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,! ,DEA? ( ,NATURE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

#c4 ,! ,DEA? ( ,NATURE 

  

,BY ,C>OLYN ,M]*ANT 

,EXC]PT FROM ! BOOK ,! ,DEA? ( ,NATURE 

,! WORLD WE HAVE LO/ WAS ORGANIC4 ,FROM ! OBSCURE ORIG9S ( \R SPECIES1 HUMAN BE+S HAVE LIV$ 9 DAILY1 IMM$IATE1 ORGANIC RELATION ) ! NATURAL ORD] = !IR SU/5ANCE4 ,9 #a#e1 ! DAILY 9T]ACTION ) NATURE WAS /ILL /RUCTUR$ = MO/ ,EUROPEANS1 AS IT WAS = O!R PEOPLES1 BY CLOSE- KNIT1 COOP]ATIVE1 ORGANIC COMMUNITIES4 

,?US IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT = SIXTE5?-C5TURY ,EUROPEANS ! ROOT METAPHOR B9D+ TOGE!R ! SELF2 SOCIETY1 & ! COSMOS WAS ?AT ( AN ORGANISM4 ,AS A PROJECTION ( ! WAY PEOPLE EXP]I5C$ DAILY LIFE1 ORGANISMIC !ORY EMPHASIZ$ 9T]DEP5D5CE AMONG ! P>TS ( ! HUMAN BODY1 SUBORD9ATION ( 9DIVIDUAL TO COMMUNAL PURPOSES 9 FAMILY1 COMMUNITY1 & /ATE1 & VITAL LIFE P]MEAT+ ! COSMOS TO ! L[LIE/ /ONE4 

,! IDEA ( NATURE AS A LIV+ ORGANISM HAD PHILOSOPHICAL ANTEC$5TS 9 ANCI5T SY/EMS ( ?\<T1 V>IATIONS ( :I* =M$ ! PREVAIL+ IDEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY4 ,! ORGANISMIC METAPHOR1 H[EV]1 WAS IMM5SELY FLEXIBLE & ADAPTABLE TO V>Y+ CONTEXTS1 DEP5D+ ON :I* ( ITS PRESUPPOSITIONS WAS EMPHASIZ$4 ,A SPECTRUM ( PHILOSOPHICAL & POLITICAL POSSIBILITIES EXI/$1 ALL ( :I* C\LD BE SUBSUM$ UND] ! G5]AL RUBRIC ( ORGANIC4 

,C5TRAL TO ! ORGANIC !ORY WAS ! ID5TIFICATION ( NATURE1 ESPECIALLY ! E>?1 ) A NURTUR+ MO!R3 A K9DLY B5EFIC5T FEMALE :O PROVID$ = ! NE$S ( MANK9D 9 AN ORD]$1 PLANN$ UNIV]SE4 ,BUT ANO!R OPPOS+ IMAGE ( NATURE AS FEMALE WAS ALSO PREVAL5T3 WILD & UNCONTROLLABLE NATURE ?AT C\LD R5D] VIOL5CE1 /ORMS1 DR\<TS1 & G5]AL *AOS4 ,BO? W]E ID5TIFI$ ) ! FEMALE SEX & W]E PROJECTIONS ( HUMAN P]CEPTIONS ONTO ! EXT]NAL WORLD4 ,! METAPHOR ( ! E>? AS A NURTUR+ MO!R WAS GRADUALLY TO VANI% AS A DOM9ANT IMAGE AS ! ,SCI5TIFIC ,REVOLUTION PROCE$$ TO ME*ANIZE & TO RATIONALIZE ! WORLD VIEW4 ,! SECOND IMAGE1 NATURE AS DISORD]1 CALL$ =? AN IMPORTANT MOD]N IDEA1 ?AT ( P[] OV] NATURE4 ,TWO NEW IDEAS1 ?OSE ( ME*ANISM & ( ! DOM9ATION & MA/]Y ( NATURE1 BECAME CORE CONCEPTS ( ! MOD]N WORLD4 ,AN ORGANICALLY ORI5T$ M5TALITY 9 :I* FEMALE PR9CIPLES PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE WAS UND]M9$ & REPLAC$ BY A ME*ANICALLY ORI5T$ M5TALITY ?AT EI!R ELIM9AT$ OR US$ FEMALE PR9CIPLES 9 AN EXPLOITATIVE MANN]4 ,AS ,WE/]N CULTURE BECAME 9CREAS+LY ME*ANIZ$ 9 ! #a#fS1 ! FEMALE E>? & VIRG9 E>? SPIRIT W]E SUBDU$ BY ! MA*9E4 ,! *ANGE 9 CONTROLL+ IMAG]Y1 WAS DIRECTLY RELAT$ TO *ANGES 9 HUMAN ATTITUDES & BEHAVIOR T[>D ! E>?4 ,:]EAS ! NURTUR+ E>? IMAGE CAN BE VIEW$ AS A CULTURAL CON/RA9T RE/RICT+ ! TYPES ( SOCIALLY & MORALLY SANCTION$ HUMAN ACTIONS ALL[ABLE ) RESPECT TO ! E>?1 ! NEW IMAGES ( MA/]Y & DOM9ATION FUNCTION$ AS CULTURAL SANCTIONS = ! D5UDATION ( NATURE4 ,SOCIETY NE$$ !SE NEW IMAGES AS IT CONT9U$ ! PROCESSES ( COMM]CIALISM & 9DU/RIALIZATION1 :I* DEP5D$ ON ACTIVITIES DIRECTLY ALT]+ ! E>?-M9+1 DRA9AGE1 DE=E/ATION1 & ASS>T+ 7GRUBB+ UP /UMPS TO CLE> FIELDS74 ,! NEW ACTIVITIES UTILIZ$ NEW TE*NOLOGIES-LIFT & =CE PUMPS1 CRANES1 W9DMILLS1 GE>$ :EELS1 FLAP VALVES1 *A9S1 PI/ONS1 TREADMILLS1 UND]- & OV]%OT WAT]MILLS1 FULL+ MILLS1 FLY:EELS1 BELL[S1 EXCAVATORS1 BUCKET *A9S1 ROLL]S1 GE>$ & :EEL$ BRIDGES1 CRANKS1 ELABORATE BLOCK & TACKLE SY/EMS1 WORM1 SPUR1 CR[N1 & LANT]N GE>S1 CAMS & ECC5TRICS1 RAT*ETS1 WR5*ES1 PRESSES1 & SCREWS 9 MAGNIFIC5T V>IATION & COMB9ATION4 

,!SE TE*NOLOGICAL & COMM]CIAL *ANGES DID NOT TAKE PLACE QUICKLY2 !Y DEVELOP$ GRADUALLY OV] ! ANCI5T & M$IEVAL ]AS1 AS DID ! ACCOMPANY+ 5VIRONM5TAL DET]IORATION4 ,SL[LY OV] MANY C5TURIES E>LY ,M$IT]RANEAN & ,GREEK CIVILIZATION HAD M9$ & QU>RI$ ! M\NTA9SIDES1 ALT]$ ! =E/$ L&SCAPE1 & OV]GRAZ$ ! HILLS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 TE*NOLOGIES W]E L[ LEVEL1 PEOPLE CONSID]$ !MSELVES P>TS ( A F9ITE COSMOS1 & ANIMISM & F]TILITY CULTS ?AT TREAT$ NATURE AS SACR$ W]E NUM]\S4 ,ROMAN CIVILIZATION WAS MORE PRAGMATIC1 SECUL>1 & COMM]CIAL & ITS 5VIRONM5TAL IMPACT MORE 9T5SE4 ,YET ,ROMAN WRIT]S SU* AS ,OVID1 ,S5ECA1 ,PL9Y1 & ! ,/OIC PHILOSOPH]S OP5LY DEPLOR$ M9+ AS AN ABUSE ( !IR MO!R1 ! E>?4 ,) ! DIS9TEGRATION ( FEUDALISM & ! EXPANSION ( ,EUROPE 9TO NEW WORLDS & M>KETS1 COMM]CIAL SOCIETY BEGAN TO HAVE ACCEL]AT$ IMPACT ON ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,BY ! SIXTE5? & SEV5TE5? C5TURIES1 ! T5SION BETWE5 TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ! WORLD ( ACTION & ! CONTROLL+ ORGANIC IMAGES 9 ! WORLD ( ! M9D HAD BECOME TOO GREAT4 ,! OLD /RUCTURES W]E 9COMPATIBLE ) ! NEW ACTIVITIES4 

,BO? ! NURTUR+ & DOM9ATION METAPHORS HAD EXI/$ 9 PHILOSOPHY1 RELIGION1 & LIT]ATURE4 ,! IDEA ( DOM9ION OV] ! E>? EXI/$ 9 ,GREEK PHILOSOPHY & ,*RI/IAN RELIGION2 ?AT ( ! NURTUR+ E>?1 9 ,GREEK & O!R PAGAN PHILOSOPHIES4 ,BUT1 AS ! ECONOMY BECAME MOD]NIZ$ & ! ,SCI5TIFIC ,REVOLUTION PROCE$$1 ! DOM9ION METAPHOR SPREAD BEYOND ! RELIGI\S SPH]E & ASSUM$ ASC5DANCY 9 ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL SPH]ES AS WELL4 ,!SE TWO COMPET+ IMAGES & !IR NORMATIVE ASSOCIATIONS CAN BE F\ND 9 SIXTE5?-C5TURY LIT]ATURE1 >T1 PHILOSOPHY1 & SCI5CE4 

,! IMAGE ( ! E>? AS A LIV+ ORGANISM & NURTUR+ MO!R HAD S]V$ AS A CULTURAL CON/RA9T RE/RICT+ ! ACTIONS ( HUMAN BE+S4 ,ONE DOES NOT READILY SLAY A MO!R1 DIG 9TO H] 5TRAILS = GOLD OR MUTILATE H] BODY1 AL?\< COMM]CIAL M9+ W\LD SOON REQUIRE ?AT4 ,AS LONG AS ! E>? WAS CONSID]$ TO BE ALIVE & S5SITIVE1 IT C\LD BE CONSID]$ A BREA* ( HUMAN E?ICAL BEHAVIOR TO C>RY \T DE/RUCTIVE ACTS AGA9/ IT4 ,= MO/ TRADITIONAL CULTURES1 M9]ALS & METALS RIP5$ 9 ! UT]US ( ! ,E>? ,MO!R1 M9ES W]E COMP>$ TO H] VAG9A1 & METALLURGY WAS ! HUMAN HA/5+ ( ! BIR? ( ! LIV+ METAL 9 ! >TIFICIAL WOMB ( ! FURNACE--AN ABORTION ( ! METAL'S NATURAL GR[? CYCLE BE=E ITS TIME4 ,M9]S (F]$ PROPITIATION TO ! DEITIES ( ! SOIL & SUBT]RANEAN WORLD1 P]=M$ C]EMONIAL SACRIFICES1 & OBS]V$ /RICT CLEANL9ESS1 SEXUAL AB/95CE1 & FA/+ BE=E VIOLAT+ ! SACR$NESS ( ! LIV+ E>? BY S9K+ A M9E4 ,SMI?S ASSUM$ AN AWESOME RESPONSIBILITY 9 PRECIPITAT+ ! METAL'S BIR? ?R\< SMELT+1 FUS+1 & BEAT+ IT ) HAMM] & ANVIL2 !Y W]E (T5 ACCORD$ ! /ATUS ( %AMAN 9 TRIBAL RITUALS & !IR TOOLS W]E ?\<T TO HOLD SPECIAL P[]S4 

,! ,R5AISSANCE IMAGE ( ! NURTUR+ E>? /ILL C>RI$ ) IT SUBTLE E?ICAL CONTROLS & RE/RA9TS4 ,SU* IMAG]Y F\ND 9 A CULTURE'S LIT]ATURE CAN PLAY A NORMATIVE ROLE )9 ! CULTURE4 ,CONTROLL+ IMAGES OP]ATE AS E?ICAL RE/RA9TS OR AS E?ICAL SANCTIONS-AS SUBTLE 0\<TS0 OR 0\<T-NOTS40 ,?US AS ! DESCRIPTIVE METAPHORS & IMAGES ( NATURE *ANGE1 A BEHAVIORAL RE/RA9T CAN BE *ANG$ 9TO A SANCTION4 ,SU* A *ANGE 9 ! IMAGE & DESCRIPTION ( NATURE WAS OCCURR+ DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ! ,SCI5TIFIC ,REVOLUTION4 

,! ME*ANICAL ORD] 7PAGE #bgf -- #b#g#h7 

  

,! FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL & 9TELLECTUAL PROBLEM = ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY WAS ! PROBLEM ( ORD]4 ,! P]CEPTION ( DISORD]1 SO IMPORTANT TO ! ,BACONIAN DOCTR9E ( DOM9ION OV] NATURE1 WAS ALSO CRUCIAL TO ! RISE ( ME*ANISM AS A RATIONAL ANTIDOTE TO ! DIS9TEGRATION ( ! ORGANIC COSMOS4 ,! NEW ME*ANICAL PHILOSOPHY ( ! MID-SEV5TE5? C5TURY A*IEV$ A REUNIFICATION ( ! COSMOS1 SOCIETY1 & ! SELF 9 T]MS ( A NEW METAPHOR- ! MA*9E4 ,DEVELOP$ BY ! ,FR5* ?9K]S ,M]S5NE1 ,GASS5DI1 & ,DESC>TES 9 ! #a#f#bS & #a#f#cS & ELABORAT$ BY A GR\P ( ,5GLI% EMIGRES TO ,P>IS 9 ! #a#f#dS & #a#f#eS1 ! NEW ME*ANICAL !ORIES EMPHASIZ$ & RE9=C$ ELEM5TS 9 HUMAN EXP]I5CE DEVELOP+ SL[LY S9CE ! LATE ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 BUT ACCEL]AT+ 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY4 

,NEW =MS ( ORD] & P[] PROVID$ A REM$Y = ! DISORD] P]CEIV$ TO BE SPREAD+ ?R\<\T CULTURE4 ,9 ! ORGANIC WORLD1 ORD] MEANT ! FUNCTION ( EA* P>T )9 ! L>G] :OLE1 AS DET]M9$ BY ITS NATURE1 :ILE P[] WAS DIFFUS$ FROM ! TOP D[NW>D ?R\< ! SOCIAL OR COSMIC HI]>*IES4 ,9 ! ME*ANICAL WORLD1 ORD] WAS R$EF9$ TO MEAN ! PR$ICTABLE BEHAVIOR ( EA* P>T )9 A RATIONALLY DET]M9$ SY/EM ( LAWS1 :ILE P[] D]IV$ FROM ACTIVE & IMM$IATE 9T]V5TION 9 A SECUL>IZ$ WORLD4 ,ORD] & P[] TOGE!R CON/ITUT$ CONTROL4 ,RATIONAL CONTROL OV] NATURE1 SOCIETY1 & ! SELF WAS A*IEV$ BY R$EF9+ REALITY ITSELF ?R\< ! NEW MA*9E METAPHOR4 

,AS ! UNIFY+ MODEL = SCI5CE & SOCIETY1 ! MA*9E HAS P]MEAT$ & RECON/RUCT$ HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS SO TOTALLY ?AT TODAY WE SC>CELY QUE/ION ITS VALIDITY4 ,NATURE1 SOCIETY1 & ! HUMAN BODY >E COMPOS$ ( 9T]*ANGEABLE ATOMIZ$ P>TS ?AT CAN BE REPAIR$ OR REPLAC$ FROM \TSIDE4 ,! 0TE*NOLOGICAL FIX0 M5DS AN ECOLOGICAL MALFUNCTION1 NEW HUMAN BE+S REPLACE ! OLD TO MA9TA9 ! SMOO? FUNCTION+ ( 9DU/RY & BUREAUCRACY1 & 9T]V5TIONI/ M$IC9E EX*ANGES A FRE% HE>T = A WORN- \T1 DISEAS$ ONE4 

,! ME*ANICAL VIEW ( NATURE N[ TAU<T 9 MO/ ,WE/]N S*OOLS IS ACCEPT$ )\T QUE/ION AS \R EV]YDAY1 COMMON S5SE REALITY--MATT] IS MADE UP ( ATOMS1 COLORS OCCUR BY ! REFLECTION ( LI<T WAVES ( DIFF]+ L5G?S1 BODIES OBEY ! LAW ( 9]TIA1 & ! SUN IS 9 ! C5T] ( \R SOL> SY/EM4 ,NONE ( ?IS WAS COMMON S5SE TO \R SEV5TE5?-C5TURY C\NT]P>TS4 ,! REPLACEM5T ( ! OLD]1 0NATURAL0 WAYS ( ?9K+ BY A NEW & 0UNNATURAL0 =M ( LIFE--SEE+1 ?9K+1 & BEHAV+--DID NOT OCCUR )\T /RUGGLE4 ,! SUBM]G5CE ( ! ORGANISM BY ! MA*9E 5GAG$ ! BE/ M9DS ( ! TIMES DUR+ A P]IOD FRAU<T ) ANXIETY1 CONFUSION1 & 9/ABILITY 9 BO? ! 9TELLECTUAL & SOCIAL SPH]ES4 

,! REMOVAL ( ANIMI/IC1 ORGANIC ASSUMPTIONS AB\T ! COSMOS CON/ITUT$ ! DEA? ( NATURE--! MO/ F>-REA*+ EFFECT ( ! ,SCI5TIFIC ,REVOLUTION4 ,BECAUSE NATURE WAS N[ VIEW$ AS A SY/EM ( DEAD1 9]T P>TICLES MOV$ BY EXT]NAL1 RA!R ?AN 9H]5T =CES1 ! ME*ANICAL FRAMEWORK ITSELF C\LD LEGITIMATE ! MANIPULATION ( NATURE4 ,MOREOV]1 AS A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK1 ! ME*ANICAL ORD] HAD ASSOCIAT$ ) IT A FRAMEWORK ( VALUES BAS$ ON P[]1 FULLY COMPATIBLE ) ! DIRECTIONS TAK5 BY COMM]CIAL CAPITALISM4 

,! ME*ANI/IC VIEW ( NATURE1 DEVELOP$ BY ! SEV5TE5?-C5TURY NATURAL PHILOSOPH]S & BAS$ ON A ,WE/]N MA!MATICAL TRADITION GO+ BACK TO ,PLATO1 IS /ILL DOM9ANT 9 SCI5CE TODAY4 ,?IS VIEW ASSUMES ?AT NATURE CAN BE DIVID$ 9TO P>TS & ?AT ! P>TS CAN BE RE>RANG$ TO CREATE O!R SPECIES ( BE+4 0,FACTS0 OR 9=MATION BITS CAN BE EXTRACT$ FROM ! 5VIRONM5TAL CONTEXT & RE>RANG$ ACCORD+ TO A SET ( RULES BAS$ ON LOGICAL & MA!MATICAL OP]ATIONS4 ,! RESULTS CAN !N BE TE/$ & V]IFI$ BY RESUBMITT+ !M TO NATURE1 ! ULTIMATE JUDGE ( !IR VALIDITY4 ,MA!MATICAL =MALISM PROVIDES ! CRIT]ION = RATIONALITY & C]TA9TY1 NATURE ! CRIT]ION = EMPIRICAL VALIDITY & ACCEPTANCE OR REJECTION ( ! !ORY4 

,! WORK ( HI/ORIANS & PHILOSOPH]S ( SCI5CE NOT)/&+1 IT IS WIDELY ASSUM$ BY ! SCI5TIFIC COMMUNITY ?AT MOD]N SCI5CE IS OBJECTIVE1 VALUE-FREE1 & CONTEXT-FREE KN[L$GE ( ! EXT]NAL WORLD4 ,TO ! EXT5T TO :I* ! SCI5CES CAN BE R$UC$ TO ?IS ME*ANI/IC MA!MATICAL MODEL1 ! MORE LEGITIMATE !Y BECOME AS SCI5CES4 ,?US ! R$UCTIONI/ HI]>*Y ( ! VALIDITY ( ! SCI5CES FIR/ PROPOS$ 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY BY ,FR5* POSITIVI/ PHILOSOPH] ,AUGU/ ,COMTE IS /ILL WIDELY ASSUM$ BY 9TELLECTUALS1 ! MO/ MA!MATICAL & HI<LY !ORETICAL SCI5CES OCCUPY+ ! MO/ REV]$ POSITION4 ,! ME*ANI/IC APPROA* TO NATURE IS AS FUNDAM5TAL TO ! TW5TIE?-C5TURY REVOLUTION 9 PHYSICS AS IT WAS TO CLASSICAL ,NEWTONIAN SCI5CE1 CULM9AT+ 9 ! N9ETE5?-C5TURY UNIFICATION ( ME*ANICS1 !RMODYNAMICS1 & ELECTROMAGNETIC !ORY4 ,TW5TIE?- C5TURY PHYSICS /ILL VIEWS ! WORLD 9 T]MS ( FUNDAM5TAL P>TICLES--ELECTRONS1 PROTONS1 NEUTRONS1 MESONS1 MUONS1 PIONS1 TAUS1 !TAS1 SIGMAS1 PIS1 & SO ON4 ,! SE>* = ! ULTIMATE UNIFY+ P>TICLE1 ! QU>K1 CONT9UES TO 5GAGE ! EF=TS ( ! BE/ !ORETICAL PHYSICI/S4 

,MA!MATICAL =MALISM ISOLATES ! ELEM5TS ( A GIV5 QUANTUM ME*ANICAL PROBLEM1 PLACES !M 9 A LATTICE LIKE MATRIX1 & RE>RANGES !M ?R\< A MA!MATICAL FUNCTION CALL$ AN OP]ATOR4 ,SY/EMS !ORY EXTRACTS POSSIBLY RELEVANT 9=MATION BITS FROM ! 5VIRONM5TAL CONTEXT & /ORES !M 9 A COMPUT] MEMORY = LAT] USE4 ,BUT S9CE IT CANNOT /ORE AN 9F9ITE NUMB] ( 0FACTS10 IT MU/ SELECT A F9ITE NUMB] ( POT5TIALLY RELEVANT PIECES ( DATA ACCORD+ TO A !ORY OR SET ( RULES GOV]N+ ! SELECTION PROCESS4 ,= ANY GIV5 SOLUTION1 ?IS ME*ANI/IC APPROA* V]Y LIKELY EXCLUDES SOME POT5TIALLY RELEVANT FACTORS4 

,SY/EMS !ORI/S CLAIM = !MSELVES A HOLI/IC \TLOOK1 BECAUSE !Y BELIEVE ?AT !Y >E TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ! WAYS 9 :I* ALL ! P>TS 9 A GIV5 SY/EM AFFECT ! :OLE4 ,YET ! =MALISM ( ! CALCULUS ( PROBABILITIES EXCLUDES ! POSSIBILITY ( MA!MATIZ+ ! GE/ALT--?AT IS1 ! WAYS 9 :I* EA* P>T AT ANY GIV5 9/ANT TAKE !IR MEAN+ FROM ! :OLE4 ,! MORE OP51 ADAPTIVE1 ORGANIC1 & COMPLEX ! SY/EM1 ! LESS SUCCESSFUL IS ! =MALISM4 ,IT IS MO/ SUCCESSFUL :5 APPLI$ TO CLOS$1 >TIFICIAL1 PRECISELY DEF9$1 RELATIVELY SIMPLE SY/EMS4 ,ME*ANI/IC ASSUMPTIONS AB\T NATURE PU% US 9CREAS+LY 9 ! DIRECTION ( >TIFICIAL 5VIRONM5TS1 ME*ANIZ$ CONTROL OV] MORE & MORE ASPECTS ( HUMAN LIFE1 & A LOSS ( ! QUALITY ( LIFE ITSELF4 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
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