,*APT] #b 
,:AT IS ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY8 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

#b4 ,:AT IS ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY8 

  

,BY ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,FROM ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY & ,COMMUNALISM1 ,A,K ,PRESS1 FIR/ PR9T+1 #b#g4 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS BAS$ ON ! CONVICTION ?AT NE>LY ALL ( \R PRES5T ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS ORIG9ATE 9 DEEP-SEAT$ SOCIAL PROBLEMS4 ,IT FOLL[S1 FROM ?IS VIEW1 ?AT !SE ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS CANNOT BE UND]/OOD1 LET ALONE SOLV$1 )\T A C>EFUL UND]/&+ ( \R EXI/+ SOCIETY & ! IRRATIONALITIES ?AT DOM9ATE IT4 ,TO MAKE ?IS PO9T MORE CONCRETE3 ECONOMIC1 E?NIC1 CULTURAL1 & G5D] CONFLICTS1 AMONG MANY O!RS1 LIE AT ! CORE ( ! MO/ S]I\S ECOLOGICAL DISLOCATIONS WE FACE TODAY -- AP>T1 TO BE SURE1 FROM ?OSE ?AT >E PRODUC$ BY NATURAL CATA/ROPHES4 

,IF ?IS APPROA* SEEMS A BIT TOO SOCIOLOGICAL = ?OSE 5VIRONM5TALI/S :O ID5TIFY ! PRIM>Y ECOLOGICAL PROBLEM AS BE+ ! PRES]VATION ( WILDLIFE OR WILD]NESS1 OR MORE BROADLY AS ATT5D+ TO 0,GAIA0 TO A*IEVE PLANET>Y 0ON5ESS10 !Y MI<T WI% TO CONSID] C]TA9 REC5T DEVELOPM5TS4 ,! MASSIVE OIL SPILLS ?AT HAVE OCCURR$ OV] ! PA/ TWO DECADES1 ! EXT5SIVE DE=E/ATION ( TROPICAL =E/S & MAGNIFIC5T ANCI5T TREES 9 TEMP]ATE >EAS1 & VA/ HYDROELECTRIC PROJECTS ?AT FLOOD PLACES :]E PEOPLE LIVE1 TO CITE ONLY A FEW PROBLEMS1 >E SOB]+ REM9D]S ?AT ! REAL BATTLEGR\ND ON :I* ! ECOLOGICAL FUTURE ( ! PLANET WILL BE DECID$ IS CLE>LY A SOCIAL ONE1 P>TICUL>LY BETWE5 CORPORATE P[] & ! LONG-RANGE 9T]E/S ( HUMANITY AS A :OLE4 

,9DE$1 TO SEP>ATE ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS FROM SOCIAL PROBLEMS -- OR EV5 TO PLAY D[N OR GIVE ONLY TOK5 RECOGNITION TO !IR CRUCIAL RELATION%IP -- W\LD BE TO GROSSLY MISCON/RUE ! S\RCES ( ! GR[+ 5VIRONM5TAL CRISIS4 ,9 EFFECT1 ! WAY HUMAN BE+S DEAL ) EA* O!R AS SOCIAL BE+S IS CRUCIAL TO ADDRESS+ ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 ,UNLESS WE CLE>LY RECOGNIZE ?IS1 WE WILL FAIL TO SEE ?AT ! HI]>*ICAL M5TALITY & CLASS RELATION%IPS ?AT SO ?OR\<LY P]MEATE SOCIETY >E :AT HAS GIV5 RISE TO ! V]Y IDEA ( DOM9AT+ ! NATURAL WORLD4,UNLESS WE REALIZE ?AT ! PRES5T M>KET SOCIETY1 /RUCTUR$ >\ND ! BRUTALLY COMPETITIVE IMP]ATIVE ( 0GR[ OR DIE10 IS A ?OR\<LY IMP]SONAL1 SELF-OP]AT+ ME*ANISM1 WE WILL FALSELY T5D TO BLAME O!R PH5OM5A -- SU* AS TE*NOLOGY OR POPULATION GR[? -- = GR[+ 5VIRONM5TAL DISLOCATIONS4 ,WE WILL IGNORE !IR ROOT CAUSES1 SU* AS TRADE = PR(IT1 9DU/RIAL EXPANSION = ITS [N SAKE1 & ! ID5TIFICATION ( PROGRESS ) CORPORATE SELF-9T]E/4 ,9 %ORT1 WE WILL T5D TO FOCUS ON ! SYMPTOMS ( A GRIM SOCIAL PA?OLOGY RA!R ?AN ON ! PA?OLOGY ITSELF1 & \R EF=TS WILL BE DIRECT$ T[>D LIMIT$ GOALS :OSE ATTA9M5T IS MORE COSMETIC ?AN CURATIVE4 

,SOME CRITICS HAVE REC5TLY QUE/ION$ :E!R SOCIAL ECOLOGY HAS TREAT$ ! ISSUE ( SPIRITUALITY 9 ECOLOGICAL POLITICS ADEQUATELY4 ,9 FACT1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY WAS AMONG ! E>LIE/ ( CONTEMPOR>Y ECOLOGIES TO CALL = A SWEEP+ *ANGE 9 EXI/+ SPIRITUAL VALUES4 ,9DE$1 SU* A *ANGE W\LD 9VOLVE A F>- REA*+ TRANS=MATION ( \R PREVAIL+ M5TALITY ( DOM9ATION 9TO ONE ( COMPLEM5T>ITY1 ONE ?AT SEES \R ROLE 9 ! NATURAL WORLD AS CREATIVE1 SUPPORTIVE1 & DEEPLY APPRECIATIVE ( ! WELL-BE+ ( NONHUMAN LIFE4 ,9 SOCIAL ECOLOGY A TRULY NATURAL SPIRITUALITY1 FREE ( MY/ICAL REGRESSIONS1 W\LD C5T] ON ! ABILITY ( AN EMANCIPAT$ HUMANITY TO FUNCTION AS E?ICAL AG5TS = DIM9I%+ NE$LESS SUFF]+1 5GAG+ 9 ECOLOGICAL RE/ORATION1 & FO/]+ AN ES!TIC APPRECIATION ( NATURAL EVOLUTION 9 ALL ITS FECUNDITY & DIV]SITY4 

,?US1 9 ITS CALL = A COLLECTIVE EF=T TO *ANGE SOCIETY1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY HAS NEV] ES*EW$ ! NE$ = A RADICALLY NEW SPIRITUALITY OR M5TALITY4 ,AS E>LY AS #a#i#f#e1 ! FIR/ PUBLIC /ATEM5T TO ADVANCE ! IDEAS ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY CONCLUD$ ) ! 9JUNCTION3 0,! CA/ ( M9D ?AT TODAY ORGANIZES DIFF]5CES AMONG HUMAN & O!R LIFE-=MS ALONG HI]>*ICAL L9ES ( 'SUPREMACY' OR '9F]IORITY' WILL GIVE WAY TO AN \TLOOK ?AT DEALS ) DIV]SITY 9 AN ECOLOGICAL MANN] -- ?AT IS1 ACCORD+ TO AN E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY4 ,9 SU* AN E?ICS1 HUMAN BE+S W\LD COMPLEM5T NONHUMAN BE+S ) !IR [N CAPACITIES TO PRODUCE A RI*]1 CREATIVE1 & DEVELOPM5TAL :OLE -- NOT AS A 0DOM9ANT0 SPECIES1 BUT AS A SUPPORTIVE ONE4 ,AL?\< ?IS E?ICS1 EXPRESS$ AT TIMES AS AN APPEAL = ! 0RESPIRITIZATION ( ! NATURAL WORLD10 RECURS ?R\<\T ! LIT]ATURE ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 IT %\LD NOT BE MI/AK5 = A !OLOGY ?AT RAISES A DEITY ABOVE ! NATURAL WORLD OR EV5 ?AT SEEKS TO DISCOV] ONE )9 IT4 ,! SPIRITUALITY ADVANC$ BY SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS DEF9ITIVELY NATURALI/ 7AS ONE W\LD EXPECT1 GIV5 ITS RELATION TO ECOLOGY ITSELF1 :I* /EMS FROM ! BIOLOGICAL SCI5CES7 RA!R ?AN SUP]NATURALI/IC OR PAN!I/IC >EAS ( SPECULATION4 

,! EF=T 9 SOME QU>T]S ( ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T TO PRIORITIZE ! NE$ TO DEVELOP A PAN!I/IC 0ECO-SPIRITUALITY0 OV] ! NE$ TO ADDRESS SOCIAL FACTORS RAISES S]I\S QUE/IONS AB\T !IR ABILITY TO COME TO GRIPS ) REALITY4 ,AT A TIME :5 A BL9D SOCIAL ME*ANISM -- ! M>KET -- IS TURN+ SOIL 9TO S&1 COV]+ F]TILE L& ) CONCRETE1 POISON+ AIR & WAT]1 & PRODUC+ SWEEP+ CLIMATIC & ATMOSPH]IC *ANGES1 WE CANNOT IGNORE ! IMPACT ?AT AN AGGRESSIVE HI]>*ICAL & EXPLOITATIVE CLASS SOCIETY HAS ON ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,WE MU/ FACE ! FACT ?AT ECONOMIC GR[?1 G5D] OPPRESSION1 & E?NIC DOM9ATION -- NOT TO SPEAK ( CORPORATE1 /ATE1 & BUREAUCRATIC 9CURSIONS ON HUMAN WELL-BE+ -- >E MU* MORE CAPABLE ( %AP+ ! FUTURE ( ! NATURAL WORLD ?AN >E PRIVATI/IC =MS ( SPIRITUAL SELFR$EMPTION4 ,!SE =MS ( DOM9ATION MU/ BE CONFRONT$ BY COLLECTIVE ACTION & BY MAJOR SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ?AT *ALL5GE ! SOCIAL S\RCES ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS1 NOT SIMPLY BY P]SONALI/IC =MS ( CONSUMPTION & 9VE/M5T ?AT (T5 GO UND] ! OXYMORONIC RUBRIC ( 0GRE5 CAPITALISM4 0 ,! PRES5T HI<LY CO-OPTATIVE SOCIETY IS ONLY TOO EAG] TO F9D NEW MEANS ( COMM]CIAL AGGR&IZEM5T & TO ADD ECOLOGICAL V]BIAGE TO ITS ADV]TIS+ & CU/OM] RELATIONS EF=TS4 

,NATURE & SOCIETY 

  

,TO ESCAPE FROM ?IS PR(IT-ORI5T$ IMAGE ( ECOLOGY1 LET US BEG9 ) SOME BASICS -- NAMELY1 BY ASK+ :AT SOCIETY & ! NATURAL WORLD ACTUALLY >E4 ,AMONG ! MANY DEF9ITIONS ( NATURE ?AT HAVE BE5 =MULAT$ OV] TIME1 ! ONE ?AT HAS ! MO/ AFF9ITY ) SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS RA!R ELUSIVE & (T5 DIFFICULT TO GRASP BECAUSE UND]/&+ & >TICULAT+ IT REQUIRES A C]TA9 WAY ( ?9K+ -- ONE ?AT /&S AT ODDS ) :AT IS POPUL>LY CALL$ 0L9E> ?9K+40 ,?IS 0NONL9E>0 OR ORGANIC WAY ( ?9K+ IS DEVELOPM5TAL RA!R ?AN ANALYTICAL1 OR 9 MORE TE*NICAL T]MS1 IT IS DIALECTICAL RA!R ?AN 9/RUM5TAL4 ,IT CONCEIVES ! NATURAL WORLD AS A DEVELOPM5TAL PROCESS1 RA!R ?AN ! BEAUTIFUL VI/AS WE SEE FROM A M\NTA9TOP OR IMAGES FIX$ ON ! BACKS ( PICTURE PO/C>DS4 ,SU* VI/AS & IMAGES ( NONHUMAN NATURE >E BASICALLY /ATIC & IMMOBILE4 ,AS WE GAZE OV] A L&SCAPE1 TO BE SURE1 \R ATT5TION MAY MOM5T>ILY BE >RE/$ BY ! SO>+ FLI<T ( A HAWK1 OR ! BOLT+ LEAP ( A DE]1 OR ! L[-SLUNG %AD[Y LOPE ( A COYOTE4 ,BUT :AT WE >E REALLY WITNESS+ 9 SU* CASES IS ! M]E K9ETICS ( PHYSICAL MOTION1 CAU<T 9 ! FRAME ( AN ESS5TIALLY /ATIC IMAGE ( ! SC5E BE=E \R EYES4 ,SU* /ATIC IMAGES DECEIVE US 9TO BELIEV+ 9 ! 0ET]NALITY0 ( S+LE MOM5TS 9 NATURE4 

,BUT NONHUMAN NATURE IS MORE ?AN A SC5IC VIEW1 & AS WE EXAM9E IT ) SOME C>E1 WE BEG9 TO S5SE ?AT IT IS BASICALLY AN EVOLV+ & UNFOLD+ PH5OM5ON1 A RI*LY FECUND1 EV5 DRAMATIC DEVELOPM5T ?AT IS =EV] *ANG+4 ,I MEAN TO DEF9E NONHUMAN NATURE PRECISELY AS AN EVOLV+ PROCESS1 AS ! TOTALITY1 9 FACT1 ( ITS EVOLUTION4 ,NATURE1 SO CONC]N$1 5COMPASSES ! DEVELOPM5T FROM ! 9ORGANIC 9TO ! ORGANIC1 & FROM ! LESS DIFF]5TIAT$ & RELATIVELY LIMIT$ WORLD ( UNICELLUL> ORGANISMS 9TO ?AT ( MULTI-CELLUL> ONES EQUIPP$ ) SIMPLE1 !N COMPLEX1 & 9 TIME FAIRLY 9TELLIG5T NEURAL APP>ATUSES ?AT ALL[ !M TO MAKE 9NOVATIVE *OICES4 ,F9ALLY1 ! ACQUISITION ( W>M-BLOOD$NESS GIVES TO ORGANISMS ! A/ONI%+ FLEXIBILITY TO EXI/ 9 ! MO/ DEM&+ CLIMATIC 5VIRONM5TS4 

,?IS VA/ DRAMA ( NONHUMAN NATURE IS 9 EV]Y RESPECT /UNN+ & WONDR\S4 ,ITS EVOLUTION IS M>K$ BY 9CREAS+ SUBJECTIVITY & FLEXIBILITY & BY 9CREAS+ DIFF]5TIATION ?AT MAKES AN ORGANISM MORE ADAPTABLE TO NEW 5VIRONM5TAL *ALL5GES & OPPORTUNITIES & ?AT BETT] EQUIPS LIV+ BE+S 7SPECIFICALLY HUMAN BE+S7 TO ALT] !IR 5VIRONM5T TO MEET !IR [N NE$S RA!R ?AN M]ELY ADAPT TO 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGES4 ,ONE MAY SPECULATE ?AT ! POT5TIALITY ( MATT] ITSELF -- ! CEASELESS 9T]ACTIVITY ( ATOMS 9 =M+ NEW *EMICAL COMB9ATIONS TO PRODUCE EV] MORE COMPLEX MOLECULES1 AM9O ACIDS1 PROTE9S1 & UND] SUITABLE CONDITIONS1 ELEM5T>Y LIFE-=MS -- IS 9H]5T 9 9ORGANIC NATURE4 ,OR ONE MAY DECIDE QUITE MATT]- (-FACTLY ?AT ! 0/RUGGLE = EXI/5CE0 OR ! 0SURVIVAL ( ! FITTE/0 EXPLA9S :Y 9CREAS+LY SUBJECTIVE & MORE FLEXIBLE BE+S >E CAPABLE ( ADDRESS+ 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGE MORE EFFECTIVELY ?AN >E LESS SUBJECTIVE & FLEXIBLE BE+S4 ,BUT ! SIMPLE FACT REMA9S ?AT !SE EVOLUTION>Y DRAMAS DID OCCUR1 9DE$ ! EVID5CE IS C>V$ 9 /ONE 9 ! FOSSIL RECORD4 ,?AT NONHUMAN NATURE IS ?IS RECORD1 ?IS HI/ORY1 ?IS DEVELOPM5TAL OR EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 IS A V]Y SOB]+ FACT ?AT CANNOT BE IGNOR$ )\T IGNOR+ REALITY ITSELF4 

,CONCEIV+ NONHUMAN NATURE AS ITS [N 9T]ACTIVE EVOLUTION RA!R ?AN AS A M]E SC5IC VI/A HAS PR(\ND IMPLICATIONS -- E?ICAL AS WELL AS BIOLOGICAL -- = ECOLOGICALLY M9D$ PEOPLE4 ,HUMAN BE+S EMBODY1 AT LEA/ POT5TIALLY1 ATTRIBUTES ( NONHUMAN DEVELOPM5T ?AT PLACE !M SQU>ELY )9 ORGANIC EVOLUTION4 ,!Y >E NOT 0NATURAL ALI5S10 TO USE ,NEIL ,EV]ND5'S PHRASE1 /RONG EXOTICS1 PHYLOG5ETIC DE=MITIES ?AT1 [+ TO !IR TOOL-MAK+ CAPACITIES1 0CANNOT EVOLVE ) AN ECOSY/EM ANY:]E40 ,NOR >E !Y 09TELLIG5T FLEAS10 TO USE ! LANGUAGE ( ,GAIAN !ORI/S :O BELIEVE ?AT ! E>? 70,GAIA07 IS ONE LIV+ ORGANISM4 ,!SE UNT5ABLE DISJUNCTIONS BETWE5 HUMANITY & ! EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS >E AS SUP]FICIAL AS !Y >E POT5TIALLY MISAN?ROPIC4 ,HUMANS >E HI<LY 9TELLIG5T1 9DE$1 V]Y SELF-CONSCI\S PRIMATES1 :I* IS TO SAY ?AT !Y HAVE EM]G$ -- NOT DIV]G$ -- FROM A LONG EVOLUTION ( V]TEBRATE LIFE-=MS 9TO MAMMALIAN & F9ALLY PRIMATE LIFE-=MS4 ,!Y >E A PRODUCT ( A SIGNIFICANT EVOLUTION>Y TR5D T[>D 9TELLECTUALITY1 SELFAW>5ESS1 WILL1 9T5TIONALITY1 & EXPRESSIV5ESS1 BE IT 9 V]BAL OR 9 BODY LANGUAGE4 

,HUMAN BE+S BELONG TO A NATURAL CONT9UUM1 NO LESS ?AN !IR PRIMATE ANCE/ORS & MAMMALS 9 G5]AL4 ,TO DEPICT !M AS 0ALI5S0 ?AT HAVE NO PLACE OR P$IGREE 9 NATURAL EVOLUTION1 OR TO SEE !M ESS5TIALLY AS AN 9FE/ATION ?AT P>ASITIZES ! PLANET ! WAY FLEAS P>ASITIZE DOGS & CATS1 IS NOT ONLY BAD ECOLOGY BUT BAD ?9K+4 ,LACK+ ANY S5SE ( PROCESS1 ?IS K9D ( ?9K+ -- REGRETTABLY SO COMMONPLACE AMONG E?ICI/S -- RADICALLY DIVIDES ! NONHUMAN FROM ! HUMAN4 ,9DE$1 TO ! DEGREE 5VIRONM5TAL ?9K]S ROMANTICIZE NONHUMAN NATURE AS WILD]NESS & SEE IT AS MORE AU!NTICALLY 0NATURAL0 ?AN ! WORKS ( HUMANS1 !Y FREEZE NONHUMAN NATURE AS A CIRCUMSCRIB$ DOMA9 9 :I* HUMAN 9NOVATION1 =ESI<T1 & CREATIVITY HAVE NO PLACE & (F] NO POSSIBILITIES4 

,! TRU? IS ?AT HUMAN BE+S NOT ONLY BELONG 9 NATURE1 !Y >E PRODUCTS ( A LONG1 NATURAL EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,!IR SEEM+LY 0UNNATURAL0 ACTIVITIES -- LIKE ! DEVELOPM5T ( TE*NOLOGY & SCI5CE1 ! =MATION ( MUTABLE SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 HI<LY SYMBOLIC =MS ( COMMUNICATION & ES!TIC S5SIBILITIES1 & ! CREATION ( T[NS & CITIES -- ALL W\LD HAVE BE5 IMPOSSIBLE )\T ! L>GE >RAY ( PHYSICAL HUMAN ATTRIBUTES ?AT HAVE BE5 EONS 9 ! MAK+1 BE !Y ! L>GE HUMAN BRA9 OR ! BIP$AL MOTION ?AT FREES HUMAN H&S = MAK+ TOOLS & C>RY+ FOOD4 ,9 MANY RESPECTS1 HUMAN TRAITS >E 5L>GEM5TS ( NONHUMAN TRAITS ?AT HAVE BE5 EVOLV+ OV] ! AGES4 ,9CREAS+ C>E = ! Y\NG1 COOP]ATION1 ! SUB/ITUTION ( M5TALLY GUID$ BEHAVIOR = L>GELY 9/9CTIVE BEHAVIOR -- ALL >E PRES5T MORE KE5LY 9 HUMAN BEHAVIOR4 ,AMONG HUMANS1 AS OPPOS$ TO NONHUMAN BE+S1 !SE TRAITS >E DEVELOP$ SUFFICI5TLY TO REA* A DEGREE ( ELABORATION & 9TEGRATION ?AT YIELDS CULTURES1 COMPRIS+ 9/ITUTIONS ( FAMILIES1 B&S1 TRIBES1 HI]>*IES1 ECONOMIC CLASSES1 & ! /ATE -- 9 %ORT1 HI<LY MUTABLE SOCIETIES = :I* !RE IS NO PREC$5T 9 ! NONHUMAN WORLD1 UNLESS ! G5ETICALLY PROGRAMM$ BEHAVIOR ( 9SECTS IS TO BE REG>D$ AS SOCIAL4 ,9 FACT1 ! EM]G5CE & DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN SOCIETY HAS BE5 A CONT9UAL PROCESS ( %$D+ 9/9CTIVE BEHAVIORAL TRAITS & ( CLE>+ A NEW T]RA9 = POT5TIALLY RATIONAL BEHAVIOR4 

,HUMAN BE+S ALWAYS REMA9 ROOT$ 9 !IR BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY1 :I* WE MAY CALL 0FIR/ NATURE10 BUT !Y PRODUCE A *>ACT]I/ICALLY HUMAN SOCIAL NATURE ( !IR [N1 :I* WE MAY CALL 0SECOND NATURE40 ,F> FROM BE+ UNNATURAL1 HUMAN SECOND NATURE IS EM95TLY A CREATION ( ORGANIC EVOLUTION'S FIR/ NATURE4 ,TO WRITE SECOND NATURE \T ( NATURE AS A :OLE1 OR 9DE$ TO M9IMIZE IT1 IS TO IGNORE ! CREATIVITY ( NATURAL EVOLUTION ITSELF & TO VIEW IT ONE-SID$LY4 ,IF 0TRUE0 EVOLUTION EMBODIES ITSELF SIMPLY 9 CREATURES LIKE GRIZZLY BE>S1 WOLVES1 & :ALES -- G5]ALLY1 ANIMALS ?AT PEOPLE F9D ES!TICALLY PLEAS+ OR RELATIVELY 9TELLIG5T -- !N HUMAN BE+S >E D5ATUR$4 ,SU* VIEWS1 :E!R !Y SEE HUMAN BE+S AS 0ALI5S0 OR AS 0FLEAS10 ESS5TIALLY PLACE !M \TSIDE ! SELF-ORGANIZ+ ?RU/ ( NATURAL EVOLUTION T[>D 9CREAS+ SUBJECTIVITY & FLEXIBILITY4 ,! MORE 5?USIA/IC PROPON5TS ( ?IS DE-NATUR+ ( HUMANITY MAY SEE HUMAN BE+S AS EXI/+ AP>T FROM NONHUMAN EVOLUTION1 AS A 0FREAK+10 AS ,PAUL ,%EPH]D PUT IT1 ( ! EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,O!RS SIMPLY AVOID ! PROBLEM ( CL>IFY+ HUMANITY'S UNIQUE PLACE 9 NATURAL EVOLUTION BY PROMISCU\SLY PUTT+ HUMAN BE+S ON A P> ) BEETLES 9 T]MS ( !IR 09TR9SIC WOR?40 ,! 0EI!R_/OR0 PROPOSITIONAL ?9K+ ?AT PRODUCES SU* OBFUSCATIONS EI!R SEP>ATES ! SOCIAL FROM ! ORGANIC ALTOGE!R OR FLIPPANTLY MAKES IT DISAPPE> 9TO ! ORGANIC1 RESULT+ 9 AN 9EXPLICABLE DUALISM AT ONE EXTREME OR A NAIVE R$UCTIONISM AT ! O!R4 ,! DUALI/IC APPROA*1 ) ITS QUASI-!OLOGICAL PREMISE ?AT ! WORLD WAS 0MADE0 = HUMAN USE1 IS SADDL$ ) ! NAME AN?ROPOC5TRISM1 :ILE ! R$UCTIONI/ APPROA*1 ) ITS ALMO/ MEAN+LESS NOTION ( A 0BIOC5TRIC DEMOCRACY10 IS SADDL$ ) ! NAME BIOC5TRISM4 

,! BIFUCATION ( ! HUMAN FROM ! NONHUMAN REFLECTS A FAILURE TO ?9K ORGANICALLY OR TO APPROA* EVOLUTION>Y PH5OM5A ) AN EVOLUTION>Y WAY ( ?\<T4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 IF NATURE W]E NO MORE ?AN A SC5IC VI/A1 !N M]E METAPHORIC & POETIC DESCRIPTIONS ( IT MI<T SUFFICE TO REPLACE SY/EMATIC ?9K+ AB\T IT4 ,BUT NATURE IS ! HI/ORY ( NATURE1 AN EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS ?AT IS GO+ ON TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R UND] \R V]Y EYES1 & AS SU*1 WE DI%ONOR IT BY ?9K+ ( IT 9 ANY?+ BUT A PROCESSUAL WAY4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 WE REQUIRE A WAY ( ?9K+ ?AT RECOGNIZES ?AT 0:AT IS10 AS IT SEEMS TO LIE BE=E \R EYES1 IS ALWAYS DEVELOP+ 9 0:AT IS NOT10 ?AT IT IS 5GAG$ 9 A CONT9UAL SELF-ORGANIZ+ PROCESS 9 :I* PA/ & PRES5T1 ALONG A RI*LY DIFF]5TIAT$ BUT %>$ CONT9UUM1 GIVE RISE TO A NEW POT5TIALITY = AN EV]-RI*] DEGREE ( :OL5ESS4 ,LIFE1 CLE>LY 9 ITS HUMAN =M1 BECOME OP5-5D$LY 9NOVATIVE & TRANSC5DS ITS RELATIVELY N>R[ CAPACITY TO ADAPT ONLY TO A PREGIV5 SET ( 5VIRONM5TAL CONDITIONS4 ,AS ,V4 ,GORDON ,*ILDE ONCE PUT IT1 0,MAN MAKES HIMSELF2 HE IS NOT PRESET TO SURVIVE BY HIS G5ETIC MAKEUP40 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 A PROCESSUAL1 ORGANIC1 & DIALECTICAL WAY ( ?9K+ HAS LITTLE DIFFICULTY 9 LOCAT+ & EXPLA9+ ! EM]G5CE ( ! SOCIAL \T ( ! BIOLOGICAL1 ( SECOND NATURE \T ( FIR/ NATURE4 ,IT SEEMS MORE FA%IONABLE !SE DAYS TO DEAL ) ECOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT SOCIAL ISSUES LIKE AN ACC\NTANT4 ,?US1 ONE SIMPLY JUXTAPOSES TWO LI/S ( CULTURAL FACTS -- ONE LABEL$ 0OLD P>ADIGM0 & ! O!R1 0NEW P>ADIGM10 -- AS ?\< !Y W]E COLUMNS ( DEBITS & CR$ITS4 ,OBVI\SLY DI/A/EFUL ITEMS LIKE C5TRALIZATION >E LI/$ UND] 0OLD P>ADIGM10 :ILE MORE APPEAL+ ONES LIKE DEC5TRALIZATION >E REG>D$ AS 0NEW P>ADIGM40 ,! RESULT IS AN 9V5TORY ( BUMP]-/ICK] SLOGANS :OSE 0BOTTOM L9E0 IS PAT5TLY ABSOLUTE GOOD V]SUS ABSOLUTE EVIL4 ,ALL ( ?IS MAY BE DELICI\SLY SYNOPTIC & EASY ON ! EYES1 BUT IT IS S+UL>LY LACK+ AS FOOD = ! BRA94 ,TO TRULY KN[ & BE ABLE TO GIVE 9T]PRETIVE MEAN+ TO ! SOCIAL ISSUES & IDEAS SO >RANG$1 WE %\LD WANT TO KN[ H[ EA* ONE D]IV$ FROM ! O!R & :AT ITS P>T IS 9 AN OV]ALL DEVELOPM5T4 ,:AT1 9 FACT1 IS MEANT BY 0DEC5TRALIZATION10 & H[1 9 ! HI/ORY ( HUMAN SOCIETY1 DOES IT D]IVE FROM OR GIVE RISE TO C5TRALIZATION8 ,AGA91 WE NE$ PROCESSUAL ?9K+ TO COMPREH5D PROCESSUAL REALITIES1 IF WE >E TO GA9 SOME S5SE ( DIRECTION -- PRACTICAL AS WELL AS !ORETICAL -- 9 ADDRESS+ \R ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS4 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY SEEMS TO /& ALONE1 AT PRES5T1 9 CALL+ = AN ORGANIC1 DEVELOPM5TAL WAY ( ?9K+ \T PROBLEMS ?AT >E BASICALLY ORGANIC & DEVELOPM5TAL 9 *>ACT]4 ,! V]Y DEF9ITION ( ! NATURAL WORLD AS A DEVELOPM5T 7ALBEIT NOT ANYONE7 9DICATES ! NE$ = ORGANIC ?9K+1 AS DOES ! D]IVATION ( HUMAN FROM NONHUMAN NATURE -- A D]IVATION FROM :I* WE CAN DRAW F>-REA*+ CONCLUSIONS = ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN ECOLOGICAL E?ICS ?AT 9 TURN CAN PROVIDE S]I\S GUIDEL9ES = ! SOLUTION ( \R ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS4 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY CALLS UPON US TO SEE ?AT ! NATURAL WORLD & ! SOCIAL >E 9T]L9K$ BY EVOLUTION 9TO ONE NATURE ?AT CONSI/S ( TWO DIFF]5TIATIONS3 FIR/ OR BIOTIC NATURE1 & SECOND OR SOCIAL NATURE4 ,SOCIAL NATURE & BIOTIC NATURE %>E AN EVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL = GREAT] SUBJECTIVITY & FLEXIBILITY4 ,SECOND NATURE IS ! WAY 9 :I* HUMAN BE+S1 AS FLEXIBLE1 HI<LY 9TELLIG5T PRIMATES1 9HABIT & ALT] ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 PEOPLE CREATE AN 5VIRONM5T ?AT IS MO/ SUITABLE = !IR MODE ( EXI/5CE4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 SECOND NATURE IS NO DIFF]5T FROM ! 5VIRONM5T ?AT EV]Y ANIMAL1 DEP5D+ UPON ITS ABILITIES1 P>TIALLY CREATES AS WELL AS PRIM>ILY ADAPTS TO -- ! BIOPHYSICAL CIRCUM/ANCES OR ECOCOMMUNITY 9 :I* IT MU/ LIVE4 ,9 PR9CIPLE1 ON ?IS V]Y SIMPLE LEVEL1 HUMAN BE+S >E DO+ NO?+ ?AT DIFF]S FROM ! SURVIVAL ACTIVITIES ( NONHUMAN BE+S1 BE IT BUILD+ BEAV] DAMS OR DIGG+ GOPH] HOLES4 

,BUT ! 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGES ?AT HUMAN BE+S PRODUCE >E PR(\NDLY DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE PRODUC$ BY NONHUMAN BE+S4 ,HUMANS ACT UPON !IR 5VIRONM5TS ) CONSID]ABLE TE*NICAL =ESI<T1 H[EV] LACK+ ?AT =ESI<T MAY BE 9 ECOLOGICAL IDEALS4 ,ANIMALS ADAPT TO ! WORLD >\ND !M2 HUMAN BE+S 9NOVATE ?R\< ?\<T & SOCIAL LABOR4 ,= BETT] OR WORSE1 !Y ALT] ! NATURAL WORLD TO MEET !IR NE$S & DESIRES -- NOT BECAUSE !Y >E P]V]SE1 BUT BECAUSE !Y HAVE EVOLV$ QUITE NATURALLY OV] ! AGES TO DO SO4 ,!IR CULTURES >E RI* 9 KN[L$GE1 EXP]I5CE1 COOP]ATION1 & CONCEPTUAL 9TELLECTUALITY2 H[EV]1 !Y HAVE BE5 %>PLY DIVID$ AGA9/ !MSELVES AT MANY PO9TS ( !IR DEVELOPM5T1 ?R\< CONFLICTS BETWE5 GR\PS1 CLASSES1 NATION-/ATES1 & EV5 CITY-/ATES4 ,NONHUMAN BE+S G5]ALLY LIVE 9 ECOLOGICAL NI*ES1 !IR BEHAVIOR GUID$ PRIM>ILY BY 9/9CTIVE DRIVES & CONDITION$ REFLEXES4 ,HUMAN SOCIETIES >E 0BOND$0 TOGE!R BY 9/ITUTIONS ?AT *ANGE RADICALLY OV] C5TURIES4 ,NONHUMAN COMMUNITIES >E NOTABLE = !IR G5]AL FIXITY1 BY !IR CLE>LY PRESET1 (T5 G5ETICALLY IMPR9T$ RHY?MS4 ,HUMAN COMMUNITIES >E G5]ALLY TI$ TOGE!R BY G5ETICALLY ROOT$ 9/9CTIVE FACTORS -- TO ! EXT5T ?AT !SE COMMUNITIES EXI/ AT ALL4 

,H5CE1 HUMAN BE+S1 EM]G+ FROM AN ORGANIC EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 9ITIATE1 BY ! %E] =CE ( !IR BIOLOGICAL & SURVIVAL NE$S1 A SOCIAL EVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T ?AT CLE>LY 9VOLVES !IR ORGANIC EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,[+ TO !IR NATURALLY 5D[$ 9TELLIG5CE1 P[]S ( COMMUNICATION1 CAPACITY = 9/ITUTIONAL ORGANIZATION1 & RELATIVE FRE$OM FROM 9/9CTIVE BEHAVIOR1 !Y REFA%ION !IR 5VIRONM5T -- AS DO NONHUMAN BE+S -- TO ! FULL EXT5T ?AT !IR BIOLOGICAL EQUIPM5T ALL[S4 ,?IS EQUIPM5T MAKES IT POSSIBLE = !M TO 5GAGE NOT ONLY 9 SOCIAL LIFE BUT 9 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT IS NOT SO MU* ?AT HUMAN BE+S1 9 PR9CIPLE1 BEHAVE DIFF]5TLY FROM ANIMALS OR >E 9H]5TLY MORE PROBLEMATICAL 9 A /RICTLY ECOLOGICAL S5SE1 AS IT IS ?AT ! SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T BY :I* !Y GRADE \T ( !IR BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T (T5 BECOMES MORE PROBLEMATICAL = !MSELVES & NONHUMAN LIFE4 ,H[ !SE PROBLEMS EM]GE1 ! IDEOLOGIES !Y PRODUCE1 ! EXT5T TO :I* !Y CONTRIBUTE TO BIOTIC EVOLUTION OR ABORT IT1 & ! DAMAGE !Y 9FLICT ON ! PLANET AS A :OLE LIE AT ! V]Y HE>T ( ! MOD]N ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 ,SECOND NATURE AS IT EXI/S TODAY1 F> FROM M>K+ ! FULFILLM5T ( HUMAN POT5TIALITIES1 IS RIDDL$ BY CONTRADICTIONS1 ANTAGONISMS1 & CONFLICT+ 9T]E/S ?AT HAVE DI/ORT$ HUMANITY'S UNIQUE CAPACITIES = DEVELOPM5T4 ,ITS FUTURE PROSPECTS 5COMPASS BO? ! DANG] ( TE>+ D[N ! BIOSPH]E & ALAS1 GIV5 ! /RUGGLE TO A*IEVE AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 ! CAPACITY TO PROVIDE AN 5TIRELY NEW ECOLOGICAL DISP5SATION4 

,SOCIAL HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION 

  

,H[1 !N1 DID ! SOCIAL EM]GE FROM ! BIOLOGICAL8 ,WE HAVE GOOD REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT AS BIOLOGICAL FACTS SU* AS K9 L9EAGE1 G5D] DI/9CTIONS1 & AGE DIFF]5CES W]E SL[LY 9/ITUTIONALIZ$1 !IR UNIQUELY SOCIAL DIM5SION WAS 9ITIALLY QUITE EGALIT>IAN4 ,LAT] ?IS DEVELOPM5T ACQUIR$ AN OPPRESSIVE HI]>*ICAL & !N AN EXPLOITATIVE CLASS =M4 ,! L9EAGE OR BLOOD TIE 9 E>LY PREHI/ORY OBVI\SLY =M$ ! ORGANIC BASIS ( ! FAMILY4 ,9DE$1 IT JO9$ TOGE!R GR\PS ( FAMILIES 9TO B&S1 CLANS1 & TRIBES1 ?R\< EI!R 9T]M>RIAGE OR FICTIVE =MS ( DESC5T1 !REBY =M+ ! E>LIE/ SOCIAL HORIZON ( \R ANCE/ORS4 ,MORE ?AN 9 O!R MAMMALS1 ! SIMPLE BIOLOGICAL FACTS ( HUMAN REPRODUCTION & ! PROTRACT$ MAT]NAL C>E ( ! HUMAN 9FANT T5D$ TO KNIT SIBL+S TOGE!R & PRODUC$ A /RONG S5SE ( SOLID>ITY & GR\P 9W>DNESS4 ,M51 WOM51 & !IR *ILDR5 W]E SOCIALIZ$ BY MEANS ( A FAIRLY /ABLE FAMILY LIFE1 BAS$ ON MUTUAL OBLIGATION & AN EXPRESS$ AFF9ITY ?AT WAS (T5 SANCTIFI$ BY 9ITIATION C]EMONIES & M>ITAL V[S ( ONE K9D OR ANO!R4 

,HUMAN BE+S :O W]E \TSIDE ! FAMILY & ALL ITS ELABORATIONS 9TO B&S1 CLANS1 TRIBES1 & ! LIKE1 W]E REG>D$ AS 0/RANG]S0 :O C\LD ALT]NATIVELY BE WELCOM$ HOSPITABLY OR 5SLAV$ OR PUT TO DEA?4 ,:AT MORES EXI/$ W]E BAS$ ON UNREFLECTIVE CU/OMS ?AT SEEM$ TO HAVE BE5 9H]IT$ FROM TIME IMMEMORIAL4 ,:AT WE CALL MORALITY BEGAN AS ! RULES OR COMM&M5TS ( A DEITY OR V>I\S DEITIES1 9 ?AT MORAL BELIEFS REQUIR$ SOME K9D ( SUP]NATURAL OR MY/ICAL RE9=CEM5T OR SANCTIFICATION TO BE ACCEPT$ BY A COMMUNITY4 ,ONLY LAT]1 BEG9N+ ) ! ,GREEKS1 DID E?ICS EM]GE1 BAS$ ON RATIONAL DISC\RSE & REFLECTION4 ,! %IFT FROM BL9D CU/OM TO A COMM&+ MORALITY & F9ALLY TO A RATIONAL E?ICS OCCURR$ ) ! RISE ( CITIES & URBAN COSMOPOLITANISM1 AL?\< BY NO MEANS DID CU/OM & MORALITY DIM9I% 9 IMPORTANCE4 ,HUMANITY1 GRADUALLY DIS5GAG+ ITS SOCIAL ORGANIZATION FROM ! BIOLOGICAL FACTS ( BLOOD TIES1 BEGAN TO ADMIT ! 0/RANG]0 & 9CREAS+LY RECOGNIZE ITSELF AS A %>$ COMMUNITY ( HUMAN BE+S 7& ULTIMATELY A COMMUNITY ( CITIZ5S7 RA!R ?AN AN E?NIC FOLK OR GR\P ( K9SM54 

,9 ?IS PRIMORDIAL & SOCIALLY =MATIVE WORLD1 O!R HUMAN BIOLOGICAL TRAITS W]E ALSO REWORK$ FROM ! /RICTLY NATURAL TO ! SOCIAL4 ,ONE ( !SE WAS ! FACT ( AGE & ITS DI/9CTIONS4 ,9 SOCIAL GR\PS AMONG E>LY HUMANS1 ! ABS5CE ( A WRITT5 LANGUAGE HELP$ TO CONF] ON ! ELD]LY A HI< DEGREE ( /ATUS1 = IT WAS !Y :O POSSESS$ ! TRADITIONAL WISDOM ( ! COMMUNITY1 9CLUD+ KN[L$GE ( ! TRADITIONAL K9%IP L9ES ?AT PRESCRIB$ M>ITAL TIES 9 OB$I5CE TO EXT5SIVE 9CE/ TABOOS AS WELL AS SURVIVAL TE*NIQUES ?AT HAD TO BE ACQUIR$ BY BO? ! Y\NG & ! MATURE MEMB]S ( ! GR\P4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! BIOLOGICAL FACT ( G5D] DI/9CTIONS WAS SL[LY REWORK$ ALONG SOCIAL L9ES 9TO :AT W]E 9ITIALLY COMPLIM5T>Y SORORAL & FRAT]NAL GR\PS4 ,WOM5 =M$ !IR [N CU/OMS1 BELIEF SY/EMS1 & VALUES1 :ILE M5 =M$ !IR [N HUNT+ & W>RIOR GR\PS ) !IR [N BEHAVIORAL *>ACT]I/ICS1 MORES1 & IDEOLOGIES4 

,FROM EV]Y?+ WE KN[ AB\T ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! BIOLOGICAL FACTS ( K9%IP1 AGE1 & G5D] GR\PS -- !IR ELABORATION 9TO E>LY 9/ITUTIONS -- !RE IS NO REASON TO D\BT ?AT !SE GR\PS EXI/$ 9ITIALLY 9 COMPLEM5T>Y RELATION%IPS ) ONE ANO!R4 ,EA*1 9 EFFECT1 NE$$ ! O!RS TO =M A RELATIVELY /ABLE :OLE4 ,NO ONE GR\P 0DOM9AT$0 ! O!R OR TRI$ TO PRIVILEGE ITSELF 9 ! NORMAL C\RSE ( ?+S4 ,YET EV5 AS ! BIOLOGICAL UND]P9N+S ( CONSOCIATION W]E1 OV] TIME1 FUR!R REWORK$ 9TO SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 SO ! SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS W]E SL[LY REWORK$1 AT V>I\S P]IODS & 9 V>I\S DEGREES1 9TO HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURES BAS$ ON COMM& & OB$I5CE4 ,I SPEAK H]E ( A HI/ORICAL TR5D1 9 NO WAY PR$ET]M9$ BY ANY MY/ICAL =CE OR DEITY1 & ONE ?AT WAS (T5 A V]Y LIMIT$ DEVELOPM5T AMONG MANY PRELIT]ATE OR ABORIG9AL CULTURES & EV5 9 C]TA9 FAIRLY ELABORATE CIVILIZATIONS4 

,HI]>*Y 9 ITS E>LIE/ =MS WAS PROBABLY NOT M>K$ BY ! H>% QUALITIES IT HAS ACQUIR$ OV] HI/ORY4 ,ELD]S1 AT ! V]Y BEG9N+S ( G]ONTOCRACY1 W]E NOT ONLY RESPECT$ = !IR WISDOM BUT W]E (T5 BELOV$ ( ! Y\NG1 ) AFFECTION ?AT WAS (T5 RECIPROCAT$ 9 K9D4 ,WE CAN PROBABLY ACC\NT = ! 9CREAS+ H>%NESS ( LAT] G]ONTOCRACIES BY SUPPOS+ ?AT ! ELD]LY1 BURD5$ BY !IR FAIL+ PHYSICAL P[]S & DEP5D5T UPON !IR COMMUNITY'S GOODWILL1 W]E MORE VULN]ABLE TO AB&ONM5T 9 P]IODS ( MAT]IAL WANT ?AN ANY O!R P>T ( ! POPULATION4 0,EV5 9 SIMPLE FOOD- GA!R+ CULTURES10 OBS]V$ AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,PAUL ,RAD91 09DIVIDUALS ABOVE FIFTY1 LET US SAY1 APP>5TLY >ROGATE TO !MSELVES C]TA9 P[]S & PRIVILEGES :I* B5EFIT$ !MSELVES SPECIFICALLY1 & W]E NOT NECESS>ILY1 IF AT ALL1 DICTAT$ BY CONSID]ATIONS EI!R ( ! RI<TS ( O!RS OR ! WELF>E ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ?AT G]ONTOCRACY WAS PROBABLY ! E>LIE/ =M ( HI]>*Y IS CORROBORAT$ BY ITS EXI/5CE 9 COMMUNITIES AS DISP>ATE AS ! ,AU/RALIAN ,ABORIG9ES1 TRIBAL SOCIETIES 9 ,EA/ ,AFRICA1 & ,NATIVE COMMUNITIES 9 ! ,AM]ICAS4 ,MANY TRIBAL C\NCILS ?R\<\T ! WORLD W]E REALLY C\NCILS ( ELD]S1 AN 9/ITUTION ?AT NEV] COMPLETELY DISAPPE>$ 7AS ! WORD ALD]MAN SUGGE/S71 EV5 AFT] !Y W]E OV]LAID BY W>RIOR SOCIETIES1 *IEFDOMS1 & K+%IPS4 

,PATRIC5TRICITY1 9 :I* MASCUL9E VALUES1 9/ITUTIONS1 & =MS ( BEHAVIOR PREVAIL OV] FEM99E ONES1 SEEMS TO HAVE DEVELOP$ 9 ! WAKE ( G]ONTOCRACY4 ,9ITIALLY1 ! EM]G5CE ( PATRIC5TRICITY MAY HAVE BE5 A USEFUL ADJUNCT TO A LIFE DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 ! PRIMORDIAL NATURAL WORLD2 PRELIT]ATE & E>LY ABORIG9AL SOCIETIES W]E ESS5TIALLY SMALL DOME/IC COMMUNITIES 9 :I* ! AU!NTIC C5T] ( MAT]IAL LIFE WAS ! HOME1 NOT ! 0M5'S H\SE0 SO WIDELY PRES5T 9 LAT]1 MORE ELABORATE TRIBAL SOCIETIES4 ,MALE RULE1 IF SU* IT CAN /RICTLY BE CALL$1 TAKES ON ITS H>%E/ & MO/ CO]CIVE =M 9 PATRI>*Y1 AN 9/ITUTION 9 :I* ! ELDE/ MALE ( AN EXT5D$ FAMILY OR CLAN HAS A LIFE-&-DEA? COMM& OV] ALL O!R MEMB]S ( ! GR\P4 ,WOM5 MAY BE ORD]$ :OM TO M>RY1 BUT !Y >E BY NO MEANS ! EXCLUSIVE OR EV5 ! PR9CIPAL OBJECT ( PATRI>*Y'S DOM9ATION4 ,SONS1 LIKE DAU<T]S1 MAY BE ORD]$ H[ TO BEHAVE AT ! PATRI>*'S COMM& OR BE KILL$ AT HIS :IM4 

,SO F> AS PATRIC5TRICITY IS CONC]N$1 H[EV]1 ! AU?ORITY & PR]OGATIVE ( ! MALE >E ! PRODUCT ( A LONG1 (T5 SUBTLY NEGOTIAT$ DEVELOPM5T 9 :I* ! MALE FRAT]NITY $GES \T ! FEMALE SORORITY BY VIRTUE ( ! =M]'S GR[+ 0CIVIL0 RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,9CREAS+ POPULATION1 M>AUD+ B&S ( \TSID]S :OSE MIGRATIONS MAY BE 9DUC$ BY DR\<T OR O!R UNFAVORABLE CONDITIONS1 & V5DETTAS ( ONE K9D OR ANO!R1 TO CITE COMMON CAUSES ( HO/ILITY OR W>1 CREATE A NEW 0CIVIL0 SPH]E SIDE BY SIDE ) WOMAN'S DOME/IC SPH]E1 & ! =M] GRADUALLY 5CROA*ES UPON ! LATT]4 ,) ! APPE>ANCE ( CATTLE-DRAWN PL[ AGRICULTURE1 ! MALE1 :O IS ! 0MA/] ( ! BEA/S10 BEG9S TO 9VADE ! HORTICULTURAL SPH]E ( WOMAN1 :OSE PRIMACY AS ! FOOD CULTIVATOR & FOOD GA!R] GIVES H] CULTURAL PREEM95CE4 ,W>RIOR SOCIETIES & *IEFDOMS C>RY ! MOM5TUM ( MALE DOM9ANCE TO ! LEVEL ( A NEW MAT]IAL & CULTURAL DISP5SATION4 ,MALE DOM9ANCE BECOMES EXTREMELY ACTIVE & ULTIMATELY YIELDS A WORLD 9 :I* MALE ELITES DOM9ATE NOT ONLY WOM5 BUT ALSO1 9 ! =M ( CLASSES1 O!R M54 

,! CAUSES ( ! EM]G5CE ( HI]>*Y >E TRANSP>5T 5\<3 ! 9FIRMITIES ( AGE1 9CREAS+ POPULATION NUMB]S1 NATURAL DISA/]S1 TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGES ?AT PRIVILEG$ ACTIVITIES ( HUNT+ & ANIMAL HUSB&RY OV] HORTICULTURAL RESPONSIBILITIES1 ! GR[? ( CIVIL SOCIETY1 & ! SPREAD ( W>F>E1 ALL S]V$ TO 5HANCE ! MALE'S /&+ AT ! EXP5SE ( ! FEMALE'S4 ,IT MU/ BE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT HI]>*ICAL DOM9ATION1 H[EV] CO]CIVE IT MAY BE1 IS NOT ! SAME ?+ AS CLASS EXPLOITATION4 ,AS ,I WROTE 9 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 HI]>*Y MU/ BE VIEW$ AS 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ RELATION%IPS1 RELATION%IPS ?AT LIV+ BE+S LIT]ALLY 9/ITUTE OR CREATE BUT :I* >E NEI!R RU?LESSLY FIX$ BY 9/9CT ON ! ONE H& NOR IDIOSYNCRATIC ON ! O!R4 ,BY ?IS1 ,I MEAN ?AT !Y MU/ COMPRISE A CLE>LY SOCIAL /RUCTURE ( CO]CIVE & PRIVILEG$ RANKS ?AT EXI/ AP>T FROM ! IDIOSYNCRATIC 9DIVIDUALS :O SEEM TO BE DOM9ANT )9 A GIV5 COMMUNITY1 A HI]>*Y ?AT IS GUID$ BY A SOCIAL LOGIC ?AT GOES BEYOND 9DIVIDUAL 9T]ACTIONS OR 9BORN PATT]NS ( BEHAVIOR4 ,!Y >E NOT R$UCIBLE TO /RICTLY ECONOMIC RELATION%IPS BAS$ ON ! EXPLOITATION ( LABOR4 ,9 FACT1 MANY *IEFS E>N !IR PRE/IGE1 SO ESS5TIAL TO !IR AU?ORITY1 BY DISPOS+ ( GIFTS1 & EV5 BY A CONSID]ABLE DISACCUMULATION ( !IR P]SONAL GOODS4 ,! RESPECT ACCORD$ TO MANY *IEFS IS E>N$1 NOT BY HO>D+ SURPLUSES AS A S\RCE ( P[] BUT BY DISPOS+ ( !M AS EVID5CE ( G5]OSITY4 

,BY CONTRA/1 CLASSES T5D TO OP]ATE ALONG DIFF]5T L9ES4 ,9 CLASS SOCIETIES P[] IS USUALLY GA9$ BY ! ACQUISITION ( WEAL?1 NOT BY ITS DISPOSAL2 RUL]%IP IS GU>ANTE$ BY \TRI<T PHYSICAL CO]CION1 NOT SIMPLY BY P]SUASION2 & ! /ATE IS ! ULTIMATE GU>ANTOR ( AU?ORITY4 ,?AT HI]>*Y IS HI/ORICALLY MORE 5TR5*$ ?AN CLASS CAN P]HAPS BE V]IFI$ BY ! FACT ?AT DESPITE SWEEP+ *ANGES 9 CLASS SOCIETIES1 EV5 ( AN ECONOMICALLY EGALIT>IAN K9D1 WOM5 HAVE /ILL BE5 DOM9AT$ BE+S = MILL5NIA4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 ! ABOLITION ( CLASS RULE & ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION (F]S NO GU>ANTEE :ATEV] ?AT ELABORATE HI]>*IES & SY/EMS ( DOM9ATION WILL ALSO DISAPPE>4 

,9 NONHI]>*ICAL SOCIETIES1 C]TA9 CU/OMS GUIDE HUMAN BEHAVIOR ALONG BASICALLY DEC5T L9ES4 ,( PRIM>Y IMPORTANCE AMONG E>LY CU/OMS WAS ! PR9CIPLE ( ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM 7TO USE ,PAUL ,RAD9'S EXPRESSION71 ! %>$ NOTION ?AT ALL MEMB]S ( ! SAME COMMUNITY >E 5TITL$ TO ! MEANS ( LIFE1 IRRESPECTIVE ( ! AM\NT ( WORK !Y P]=M4 ,TO D5Y ANYONE FOOD1 %ELT]1 & ! BASIC MEANS ( LIFE BECAUSE ( !IR 9FIRMITIES OR EV5 !IR FRIVOL\S BEHAVIOR W\LD HAVE BE5 SE5 AS A HE9\S D5IAL ( ! V]Y FI<T TO LIVE4 ,NOR W]E ! BASIC RES\RCES NE$$ TO SU/A9 ! COMMUNITY EV] P]MITT$ TO BE PRIVATELY [N$2 OV]RID+ 9DIVIDUALI/IC CONTROL WAS ! BROAD] PR9CIPLE ( USUFRUCT -- ! NOTION ?AT ! MEANS ( LIFE ?AT W]E NOT BE+ US$ BY ONE GR\P C\LD BE US$1 AS NE$$1 BY ANO!R4 ,?US UNUS$ L&1 OR*>DS1 & EV5 TOOLS & WEAPONS1 IF LEFT IDLE1 W]E (T5 AT ! DISPOSITION ( ANYONE 9 ! COMMUNITY :O NE$$ !M4 ,LA/LY1 CU/OM FO/]$ ! PRACTICE ( MUTUAL AID1 ! RA!R S5SIBLE COOP]ATIVE %>+ ( ?+S & LABOR1 SO ?AT AN 9DIVIDUAL OR FAMILY 9 /RAIT5$ CIRCUM/ANCES C\LD EXPECT TO BE HELP$ BY O!RS4 ,TAK5 AS :OLE1 !SE CU/OMS BECAME SO S$IM5T$ 9TO ORGANIC SOCIETY ?AT !Y P]SI/$ LONG AFT] HI]>*Y BECAME OPPRESSIVE & CLASS SOCIETY BECAME PR$OM9ANT4 

,! IDEA ( DOM9AT+ NATURE 

  

,NATURE1 9 ! S5SE ( ! BIOTIC 5VIRONM5T FROM :I* HUMANS TAKE ! SIMPLE ?+S !Y NE$ = SURVIVAL1 (T5 HAS NO MEAN+ TO PRELIT]ATE PEOPLES AS A G5]AL CONCEPT4 ,IMM]S$ 9 IT AS !Y >E1 EV5 CELEBRAT+ ANIMI/IC RITUALS 9 AN 5VIRONM5T !Y VIEW AS A NEXUS ( LIFE1 (T5 IMPUT+ !IR [N SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS TO ! BEHAVIOR ( NONHUMAN SPECIES1 AS 9 ! CASE ( BEAV] 0LODGES0 & HUMAN-LIKE SPIRITS1 ! CONCEPT ( 0NATURE0 AS SU* ELUDES !M4 ,WORDS ?AT EXPRESS \R CONV5TIONAL NOTIONS ( NATURE >E NOT EASY TO F9D1 IF !Y EXI/ AT ALL1 9 ! LANGUAGES ( ABORIG9AL PEOPLES4 

,) ! RISE ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION1 H[EV]1 ! SE$S W]E PLANT$ = ! BELIEF ?AT FIR/ NATURE NOT ONLY EXI/S AS A WORLD ?AT IS 9CREAS+LY DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ! COMMUNITY BUT ONE ?AT IS HI]>*ICALLY ORGANIZ$ & CAN BE DOM9AT$ BY HUMAN BE+S4 ,! WORLDVIEW ( MAGIC REVEALS ?IS %IFT CLE>LY4 ,H]E NATURE WAS NOT CONCEIV$ AS A WORLD AP>T2 RA!R1 A PRACTITION] ( MAGIC ESS5TIALLY PLEAD$ ) ! 0*IEF SPIRIT0 ( A GAME ANIMAL 7ITSELF A PUZZL+ FIGURE 9 ! DREAM WORLD7 TO COAX IT 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! >R[ OR A SPE>4 ,LAT]1 MAGIC BECAME ALMO/ 5TIRELY 9/RUM5TAL2 ! HUNT] US$ MAGICAL TE*NIQUES TO 0CO]CE0 ! GAME TO BECOME PREY4 ,:ILE ! E>LIE/ =MS ( MAGIC MAY BE REG>D$ AS ! PRACTICES ( A G5]ALLY NONHI]>*ICAL & EGALIT>IAN COMMUNITY1 ! LAT] K9DS ( ANIMI/IC BELIEFS BETRAY A MORE OR LESS HI]>*ICAL VIEW ( ! NATURAL WORLD & ( LAT5T HUMAN P[]S ( DOM9ATION OV] REALITY4 

,WE MU/ EMPHASIZE H]E ?AT ! IDEA ( DOM9AT+ NATURE HAS ITS PRIM>Y S\RCE 9 ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN & 9 ! /RUCTUR+ ( ! NATURAL WORLD 9TO A HI]>*ICAL *A9 ( BE+ 7A /ATIC CONCEPTION1 9CID5TALLY1 ?AT HAS NO RELATION%IP TO ! DYNAMIC EVOLUTION ( LIFE 9TO 9CREAS+LY ADVANC$ =MS ( SUBJECTIVITY & FLEXIBILITY74 ,! BIBLICAL 9JUNCTION ?AT GAVE COMM& ( ! LIV+ WORLD TO ,ADAM & ,NOAH WAS ABOVE ALL AN EXPRESSION ( A SOCIAL DISP5SATION4 ,ITS IDEA ( DOM9AT+ NATURE -- SO ESS5TIAL TO ! VIEW ( ! NONHUMAN WORLD AS AN OBJECT ( DOM9ATION -- CAN BE OV]COME ONLY ?R\< ! CREATION ( A SOCIETY )\T ?OSE CLASS & HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURES ?AT MAKE = RULE & OB$I5CE 9 PRIVATE AS WELL AS PUBLIC LIFE1 & ! OBJECTIFICATIONS ( REALITY AS M]E MAT]IALS = EXPLOITATION4 ,?AT ?IS REVOLUTION>Y DISP5SATION W\LD 9VOLVE *ANGES 9 ATTITUDES & VALUES %\LD GO )\T SAY+4 ,BUT NEW ECOLOGICAL ATTITUDES & VALUES WILL REMA9 VAPOR\S IF !Y >E NOT GIV5 SUB/ANCE & SOLIDITY ?R\< REAL & OBJECTIVE 9/ITUTIONS 7! /RUCTURES BY :I* HUMANS CONCRETELY 9T]ACT ) EA* O!R7 & ?R\< ! TANGIBLE REALITIES ( EV]YDAY LIFE FROM *ILD-RE>+ TO WORK & PLAY4 ,UNTIL HUMAN BE+S CEASE TO LIVE 9 SOCIETIES ?AT >E /RUCTUR$ >\ND HI]>*IES AS WELL AS ECONOMIC CLASSES1 WE %ALL NEV] BE FREE ( DOM9ATION1 H[EV] MU* WE TRY TO DISPEL IT ) RITUALS1 9CANTATIONS1 ECO!OLGIES1 & ! ADOPTION ( SEEM+LY 0NATURAL0 LIFEWAYS4 

,! IDEA ( DOM9AT+ NATURE HAS A HI/ORY ?AT IS ALMO/ AS OLD AS ?AT ( HI]>*Y ITSELF4 ,ALREADY 9 ! ,GILGAME% EPIC ( ,MESOPOTAMIA1 A DRAMA :OSE WRITT5 =M DATES BACK SOME F\R ?\S& YE>S1 ! H]O DEFIES ! DEITIES & CUTS D[N !IR SACR$ TREES 9 HIS QUE/ = IMMORTALITY4 ,! ,ODYSSEY IS A VA/ TRAVELOGUE ( ! ,GREEK W>RIOR1 MORE CANNY ?AN H]OIC1 :O 9 HIS W&]+S ESS5TIALLY SUBDUES ! NATURE DEITIES ?AT ! ,HELL5IC WORLD HAD 9H]IT$ FROM ITS LESS WELL-KN[N PRECURSORS 7IRONICALLY1 ! D>K PRE-,OLYMPIAN WORLD ?AT HAS BE5 REVIV$ BY PURVEYORS ( ECO-MY/ICISM & SPIRITUALISM74 ,LONG BE=E ! EM]G5CE ( MOD]N SCI5CE1 0L9E>0 RATIONALITY1 & 09DU/RIAL SOCIETY0 7TO CITE CAUSAL FACTORS ?AT >E 9VOK$ SO FLIPPANTLY 9 ! MOD]N ECOLOGY MOVEM5T71 HI]>*ICAL & CLASS SOCIETIES LAID WA/E TOO MU* ( ! ,M$IT]RANEAN BAS9 AS WELL AS ! HILLSIDES ( ,*9A1 BEG9N+ A VA/ REMAK+ & (T5 DESPOLIATION ( ! PLANET4 

,TO BE SURE1 HUMAN SECOND NATURE1 9 9FLICT+ H>M ON FIR/ NATURE1 CREAT$ NO ,G>D5 ( ,$54 ,MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 IT DESPOIL$ MU* ?AT WAS BEAUTIFUL1 CREATIVE1 & DYNAMIC 9 ! BIOTIC WORLD1 JU/ AS IT RAVAG$ HUMAN LIFE ITSELF 9 MURD]\S W>F>E1 G5OCIDE1 & ACTS ( HE>TLESS OPPRESSION4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY MA9TA9S ?AT ! FUTURE ( HUMAN LIFE GOES H& 9 H& ) ! FUTURE ( ! NONHUMAN WORLD1 YET IT DOES NOT OV]LOOK ! FACT ?AT ! H>M ?AT HI]>*ICAL & CLASS SOCIETY 9FLICT$ ON ! NATURAL WORLD WAS MORE ?AN MAT*$ BY ! H>M IT 9FLICT$ ON MU* ( HUMANITY4 

,H[EV] TR\BL+ ! ILLS PRODUC$ BY SECOND NATURE1 ! CU/OMS ( ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM1 USUFRUCT1 & MUTUAL AID CANNOT BE IGNOR$ 9 ANY ACC\NT ( AN?ROPOLOGY OR HI/ORY4 ,!SE CU/OMS P]SI/$ WELL 9TO HI/ORICAL TIMES & SURFAC$ SOMETIMES EXPLOSIVELY 9 MASSIVE POPUL> UPRIS+S1 FROM REVOLTS 9 ANCI5T ,SUM] TO ! PRES5T TIME4 ,MANY ( ?OSE REVOLTS DEM&$ ! RECOV]Y ( C>+ & COMMUNI/IC VALUES1 AT TIMES :5 !SE W]E COM+ UND] ! ONSLAU<T ( ELITI/ & CLASS OPPRESSION4 ,9DE$1 DESPITE ! >MIES ?AT ROAM$ ! L&SCAPE ( W>R+ >EAS1 ! TAX-GA!R]S :O PLUND]$ ORD9>Y VILLAGE PEOPLES1 & ! DAILY ABUSES ?AT OV]SE]S 9FLICT$ ON PEASANTS & WORK]S1 COMMUNITY LIFE /ILL P]SI/$ & RETA9$ MANY ( ! *]I%$ VALUES ( A MORE EGALIT>IAN PA/4 ,NEI!R ANCI5T DESPOTS NOR FEUDAL LORDS C\LD FULLY OBLIT]ATE !M 9 PEASANT VILLAGES & 9 ! T[NS ) 9DEP5D5T CRAFT ASSOCIATIONS4 ,9 ,ANCI5T ,GREECE1 A RATIONAL PHILOSOPHY ?AT REJECT$ ! 5CUMB]+ ( ?\<T & POLITICAL LIFE BY EXTRAVAGANT WANTS1 AS WELL AS A RELIGION BAS$ ON AU/]ITY1 T5D$ TO SCALE D[N NE$S & DELIMIT HUMAN APPETITES = MAT]IAL GOODS4 ,TOGE!R !Y S]V$ TO SL[ ! PACE ( TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION SUFFICI5TLY ?AT :5 NEW MEANS ( PRODUCTION W]E DEVELOP$1 !Y C\LD BE S5SITIVELY 9TEGRAT$ 9TO A BALANC$ SOCIETY4 ,9 M$IEVAL TIMES1 M>KETS W]E /ILL MODE/1 USUALLY LOCAL AFFAIRS1 9 :I* GUILDS EX]CIS$ /RICT CONTROL OV] PRICES1 COMPETITION1 & ! QUALITY ( ! GOODS PRODUC$ BY !IR MEMB]S4 

0,GR[ OR DIE0 

  

,BUT JU/ AS HI]>*IES & CLASS /RUCTURE HAD ACQUIR$ MOM5TUM & P]MEAT$ MU* ( SOCIETY1 SO TOO ! M>KET BEGAN TO ACQUIRE A LIFE ( ITS [N & EXT5D$ ITS REA* BEYOND A FEW LIMIT$ REGIONS 9TO ! DEP?S ( VA/ CONT95TS4 ,:]E EX*ANGE HAD ONCE BE5 PRIM>ILY A MEANS TO PROVIDE = ESS5TIAL NE$S1 LIMIT$ BY GUILDS OR BY MORAL & RELIGI\S RE/RICTIONS1 LONG-DI/ANCE TRADE SUBV]T$ ?OSE LIMITS4 ,NOT ONLY DID TRADE PLACE A HI< PREMIUM ON TE*NIQUES = 9CREAS+ PRODUCTION2 IT ALSO BECAME ! PROG5ITOR ( NEW NE$S1 MANY ( !M :OLLY >TIFICIAL1 & GAVE A TREM5D\S IMPETUS TO CONSUMPTION & ! GR[? ( CAPITAL4 ,FIR/ 9 NOR!RN ,ITALY & ! ,EUROPEAN L[L&S1 & LAT] -- & MO/ DECISIVELY -- 9 ,5GL& DUR+ ! SEV5TE5? & EI<TE5? C5TURIES1 ! PRODUCTION ( GOODS EXCLUSIVELY = SALE & PR(IT 7! PRODUCTION ( ! CAPITALI/IC COMMODITY7 RAPIDLY SWEPT ASIDE ALL CULTURAL & SOCIAL B>RI]S TO M>KET GR[?4 

,BY ! LATE EI<TE5? & E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURIES1 ! NEW 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/ CLASS1 ) ITS FACTORY SY/EM & COMMITM5T TO LIMITLESS EXPANSION1 HAD EMB>K$ ON ITS COLONIZATION ( ! 5TIRE WORLD1 9CLUD+ MO/ ASPECTS ( P]SONAL LIFE4 ,UNLIKE ! FEUDAL NOBILITY1 ) ITS *]I%$ L&S & CA/LES1 ! B\RGEOISIE HAD NO HOME BUT ! M>KETPLACE & ITS BANK VAULTS4 ,AS A CLASS1 IT TURN$ MORE & MORE ( ! WORLD 9TO A DOMA9 ( FACTORIES4 ,9 ! ANCI5T & M$IEVAL WORLDS1 5TREPR5EURS HAD NORMALLY 9VE/$ PR(ITS 9 L& & LIV$ LIKE C\NTRY G5TRY1 GIV5 ! PREJUDICES ( ! TIMES AGA9/ 0ILL-GOTT50 GA9S FROM TRADE4 ,BUT ! 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/S ( ! MOD]N WORLD SPAWN$ A BITT]LY COMPETITIVE M>KETPLACE ?AT PLAC$ A HI< PREMIUM ON 9DU/RIAL EXPANSION & ! COMM]CIAL P[] IT CONF]R$1 FUNCTION+ AS ?\< GR[? W]E AN 5D 9 ITSELF4 

,9 SOCIAL ECOLOGY IT IS CRUCIALLY IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE ?AT 9DU/RIAL GR[? DID NOT & DOES NOT RESULT FROM *ANGES 9 CULTURAL \TLOOK ALONE -- LEA/ ( ALL FROM ! IMPACT ( SCI5TIFIC & TE*NOLOGICAL RATIONALITY ON SOCIETY4 ,GR[? OCCURS ABOVE ALL FROM H>%LY OBJECTIVE FACTORS *URN$ UP BY ! EXPANSION ( ! M>KET ITSELF1 FACTORS ?AT >E L>GELY IMP]VI\S TO MORAL CONSID]ATIONS & EF=TS AT E?ICAL P]SUASION4 ,9DE$1 DESPITE ! CLOSE ASSOCIATION BETWE5 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION1 ! MO/ DRIV+ IMP]ATIVE ( ANY 5T]PRISE 9 ! H>%LY CAPITALI/ M>KETPLACE1 GIV5 ! SAVAGELY DEHUMANIZ+ COMPETITION ?AT PREVAILS !RE1 IS ! NE$ ( AN 5T]PRISE TO GR[ 9 ORD] TO AVOID P]I%+ AT ! H&S ( ITS SAVAGE RIVALS4 ,IMPORTANT AS EV5 GRE$ MAY BE AS A MOTIVAT+ =CE1 %E] SURVIVAL REQUIRES ?AT ! 5TREPR5EUR MU/ EXP& HIS OR H] PRODUCTIVE APP>ATUS 9 ORD] TO REMA9 AHEAD ( O!RS4 ,EA* CAPITALI/1 9 %ORT1 MU/ TRY TO DEV\R HIS OR H] RIVALS -- OR ELSE BE DEV\R$ BY !M4 ,! KEY TO ?IS LAW ( LIFE -- TO SURVIVAL -- IS EXPANSION1 & ! QUE/ = EV]- GREAT] PR(ITS1 TO BE 9VE/$1 9 TURN1 9 /ILL FUR!R EXPANSION4 ,9DE$1 ! NOTION ( PROGRESS1 ONCE REG>D$ AS FAI? 9 ! EVOLUTION ( GREAT] HUMAN COOP]ATION & C>E1 IS N[ ID5TIFI$ ) EV] GREAT] COMPETITION & RECKLESS ECONOMIC GR[?4 

,! EF=T BY MANY WELL-9T5TION$ ECOLOGY !ORI/S & !IR ADMIR]S TO R$UCE ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS TO A CULTURAL CRISIS RA!R ?AN A SOCIAL ONE BECOMES V]Y OBFUSCATORY & MISLEAD+4 ,H[EV] ECOLOGICALLY WELL-MEAN+ AN 5TREPR5EUR MAY BE1 ! H>% FACT IS ?AT HIS OR H] V]Y SURVIVAL 9 ! M>KETPLACE PRECLUDES ! DEVELOPM5T ( A MEAN+FUL ECOLOGICAL ORI5TATION4 ,! ADOPTION ( ECOLOGICALLY S\ND PRACTICES PLACES A MORALLY CONC]N$ 5TREPR5EUR AT A /RIK+ & 9DE$ FATAL DISADVANTAGE 9 A COMPETITIVE RELATION%IP ) A RIVAL -- :O1 OP]AT+ )\T ECOLOGICAL GUIDEL9ES & MORAL CON/RA9TS1 PRODUCES *EAP COMMODITIES AT L[] CO/S & REAPS HI<] PR(ITS = FUR!R CAPITAL EXPANSION4 ,! M>KETPLACE HAS ITS [N LAW ( SURVIVAL3 ONLY ! MO/ UNSCRUPUL\S CAN RISE TO ! TOP ( ?AT COMPETITIVE /RUGGLE4 

,9DE$1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5TS & IDEOLOGIES M]ELY MORALIZE AB\T ! WICK$NESS ( \R ANTI-ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY & CALL = *ANGES 9 P]SONAL LIFE/YLES & ATTITUDES1 !Y OBSCURE ! NE$ = CONC]T$ SOCIAL ACTION & T5D TO DEFLECT ! /RUGGLE = F>-REA*+ SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,MEAN:ILE1 CORPORATIONS >E SKILLFULLY MANIPULAT+ ?IS POPUL> DESIRE = P]SONAL ECOLOGICALLY S\ND PRACTICES BY CULTIVAT+ ECOLOGICAL MIRAGES4 ,M]C$ES-,B5Z1 = EXAMPLE1 DECLAIMS 9 A TWO-PAGE MAGAZ9E ADV]TISEM5T1 DECORAT$ ) A BISON PA9T+ FROM A ,PALEOLI?IC CAVE WALL1 ?AT 0WE MU/ WORK TO MAKE PROGRESS MORE 5VIRONM5TALLY SU/A9ABLE BY 9CLUD+ 5VIRONM5TAL !MES 9 ! PLANN+ ( NEW PRODUCTS4 ,SU* MESSAGES >E COMMONPLACE 9 ,G]MANY1 ONE ( WE/]N ,EUROPE'S WOR/ POLLUT]S4 ,SU* ADV]TIS+ IS EQUALLY MANIPULATIVE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :]E LEAD+ POLLUT]S PI\SLY DECL>E ?AT = !M1 0EV]Y DAY IS ,E>? ,DAY40 

,! PO9T SOCIAL ECOLOGY EMPHASIZES IS NOT ?AT MORAL & SPIRITUAL P]SUASION & R5EWAL >E MEAN+LESS OR UNNECESS>Y2 !Y >E NECESS>Y & CAN BE $UCATIONAL4 ,BUT MOD]N CAPITALISM IS /RUCTURALLY AMORAL & H5CE IMP]VI\S TO MORAL APPEALS4 ,! MOD]N M>KETPLACE IS DRIV5 BY IMP]ATIVES ( ITS [N1 IRRESPECTIVE ( :AT K9D ( ,C,E,O SITS 9 A CORPORATION'S DRIV]'S SEAT OR HOLDS ON TO ITS H&LEB>S4 ,! DIRECTION IT FOLL[S DEP5DS NOT UPON E?ICAL PRESCRIPTIONS & P]SONAL 9CL9ATIONS BUT UPON OBJECTIVE LAWS ( PR(IT OR LOSS1 GR[? OR DEA?1 EAT OR BE EAT51 & ! LIKE4 ,! MAXIM 0,BUS9ESS IS BUS9ESS0 EXPLICITLY TELLS US ?AT E?ICAL1 RELIGI\S1 PSY*OLOGICAL1 & EMOTIONAL FACTORS HAVE VIRTUALLY NO PLACE 9 ! PR$ATORY WORLD ( PRODUCTION1 PR(IT1 & GR[?4 ,IT IS GROSSLY MISLEAD+ TO ?9K ?AT WE CAN DIVE/ ?IS H>%1 9DE$ ME*ANI/IC WORLD ( ITS OBJECTIVE *>ACT]I/ICS BY MEANS ( E?ICAL APPEALS4 

,A SOCIETY BAS$ ON ! LAW ( 0GR[ OR DIE0 AS ITS ALL-P]VASIVE IMP]ATIVE MU/ ( NECESSITY HAVE A DEVA/AT+ IMPACT ON FIR/ NATURE4 ,NOR DOES 0GR[?0 H]E REF] TO POPULATION GR[?2 ! CURR5T WISDOM ( POPULATION- BOOM]S TO ! CONTR>Y1 ! MO/ S]I\S DISRUPTORS ( ECOLOGICAL CYCLES >E F\ND 9 ! L>GE 9DU/RIAL C5T]S ( ! WORLD1 :I* >E NOT ONLY POISON+ WAT] & AIR BUT PRODUC+ ! GRE5H\SE GASES ?AT ?REAT5 TO MELT ! ICE CAPS & FLOOD VA/ >EAS ( ! PLANET4 ,SUPPOSE WE C\LD SOMEH[ CUT ! WORLD'S POPULATION 9 HALF3 W\LD GR[? & ! DESPOLIATION ( ! E>? BE R$UC$ AT ALL8 ,CAPITAL W\LD 9SI/ ?AT IT WAS 09DISP5SABLE0 TO [N TWO OR ?REE ( EV]Y APPLIANCE1 MOTOR VEHICLE1 OR ELECTRONIC GADGET1 :]E ONE W\LD MORE ?AN SUFFICE IF NOT BE TOO MANY4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! MILIT>Y W\LD CONT9UE TO DEM& EV] MORE LE?AL 9/RUM5TS ( DEA? & DEVA/ATION1 ( :I* NEW MODELS W\LD BE PROVID$ ANNUALLY4 

,NOR W\LD 0S(T]0 TE*NOLOGIES1 IF PRODUC$ BY A GR[-OR-DIE M>KET1 FAIL TO BE US$ = DE/RUCTIVE CAPITALI/IC 5DS4 ,TWO C5TURIES AGO1 L>GE =E/$ >EAS 9 ,5GL& W]E HACK$ 9TO FUEL = IRON =GES ) AXES ?AT HAD NOT *ANG$ APPRECIABLY S9CE ! ,BRONZE ,AGE1 & ORD9>Y SAILS GUID$ %IPS LAD5 ) COMMODITIES TO ALL P>TS ( ! WORLD WELL 9TO ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,9DE$1 MU* ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS CLE>$ ( ITS =E/S1 WILDLIFE1 & ABORIG9AL 9HABITANTS ) TOOLS & WEAPONS ?AT C\LD HAVE EASILY BE5 RECOGNIZ$1 H[EV] MU* !Y W]E MODIFI$1 BY ,R5AISSANCE PEOPLE C5TURIES E>LI]4 ,:AT MOD]N TE*NICS DID WAS ACCEL]ATE A PROCESS ?AT HAD BE5 WELL UND] WAY AT ! CLOSE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,IT CANNOT BE HELD SOLELY RESPONSIBLE = 5DEAVORS ?AT W]E UND] WAY = C5TURIES2 IT ESS5TIALLY ABETT$ DAMAGE CAUS$ BY ! EV]-EXP&+ M>KET SY/EM1 :OSE ROOTS1 9 TURN1 LAY 9 ONE ( HI/ORY'S MO/ FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL TRANS=MATIONS3 ! ELABORATION ( A SY/EM ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION BAS$ ON EX*ANGE RA!R ?AN COMPLEM5T>ITY & MUTUAL AID4 

,AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY 

  

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS AN APPEAL NOT ONLY = MORAL REG5]ATION BUT1 & ABOVE ALL1 = SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION ALONG ECOLOGICAL L9ES4 ,IT EMPHASIZES ?AT1 TAK5 BY ITSELF1 AN E?ICAL APPEAL TO ! P[]S ?AT BE1 BAS$ ON BL9D M>KET =CES & RU?LESS COMPETITION1 IS C]TA9 TO BE FUTILE4 ,9DE$1 TAK5 BY ITSELF1 SU* AN APPEAL OBSCURES ! REAL P[] RELATION%IPS ?AT PREVAIL TODAY BY MAK+ ! ATTA9M5T ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY SEEM M]ELY A MATT] ( *ANG+ 9DIVIDUAL ATTITUDES1 SPIRITUAL R5EWAL1 OR QUASI-RELIGI\S R$EMPTION4 

,AL?\< ALWAYS M9DFUL ( ! IMPORTANCE ( A NEW E?ICAL \TLOOK1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY SEEKS TO R$RESS ! ECOLOGICAL ABUSES ?AT ! PREVAIL+ SOCIETY HAS 9FLICT$ ON ! NATURAL WORLD BY GO+ TO ! /RUCTURAL AS WELL AS ! SUBJECTIVE S\RCES ( NOTIONS LIKE ! DOM9ATION ( FIR/ NATURE4 ,?AT IS1 IT *ALL5GES ! 5TIRE SY/EM ( DOM9ATION ITSELF -- ITS ECONOMY1 ITS MISUSE ( TE*NICS1 ITS ADM9I/RATIVE APP>ATUS1 ITS DEGRADATIONS ( POLITICAL LIFE1 ITS DE/RUCTION ( ! CITY AS A C5T] ( CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T1 9DE$ ! 5TIRE PANOPLY ( ITS MORAL HYPOCRISIES & DEFIL+ ( ! HUMAN SPIRIT -- & SEEKS TO ELIM9ATE ! HI]>*ICAL & CLASS $IFICES ?AT HAVE IMPOS$ !MSELVES ON HUMANITY & DEF9$ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 NONHUMAN & HUMAN NATURE4 ,IT ADVANCES AN E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY 9 :I* HUMAN BE+S PLAY A SUPPORTIVE ROLE 9 P]PETUAT+ ! 9TEGRITY ( ! BIOSPH]E -- ! POT5TIALITY ( HUMAN BE+S TO BE ! MO/ CONSCI\S PRODUCTS ( NATURAL EVOLUTION4 ,9DE$1 HUMANS HAVE AN E?ICAL RESPONSIBILITY TO FUNCTION CREATIVELY 9 ! UNFOLD+ ( ?AT EVOLUTION4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY ?US /RESSES ! NE$ TO EMBODY ITS E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY 9 PALPABLE SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS ?AT WILL MAKE HUMAN BE+S CONSCI\S E?ICAL AG5TS 9 PROMOT+ ! WELL-BE+ ( !MSELVES & ! NONHUMAN WORLD4 ,IT SEEKS ! 5RI*M5T ( ! EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS BY ! DIV]SIFICATION ( LIFE-=MS & ! APPLICATION ( REASON TO A WONDR\S REMAK+ ( ! PLANET ALONG ECOLOGICAL L9ES4 ,NOT)/&+ MO/ ROMANTIC VIEWS1 0,MO!R ,NATURE0 DOES NOT NECESS>ILY 0KN[ BE/40 ,TO OPPOSE ACTIVITIES ( ! CORPORATE WORLD DOES NOT REQUIRE ONE TO BECOME NAIVELY BIOC5TRIC4 ,9DE$ BY ! SAME TOK51 TO APPLAUD HUMANITY'S POT5TIAL = =ESI<T1 RATIONALITY1 & TE*NOLOGICAL A*IEVEM5T DOES NOT MAKE ONE AN?ROPOC5TRIC4 ,! LOOSE USAGE ( SU* BUZZWORDS1 SO COMMONPLACE 9 ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T TODAY1 MU/ BE BR\<T TO A DEF9ITIVE 5D BY REFLECTIVE DISCUSSION1 NOT BY DEPRECAT+ D5UNCIATIONS4 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 9 EFFECT1 RECOGNIZES ?AT -- LIKE IT OR NOT -- ! FUTURE ( LIFE ON ?IS PLANET PIVOTS ON ! FUTURE ( SOCIETY4 ,IT CONT5DS ?AT EVOLUTION1 BO? 9 FIR/ NATURE & 9 SECOND1 IS NOT YET COMPLETE4 ,NOR >E ! TWO REALMS SO SEP>AT$ FROM EA* O!R ?AT WE MU/ *OOSE ONE OR ! O!R -- EI!R NATURAL EVOLUTION1 ) ITS 0BIOC5TRIC0 HALO1 OR SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 AS WE HAVE KN[N IT UP TO N[1 ) ITS 0AN?ROPOC5TRIC0 HALO -- AS ! BASIS = A CREATIVE BIOSPH]E4 ,WE MU/ GO BEYOND BO? ! NATURAL & ! SOCIAL T[>D A NEW SYN!SIS ?AT CONTA9S ! BE/ ( BO?4 ,SU* A SYN!SIS MU/ TRANSC5D BO? FIR/ & SECOND NATURE 9 ! =M ( A CREATIVE1 SELFCONSCI\S1 & !RE=E 0FREE NATURE10 9 :I* HUMAN BE+S 9T]V5E 9 NATURAL EVOLUTION ) !IR BE/ CAPACITIES -- !IR E?ICAL S5SE1 !IR UNEQUAL$ CAPACITY = CONCEPTUAL ?\<T1 & !IR REM>KABLE P[]S & RANGE ( COMMUNICATION4 

,BUT SU* A GOAL REMA9S M]E RHETORIC UNLESS A MOVEM5T GIVES IT LOGI/ICAL & SOCIAL TANGIBILITY4 ,H[ >E WE TO ORGANIZE SU* A MOVEM5T8 ,LOGI/ICALLY1 0FREE NATURE0 IS UNATTA9ABLE )\T ! DEC5TRALIZATION ( CITIES 9TO CONF$]ALLY UNIT$ COMMUNITIES S5SITIVELY TAILOR$ TO ! NATURAL >EAS 9 :I* !Y >E LOCAT$4 ,ECOTE*NOLOGIES1 & ( SOL>1 W9D1 ME?ANE1 & O!R R5EWABLE S\RCES ( 5]GY2 ORGANIC =MS ( AGRICULTURE2 & ! DESIGN ( HUMANLY SCAL$1 V]SATILE 9DU/RIAL 9/ALLATIONS TO MEET ! REGIONAL NE$S ( CONF$]AT$ MUNICIPALITIES -- ALL MU/ BE BR\<T 9TO ! S]VICE ( AN ECOLOGICALLY S\ND WORLD BAS$ ON AN E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY4 ,IT MEANS TOO1 AN EMPHASIS NOT ONLY ON RECYCL+ BUT ON ! PRODUCTION ( HI<- QUALITY GOODS ?AT CAN1 9 MANY CASES1 LA/ = G5]ATIONS4 ,IT MEANS ! REPLACEM5T ( NE$LESSLY 9S5SATE LABOR ) CREATIVE WORK & AN EMPHASIS ON >TFUL CRAFTSP]SON%IP 9 PREF]5CE TO ME*ANIZ$ PRODUCTION4 ,IT MEAS ! FREE TIME TO BE >TFUL & TO FULLY 5GAGE 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,ONE W\LD HOPE ?AT ! %E] AVAILABILITY ( GOODS1 ! ME*ANIZATION ( PRODUCTION1 & ! FRE$OM TO *OOSE ONE'S MAT]IAL LIFE/YLE W\LD SOON] OR LAT] 9FLU5CE PEOPLE TO PRACTICE MOD]ATION 9 ALL ASPECTS ( LIFE AS A RESPONSE TO ! CONSUM]ISM PROMOT$ BY ! CAPITALI/ M>KET4 

,BUT NO E?ICS OR VISION ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 H[EV] 9SPIR$1 CAN BE MEAN+FUL UNLESS IT IS EMBODI$ 9 A LIV+ POLITICS4 ,BY POLITICS1 ,I DO NOT MEAN ! /ATECRAFT PRACTIC$ BY :AT WE CALL POLITICIANS -- NAMELY1 REPRES5TATIVES ELECT$ OR SELECT$ TO MANAGE PUBLIC AFFAIRS & =MULATE POLICIES AS GUIDEL9ES = SOCIAL LIFE4 ,TO SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 POLITICS MEANS :AT IT MEANT 9 ! DEMOCRATIC POLIS ( CLASSICAL ,A!NS SOME TWO ?\S& YE>S AGO3 DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 ! =MULATION ( POLICIES BY DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 & ! ADM9I/RATION ( ?OSE POLICIES BY M&AT$ COORD9ATORS :O CAN EASILY BE RECALL$ IF !Y FAIL TO ABIDE BY ! DECISION ( ! ASSEMBLY'S CITIZ5S4 ,I AM V]Y M9DFUL ?AT ,A!NIAN POLITICS1 EV5 9 ITS MO/ DEMOCRATIC P]IODS1 WAS M>R$ BY ! EXI/5CE ( SLAV]Y & PATRI>*Y1 & BY ! EXCLUSION ( ! /RANG] FROM PUBLIC LIFE4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 TO BE SURE1 IT DIFF]$ V]Y LITTLE FROM MO/ ( ! O!R ANCI5T ,M$IT]RANEAN CIVILIZATIONS -- & C]TA9LY ANCI5T ,ASIAN ONES -- ( ! TIME4 ,:AT MADE ,A!NIAN POLITICS UNIQUE1 H[EV]1 WAS ?AT IT PRODUC$ 9/ITUTIONS ?AT W]E EXTRAORD9>ILY DEMOCRATIC -- EV5 DIRECTLY SO -- BY COMP>ISON ) ! REPUBLICAN 9/ITUTIONS ( ! SO-CALL$ 0DEMOCRACIES0 ( TODAY'S WORLD4 ,EI!R DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY1 ! ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY 9SPIR$ LAT]1 MORE ALL-5COMPASS+ DIRECT DEMOCRACIES1 SU* AS MANY M$IEVAL ,EUROPEAN T[NS1 ! LITTLE-KN[N ,P>ISIAN 0SECTIONS0 7OR NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES7 ( #agic ?AT PROPELL$ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION 9 A HI<LY RADICAL DIRECTION1 & MORE 9DIRECTLY1 ,NEW ,5GL& T[N MEET+S1 & ! O!R1 MORE REC5T ATTEMPTS AT CIVIC SELF-GOV]NANCE4 

,ANY SELF-MANAG$ COMMUNITY1 H[EV]1 ?AT TRIES TO LIVE 9 ISOLATION & DEVELOP SELF-SUFFICI5CY RISKS ! DANG] ( BECOM+ P>O*IAL1 EV5 RACI/4 ,H5CE ! NE$ TO EXT5D ! ECOLOGICAL POLITICS ( A DIRECT DEMOCRACY 9TO CONF$]ATIONS ( ECOCOMMUNITIES1 & TO FO/] A HEAL?Y 9T]DEP5D5CE1 RA!R ?AN AN 9TROV]T$1 /ULTIFY+ 9DEP5D5CE4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY W\LD BE OBLIG$ TO EMBODY ITS E?ICS 9 A POLITICS ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 9 :I* MUNICIPALITIES CONJO9TLY GA9 RI<TS TO SELF-GOV]NANCE ?R\< NETWORKS ( CONF$]AL C\NCILS1 TO :I* T[NS & CITIES W\LD BE EXPECT$ TO S5D !IR M&AT$1 RECALLABLE DELEGATES TO ADJU/ DIFF]5CES4 ,ALL DECISIONS W\LD HAVE TO BE RATIFI$ BY A MAJORITY ( ! POPUL> ASSEMBLIES ( ! CONF$]AT$ T[N & CITIES4 ,?IS 9/ITUTIONAL PROCESS C\LD BE 9ITIAT$ 9 ! NEI<BORHOODS ( GIANT CITIES AS WELL AS 9 NETWORKS ( SMALL T[NS4 ,9 FACT1 ! =MATION ( NUM]\S 0T[N HALLS0 HAS ALREADY REPEAT$LY BE5 PROPOS$ 9 CITIES AS L>GE AS ,NEW ,YORK & ,P>IS1 ONLY TO BE DEFEAT$ BY WELL- ORGANIZ$ ELITI/ GR\PS ?AT S\<T TO C5TRALIZE P[] RA!R ?AN ALL[ ITS DEC5TRALIZATION4 

,P[] WILL ALWAYS BELONG TO ELITE & COMM&+ /RATA IF IT IS NOT 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ 9 FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACIES1 AMONG PEOPLE :O >E FULLY EMP[]$ AS SOCIAL BE+S TO MAKE DECISIONS 9 NEW COMMUNAL ASSEMBLIES4 ,ATTEMPTS TO EMP[] PEOPLE 9 ?IS MANN] & =M CON/ITUTE AN ABID+ *ALL5GE TO ! NATION- /ATE -- ?AT IS1 A DUAL P[] 9 :I* ! FREE MUNICIPALITY EXI/S 9 OP5 T5SION ) ! NATION-/ATE4 ,P[] ?AT DOES NOT BELONG TO ! PEOPLE 9V>IABLY BELONGS TO ! /ATE & ! EXPLOITATIVE 9T]E/S IT REPRES5TS4 ,:I* IS NOT TO SAY ?AT DIV]SITY IS NOT A DESID]ATUM2 TO ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS ! S\RCE ( CULTURAL CREATIVITY4 ,/ILL IT NEV] %\LD BE CELEBRAT$ 9 A NATIONALI/IC S5SE ( 0AP>TNESS0 FROM ! G5]AL 9T]E/S ( HUMANITY AS A :OLE1 OR ELSE IT WILL REGRESS 9TO ! P>O*IALISM ( FOLKDOM & TRIBALISM4 

,%\LD ! FULL REALITY ( CITIZ5%IP 9 ALL ITS DISCURSIV5ESS & POLITICAL VITALITY BEG9 TO WANE1 ITS DISAPPE>ANCE W\LD M>K AN UNPREC$5T$ LOSS 9 HUMAN DEVELOPM5T4 ,CITIZ5%IP1 9 ! CLASSICAL S5SE ( ! T]M1 :I* 9VOLV$ A LIFELONG1 E?ICALLY ORI5T$ $UCATION 9 ! >T ( P>TICIPATION 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS 7NOT ! EMPTY =M ( NATIONAL LEGITIMATION ?AT IT SO (T5 CONSI/S ( TODAY71 W\LD DISAPPE>4 ,ITS LOSS W\LD MEAN ! ATROPHY+ ( A COMMUNAL LIFE BEYOND ! LIMITS ( ! FAMILY1 ! WAN+ ( A CIVIC S5SIBILITY TO ! PO9T ( ! %RIVEL$ EGO1 ! COMPLETE REPLACEM5T ( ! PUBLIC >5A ) ! PRIVATE WORLD & ) PRIVATE PURSUITS4 ,! FAILURE ( A RATIONAL1 SOCIALLY COMMITT$ ECOLOGY MOVEM5T W\LD YIELD A ME*ANIZ$1 ES!TICALLY >ID1 & ADM9I/]$ SOCIETY1 COMPOS$ ( VACU\S EGOS AT BE/ & TOTALIT>IAN AUTOMATA AT WOR/4 ,BE=E ! PLANET WAS R5D]$ PHYSICALLY UN9HABITABLE1 !RE W\LD BE FEW HUMANS :O W\LD BE ABLE TO 9HABIT IT4 

,ALT]NATIVELY1 A TRULY ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY W\LD OP5 ! VI/A ( A 0FREE NATURE0 ) A SOPHI/ICAT$ ECO- TE*NOLOGY BAS$ ON SOL>1 W9D1 & WAT]2 C>EFULLY TREAT$ FOSSIL FUELS W\LD BE SIT$ TO PRODUCE P[] TO MEET RATIONALLY CONCEIV$ NE$S4 ,PRODUCTION W\LD OCCUR 5TIRELY = USE1 NOT = PR(IT1 & ! DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS W\LD OCCUR 5TIRELY TO MEET HUMAN NE$S BAS$ ON NORMS E/ABLI%$ BY CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLIES & CONF$]ATIONS ( ASSEMBLIES4 ,DECISIONS BY ! COMMUNITY W\LD BE MADE ACCORD+ TO DIRECT1 FACE-TO-FACE PROC$URES ) ALL ! COORD9ATIVE JUDGM5TS M&AT$ BY DELEGATES4 ,!SE JUDGM5TS1 9 TURN1 W\LD BE REF]R$ BACK = DISCUSSION1 APPROVAL1 MODIFICATION1 OR REJECTION BY ! ASSEMBLY ( ASSEMBLIES 7OR ,COMMUNE ( COMMUNES7 AS A :OLE1 REFLECT+ ! WI%ES ( ! FULLY ASSEMBL$ MAJORITY4 ,WE CANNOT TELL H[ MU* TE*NOLOGY WILL BE EXP&$ A FEW DECADES FROM N[2 LET ALONE A FEW G5]ATIONS4 ,ITS GR[? & ! PROSPECTS IT IS LIKELY TO OP5 OV] ! C\RSE ( ?IS C5TURY ALONE >E TOO DAZZL+ EV5 = ! MO/ IMAG9ATIVE UTOPIAN TO 5VISION4 ,IF NO?+ ELSE1 WE HAVE BE5 SWEPT 9TO A P]MAN5T TE*NOLOGICAL & COMMUNICATIONS REVOLUTION :OSE CULM9ATION IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO =ESEE4 ,?IS AMASS+ ( P[] & KN[L$GE OP5S TWO RADICALLY OPPOS+ PROSPECTS3 EI!R HUMANITY WILL TRULY DE/ROY ITSELF & ITS HABITAT1 OR IT WILL CREATE A G>D51 A FRUITFUL & B5IGN WORLD ?AT NOT EV5 ! MO/ FANCIFUL UTOPIAN1 ,*>LES ,F\RI]1 C\LD HAVE IMAG9$4 

,IT IS FITT+ ?AT SU* DIRE ALT]NATIVES %\LD APPE> N[ & 9 SU* EXTREME =MS4 ,UNLESS SOCIAL ECOLOGY -- ) ITS NATURALI/IC \TLOOK1 ITS DEVELOPM5TAL 9T]PRETATIONS ( NATURAL & SOCIAL PH5OM5A1 ITS EMPHASIS ON DISCIPL9E ) FRE$OM & RESPONSIBILITY ) IMAG9ATION -- CAN BE BR\<T TO ! S]VICE ( SU* HI/ORIC 5DS1 HUMANITY MAY WELL PROVE TO BE 9CAPABLE ( *ANG+ ! WORLD4 ,WE CANNOT DEF] ! NE$ TO DEAL ) !SE PROSPECTS 9DEF9ITELY3 EI!R A MOVEM5T WILL >ISE ?AT WILL BE/IR HUMANITY 9TO ACTION1 OR ! LA/ GREAT *ANCE 9 HI/ORY = ! COMPLETE EMANCIPATION ( HUMANITY WILL P]I% 9 UNRE/RA9$ SELF-DE/RUCTION4 

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