( ! *AIRS OR PRESID5TS NE$S TO BE A WOMAN4 ,9 ! CONTEXT ( POLITICAL REPRES5TATION1 ?IS MEANS ?AT A POLITICAL GR\P ?AT IS TRY+ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM BUT DOES NOT REPRES5T WOM5 W\LD ONLY EV] HAVE ONE REPRES5TATIVE 9 ! C\NCIL1 :ILE ALL ! O!R GR\PS HAVE TWO4 ,ALL 9/ITUTIONS ALSO HAVE A P>ALLEL AUTONOM\S WOM5'S /RUCTURE :I* EXI/S ON ! SAME LEVEL ( P[] AS ! G5]AL1 MIX$ /RUCTURE4 ,?IS IS ! CASE FROM ! SMALLE/ LEVEL -- = EXAMPLE A UNION ( TEA*]S 9 A SMALL T[N -- TO ! AUTONOM\S WOM5'S /RUCTURE = ! :OLE ( ,ROJAVA -- ,KONGREYA ,/>4 ,ONE EXAMPLE ( ! L9K BETWE5 ECOLOGY & WOM5'S ORGANIZ+ IS ,J9W>1 A VILLAGE SET UP BY ! WOM5'S MOVEM5T 9 ,ROJAVA4 ,J9W> H\SES >\ND #ae WOM5 -- & !IR *ILDR5 -- :O HAVE COME TOGE!R TO LIVE COLLECTIVELY & ECOLOGICALLY4 ,! WOM5 -- :O COME FROM DIFF]5T BACKGR\NDS1 REGIONS1 AGES & E?NICITIES -- F>M SEV]AL ACRES ( CROPS1 C>E = ANIMALS1 RUN A BAK]Y & COLLECTIVELY MANAGE A %OP4 ,SOME ( !IR ELECTRICITY IS PROVID$ BY SOL> PANELS1 !Y USE ECOLOGICAL F>M+ ME?ODS1 !Y >E PLANT+ TREES ON !IR L& & !Y /UDY & %>E KN[L$GE AB\T NATURAL HEAL?C>E4 ,J9W> BR+S TOGE!R ! ?REE PILL>S ( ! ,NEW P>ADIGM ( ! MOVEM5T3 DEMOCRACY1 ECOLOGY & WOM5'S LIB]ATION4 ,O!R PROJECTS -SU* AS WOM5'S COOP]ATIVES1 AGRICULTURAL PROJECTS1 ACADEMIES & COMMUNITY WORK DO ?IS AS WELL1 9 DIFF]5T WAYS4 ,ALL OV] ,NOR?-,EA/ ,SYRIA1 ! NEW P>ADIGM IS SL[LY1 GRADUALLY1 TAK+ HOLD4 ,IT'S NOT EASY -- IT WILL TAKE LIFETIMES = ! ! P>ADIGM TO FULLY TAKE ROOT -- BUT IT SPEAKS TO SOME?+ 9 PEOPLE3 \R LOVE ( FRE$OM1 \R CONNECTION TO ! NATURAL WORLD1 \R BELIEF ?AT ?+S CAN BE BETT]4 ,SO H[ DO WE DO WORK T[>DS ?IS 9 ! ,U,K8 ,WE NE$ TO FEEL AMBITI\S & HOPEFUL4 ,IT'S REALLY H>D TO DO ?AT :ILE BE+ COMPLETELY IMM]S$ 9 ! REALITY ( LIFE 9 ! ,U,K4 ,BE+ 9 ,ROJAVA HAS GIV5 ME A NEW S5SE ( P]SPECTIVE1 ! /R5G? TO ?9K BIG & HAVE POLITICAL CL>ITY1 AN ABILITY TO ?9K BEYOND REACTION>Y POLITICS1 & ! AMBITION TO WORK T[>DS GLOBAL DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM4 ,I W\LD 5C\RAGE ALL ( Y\ TO CONSID] COM+ TO ,ROJAVA TO JO9 & LE>N+ FROM ! REVOLUTION H]E4 ,?R\< DO+ ?IS IT IS POSSIBLE TO EXP]I5CE A NEW P>ADIGM & OP5 Y\R M9DS TO NEW WAYS ( ORGANIZ+4 ,IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO DESCRIBE H[ IT FEELS TO BE P>T ( A MOVEM5T :I* TRULY SEES CAPITALISM & PATRI>*Y AS JU/ A RELATIVELY %ORT PHASE ( HUMAN HI/ORY ?AT CAN BE OV]COME2 A MOVEM5T :I* IS FULL ( PEOPLE -- ) ALL ( !IR IMP]FECTIONS1 & MI/AKES1 & /RUGGLES -- :O >E GIV+ !IR LIVES TO BUILD+ ?IS REVOLUTION1 DAY AFT] DAY4 ,LA/ MON? ! ,ZAPATI/AS ANN\NC$ A MASSIVE EXPANSION ( !IR T]RITORY 9 ,*IAPAS ) ! WORDS -- 0WE LE>N$ ?AT ANY DREAM ?AT DOESN'T 5COMPASS ! WORLD IS TOO SMALL A DREAM40 ,EV5 FROM ALL ! WAY OV] H]E1 ,I CAN SEE ! GLIMM]S ( ?AT DREAM 9 ! ,U,K1 & ,I KN[ ?AT IF WE'RE WILL+ TO PUT 9 ! WORK1 WE CAN GIVE IT %APE4 ,WE CANNOT JU/ LIMIT \RSELVES TO ?9K+ AB\T A S+LE ISSUE1 A S+LE >EA1 A S+LE POLITICAL P]SPECTIVE4 ,WE CAN & MU/ ?9K BIGG] ?AN ?AT4 ,I WI% Y\ ,S]KEFT9 -- SUCCESS -- 9 ?IS WORK1 & LOOK =W>D TO JO9+ Y\ :5 ,I RETURN TO ! ,U,K4 O ,NOTES .<#a.> ,9 REC5T DISCUSSIONS ALSO DESCRIB$ AS 0EXTRACTIVISM40 .<#b.> ,! ,K,F,M USES ! DEF9ITION CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY 9 ORD] TO DESCRIBE ! CURR5T HEGEMONIC POLITICAL-ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,ACCORD+ TO ?AT CAPITALISM IS COV]S MA9LY ECONOMICAL ACTIVITIES :ILE CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY IS A SY/EM :I* 9CLUDES ! POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL 7= EXAMPLE IT IS MEANT3 M5TALITY1 HUMAN RELATIONS1 SOCIAL BEHAVIOR7 DIM5SION ( ! DEVELOP$ HEGEMONIC SY/EM4 .<#c.> ,*ANGE FROM USE VALUE TO EX*ANGE VALUE .<#d.> ,(T5 0BASIC NE$S0 IS US$ 9 SU* DISCUSSIONS4 ,BUT ITS QUITE DIFFICULT TO DIFF] BETWE5 0NE$S0 & 0BASIC NE$S10 ?US H]E IT IS =EGONE TO USE 0BASIC40 .<#e.> ,9/EAD ( 0RES\RCES10 :I* IS US$ WIDESPREAD N[ADAYS1 H]E 0ELEM5TS0 IS PREF]R$4 0,RES\RCES0 ASSUMES ?AT !Y EXI/ OR WAIT TO BE EXTRACT$ & EXPLOIT$ BY CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 .<#f.> ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN1 #b#d1 ,BIR ,HALKI ,SAVUNMAK1 ,DEVLETCI ,TOPLUM -,KOLE ,TOPLUMUN ,OLUSUMU1 .<#g.> ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN1 #b#d1 ,BIR ,HALKI ,SAVUNMAK1 ,TOPLUMSAL ,EKOLOJIYE ,DONUS1 .<#h.> ,JOSEPH9E ,DONOVAN1 #a#i#h#e1 ,FEM9I/ ,!ORY3 ,! ,9TELLECTUAL ,TRADITIONS .<#i.> ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN1 #b#d1 ,BIR ,HALKI ,SAVUNMAK1 ,TOPLUMSAL ,EKOLOJIYE ,DONUS1 .<#a.> ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN1 #b#d1 ,BIR ,HALKI ,SAVUNMAK1 ,TOPLUMDA ,KOMUNAL VE ,DEMOKRATIK ,DEG]L]9 ,T>IHSEL ,OZU1 P4#i#e .<#a#a.> ,DEMOKRATIK VE ,EKOLOJIK ,TOPLUM ,IC9 ,BIR ,TASLAK 7,PROJE7 ,DUSUNCESI1 .<#a#b.> ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN1 #b#d1 ,BIR ,HALKI ,SAVUNMAK1 ,TOPLUMSAL ,EKOLOJIYE ,DONUS1 .<#a#c.> ,IMRALI PRISON ISL& NOTES ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY & ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY & ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/