,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY & ,COMMUNALISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 
     

O ,9TRODUCTION 

      #c1#g#b ,WORDS2 #b1#b#g ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,:AT IS ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY8 

      #i1#e#b ,WORDS2 #f#b1#i#i ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,RADICAL ,POLITICS 9 AN ,]A ( ,ADVANC$ ,CAPITALISM 

      #d1#b#f#a ,WORDS2 #b#g1#g#f#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,! ,ROLE ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 9 A ,P]IOD ( ,REACTION 

      #b1#b#i#h ,WORDS2 #a#e1#a#c#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,! ,COMMUNALI/ ,PROJECT 

      #a1#b#i#f ,WORDS2 #f#i1#e#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,AFT] ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

      #dgg ,WORDS2 #c1#f#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,NOTES 

      #a1#i#a#d ,WORDS2 #a#c1#i#e#a ,*>ACT]S 

,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 

O ,9TRODUCTION 
,AN ,9TRODUCTION TO ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY & ,COMMUNALISM 

  

,WE >E /&+ AT A CRUCIAL CROSSROADS4 ,NOT ONLY DOES ! AGE-OLD 0SOCIAL QUE/ION0 CONC]N+ ! EXPLOITATION ( HUMAN LABOR REMA9 UNRESOLV$1 BUT ! PLUND]+ ( NATURAL RES\RCES HAS REA*$ A PO9T :]E HUMANITY IS ALSO =C$ TO POLITICALLY DEAL ) AN 0ECOLOGICAL QUE/ION40 ,TODAY1 WE HAVE TO MAKE CONSCI\S *OICES AB\T :AT DIRECTION SOCIETY %\LD TAKE1 TO PROP]LY MEET !SE *ALL5GES4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 WE SEE ?AT \R V]Y ABILITY TO MAKE ! NECESS>Y *OICES >E BE+ UND]M9$ BY AN 9CESSANT C5TRALIZATION ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL P[]4 ,NOT ONLY IS !RE A PROCESS ( C5TRALIZATION 9 MO/ MOD]N NATION /ATES ?AT DIVE/S HUMANITY ( ANY CONTROL OV] SOCIAL AFFAIRS1 BUT P[] IS ALSO GRADUALLY BE+ TRANSF]R$ TO TRANSNATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS4 

,SIMULTANE\SLY1 ! ELITES GOV]N+ ! MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATIONS >E VIRTUALLY GIV5 FREE RE9 TO CONT9UE EXPLOIT+ PEOPLE AS WELL AS ! NATURAL WORLD1 9 A S]IES ( NEW 0FREE TRADE0 AGREEM5TS ?AT 9 TURN HAVE PROVOK$ A RANGE ( POPUL> PROTE/S4 ,! LA/ FEW YE>S HAVE ALSO WITNESS$1 9 ! ONGO+ 0,W> ON ,T]ROR10 S]I\S 5CROA*M5TS ON A RANGE ( CIVIL RI<TS ?AT WE1 9 ! ,WE/]N WORLD1 HAVE COME TO TAKE = GRANT$4 ,SO1 AT A TIME :5 ! SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL CRISES >E 9T5SIFI$ 9 BREAD? & SCOPE1 WE F9D \RSELVES UTT]LY DISEMP[]$1 & VIRTUALLY /RIPP$ ( POSSIBILITIES TO >RE/ & REV]SE ?IS DE/RUCTIVE 0DEVELOPM5T40 

,NONE ( ! E/ABLI%$ POLITICAL T5D5CIES1 NO MATT] H[ 0RADICAL0 !Y CLAIM TO BE1 SEEM TO BE ABLE TO C\NT] !SE PROCESSES4 

,ONE AFT] ANO!R1 ! ,EUROPEAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>TIES1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ! ONCE SO PROMIS+ ,GRE5 T5D5CIES1 HAVE ALL L[]$ !IR BANN]S & COME TO ACCEPT ! MO/ P]NICI\S M>KET =CES4 ,!IR P>TICIPATION 9 NATIONAL P>LIAM5TS CONT9U\SLY HOLL[S \T !IR EXPRESS$ IDEALS4 ,NOT ONLY HAS ! TRADITIONAL ,LEFT CRUMBL$ IDEOLOGICALLY ) ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,EA/]N ,BLOC -- :I* 9DE$ IS A TRAGIC IRONY -- BUT TODAY1 !RE EXI/S NO REAL EXTRAP>LIAM5T>Y MOVEM5T1 ) ! WILL & ABILITY TO FO/] & ADVANCE AN ALT]NATIVE POLITICS4 ,NO LEFT LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T HAS YET EM]G$ ?AT C\LD MAKE USE ( ! VA/ OPPORTUNITIES ?AT OP5$ UP AS 0,REAL ,EXI/+ ,SOCIALISM0 CEAS$ TO EXI/4 ,! GREAT HOPES ?AT W]E NURTUR$ BY ! MANY NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5TS :I* EM]G$ 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY HAVE ALL BUT FAD$ AWAY1 & :]E ! RADICAL ,LEFT HAS NOT SIMPLY 0MELT$ 9TO AIR10 IT HAS BECOME HI<LY CONFUS$4 ,?IS IS A TR5D ?AT E*OES ?R\<\T ! WORLD1 &1 DESPITE ! REC5T RESURG5CE ( PROTE/ MOVEM5TS1 !RE >E /ILL NO VISIBLE T5D5CIES :I* ADVANCE PRACTICAL & CR$IBLE ALT]NATIVE DIRECTIONS TO ! DE/RUCTIVE TRACKS WE >E ON4 

,IF WE >E NOT ABLE TO 9TELLIG5TLY RESPOND TO !SE *ALL5GES1 IT IS CLE> ?AT POPUL> DISCONT5TS WILL BE *ANNEL$ ?R\< ! ,RI<T 9/EAD1 AS WE 9DE$ WITNESS 9 MANY 9DU/RIALIZ$ C\NTRIES TODAY -- NOTABLY ! DISCONC]T+ GR[? ( RELIGI\S FUNDAM5TALISMS4 ,9ASMU* AS !RE EXI/S NO CLE> & PR9CIPL$ ,LEFT RADICALISM1 ! CONS]VATIVES & ! REACTION>IES CAN SET ! POLITICAL AG5DA1 & AS A RESULT1 ! :OLE POLITICAL SPECTRUM HAS TILT$ M>K$LY T[>D ! ,RI<T4 ,! CURR5T POLITICAL CLIMATE IS ITSELF A REASON TO BE CONC]N$1 AS !RE IS AN URG5T NE$ TO F9D POLITICAL ALT]NATIVES ?AT CAN S]I\SLY DEAL ) ! SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL CRISIS 9 :I* WE F9D \RSELVES4 ,WE HAVE TO OP5 UP A DEBATE & CL>IFY ! BASIC !ORETICAL ISSUES AT /AKE1 BE=E WE CAN C>VE \T A POSSIBLE ,LEFT AG5DA SUIT$ = \R TIME4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS QUE/ = POLITICAL ALT]NATIVES ?AT WE TURN TO ! RADICAL !ORI/ ,MURRAY ,BOOK*94 

,?IS BOOK IS A COLLECTION ( ESSAYS WRITT5 BY ,BOOK*91 A MAN :O D$ICAT$ HIS :OLE LIFE TO SEEK+ RATIONAL ALT]NATIVES TO CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,BOOK*9 WAS BORN 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#b#a1 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY TO ,JEWI%-,RUSSIAN IMMIGRANTS4 ,HIS GR&P>5TS HAD BE5 MEMB]S ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY ( ,RUSSIA1 & FL$ ! C\NTRY 9 ! WAKE ( ! FAIL$ REVOLUTION ( #a#i#e4 ,9 ! WORK+ CLASS NEI<BORHOODS ( ! ,BRONX1 ,BOOK*9'S *ILDHOOD & Y\? W]E /RONGLY M>K$ BY ! HOPEFUL 5?USIASM ?AT FOLL[$ 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g4 ,AS ,AM]ICA 5T]$ HEADLONG 9TO ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION1 ,BOOK*9 GOT 9 T\* ) ! RADICAL ORGANIZATIONS AGITAT+ 9 HIS ,NEW ,YORK NEI<BORHOOD1 & QUICKLY HE BECAME V]Y POLITICALLY ACTIVE4 

,?IS M>K$ ! BEG9N+ ( A LONG LIFE D$ICAT$ TO ! CAUSE ( SOCIAL FRE$OM4 

,BECAUSE ( HIS FAMILY'S ECONOMIC SITUATION1 ,BOOK*9 HAD TO />T WORK+ AT AN E>LY AGE1 & GOT 9VOLV$ 9 ! ACTIVITIES ( ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T4 ,9 ! ?IRTIES1 HE WAS A MEMB] ( ! V>I\S ORGANIZATIONS SPAWN$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ACT+ AS AN AGITATOR1 ORGANIZ] & /UDY LEAD]1 AL?\< HE GRADUALLY BECAME /RONGLY CRITICAL ( MANY ( ITS POLICIES4 ,ALREADY BY ! \TBREAK ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 HE BROKE ) ! ,COMMUNI/S1 MA9LY BECAUSE ( !IR ,POPUL> ,FRONT /RATEGY 7NOTORI\SLY ! ,/AL9I/ BETRAYAL ( ! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS74 ,HE !N BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 ! ,TROTSKYI/ MOVEM5T -- :ILE ,TROTSKY WAS /ILL ALIVE -- & WROTE HIS FIR/ >TICLES = DISSID5T ,LEFT GR\PS4 ,AFT] ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 HE GRAVITAT$ MORE & MORE T[>D A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 & />T$ REEVALUAT+ ! BASIC PREMISES & ! LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS ( CONV5TIONAL RADICAL !ORY4 

,BOOK*9 WAS AN UNTIR+ ACTIVI/ & !ORI/ 9 MO/ ( ! SIGNIFICANT RADICAL MOVEM5TS ?AT EM]G$ AFT] ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4 ,HE WAS 9 ! WORK]'S MOVEM5T :ILE IT WAS /ILL TRULY RADICAL1 & WAS ACTIVE AS A %OP /EW>D & A /RIKE LEAD]4 ,HE WAS ONE ( ! DEF9ITIVE PIONE]S ( ECOLOGICAL ?\<T1 & P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T FROM ITS T5TATIVE 9CEPTION 9 ! #a#i#eS4 ,BOOK*9 WAS ALSO A P>T ( ! ,CIVIL ,RI<TS ,MOVEM5T1 ! ANTI- NUCLE> MOVEM5T1 9VOLV$ ) ,/UD5TS = A ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIETY1 & A S]IES ( URBAN DEVELOPM5T PROJECTS4 ,HE WAS V]Y 5GAG$ 9 EF=TS TO DEVELOP NEO-AN>*I/ IDEAS1 GR\PS & PROJECTS4 ,LAT] ON HE BECAME HEAVILY 9VOLV$ 9 ! EM]G5CE ( ! ,GRE5S1 & WAS ACTIVE 9 LOCAL ISSUES & ELECTORAL CAMPAIGNS 9 HIS HOME T[N1 ,BURL+TON1 ,V]MONT4 ,IT WAS ONLY 9 ! LA/ FEW YE>S ?AT PHYSICAL 9FIRMITIES IMP$$ HIM FROM TAK+ P>T 9 ACTIVE POLITICS1 & RELEGAT$ HIM TO ! WRIT]'S DESK4 ,9DE$1 IT IS PROBABLY = HIS !ORETICAL CONTRIBUTIONS ,BOOK*9 IS MO/ WELL-KN[N & VALU$4 

,BOOK*9 PUBLI%$ MORE ?AN TW5TY BOOKS1 & A WIDE RANGE ( >TICLES1 LECTURES & ESSAYS1 & HIS WORK HAS BE5 TRANSLAT$ 9TO MANY DIFF]5T LANGUAGES4 ,HIS WRIT+S HAVE 5COMPASS$ A GREAT V>IETY ( SUBJECT MATT]S1 9CLUD+ HI/ORY1 AN?ROPOLOGY1 PHILOSOPHY1 SCI5CE1 & TE*NOLOGY1 AS WELL AS CULTURE & SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,/ILL1 IT IS HIS TREATM5T ( ECOLOGICAL & POLITICAL ISSUES ?AT HAS MADE ,BOOK*9 KN[N TO MO/ READ]S1 & SOME ( HIS OLD] BOOKS1 NOTABLY ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM1 ,T[>D AN ,ECOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY1 & ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 HAVE BE5 S\RCES ( 9SPIRATION = SEV]AL G5]ATIONS ( RADICALS4 

,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 EXP]I5C$ MANY RADICAL MOVEM5TS 9 HIS LIFETIME1 & HAD A RELATION%IP TO ALL ! MAJOR RADICAL IDEOLOGICAL TR5DS ( ! LA/ C5TURY4 ,/ILL1 HE MANAG$ TO HAMM] \T A UNIQUE POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY ?AT ATTEMPTS TO BUILD ON ! BE/ 9 !SE TRADITIONS4 ,! PURPOSE ( HIS WORK WAS TO R5EW RADICAL !ORY SO ?AT IT MA9TA9S ITS BE/ PR9CIPLES & DRAWS LESSONS FROM A BROAD SPECTRUM ( HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CES1 :ILE BE+ ADAPT$ TO NEW ISSUES & *ALL5GES4 

,AL?\< BY NO MEANS HIS FIR/ RELEVANT WORK1 IT WAS ) HIS #aifd ESSAY1 0,ECOLOGY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,?\<T0 ?AT ,BOOK*9 />T$ TO DEF9E ! \TL9ES ( ! BODY ( IDEAS HE CALL$ SOCIAL ECOLOGY -- A !ORY ?AT WAS TO BE MORE FULLY DEVELOP$ 9 BOOKS LIKE ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 ,REMAK+ ,SOCIETY1 ,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY1 & ,RE-5*ANT+ ,HUMANITY4 ,9 #a#i#g#a1 HIS 0,SPR+ ,(F5SIVES & ,SUMM] ,VACATIONS0 WAS H9T+ AT A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ APPROA*1 ?AT LAT] WAS C>V$ \T 9 ! PAGES ( ,! ,LIMITS ( ! ,CITY1 & P>TICUL>LY 9 ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES1 AS WELL AS 9 A S]IES ( %ORT] ESSAYS4 ,HIS HI/ORICAL WRIT+S HAVE REC5TLY CULM9AT$ 9 HIS MASSIVE HI/ORY ( REVOLUTION>Y POPUL> MOVEM5TS -- ! F\R-VOLUME ,! ,?IRD ,REVOLUTION 7#a#i#i#f-#b#e74 

,= MORE ?AN F\R DECADES1 ! !ORY ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY HAS BE5 CONT9UALLY NUANC$ & DEVELOP$4 ,= A R\ND$ 9TRODUCTION TO HIS BODY ( IDEAS1 READ]S %\LD TURN TO ,JANET ,BIEHL'S EXCELL5T PRES5TATION 9 ,! ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 ,READ]4 

,! BASIC PROMISE ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS TO RE-H>MONIZE ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 SOCIETY & NATURE1 & TO CREATE A RATIONAL1 ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,H]E ,BOOK*9 SUGGE/S A DIALECTICAL 9T]PRETATION ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 CULTURE1 & NATURAL EVOLUTION4 ,BY LOOK+ AT HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES = FRE$OM & COOP]ATION HE >GUES ?AT HI/ORY ITSELF SUGGE/S TO US1 IF ONLY 9 A FRAGM5T$ & 9COMPLETE =M1 H[ SU* A RATIONAL FUTURE CAN & \<T TO BE =M$4 

,:ILE ,BOOK*9 RELI$ P>TLY ON ! ! !ORIES ( ,K>L ,M>X 7P>TICUL>LY HIS CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM71 HE SAW ! NE$ TO DI/ANCE HIMSELF FROM ! ,M>XI/ TRADITION1 ( :I* HE HAD BE5 A P>T1 9 ORD] TO CL>IFY ! LIB]ATORY CONT5T ( HIS IDEAS4 ,AS AN ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN & A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/1 HE TRI$ TO BUILD UPON ! VIABLE FRAGM5TS ( AN>*ISM TO CREATE A R\ND$ LIB]T>IAN COMPLEM5T TO ,M>X'S IDEAS ON ! RADICAL ,LEFT4 ,9 ORD] TO CREATE A NEW ECOLOGICAL BODY ( ?\<T1 AS WELL AS A NEW POLITICS1 HE US$ ! WORDS 0PO/-SC>CITY AN>*ISM0 TO EXPRESS ! NEW TRANSC5D5CE HIS P]SPECTIVE REFLECT$ ( BO? LIB]T>IAN & ,M>XIAN VIEWS4 ,/ILL1 HE GRADUALLY FELT ?AT ! TRADITIONAL RADICAL OR?ODOXIES 9HIBIT$ ! LOGIC ( HIS IDEAS4 ,AFT] MAK+ GREAT EF=TS AT DEF5D+ 7& TRY+ TO FILL ) MEAN+7 V>IABLY AN 0AN>*I/-COMMUNISM10 AN 0ECO-AN>*ISM10 & 0SOCIAL AN>*ISM0 ?AT MA9TA9$ A COH]5CY & POLITICAL RADICALISM1 HE CAME TO A PO9T :]E ?IS PROJECT NO LONG] SEEM$ FEASIBLE4 ,! 9H]5T FLAWS ( AN>*ISM BECAME ALL ! MORE APP>5T AS ,BOOK*9 /UDI$ ! HI/ORICAL EM]G5CE ( ITS BASIC IDEAS & ITS V>I\S ORGANIZ$ EXPRESSIONS3 ,NOT ONLY HAD AN>*ISM BE5 9FECT$ BY CURR5T TR5DS ( NIHILISM & LIFE/YLE APPROA*ES1 IT WAS 9DE$ A PRODUCT ( 9DIVIDUALI/ &  
ANTI-SOCIAL ATTITUDES FROM ITS V]Y 9CEPTION4 ,HE OP5LY BROKE ) AN>*ISM AT ! SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONF]5CE ON ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM1 9 ,V]MONT1 #aiii -- & MADE IT CLE> ?AT HIS !ORY ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY HAD TO BE EMBODI$ 9 ! IDEOLOGY HE CALL$ ,COMMUNALISM4 

,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ! AN>*I/ TRADITION DID NOT PROVIDE A SET ( S\ND S5TIM5TS1 NAMELY ANTI-/ATISM1 F$]ALISM1 & SELF- MANAGEM5T 7H[EV] NAIVELY !Y W]E =MULAT$71 BUT ?AT !Y NEV] MADE UP A COH]5T !ORETICAL FRAMEWORK = RADICAL SOCIAL ACTION4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ,BOOK*9 URG$ S]I\S LIB]T>IANS TO TRANSC5D AN>*ISM1 ALONG ) ,M>XISM & O!R RADICAL IDEOLOGIES4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y1 HE CONT5D$1 TO CREATE A NEW BODY ( ?\<T BAS$ ON A COH]5T & REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL APPROA* ?AT 9TEGRATES & GOES BEYOND ALL TRADITIONAL =MS ( SOCIALI/ RADICALISM4 ,9DE$1 VAGUE LIB]T>IAN IDEALS ( POPUL> SELF- MANAGEM5T1 MUTUAL AID1 & A /ATELESS COMMUNITY1 >E ?R\< ,BOOK*9'S SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 DEVELOP$ 9TO ASPECTS ( A COH]5T  
POLITICAL !ORY1 M>K$ BY DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 MUNICIPALIZATION1 & CONF$]ALISM4 ,?IS CON/ITUTES ! POLITICAL ALT]NATIVE ?AT ,BOOK*9 >GU$ C\LD CONFRONT ! M>KET ECONOMY & P[]FUL C5TRALIZ$ 9/ITUTIONS4 

,!SE POLITICAL IDEAS HAVE BE5 DEVELOP$ OV] MANY DECADES1 & >E BAS$ ON BO? CONCRETE LESSONS AS WELL AS ! CREATIVE =MULATIONS ( A MAN :O PASSIONATELY D$ICAT$ HIS LIFE TO ! RADICAL MOVEM5T1 A GL[+ PASSION ?AT IS CLE>LY EXPRESS$ 9 ! ESSAYS H]E PRES5T$4 

,! PURPOSE ( ?IS SMALL COLLECTION ( ESSAYS IS TO GIVE A G5]AL OV]VIEW ( ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9'S FUNDAM5TAL IDEAS ON SOCIAL ECOLOGY & ,COMMUNALISM4 ,( C\RSE F\R ESSAYS CANNOT REPLACE ! MANY BOOKS & POLEMICAL ESSAYS WRITT5 BY ,BOOK*9 ON !SE SUBJECTS1 & ?IS COLLECTION IS NOT MEANT AS A SUB/ITUTE = A MORE ?OR\< /UDY ( HIS IDEAS4 ,/ILL1 !SE ESSAYS CAN 9DE$ S]VE AS A DEC5T 9TRODUCTION = S]I\S READ]S1 & GIVE A GOOD S5SE ( ! !ORETICAL \TL9ES ( ,BOOK*9'S !ORETICAL CORPUS4 

,! FIR/ ESSAY1 0,:AT IS ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY810 GIVES AN IMPORTANT OV]VIEW ( ! BASIC !ORETICAL T5ETS ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,H]E ,BOOK*9 (F]S A DEVELOPM5TAL P]SPECTIVE ON SOCIETY & NATURE1 EXPLA9+ H[ 0SECOND NATURE0 7HUMAN CULTURE7 HAS DEVELOP$ \T ( 0FIR/ NATURE0 7BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION71 & %[+ ?AT ! V]Y 0IDEA ( DOM9AT+ NATURE0 IS CONNECT$ TO ! HI/ORICAL EM]G5CE ( HI]>*IES1 & LAT] TO ! BREAK?R\< ( CAPITALISM4 ,9 ORD] TO CREATE AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 ,BOOK*9 CLAIM$1 WE HAVE TO CONFRONT & *ALL5GE ALL HI]>*ICAL RELATION%IPS1 & ULTIMATELY ABOLI% HI]>*Y AS SU* FROM ! HUMAN CONDITION4 

,! ESSAY WAS ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 AN AN?OLOGY $IT$ BY ,MI*AEL ,ZIMM]MAN1 ,5VIRONM5TAL ,PHILOSOPHY3 ,FROM ,ANIMAL ,RI<TS TO ,RADICAL ,ECOLOGY 7,5GLEWOOD ,CLIFFS1 ,N4,J43 ,PR5TICE ,HALL1 #a#i#i#c71 AL?\< IT WAS REVIS$ BO? 9 #aiif & #b#a4 

,! SECOND ESSAY1 0,RADICAL ,POLITICS 9 AN ,]A ( ,ADVANC$ ,CAPITALISM10 APPE>$ 9 ,GRE5 ,P]SPECTIVES 7_?#a#h1 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#h#i74 ,! ESSAY BEG9S ) A CRITIQUE ( ,M>XISM & ITS ECONOMI/IC CLASS ORI5TATION1 URG+ RADICALS TO UND]/& ! *ANG+ NATURE ( CAPITALISM4 ,BOOK*9 URGES US TO CL>IFY ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 0SOCIETY10 0POLITICS10 & 0! /ATE10 9 ORD] TO DEVELOP AN NEW RADICAL ECOLOGICAL POLITICS1 BY EXP&+ ON ! HI/ORICAL ADVANCES MADE BY ! PUBLIC DOMA9 & ! CITY4 ,IT IS1 9 MY VIEW1 ONE ( ! CLE>E/ EXPRESSIONS ( HIS PROPOSAL = A NEW LIB]T>IAN POLITICS1 9SI/+ ON ! C5TRALITY ( ! MUNICIPALITY & ( CONF$]ALISM4 ,?IS ESSAY WAS REVIS$ BY ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 9 #b#a4 

,! ?IRD ESSAY1 0,! ,ROLE ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 9 A ,P]IOD ( ,REACTION10 WAS WRITT5 9 #a#i#i#e1 :5 ,BOOK*9 HAD JU/ F9I%$ WRIT+ ,RE-5*ANT+ ,HUMANITY4 ,IT MAKES V]Y CLE> DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 & CONTEMPOR>Y TR5DS LIKE 0DEEP ECOLOGY10 MY/ICISM1 ANTI-HUMANISM1 AS WELL AS PO/MOD]NI/ ECLECTICISM & RELATIVISM4 ,IT WAS FIR/ S5T TO AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,GA!R+ ( SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S 9 ,DUNOON1 ,SCOTL&1 9 ,AUGU/ ( ?AT YE>1 & IT WAS SUBSEQU5TLY PUBLI%$ AS 0,!SES ON ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 9 A ,P]IOD ( ,REACTION0 9 ,GRE5 ,P]SPECTIVES 7_? #c#c1 ,OCTOB] #a#i#i#e74 

,9 ADDITION TO MANY 9T]E/+ COMM5TS ON CURR5T CULTURAL & PHILOSOPHICAL TR5DS1 ,BOOK*9 H]E PLACES SOCIAL ECOLOGY UNEQUIVOCALLY 9 ! TRAJECTORY ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T & ITS REVOLUTION>Y (F%OOTS1 & = ?OSE REASONS ,I CONSID] ?IS ESSAY P>TICUL>LY APPROPRIATE TO 9CLUDE 9 ?IS AN?OLOGY4 

,! F9AL ESSAY1 0,! ,COMMUNALI/ ,PROJECT10 IS 9 MY VIEW ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT ESSAY 9 ?IS AN?OLOGY1 B9D+ ! O!R ESSAYS TOGE!R BY DEF9+ A NEW \TLOOK4 ,AL?\< AN E>LI] V]SION 7?AT WAS TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY REVIS$ & EXP&$7 WAS CIRCULAT$ AS 0,! ,COMMUNALI/ ,MOM5T10 ?IS ESSAY WAS FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ! J\RNAL ,COMMUNALISM 7_?#b1 ,NOVEMB]1 #b#b74 ,BOOK*9 DETAILS ! NE$ TO GO BEYOND ALL ! IDEOLOGIES ( ! TRADITIONAL ,LEFT1 SU* AS ,M>XISM1 AN>*ISM1 & SYNDICALISM1 & CREATE A NEW1 COH]5T LIB]T>IAN RADICALISM4 ,HE EXPLA9S ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,COMMUNALISM & LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM4 ,?IS ESSAY CON/ITUTES ! BE/ EXPOSITION TO ! EXT5T ?AT ,BOOK*9 HAD %AK5 (F ALL ! 0AN>*I/0 TRAPP+S ?AT W]E =M]LY ID5TIFI$ ) HIS !ORIES ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,9 FACT1 ?IS ESSAY WAS 9ITIALLY PUBLI%$ ) AN APP5DIX ON 0,AN>*ISM & ,P[] 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION10 ?AT CRITICIZES AN>*ISM = NOT HAV+ ANY !ORY ( P[]1 & = NOT BE+ ABLE TO DEAL ) ?IS IMPORTANT QUE/ION 9 REAL LIFE POLITICS4 ,?IS APP5DIX HAS BE5 LEFT \T ( ?IS COLLECTION = ONE REASON3 9 !SE PAGES1 ,I WANT$ TO PRES5T ONLY G5]AL ESSAYS -- ESSAYS :I* W]E NEI!R CONSID]$ TOO POLEMICAL NOR TOO SPECIFIC -- :I* W\LD CON/ITUTE A %ORT BOOK PROP]LY EXPRESS+ ! MA9 IDEOLOGICAL ASPECTS ( ,BOOK*9'S !ORETICAL WRIT+S4 7,! APP5DIX IS AVAILABLE AT WWW4COMMUNALISM4ORG1 & WILL BE PUBLI%$1 ALONG ) O!R CRITIQUES ( AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM1 9 A =?COM+ AN?OLOGY PRES5T+ ,BOOK*9'S REC5T WRIT+S ON ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM47 

,! R$ ?READ RUNN+ ?R\< ALL !SE ESSAYS IS ! DRIVE TO UND]/& & EXPLA9 ! /RUGGLE = A RATIONAL SOCIETY1 & TO UND]/& ! NECESS>Y IDEOLOGICAL UND]P9N+S ( A CONTEMPOR>Y RADICAL POLITICS4 ,AL?\< ! ESSAYS 9CLUD$ >E V]Y DIFF]5T 9 FOCUS & EMPHASIS1 ,I ?9K ?AT TAK5 TOGE!R1 !Y CONVEY ! IDEOLOGICAL F\NDATIONS ( ?IS POLITICAL PROJECT1 & ITS ROOTS 9 ! RI* & FECUND !ORY ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 

,?IS BOOK GIVES A HI<LY ACCESSIBLE 9TRODUCTION TO SOCIAL ECOLOGY & ,COMMUNALISM1 AS IT HAS BE5 DEVELOP$ BY ONE ( ! MO/ EXCIT+ & PIONE]+ ?9K]S ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,ITS PURPOSE IS TO GIVE A G5]AL OV]VIEW ( ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9'S IDEAS1 & CONVEY A S5SE ( HIS ORIG9ALITY1 BY PRES5T+ SOME ( HIS MO/ C5TRAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO RADICAL !ORY4 ,DESPITE ,BOOK*9'S 9SI/5CE ?AT ! IDEAS HE PROPOS$ >E A PRODUCT ( REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS ( ! PA/1 & ( ! IDEALS ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 HE NEV]!LESS CREAT$ A NEW & UNIQUE SYN!SIS4 ,?IS POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY SUGGE/S ?AT ! SOLUTION TO ! 5ORM\S SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS WE FACE TODAY1 FUNDAM5TALLY LIE 9 ! =MATION ( A NEW CITIZ5RY1 ITS EMP[]M5T ?R\< NEW POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 & A NEW POLITICAL CULTURE4 ,IT IS MY PR(\ND BELIEF ?AT ,COMMUNALISM1 AS A COH]5T BODY ( IDEAS -- ) A DIALECTICAL PHILOSOPHY ( NATURE1 A CONF$]ALI/ POLITICS1 A NON-HI]>*ICAL SOCIAL ANALYSIS1 & AN E?ICS BAS$ ON COMPLEM5T>ITY -- CAN BE AN 9SPIRATION = A NEW RADICAL POPUL> MOVEM5T 9 ! YE>S TO COME1 9DE$1 = ! RESUSCITATION ( ! ,LEFT 9 A MEAN+FUL S5SE4 

,AT ?IS CROSSROADS1 WE N[ HAVE TO DECIDE :]E WE WANT TO GO1 & H[ WE CAN GET !RE4 ,! CURR5T ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IS ALSO A SOCIAL ONE1 & WE MU/ R$EF9E HUMANITY'S RELATION%IP TO ! NATURAL WORLD BY REMAK+ ! BASIC SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS & ADVANC+ A NEW ECOLOGICAL HUMANISM1 9 ORD] TO MAKE SCI5CE1 TE*NOLOGY1 & ! HUMAN 9TELLECT S]VE BO? SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T & A NATURAL EVOLUTION GUID$ BY REASON4 ,TO C>VE ! \TL9ES ( A RATIONAL ECOLOGICAL FUTURE1 & TO 9ITIATE ! NECESS>Y /EPS 9 ?AT DIRECTION1 HAS N[ BECOME NOT ONLY A DESID]ATUM1 BUT A NECESSITY4 ,AS ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 SO *ALL5G+LY ASKS1 0HUMANITY IS TOO 9TELLIG5T NOT TO LIVE 9 A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,IT REMA9S TO SEE :E!R IT IS 9TELLIG5T 5\< TO A*IEVE ONE40 

,EIRIK ,EIGLAD1  

 ,JANU>Y #a#d?1 #bf 

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,:AT IS ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY8 
,:AT IS ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY8 

  

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS BAS$ ON ! CONVICTION ?AT NE>LY ALL ( \R PRES5T ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS ORIG9ATE 9 DEEP-SEAT$ SOCIAL PROBLEMS4 ,IT FOLL[S1 FROM ?IS VIEW1 ?AT !SE ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS CANNOT BE UND]/OOD1 LET ALONE SOLV$1 )\T A C>EFUL UND]/&+ ( \R EXI/+ SOCIETY & ! IRRATIONALITIES ?AT DOM9ATE IT4 ,TO MAKE ?IS PO9T MORE CONCRETE3 ECONOMIC1 E?NIC1 CULTURAL1 & G5D] CONFLICTS1 AMONG MANY O!RS1 LIE AT ! CORE ( ! MO/ S]I\S ECOLOGICAL DISLOCATIONS WE FACE TODAY -- AP>T1 TO BE SURE1 FROM ?OSE ?AT >E PRODUC$ BY NATURAL CATA/ROPHES4 

,IF ?IS APPROA* SEEMS A BIT TOO SOCIOLOGICAL = ?OSE 5VIRONM5TALI/S :O ID5TIFY ! PRIM>Y ECOLOGICAL PROBLEM AS BE+ ! PRES]VATION ( WILDLIFE OR WILD]NESS1 OR MORE BROADLY AS ATT5D+ TO 0,GAIA0 TO A*IEVE PLANET>Y 0ON5ESS10 !Y MI<T WI% TO CONSID] C]TA9 REC5T DEVELOPM5TS4 ,! MASSIVE OIL SPILLS ?AT HAVE OCCURR$ OV] ! PA/ TWO DECADES1 ! EXT5SIVE DE=E/ATION ( TROPICAL =E/ & MAGNIFIC5T ANCI5T TREES 9 TEMP]ATE >EAS1 & VA/ HYDROELECTRIC PROJECTS ?AT FLOOD PLACES :]E PEOPLE LIVE1 TO CITE ONLY A FEW PROBLEMS1 >E SOB]+ REM9D]S ?AT ! REAL BATTLEGR\ND ON :I* ! ECOLOGICAL FUTURE ( ! PLANET WILL BE DECID$ IS CLE>LY A SOCIAL ONE1 P>TICUL>LY BETWE5 CORPORATE P[] & ! LONG-RANGE 9T]E/S ( HUMANITY AS A :OLE4 

,9DE$1 TO SEP>ATE ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS FROM SOCIAL PROBLEMS -- OR EV5 TO PLAY D[N OR GIVE ONLY TOK5 RECOGNITION TO !IR CRUCIAL RELATION%IP -- W\LD BE TO GROSSLY MISCON/RUE ! S\RCES ( ! GR[+ 5VIRONM5TAL CRISIS4 ,9 EFFECT1 ! WAY HUMAN BE+S DEAL ) EA* O!R AS SOCIAL BE+S IS CRUCIAL TO ADDRESS+ ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 ,UNLESS WE CLE>LY RECOGNIZE ?IS1 WE WILL FAIL TO SEE ?AT ! HI]>*ICAL M5TALITY & CLASS RELATION%IPS ?AT SO ?OR\<LY P]MEATE SOCIETY >E :AT HAS GIV5 RISE TO ! V]Y IDEA ( DOM9AT+ ! NATURAL WORLD4 

,UNLESS WE REALIZE ?AT ! PRES5T M>KET SOCIETY1 /RUCTUR$ >\ND ! BRUTALLY COMPETITIVE IMP]ATIVE ( 0GR[ OR DIE10 IS A ?OR\<LY IMP]SONAL1 SELF-OP]AT+ ME*ANISM1 WE WILL FALSELY T5D TO BLAME O!R PH5OM5A -- SU* AS TE*NOLOGY OR POPULATION GR[? -- = GR[+ 5VIRONM5TAL DISLOCATIONS4 ,WE WILL IGNORE !IR ROOT CAUSES1 SU* AS TRADE = PR(IT1 9DU/RIAL EXPANSION = ITS [N SAKE1 & ! ID5TIFICATION ( PROGRESS ) CORPORATE SELF- 9T]E/4 ,9 %ORT1 WE WILL T5D TO FOCUS ON ! SYMPTOMS ( A GRIM SOCIAL PA?OLOGY RA!R ?AN ON ! PA?OLOGY ITSELF1 & \R EF=TS WILL BE DIRECT$ T[>D LIMIT$ GOALS :OSE ATTA9M5T IS MORE COSMETIC ?AN CURATIVE4 

,SOME CRITICS HAVE REC5TLY QUE/ION$ :E!R SOCIAL ECOLOGY HAS TREAT$ ! ISSUE ( SPIRITUALITY 9 ECOLOGICAL POLITICS ADEQUATELY4 ,9 FACT1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY WAS AMONG ! E>LIE/ ( CONTEMPOR>Y ECOLOGIES TO CALL = A SWEEP+ *ANGE 9 EXI/+ SPIRITUAL VALUES4 ,9DE$1 SU* A *ANGE W\LD 9VOLVE A F>-REA*+ TRANS=MATION ( \R PREVAIL+ M5TALITY ( DOM9ATION 9TO ONE ( COMPLEM5T>ITY1 ONE ?AT SEES \R ROLE 9 ! NATURAL WORLD AS CREATIVE1 SUPPORTIVE1 & DEEPLY APPRECIATIVE ( ! WELL-BE+ ( NONHUMAN LIFE4 ,9 SOCIAL ECOLOGY A TRULY NATURAL SPIRITUALITY1 FREE ( MY/ICAL REGRESSIONS1 W\LD C5T] ON ! ABILITY ( AN EMANCIPAT$ HUMANITY TO FUNCTION AS E?ICAL AG5TS = DIM9I%+ NE$LESS SUFF]+1 5GAG+ 9 ECOLOGICAL RE/ORATION1 & FO/]+ AN ES!TIC APPRECIATION ( NATURAL EVOLUTION 9 ALL ITS FECUNDITY & DIV]SITY4 

,?US1 9 ITS CALL = A COLLECTIVE EF=T TO *ANGE SOCIETY1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY HAS NEV] ES*EW$ ! NE$ = A RADICALLY NEW SPIRITUALITY OR M5TALITY4 ,AS E>LY AS #a#i#f#e1 ! FIR/ PUBLIC /ATEM5T TO ADVANCE ! IDEAS ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY CONCLUD$ ) ! 9JUNCTION3 0,! CA/ ( M9D ?AT TODAY ORGANIZES DIFF]5CES AMONG HUMAN & O!R LIFE-=MS ALONG HI]>*ICAL L9ES ( 'SUPREMACY OR '9F]IORITY' WILL GIVE WAY TO AN \TLOOK ?AT DEALS ) DIV]SITY 9 AN ECOLOGICAL MANN] -- ?AT IS1 ACCORD+ TO AN E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY40.<#a.> ,9 SU* AN E?ICS1 HUMAN BE+S W\LD COMPLEM5T NONHUMAN BE+S ) !IR [N CAPACITIES TO PRODUCE A RI*]1 CREATIVE1 & DEVELOPM5TAL :OLE -- NOT AS A0DOM9ANT0 SPECIES BUT AS SUPPORTIVE ONE4 ,AL?\< ?IS E?ICS1 EXPRESS$ AT TIMES AS AN APPEAL = ! 0RESPIRITIZATION ( ! NATURAL WORLD10 RECURS ?R\<\T ! LIT]ATURE ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 IT %\LD NOT BE MI/AK5 = A !OLOGY ?AT RAISES A DEITY ABOVE ! NATURAL WORLD OR EV5 ?AT SEEKS TO DISCOV] ONE )9 IT4 ,! SPIRITUALITY ADVANC$ BY SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS DEF9ITIVELY NATURALI/ 7AS ONE W\LD EXPECT1 GIV5 ITS RELATION TO ECOLOGY ITSELF1 :I* /EMS FROM ! BIOLOGICAL SCI5CES7 RA!R ?AN SUP]NATURALI/IC OR PAN!I/IC >EAS ( SPECULATION4 

,! EF=T 9 SOME QU>T]S ( ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T TO PRIORITIZE ! NE$ TO DEVELOP A PAN!I/IC 0ECO-SPIRITUALITY0 OV] ! NE$ TO ADDRESS SOCIAL FACTORS RAISES S]I\S QUE/IONS AB\T !IR ABILITY TO COME TO GRIPS ) REALITY4 ,AT A TIME :5 A BL9D SOCIAL ME*ANISM -- ! M>KET -- IS TURN+ SOIL 9TO S&1 COV]+ F]TILE L& ) CONCRETE1 POISON+ AIR & WAT]1 & PRODUC+ SWEEP+ CLIMATIC & ATMOSPH]IC *ANGES1 WE CANNOT IGNORE ! IMPACT ?AT AN AGGRESSIVE HI]>*ICAL & EXPLOITATIVE CLASS SOCIETY HAS ON ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,WE MU/ FACE ! FACT ?AT ECONOMIC GR[?1 G5D] OPPRESSIONS1 & E?NIC DOM9ATION -- NOT TO SPEAK ( CORPORATE1 /ATE1 & BUREAUCRATIC 9CURSIONS ON HUMAN WELL- BE+ -- >E MU* MORE CAPABLE ( %AP+ ! FUTURE ( ! NATURAL WORLD ?AN >E PRIVATI/IC =MS ( SPIRITUAL SELF-R$EMPTION4 ,!SE =MS ( DOM9ATION MU/ BE CONFRONT$ BY COLLECTIVE ACTION & BY MAJOR SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ?AT *ALL5GE ! SOCIAL S\RCES ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS1 NOT SIMPLY BY P]SONALI/IC =MS ( CONSUMPTION & 9VE/M5T ?AT (T5 GO UND] ! OXYMORONIC RUBRIC ( 0GRE5 CAPITALISM40 ,! PRES5T HI<LY COOPTATIVE SOCIETY IS ONLY TOO EAG] TO F9D NEW MEANS ( COMM]CIAL AGGR&IZEM5T & TO ADD ECOLOGICAL V]BIAGE TO ITS ADV]TIS+ & CU/OM] RELATIONS EF=TS4 

,NATURE & ,SOCIETY 

  

,TO ESCAPE FROM ?IS PR(IT-ORI5T$ IMAGE ( ECOLOGY1 LET US BEG9 ) SOME BASICS -- NAMELY1 BY ASK+ :AT SOCIETY & ! NATURAL WORLD ACTUALLY >E4 ,AMONG ! MANY DEF9ITIONS ( NATURE ?AT HAVE BE5 =MULAT$ OV] TIME1 ! ONE ?AT HAS ! MO/ AFF9ITY ) SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS RA!R ELUSIVE & (T5 DIFFICULT TO GRASP BECAUSE UND]/&+ & >TICULAT+ IT REQUIRES A C]TA9 WAY ( ?9K+ -- ONE ?AT /&S AT ODDS ) :AT IS POPUL>LY CALL$ 0L9E> ?9K+40 ,?IS 0NONL9E>0 OR ORGANIC WAY ( ?9K+ IS DEVELOPM5TAL RA!R ?AN ANALYTICAL1 OR 9 MORE TE*NICAL T]MS1 IT IS DIALECTICAL RA!R ?AN 9/RUM5TAL4 ,IT CONCEIVES ! NATURAL WORLD AS A DEVELOPM5TAL PROCESS 1 RA!R ?AN ! BEAUTIFUL VI/AS WE SEE FROM A M\NTA9TOP OR IMAGES FIX$ ON ! BACKS ( PICTURE PO/C>DS4 ,SU* VI/AS & IMAGES ( NONHUMAN NATURE >E BASICALLY /ATIC & IMMOBILE4 ,AS WE GAZE OV] A L&SCAPE1 TO BE SURE1 \R ATT5TION MAY MOM5T>ILY BE >RE/$ BY ! SO>+ FLI<T ( A HAWK1 OR ! BOLT+ LEAP ( A DE]1 OR ! L[-SLUNG %AD[Y LOPE ( A COYOTE4 ,BUT :AT WE >E REALLY WITNESS+ 9 SU* CASES IS ! M]E K9ETICS ( PHYSICAL MOTION1 CAU<T 9 ! FRAME ( AN ESS5TIALLY /ATIC IMAGE ( ! SC5E BE=E \R EYES4 ,SU* /ATIC IMAGES DECEIVE US 9TO BELIEV+ 9 ! 0ET]NALITY0 ( S+LE MOM5TS 9 NATURE4 

,BUT NONHUMAN NATURE IS MORE ?AN A SC5IC VIEW1 & AS WE EXAM9E IT ) SOME C>E1 WE BEG9 TO S5SE ?AT IT IS BASICALLY AN EVOLV+ & UNFOLD+ PH5OM5ON1 A RI*LY FECUND1 EV5 DRAMATIC DEVELOPM5T ?AT IS =EV] *ANG+4 ,I MEAN TO DEF9E NONHUMAN NATURE PRECISELY AS AN EVOLV+ PROCESS1 AS ! TOTALITY1 9 FACT1 ( ITS EVOLUTION4 ,NATURE1 SO CONC]N$1 5COMPASSES ! DEVELOPM5T FROM ! 9ORGANIC 9TO ! ORGANIC1 & FROM ! LESS DIFF]5TIAT$ & RELATIVELY LIMIT$ WORLD ( UNICELLUL> ORGANISMS 9TO ?AT ( MULTICELLUL> ONES EQUIPP$ ) SIMPLE1 !N1 COMPLEX1 & 9 TIME FAIRLY 9TELLIG5T NEURAL APP>ATUSES ?AT ALL[ !M TO MAKE 9NOVATIVE *OICES4 ,F9ALLY1 ! ACQUISITION ( W>M-BLOOD$NESS GIVES TO ORGANISMS ! A/ONI%+ FLEXIBILITY TO EXI/ 9 ! MO/ DEM&+ CLIMATIC 5VIRONM5TS4 

,?IS VA/ DRAMA ( NONHUMAN NATURE IS 9 EV]Y RESPECT /UNN+ & WONDR\S4 ,ITS EVOLUTION IS M>K$ BY 9CREAS+ SUBJECTIVITY & FLEXIBILITY & BY 9CREAS+ DIFF]5TIATION ?AT MAKES AN ORGANISM MORE ADAPTABLE TO NEW 5VIRONM5TAL *ALL5GES & OPPORTUNITIES & ?AT BETT] EQUIPS LIV+ BE+S 7SPECIFICALLY HUMAN BE+S7 TO ALT] !IR 5VIRONM5T TO MEET !IR [N NE$S RA!R ?AN M]ELY ADAPT TO 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGES4 ,ONE MAY SPECULATE ?AT ! POT5TIALITY ( MATT] ITSELF -- ! CEASELESS 9T]ACTIVITY ( ATOMS 9 =M+ NEW *EMICAL COMB9ATIONS TO PRODUCE EV] MORE COMPLEX MOLECULES1 AM9O ACIDS1 PROTE9S1 & UND] SUITABLE CONDITIONS1 ELEM5T>Y LIFE-=MS -- IS 9H]5T 9 9ORGANIC NATURE4 .<#b.> ,OR ONE MAY DECIDE QUITE MATT]-(-FACTLY ?AT ! 0/RUGGLE = EXI/5CE0 OR ! 0SURVIVAL ( ! FITTE/0 EXPLA9S :Y 9CREAS+LY SUBJECTIVE & MORE FLEXIBLE BE+S >E CAPABLE ( ADDRESS+ 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGE MORE EFFECTIVELY ?AT >E LESS SUBJECTIVE & FLEXIBLE BE+S4 ,BUT ! SIMPLE FACT REMA9S ?AT !SE EVOLUTION>Y DRAMAS DID OCCUR1 9DE$ ! EVID5CE IS C>V$ 9 /ONE 9 ! FOSSIL RECORD4 ,?AT NONHUMAN NATURE IS ?IS RECORD1 ?IS HI/ORY1 ?IS DEVELOPM5TAL OR EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 IS A V]Y SOB]+ FACT ?AT CANNOT BE IGNOR$ )\T IGNOR+ REALITY ITSELF4 

,CONCEIV+ NONHUMAN NATURE AS ITS [N 9T]ACTIVE EVOLUTION RA!R ?AN AS A M]E SC5IC VI/A HAS PR(\ND IMPLICATIONS -- E?ICAL AS WELL AS BIOLOGICAL -- = ECOLOGICALLY M9D$ PEOPLE4 ,HUMAN BE+S EMBODY1 AT LEA/ POT5TIALLY1 ATTRIBUTES ( NONHUMAN DEVELOPM5T ?AT PLACE !M SQU>ELY )9 ORGANIC EVOLUTION4 ,!Y >E NOT 0NATURAL ALI5S10 TO USE ,NEIL ,EV]ND5'S PHRASE1 /RONG EXOTICS1 PHYLOG5ETIC DE=MITIES ?AT1 [+ TO !IR TOOL-MAK+ CAPACITIES1 0CANNOT EVOLVE ) AN ECOSY/EM ANY:]E40 .<#c.> ,NOR >E !Y 09TELLIG5T FLEAS10 TO USE ! LANGUAGE ( ,GAIAN !ORI/S :O BELIEVE ?AT ! E>? 70,GAIA07 IS ONE LIV+ ORGANISM4 .<#d.> ,!SE UNT5ABLE DISJUNCTIONS BETWE5 HUMANITY & ! EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS >E AS SUP]FICIAL AS !Y >E POT5TIALLY MISAN?ROPIC4 ,HUMANS >E HI<LY 9TELLIG5T1 9DE$1 V]Y SELF-CONSCI\S PRIMATES1 :I* IS TO SAY ?AT !Y HAVE EM]G$ -- NOT DIV]G$ -- FROM A LONG EVOLUTION ( V]TEBRATE LIFE-=MS 9TO MAMMALIAN & F9ALLY PRIMATE LIFE-=MS4 ,!Y >E A PRODUCT ( A SIGNIFICANT EVOLUTION>Y TR5D T[>D 9TELLECTUALITY1 SELF-AW>5ESS1 WILL1 9T5TIONALITY1 & EXPRESSIV5ESS1 BE IT 9 V]BAL OR 9 BODY LANGUAGE4 

,HUMAN BE+S BELONG TO A NATURAL CONT9UUM1 NO LESS ?AN !IR PRIMATE ANCE/ORS & MAMMALS 9 G5]AL4 ,TO DEPICT !M AS 0ALI5S0 ?AT HAVE NO PLACE OR P$IGREE 9 NATURAL EVOLUTION1 OR TO SEE !M ESS5TIALLY AS AN 9FE/ATION ?AT P>ASITIZES ! PLANET ! WAY FLEAS P>ASITIZE DOGS & CATS1 IS NOT ONLY BAD ECOLOGY BUT BAD ?9K+4 ,LACK+ ANY S5SE ( PROCESS1 ?IS K9D ( ?9K+ -- REGRETTABLY SO COMMONPLACE AMONG E?ICI/S -- RADICALLY DIVIDES ! NONHUMAN FROM ! HUMAN4 ,9DE$1 TO ! DEGREE 5VIRONM5TAL ?9K]S ROMANTICIZE NONHUMAN NATURE AS WILD]NESS & SEE IT AS MORE AU!NTICALLY 0NATURAL0 ?AN ! WORKS ( HUMANS1 !Y FREEZE NONHUMAN NATURE AS A CIRCUMSCRIB$ DOMA9 9 :I* HUMAN 9NOVATION1 =ESI<T1 & CREATIVITY HAVE NO PLACE & (F] NO POSSIBILITIES4 

,! TRU? IS ?AT HUMAN BE+S NOT ONLY BELONG 9 NATURE1 !Y >E PRODUCTS ( A LONG1 NATURAL EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,!IR SEEM+LY 0UNNATURAL0 ACTIVITIES -- LIKE ! DEVELOPM5T ( TE*NOLOGY & SCI5CE1 ! =MATION ( MUTABLE SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 HI<LY SYMBOLIC =MS ( COMMUNICATION1 & ES!TIC S5SIBILITIES1 & ! CREATION ( T[NS & CITIES -- ALL W\LD HAVE BE5 IMPOSSIBLE )\T ! L>GE >RAY ( PHYSICAL HUMAN ATTRIBUTES ?AT HAVE BE5 EONS 9 ! MAK+1 BE !Y ! L>GE HUMAN BRA9 OR ! BIP$AL MOTION ?AT FREES HUMAN H&S = MAK+ TOOLS & C>RY+ FOOD4 ,9 MANY RESPECTS1 HUMAN TRAITS >E 5L>GEM5TS ( NONHUMAN TRAITS ?AT HAVE BE5 EVOLV+ OV] ! AGES4 ,9CREAS+ C>E = ! Y\NG1 COOP]ATION1 ! SUB/ITUTION ( M5TALLY GUID$ BEHAVIOR = L>GELY 9/9CTIVE BEHAVIOR -- ALL >E PRES5T MORE KE5LY 9 HUMAN BEHAVIOR4 ,AMONG HUMANS1 AS OPPOS$ TO NONHUMAN BE+S1 !SE TRAITS >E DEVELOP$ SUFFICI5TLY TO REA* A DEGREE ( ELABORATION & 9TEGRATION ?AT YIELDS CULTURES1 COMPRIS+ 9/ITUTIONS ( FAMILIES1 B&S1 TRIBES1 HI]>*IES1 ECONOMIC CLASSES1 & ! /ATE -- 9 %ORT1 HI<LY MUTABLE SOCIETIES = :I* !RE IS NO PREC$5T 9 ! NONHUMAN WORLD1 UNLESS ! G5ETICALLY PROGRAMM$ BEHAVIOR ( 9SECTS IS TO BE REG>D$ AS SOCIAL4 ,9 FACT1 ! EM]G5CE & DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN SOCIETY HAS BE5 A CONT9UAL PROCESS ( %$D+ 9/9CTIVE BEHAVIORAL TRAITS & ( CLE>+ A NEW T]RA9 = POT5TIALLY RATIONAL BEHAVIOR4 

,HUMAN BE+S ALWAYS REMA9 ROOT$ 9 !IR BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY1 :I* WE MAY CALL 0FIR/ NATURE10 BUT !Y PRODUCE A *>ACT]I/ICALLY HUMAN SOCIAL NATURE ( !IR [N1 :I* WE MAY CALL 0SECOND NATURE40 ,F> FROM BE+ UNNATURAL1 HUMAN SECOND NATURE IS EM95TLY A CREATION ( ORGANIC EVOLUTION'S FIR/ NATURE4 ,TO WRITE SECOND NATURE \T ( NATURE AS A :OLE1 OR 9DE$ TO M9IMIZE IT1 IS TO IGNORE ! CREATIVITY ( NATURAL EVOLUTION ITSELF & TO VIEW IT ONE-SID$LY4 ,IF 0TRUE0 EVOLUTION EMBODIES ITSELF SIMPLY 9 CREATURES LIKE GRIZZLY BE>S1 WOLVES1 & :ALES -- G5]ALLY1 ANIMALS ?AT PEOPLE F9D ES!TICALLY PLEAS+ OR RELATIVELY 9TELLIG5T -- !N HUMAN BE+S >E DE-NATUR$4 ,SU* VIEWS1 :E!R !Y SEE HUMAN BE+S AS 0ALI5S0 OR AS 0FLEAS10 ESS5TIALLY PLACE !M \TSIDE ! SELF-ORGANIZ+ ?RU/ ( NATURAL EVOLUTION T[>D 9CREAS+ SUBJECTIVITY & FLEXIBILITY4 ,! MORE 5?USIA/IC PROPON5TS ( ?IS DE-NATUR+ ( HUMANITY MAY SEE HUMAN BE+S AS EXI/+ AP>T FROM NONHUMAN EVOLUTION1 AS A 0FREAK+10 AS ,PAUL ,%EP>D PUT IT1 ( ! EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,O!RS SIMPLY AVOID ! PROBLEM ( CL>IFY+ HUMANITY'S UNIQUE PLACE 9 NATURAL EVOLUTION BY PROMISCU\SLY PUTT+ HUMAN BE+S ON A P> ) BEETLES 9 T]MS ( !IR 09TR9SIC WOR?40 ,! 0EI!R_/ OR0 PROPOSITIONAL ?9K+ ?AT PRODUCES SU* OBFUSCATIONS EI!R SEP>ATES ! SOCIAL FROM ! ORGANIC ALTOGE!R OR FLIPPANTLY MAKES IT DISAPPE> 9TO ! ORGANIC1 RESULT+ 9 AN 9EXPLICABLE DUALISM AT ONE EXTREME OR A NAIVE R$UCTIONISM AT ! O!R4 ,! DUALI/IC APPROA*1 ) ITS QUASI-!OLOGICAL PREMISE ?AT ! WORLD WAS 0MADE0 = HUMAN USE1 IS SADDL$ ) ! NAME AN?ROPOC5TRISM1 :ILE ! R$UCTIONI/ APPROA*1 ) ITS ALMO/ MEAN+LESS NOTION ( A 0BIOC5TRIC DEMOCRACY10 IS SADDL$ ) ! NAME BIOC5TRISM4 

,! BIFURCATION ( ! HUMAN FROM ! NONHUMAN REFLECTS A FAILURE TO ?9K ORGANICALLY OR TO APPROA* EVOLUTION>Y PH5OM5A ) AN EVOLUTION>Y WAY ( ?\<T4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 IF NATURE W]E NO MORE ?AN A SC5IC VI/A1 !N M]E METAPHORIC & POETIC DESCRIPTIONS ( IT MI<T SUFFICE TO REPLACE SY/EMATIC ?9K+ AB\T IT4 ,BUT NATURE IS ! HI/ORY ( NATURE1 AN EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS ?AT IS GO+ ON TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R UND] \R V]Y EYES1 & AS SU*1 WE DI%ONOR IT BY ?9K+ ( IT 9 ANY?+ BUT A PROCESSUAL WAY4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 WE REQUIRE A WAY ( ?9K+ ?AT RECOGNIZES ?AT 0:AT IS10 AS IT SEEMS TO LIE BE=E \R EYES1 IS ALWAYS DEVELOP+ 9TO 0:AT IS NOT10 ?AT IT IS 5GAG$ 9 A CONT9UAL SELF-ORGANIZ+ PROCESS 9 :I* PA/ & PRES5T1 ALONG A RI*LY DIFF]5TIAT$ BUT %>$ CONT9UUM1 GIVE RISE TO A NEW POT5TIALITY = AN EV]-RI*] DEGREE ( :OL5ESS4 ,LIFE1 CLE>LY 9 ITS HUMAN =M1 BECOMES OP5- 5D$LY 9NOVATIVE & TRANSC5DS ITS RELATIVELY N>R[ CAPACITY TO ADAPT ONLY TO A PREGIV5 SET ( 5VIRONM5TAL CONDITIONS4 ,AS ,V4 ,GORDON ,*ILDE ONCE PUT IT1 0,MAN MAKES HIMSELF2 HE IS NOT PRESET TO SURVIVE BY HIS G5ETIC MAKEUP40 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 A PROCESSUAL1 ORGANIC1 & DIALECTICAL WAY ( ?9K+ HAS LITTLE DIFFICULTY 9 LOCAT+ & EXPLA9+ ! EM]G5CE ( ! SOCIAL \T ( ! BIOLOGICAL1 ( SECOND NATURE \T ( FIR/ NATURE4 ,IT SEEMS MORE FA%IONABLE !SE DAYS TO DEAL ) ECOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT SOCIAL ISSUES LIKE AN ACC\NTANT4 ,?US1 ONE SIMPLY JUXTAPOSES TWO LI/S ( CULTURAL FACTS -- ONE LABEL$ 0OLD P>ADIGM0 & ! O!R1 0NEW P>ADIGM0 -- AS ?\< !Y W]E COLUMNS ( DEBITS & CR$ITS4 ,OBVI\SLY DI/A/EFUL ITEMS LIKE C5TRALIZATION >E LI/$ UND] 0OLD P>ADIGM10 :ILE MORE APPEAL+ ONES LIKE DEC5TRALIZATION >E REG>D$ AS 0NEW P>ADIGM40 ,! RESULT IS AN 9V5TORY ( BUMP]-/ICK] SLOGANS :OSE 0BOTTOM L9E0 IS PAT5TLY ABSOLUTE GOOD V]SUS ABSOLUTE EVIL4 ,ALL ( ?IS MAY BE DELICI\SLY SYNOPTIC & EASY ON ! EYES1 BUT IT IS S+UL>LY LACK+ AS FOOD = ! BRA94 ,TO TRULY KN[ & BE ABLE TO GIVE 9T]PRETIVE MEAN+ TO ! SOCIAL ISSUES & IDEAS SO >RANG$1 WE %\LD WANT TO KN[ H[ EA* ONE D]IV$ FROM ! O!R & :AT ITS P>T IS 9 AN OV]ALL DEVELOPM5T4 ,:AT1 9 FACT1 IS MEANT BY 0DEC5TRALIZATION10 & H[1 9 ! HI/ORY ( HUMAN SOCIETY1 DOES IT D]IVE FROM OR GIVE RISE TO C5TRALIZATION8 ,AGA91 WE NE$ PROCESSUAL ?9K+ TO COMPREH5D PROCESSUAL REALITIES1 IF WE >E TO GA9 SOME S5SE ( DIRECTION -- PRACTICAL AS WELL AS !ORETICAL -- 9 ADDRESS+ \R ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS4 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY SEEMS TO /& ALONE1 AT PRES5T1 9 CALL+ = AN ORGANIC1 DEVELOPM5TAL WAY ( ?9K+ \T PROBLEMS ?AT >E BASICALLY ORGANIC & DEVELOPM5TAL 9 *>ACT]4 ,! V]Y DEF9ITION ( ! NATURAL WORLD AS A DEVELOPM5T 7ALBEIT NOT ANY ONE7 9DICATES ! NE$ = ORGANIC ?9K+1 AS DOES ! D]IVATION ( HUMAN FROM NONHUMAN NATURE -- A D]IVATION FROM :I* WE CAN DRAW F>-REA*+ CONCLUSIONS = ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN ECOLOGICAL E?ICS ?AT 9 TURN CAN PROVIDE S]I\S GUIDEL9ES = ! SOLUTION ( \R ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS4 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY CALLS UPON US TO SEE ?AT ! NATURAL WORLD & ! SOCIAL >E 9T]L9K$ BY EVOLUTION 9TO ONE NATURE ?AT CONSI/S ( TWO DIFF]5TIATIONS3 FIR/ OR BIOTIC NATURE1 & SECOND OR SOCIAL NATURE4 ,SOCIAL NATURE & BIOTIC NATURE %>E AN EVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL = GREAT] SUBJECTIVITY & FLEXIBILITY4 ,SECOND NATURE IS ! WAY 9 :I* HUMAN BE+S1 AS FLEXIBLE1 HI<LY 9TELLIG5T PRIMATES1 9HABIT & ALT] ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 PEOPLE CREATE AN 5VIRONM5T ?AT IS MO/ SUITABLE = !IR MODE ( EXI/5CE4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 SECOND NATURE IS NO DIFF]5T FROM ! 5VIRONM5T ?AT EV]Y ANIMAL1 DEP5D+ UPON ITS ABILITIES1 P>TIALLY CREATES AS WELL AS PRIM>ILY ADAPTS TO -- ! BIOPHYSICAL CIRCUM/ANCES OR ECOCOMMUNITY 9 :I* IT MU/ LIVE4 ,9 PR9CIPLE1 ON ?IS V]Y SIMPLE LEVEL1 HUMAN BE+S >E DO+ NO?+ ?AT DIFF]S FROM ! SURVIVAL ACTIVITIES ( NONHUMAN BE+S1 BE IT BUILD+ BEAV] DAMS OR DIGG+ GOPH] HOLES4 

,BUT ! 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGES ?AT HUMAN BE+S PRODUCE >E PR(\NDLY DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE PRODUC$ BY NONHUMAN BE+S4 ,HUMANS ACT UPON !IR 5VIRONM5TS ) CONSID]ABLE TE*NICAL  
=ESI<T1 H[EV] LACK+ ?AT =ESI<T MAY BE 9 ECOLOGICAL IDEALS4 ,ANIMALS ADAPT TO ! WORLD >\ND !M2 HUMAN BE+S 9NOVATE ?R\< ?\<T & SOCIAL LABOR4 ,= BETT] OR WORSE1 !Y ALT] ! NATURAL WORLD TO MEET !IR NE$S & DESIRES -- NOT BECAUSE !Y >E P]V]SE1 BUT BECAUSE !Y HAVE EVOLV$ QUITE NATURALLY OV] ! AGES TO DO SO4 ,!IR CULTURES >E RI* 9 KN[L$GE1 EXP]I5CE1 COOP]ATION1 & CONCEPTUAL 9TELLECTUALITY2 H[EV]1 !Y HAVE BE5 %>PLY DIVID$ AGA9/ !MSELVES AT MANY PO9TS ( !IR DEVELOPM5T1 ?R\< CONFLICTS BETWE5 GR\PS1 CLASSES1 NATION- /ATES1 & EV5 CITY-/ATES4 ,NONHUMAN BE+S G5]ALLY LIVE 9 ECOLOGICAL NI*ES1 !IR BEHAVIOR GUID$ PRIM>ILY BY 9/9CTIVE DRIVES & CONDITION$ REFLEXES4 ,HUMAN SOCIETIES >E 0BOND$0 TOGE!R BY 9/ITUTIONS ?AT *ANGE RADICALLY OV] C5TURIES4 ,NONHUMAN COMMUNITIES >E NOTABLE = !IR G5]AL FIXITY1 BY !IR CLE>LY PRESET1 (T5 G5ETICALLY IMPR9T$ RHY?MS4 ,HUMAN COMMUNITIES >E GUID$ 9 P>T BY IDEOLOGICAL FACTORS & >E SUBJECT TO *ANGES CONDITION$ BY ?OSE FACTORS4 ,NONHUMAN COMMUNITIES >E G5]ALLY TI$ TOGE!R BY G5ETICALLY ROOT$ 9/9CTIVE FACTORS -- TO ! EXT5T ?AT !SE COMMUNITIES EXI/ AT ALL4 

,H5CE HUMAN BE+S1 EM]G+ FROM AN ORGANIC EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 9ITIATE1 BY ! %E] =CE ( !IR BIOLOGICAL & SURVIVAL NE$S1 A SOCIAL EVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T ?AT CLE>LY 9VOLVES !IR ORGANIC EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,[+ TO !IR NATURALLY 5D[$ 9TELLIG5CE1 P[]S ( COMMUNICATION1 CAPACITY = 9/ITUTIONAL ORGANIZATION1 & RELATIVE FRE$OM FROM 9/9CTIVE BEHAVIOR1 !Y REFA%ION !IR 5VIRONM5T -- AS DO NONHUMAN BE+S -- TO ! FULL EXT5T ?AT !IR BIOLOGICAL EQUIPM5T ALL[S4 ,?IS EQUIPM5T MAKES IT POSSIBLE = !M TO 5GAGE NOT ONLY 9 SOCIAL LIFE BUT 9 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT IS NOT SO MU* ?AT HUMAN BE+S1 9 PR9CIPLE1 BEHAVE DIFF]5TLY FROM ANIMALS OR >E 9H]5TLY MORE PROBLEMATICAL 9 A /RICTLY ECOLOGICAL S5SE1 AS IT IS ?AT ! SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T BY :I* !Y GRADE \T ( !IR BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T (T5 BECOMES MORE PROBLEMATICAL = !MSELVES & NONHUMAN LIFE4 ,H[ !SE PROBLEMS EM]GE1 ! IDEOLOGIES !Y PRODUCE1 ! EXT5T TO :I* !Y CONTRIBUTE TO BIOTIC EVOLUTION OR ABORT IT1 & ! DAMAGE !Y 9FLICT ON ! PLANET AS A :OLE LIE AT ! V]Y HE>T ( ! MOD]N ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 ,SECOND NATURE AS IT EXI/S TODAY1 F> FROM M>K+ ! FULFILLM5T ( HUMAN POT5TIALITIES1 IS RIDDL$ BY CONTRADICTIONS1 ANTAGONISMS1 & CONFLICT+ 9T]E/S ?AT HAVE DI/ORT$ HUMANITY'S UNIQUE CAPACITIES = DEVELOPM5T4 ,ITS FUTURE PROSPECTS 5COMPASS BO? ! DANG] ( TE>+ D[N ! BIOSPH]E & ALAS1 GIV5 ! /RUGGLE TO A*IEVE AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 ! CAPACITY TO PROVIDE AN 5TIRELY NEW ECOLOGICAL DISP5SATION4 

,SOCIAL ,HI]>*Y & ,DOM9ATION 

  

,H[1 !N1 DID ! SOCIAL EM]GE FROM ! BIOLOGICAL8 ,WE HAVE GOOD REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT AS BIOLOGICAL FACTS SU* AS K9 L9EAGE1 G5D] DI/9CTIONS1 & AGE DIFF]5CES W]E SL[LY 9/ITUTIONALIZ$1 !IR UNIQUELY SOCIAL DIM5SION WAS 9ITIALLY QUITE EGALIT>IAN4 ,LAT] ?IS DEVELOPM5T ACQUIR$ AN OPPRESSIVE HI]>*ICAL & !N AN EXPLOITATIVE CLASS =M4 ,! L9EAGE OR BLOOD TIE 9 E>LY PREHI/ORY OBVI\SLY =M$ ! ORGANIC BASIS ( ! FAMILY4 ,9DE$1 IT JO9$ TOGE!R GR\PS ( FAMILIES 9TO B&S1 CLANS1 & TRIBES1 ?R\< EI!R 9T]M>RIAGE OR FICTIVE =MS ( DESC5T1 !REBY =M+ ! E>LIE/ SOCIAL HORIZON ( \R ANCE/ORS4 ,MORE ?AN 9 O!R MAMMALS1 ! SIMPLE BIOLOGICAL FACTS ( HUMAN REPRODUCTION & ! PROTRACT$ MAT]NAL C>E ( ! HUMAN 9FANT T5D$ TO KNIT SIBL+S TOGE!R & PRODUC$ A /RONG S5SE ( SOLID>ITY & GR\P 9W>DNESS4 ,M51 WOM51 & !IR *ILDR5 W]E SOCIALIZE BY MEANS ( A FAIRLY /ABLE FAMILY LIFE1 BAS$ ON MUTUAL OBLIGATION & AN EXPRESS$ AFF9ITY ?AT WAS (T5 SANCTIFI$ BY 9ITIATION C]EMONIES & M>ITAL V[S ( ONE K9D OR ANO!R4 

,HUMAN BE+S :O W]E \TSIDE ! FAMILY & ALL ITS ELABORATIONS 9TO B&S1 CLANS1 TRIBES1 & ! LIKE1 W]E REG>D$ AS 0/RANG]S0 :O C\LD ALT]NATIVELY BE WELCOM$ HOSPITABLY OR 5SLAV$ OR PUT TO DEA?4 ,:AT MORES EXI/$ W]E BAS$ ON UNREFLECTIVE CU/OMS ?AT SEEM$ TO HAVE BE5 9H]IT$ FROM TIME IMMEMORIAL4 ,:AT WE CALL MORALITY BEGAN AS ! RULES OR COMM&M5TS ( A DEITY OR V>I\S DEITIES1 9 ?AT MORAL BELIEFS REQUIR$ SOME K9D ( SUP]NATURAL OR MY/ICAL RE9=CEM5T OR SANCTIFICATION TO BE ACCEPT$ BY A COMMUNITY4 ,ONLY LAT]1 BEG9N+ ) ! ANCI5T ,GREEKS1 DID E?ICS EM]GE1 BAS$ ON RATIONAL DISC\RSE & REFLECTION4 ,! %IFT FROM BL9D CU/OM TO A COMM&+ MORALITY & F9ALLY TO A RATIONAL E?ICS OCCURR$ ) ! RISE ( CITIES & URBAN COSMOPOLITANISM1 AL?\< BY NO MEANS DID CU/OM & MORALITY DIM9I% 9 IMPORTANCE4 ,HUMANITY1 GRADUALLY DIS5GAG+ ITS SOCIAL ORGANIZATION FROM ! BIOLOGICAL FACTS ( BLOOD TIES1 BEGAN TO ADMIT ! 0/RANG]0 & 9CREAS+LY RECOGNIZE ITSELF AS A %>$ COMMUNITY ( HUMAN BE+S 7& ULTIMATELY A COMMUNITY ( CITIZ5S7 RA!R ?AN AN E?NIC FOLK OR GR\P ( K9SM54 

,9 ?IS PRIMORDIAL & SOCIALLY =MATIVE WORLD1 O!R HUMAN BIOLOGICAL TRAITS W]E ALSO REWORK$ FROM ! /RICTLY NATURAL TO ! SOCIAL4 ,ONE ( !SE WAS ! FACT ( AGE & ITS DI/9CTIONS4 ,9 SOCIAL GR\PS AMONG E>LY HUMANS1 ! ABS5CE ( A WRITT5 LANGUAGE HELP$ TO CONF] ON ! ELD]LY A HI< DEGREE ( /ATUS1 = IT WAS !Y :O POSSESS$ ! TRADITIONAL WISDOM ( ! COMMUNITY1 9CLUD+ KN[L$GE ( ! TRADITIONAL K9%IP L9ES ?AT PRESCRIB$ M>ITAL TIES 9 OB$I5CE TO EXT5SIVE 9CE/ TABOOS AS WELL AS SURVIVAL TE*NIQUES ?AT HAD TO BE ACQUIR$ BY BO? ! Y\NG & ! MATURE MEMB]S ( ! GR\P4 ,9 ADDITION1 !  
BIOLOGICAL FACT ( G5D] DI/9CTIONS WAS SL[LY REWORK$ ALONG  
SOCIAL L9ES 9TO :AT W]E 9ITIALLY COMPLEM5T>Y SORORAL & FRAT]NAL GR\PS4 ,WOM5 =M$ !IR [N FOOD-GA!R+ & C>E-TAK+ GR\PS ) !IR [N CU/OMS1 BELIEF SY/EMS1 & VALUES1 :ILE M5 =M$ !IR [N HUNT+ & W>RIOR GR\PS ) !IR [N BEHAVIORAL *>ACT]I/ICS1 MORES1 & IDEOLOGIES4 

,FROM EV]Y?+ WE KN[ AB\T ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! BIOLOGICAL FACTS ( K9%IP1 AGE1 & G5D] GR\PS -- !IR ELABORATION 9TO E>LY 9/ITUTIONS -- !RE IS NO REASON TO D\BT ?AT !SE GR\PS EXI/$ 9ITIALLY 9 COMPLEM5T>Y RELATION%IPS ) ONE ANO!R4 ,EA*1 9 EFFECT1 NE$$ ! O!RS TO =M A RELATIVELY /ABLE :OLE4 ,NO ONE GR\P 0DOM9AT$0 ! O!RS OR TRI$ TO PRIVILEGE ITSELF 9 ! NORMAL C\RSE ( ?+S4 ,YET EV5 AS ! BIOLOGICAL UND]P9N+S ( CONSOCIATION W]E1 OV] TIME1 FUR!R REWORK$ 9TO SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 SO ! SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS W]E SL[LY REWORK$1 AT V>I\S P]IODS & 9 V>I\S DEGREES1 9TO HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURES BAS$ ON COMM& & OB$I5CE4 ,I SPEAK H]E ( A HI/ORICAL TR5D1 9 NO WAY PR$ET]M9$ BY ANY MY/ICAL =CE OR DEITY1 & ONE ?AT WAS (T5 A V]Y LIMIT$ DEVELOPM5T AMONG MANY PRELIT]ATE OR ABORIG9AL CULTURES & EV5 9 C]TA9 FAIRLY ELABORATE CIVILIZATIONS4 

,HI]>*Y 9 ITS E>LIE/ =MS WAS PROBABLY NOT M>K$ BY ! H>% QUALITIES IT HAS ACQUIR$ OV] HI/ORY4 ,ELD]S1 AT ! V]Y BEG9N+S ( G]ONTOCRACY1 W]E NOT ONLY RESPECT$ = !IR WISDOM BUT W]E (T5 BELOV$ ( ! Y\NG1 ) AFFECTION ?AT WAS (T5 RECIPROCAT$ 9 K9D4 ,WE CAN PROBABLY ACC\NT = ! 9CREAS+ H>%NESS ( LAT] G]ONTOCRACIES BY SUPPOS+ ?AT ! ELD]LY1 BURD5$ BY !IR FAIL+ PHYSICAL P[]S & DEP5D5T UPON !IR COMMUNITY'S GOODWILL1 W]E MORE VULN]ABLE TO AB&ONM5T 9 P]IODS ( MAT]IAL WANT ?AN ANY O!R P>T ( ! POPULATION4 0,EV5 9 SIMPLE FOOD-GA!R+ CULTURES10 OBS]V$ AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,PAUL ,RAD91 09DIVIDUALS ABOVE FIFTY1 LET US SAY1 APP>5TLY >ROGATE TO !MSELVES C]TA9 P[]S & PRIVILEGES :I* B5EFIT$ !MSELVES SPECIFICALLY1 & W]E NOT NECESS>ILY1 IF AT ALL1 DICTAT$ BY CONSID]ATIONS EI!R ( ! RI<TS ( O!RS OR ! WELF>E ( ! COMMUNITY40 .<#e.> ,9 ANY CASE1 ?AT G]ONTOCRACY WAS PROBABLY ! E>LIE/ =M ( HI]>*Y IS CORROBORAT$ BY ITS EXI/5CE 9 COMMUNITIES AS DISP>ATE AS ! ,AU/RALIAN ,ABORIG9ES1 TRIBAL SOCIETIES 9 ,EA/ ,AFRICA1 & ,NATIVE COMMUNITIES 9 ! ,AM]ICAS4 ,MANY TRIBAL C\NCILS ?R\<\T ! WORLD W]E REALLY C\NCILS ( ELD]S1 AN 9/ITUTION ?AT NEV] COMPLETELY DISAPPE>$ 7AS ! WORD ALD]MAN SUGGE/S71 EV5 AFT] !Y W]E OV]LAID BY W>RIOR SOCIETIES1 *IEFDOMS1 & K+%IPS4 

,PATRIC5TRICITY1 9 :I* MASCUL9E VALUES1 9/ITUTIONS1 & =MS ( BEHAVIOR PREVAIL OV] FEM99E ONES1 SEEMS TO HAVE DEVELOP$ 9 ! WAKE ( G]ONTOCRACY4 ,9ITIALLY1 ! EM]G5CE ( PATRIC5TRICITY MAY HAVE BE5 A USEFUL ADJUNCT TO A LIFE DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 ! PRIMORDIAL NATURAL WORLD2 PRELIT]ATE & E>LY ABORIG9AL SOCIETIES W]E ESS5TIALLY SMALL DOME/IC COMMUNITIES 9 :I* ! AU!NTIC C5T] ( MAT]IAL LIFE WAS ! HOME1 NOT ! 0M5'S H\SE0 SO WIDELY PRES5T 9 LAT]1 MORE ELABORATE TRIBAL SOCIETIES4 ,MALE RULE1 IF SU* IT CAN /RICTLY BE CALL$1 TAKES ON ITS H>%E/ & MO/ CO]CIVE =M 9 PATRI>*Y1 AN 9/ITUTION 9 :I* ! ELDE/ MALE ( AN EXT5D$ FAMILY OR CLAN HAS A LIFE-&-DEA? COMM& OV] ALL O!R MEMB]S ( ! GR\P4 ,WOM5 MAY BE ORD]$ :OM TO M>RY1 BUT !Y >E BY NO MEANS ! EXCLUSIVE OR EV5 ! PR9CIPAL OBJECT ( A PATRI>*'S DOM9ATION4 ,SONS1 LIKE DAU<T]S1 MAY BE ORD]$ H[ TO BEHAVE AT ! PATRI>*'S COMM& OR BE KILL$ AT HIS :IM4 

,SO F> AS PATRIC5TRICITY IS CONC]N$1 H[EV]1 ! AU?ORITY & PR]OGATIVE ( ! MALE >E ! PRODUCT ( A LONG1 (T5 SUBTLY NEGOTIAT$ DEVELOPM5T 9 :I* ! MALE FRAT]NITY $GES \T ! FEMALE SORORITY BY VIRTUE ( ! =M]'S GR[+ 0CIVIL0 RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,9CREAS+ POPULATION1 M>AUD+ B&S ( \TSID]S :OSE MIGRATIONS MAY BE 9DUC$ BY DR\<T OR O!R UNFAVORABLE CONDITIONS1 & V5DETTAS ( ONE K9D OR ANO!R1 TO CITE COMMON CAUSES ( HO/ILITY OR W>1 CREATE A NEW 0CIVIL0 SPH]E SIDE BY SIDE ) WOMAN'S DOME/IC SPH]E1 & ! =M] GRADUALLY 5CROA*ES UPON ! LATT]4 ,) ! APPE>ANCE ( CATTLE-DRAWN PL[ AGRICULTURE1 ! MALE1 :O IS ! 0MA/] ( ! BEA/S10 BEG9S TO 9VADE ! HORTICULTURAL SPH]E ( WOMAN1 :OSE PRIMACY AS ! FOOD CULTIVATOR & FOOD GA!R] GIVES H] CULTURAL PREEM95CE 9 ! COMMUNITY'S 9T]NAL LIFE1 SL[LY DILUT+ H] PREEM95CE4 ,W>RIOR SOCIETIES & *IEFDOMS C>RY ! MOM5TUM ( MALE DOM9ANCE TO ! LEVEL ( A NEW MAT]IAL & CULTURAL DISP5SATION4 ,MALE DOM9ANCE BECOMES EXTREMELY ACTIVE & ULTIMATELY YIELDS A WORLD 9 :I* MALE ELITES DOM9ATE NOT ONLY WOM5 BUT ALSO1 9 ! =M ( CLASSES1 O!R M54 

,! CAUSES ( ! EM]G5CE ( HI]>*Y >E TRANSP>5T 5\<3 ! 9FIRMITIES ( AGE1 9CREAS+ POPULATION NUMB]S1 NATURAL DISA/]S1 TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGES ?AT PRIVILEG$ ACTIVITIES ( HUNT+ & ANIMAL HUSB&RY OV] HORTICULTURAL RESPONSIBILITIES1 ! GR[? ( CIVIL SOCIETY1 & ! SPREAD ( W>F>E4 ,ALL S]V$ TO 5HANCE ! MALE'S /&+ AT ! EXP5SE ( ! FEMALE'S4 ,IT MU/ BE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT HI]>*ICAL DOM9ATION1 H[EV] CO]CIVE IT MAY BE1 IS NOT ! SAME ?+ AS CLASS EXPLOITATION4 ,AS ,I WROTE 9  
,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 HI]>*Y  
  

MU/ BE VIEW$ AS 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ RELATION%IPS1 RELATION%IPS ?AT LIV+ BE+S LIT]ALLY 9/ITUTE OR CREATE BUT :I* >E NEI!R RU?LESSLY FIX$ BY 9/9CT ON ! ONE H& NOR IDIOSYNCRATIC ON ! O!R4 ,BY ?IS1 ,I MEAN ?AT !Y MU/ COMPRISE A CLE>LY SOCIAL /RUCTURE ( CO]CIVE & PRIVILEG$ RANKS ?AT EXI/ AP>T FROM ! IDIOSYNCRATIC 9DIVIDUALS :O SEEM TO BE DOM9ANT )9 A GIV5 COMMUNITY1 A HI]>*Y ?AT IS GUID$ BY A SOCIAL LOGIC ?AT GOES BEYOND 9DIVIDUAL 9T]ACTIONS OR 9BORN PATT]NS ( BEHAVIOR4 .<#f.>  
  

,!Y >E NOT R$UCIBLE TO /RICTLY ECONOMIC RELATION%IPS BAS$ ON ! EXPLOITATION ( LABOR4 ,9 FACT1 MANY *IEFS E>N !IR PRE/IGE1 SO ESS5TIAL TO !IR AU?ORITY1 BY DISPOS+ ( GIFTS1 & EV5 BY A CONSID]ABLE DISACCUMULATION ( !IR P]SONAL GOODS4 ,! RESPECT ACCORD$ TO MANY *IEFS IS E>N$1 NOT BY HO>D+ SURPLUSES AS A S\RCE ( P[] BUT BY DISPOS+ ( !M AS EVID5CE ( G5]OSITY4 

,BY CONTRA/1 CLASSES T5D TO OP]ATE ALONG DIFF]5T L9ES4 ,9 CLASS SOCIETIES P[] IS USUALLY GA9$ BY ! ACQUISITION ( WEAL?1 NOT BY ITS DISPOSAL2 RUL]%IP IS GU>ANTE$ BY \TRI<T PHYSICAL CO]CION1 NOT SIMPLY BY P]SUASION2 & ! /ATE IS ! ULTIMATE GU>ANTOR ( AU?ORITY4 ,?AT HI]>*Y IS HI/ORICALLY MORE 5TR5*$ ?AN CLASS CAN P]HAPS BE V]IFI$ BY ! FACT ?AT DESPITE SWEEP+ *ANGES 9 CLASS SOCIETIES1 EV5 ( AN ECONOMICALLY EGALIT>IAN K9D1 WOM5 HAVE /ILL BE5 DOM9AT$ BE+S = MILL5NIA4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 ! ABOLITION ( CLASS RULE & ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION (F]S NO GU>ANTEE :ATEV] ?AT ELABORATE HI]>*IES & SY/EMS ( DOM9ATION WILL ALSO DISAPPE>4 

,9 NONHI]>*ICAL SOCIETIES1 C]TA9 CU/OMS GUIDE HUMAN BEHAVIOR ALONG BASICALLY DEC5T L9ES4 ,( PRIM>Y IMPORTANCE AMONG E>LY CU/OMS WAS ! PR9CIPLE ( ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM 7TO USE ,PAUL ,RAD9'S EXPRESSION71 ! %>$ NOTION ?AT ALL MEMB]S ( ! SAME COMMUNITY >E 5TITL$ TO ! MEANS ( LIFE1 IRRESPECTIVE ( ! AM\NT ( WORK !Y P]=M4 ,TO D5Y ANYONE FOOD1 %ELT]1 & ! BASIC MEANS ( LIFE BECAUSE ( !IR 9FIRMITIES OR EV5 !IR FRIVOL\S BEHAVIOR W\LD HAVE BE5 SE5 AS A HE9\S D5IAL ( ! V]Y RI<T TO LIVE4 ,NOR W]E ! BASIC RES\RCES NE$$ TO SU/A9 ! COMMUNITY EV] P]MITT$ TO BE PRIVATELY [N$2 OV]RID+ 9DIVIDUALI/IC CONTROL WAS ! BROAD] PR9CIPLE ( USUFRUCT -- ! NOTION ?AT ! MEANS ( LIFE ?AT W]E NOT BE+ US$ BY ONE GR\P C\LD BE US$1 AS NE$$1 BY ANO!R4 ,?US UNUS$ L&1 OR*>DS1 & EV5 TOOLS & WEAPONS1 IF LEFT IDLE1 W]E (T5 AT ! DISPOSITION ( ANYONE 9 ! COMMUNITY :O NE$$ !M4 ,LA/LY1 CU/OM FO/]$ ! PRACTICE ( MUTUAL AID1 ! RA!R S5SIBLE COOP]ATIVE %>+ ( ?+S & LABOR1 SO ?AT AN 9DIVIDUAL OR FAMILY 9 /RAIT5$ CIRCUM/ANCES C\LD EXPECT TO BE HELP$ BY O!RS4 ,TAK5 AS :OLE1 !SE CU/OMS BECAME SO S$IM5T$ 9TO ORGANIC SOCIETY ?AT !Y P]SI/$ LONG AFT] HI]>*Y BECAME OPPRESSIVE & CLASS SOCIETY BECAME PR$OM9ANT4 

,! ,IDEA ( ,DOM9AT+ ,NATURE 

  

,NATURE1 9 ! S5SE ( ! BIOTIC 5VIRONM5T FROM :I* HUMANS TAKE ! SIMPLE ?+S !Y NE$ = SURVIVAL1 (T5 HAS NO MEAN+ TO PRELIT]ATE PEOPLES AS A G5]AL CONCEPT4 ,IMM]S$ 9 IT AS !Y >E1 EV5 CELEBRAT+ ANIMI/IC RITUALS 9 AN 5VIRONM5T !Y VIEW AS A NEXUS ( LIFE1 (T5 IMPUT+ !IR [N SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS TO ! BEHAVIOR ( NONHUMAN SPECIES1 AS 9 ! CASE ( BEAV] 0LODGES0 & HUMANLIKE SPIRITS1 ! CONCEPT ( 0NATURE0 A SU* ELUDES !M4 ,WORDS ?AT EXPRESS \R CONV5TIONAL NOTIONS ( NATURE >E NOT EASY TO F9D1 IF !Y EXI/ AT ALL1 9 ! LANGUAGES ( ABORIG9AL PEOPLES4 

,) ! RISE ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION1 H[EV]1 ! SE$S W]E PLANT$ = ! BELIEF ?AT FIR/ NATURE NOT ONLY EXI/S AS A WORLD ?AT IS 9CREAS+LY DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ! COMMUNITY BUT ONE ?AT IS HI]>*ICALLY ORGANIZ$ & CAN BE DOM9AT$ BY HUMAN BE+S4 ,! WORLDVIEW ( MAGIC REVEAL ?IS %IFT CLE>LY4 ,H]E NATURE WAS NOT CONCEIV$ AS A WORLD AP>T2 RA!R1 A PRACTITION] ( MAGIC ESS5TIALLY PLEAD$ ) ! 0*IEF SPIRIT0 ( A GAME ANIMAL 7ITSELF A PUZZL+ FIGURE 9 ! DREAM WORLD7 TO COAX IT 9 ! DIRECTION ( AN >R[ OR A SPE>4 ,LAT]1 MAGIC BECAME ALMO/ 5TIRELY 9/RUM5TAL2 ! HUNT] US$ MAGICAL TE*NIQUES TO 0CO]CE0 ! GAME TO BECOME PREY4 ,:ILE ! E>LIE/ =MS ( MAGIC MAY BE REG>D$ AS ! PRACTICES ( A G5]ALLY NONHI]>*ICAL & EGALIT>IAN COMMUNITY1 ! LAT] K9DS ( ANIMI/IC BELIEFS BETRAY A MORE OR LESS HI]>*ICAL VIEW ( ! NATURAL WORLD & ( LAT5T HUMAN P[]S ( DOM9ATION OV] REALITY4 

,WE MU/ EMPHASIZE H]E ?AT ! IDEA ( DOM9AT+ NATURE HAS ITS PRIM>Y S\RCE 9 ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN & 9 ! /RUCTUR+ ( ! NATURAL WORLD 9TO A HI]>*ICAL *A9 ( BE+ 7A /ATIC CONCEPTION1 9CID5TALLY1 ?AT HAS NO RELATION%IP TO ! DYNAMIC EVOLUTION ( LIFE 9TO 9CREAS+LY ADVANC$ =MS ( SUBJECTIVITY & FLEXIBILITY74 ,! BIBLICAL 9JUNCTION ?AT GAVE COMM& ( ! LIV+ WORLD TO ,ADAM & ,NOAH WAS ABOVE ALL AN EXPRESSION ( A SOCIAL DISP5SATION4 ,ITS IDEA ( DOM9AT+ NATURE -- SO ESS5TIAL TO ! VIEW ( ! NONHUMAN WORLD AS AN OBJECT ( DOM9ATION -- CAN BE OV]COME ONLY ?R\< ! CREATION ( A SOCIETY )\T ?OSE CLASS & HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURES ?AT MAKE = RULE & OB$I5CE 9 PRIVATE AS WELL AS PUBLIC LIFE1 & ! OBJECTIFICATIONS ( REALITY AS M]E MAT]IALS = EXPLOITATION4 ,?AT ?IS REVOLUTION>Y DISP5SATION W\LD 9VOLVE *ANGES 9 ATTITUDES & VALUES %\LD GO )\T SAY+4 ,BUT NEW ECOLOGICAL ATTITUDES & VALUES WILL REMA9 VAPOR\S IF !Y >E NOT GIV5 SUB/ANCE & SOLIDITY ?R\< REAL & OBJECTIVE 9/ITUTIONS 7! /RUCTURES BY :I* HUMANS CONCRETELY 9T]ACT ) EA* O!R7 & ?R\< ! TANGIBLE REALITIES ( EV]YDAY LIFE FROM *ILDRE>+ TO WORK & PLAY4 ,UNTIL HUMAN BE+S CEASE TO LIVE 9 SOCIETIES ?AT >E /RUCTUR$ >\ND HI]>*IES AS WELL AS ECONOMIC CLASSES1 WE %ALL NEV] BE FREE ( DOM9ATION1 H[EV] MU* WE TRY TO DISPEL IT ) RITUALS1 9CANTATIONS1 ECO!OLOGIES1 & ! ADOPTION ( SEEM+LY 0NATURAL0 LIFEWAYS4 

,! IDEA ( DOM9AT+ NATURE HAS A HI/ORY ?AT IS ALMO/ AS OLD AS ?AT ( HI]>*Y ITSELF4 ,ALREADY 9 ! ,GILGAME% EPIC ( ,MESOPOTAMIA1 A DRAMA :OSE WRITT5 =M DATES BACK SOME F\R ?\S& YE>S1 ! H]O DEFIES ! DEITIES & CUTS D[N !IR SACR$ TREES 9 HIS QUE/ = IMMORTALITY4 ,! ,ODYSSEY IS A VA/ TRAVELOGUE ( ! ,GREEK W>RIOR1 MORE CANNY ?AN H]OIC1 :O 9 HIS W&]+S ESS5TIALLY SUBDUES ! NATURE DEITIES ?AT ! ,HELL5IC WORLD HAD 9H]IT$ =M ITS LESS WELL-KN[N PRECURSORS 7IRONICALLY1 ! D>K PRE-,OLYMPIAN WORLD ?AT HAS BE5 REVIV$ BY PURVEYORS ( ECO-MY/ICISM & SPIRITUALISM74 ,LONG BE=E ! EM]G5CE ( MOD]N SCI5CE1 0L9E>0 RATIONALITY1 & 09DU/RIAL SOCIETY0 7TO CITE CAUSAL FACTORS ?AT >E 9VOK$ SO FLIPPANTLY 9 ! MOD]N ECOLOGY MOVEM5T71 HI]>*ICAL & CLASS SOCIETIES LAID WA/E TO MU* ( ! ,M$IT]RANEAN BAS9 AS WELL AS ! HILLSIDES ( ,*9A1 BEG9N+ A VA/ REMAK+ & (T5 DESPOLIATION ( ! PLANET4 

,TO BE SURE1 HUMAN SECOND NATURE1 9 9FLICT+ H>M ON FIR/ NATURE1 CREAT$ NO ,G>D5 ( ,$54 ,MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 IT DESPOIL$ MU* ?AT WAS BEAUTIFUL1 CREATIVE1 & DYNAMIC 9 ! BIOTIC WORLD1 JU/ AS IT RAVAG$ HUMAN LIFE ITSELF 9 MURD]\S W>F>E1 G5OCIDE1 & ACTS ( HE>TLESS OPPRESSION4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY MA9TA9S ?AT ! FUTURE ( HUMAN LIFE GOES H& 9 H& ) ! FUTURE ( ! NONHUMAN WORLD1 YET IT DOES NOT OV]LOOK ! FACT ?AT ! H>M ?AT HI]>*ICAL & CLASS SOCIETY 9FLICT$ ON ! NATURAL WORLD WAS MORE ?AN MAT*$ BY ! H>M IT 9FLICT$ ON MU* ( HUMANITY4 

,H[EV] TR\BL+ ! ILLS PRODUC$ BY SECOND NATURE1 ! CU/OMS ( ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM1 USUFRUCT1 & MUTUAL AID CANNOT BE IGNOR$ 9 ANY ACC\NT ( AN?ROPOLOGY & HI/ORY4 ,!SE CU/OMS P]SI/$ WELL 9TO HI/ORICAL TIMES & SURFAC$ SOMETIMES EXPLOSIVELY 9 MASSIVE POPUL> UPRIS+S1 FROM REVOLTS 9 ANCI5T ,SUM] TO ! PRES5T TIME4 ,MANY ( ?OSE REVOLTS DEM&$ ! RECOV]Y ( C>+ & COMMUNI/IC VALUES1 AT TIMES :5 !SE W]E COM+ UND] ! ONSLAU<T ( ELITI/ & CLASS OPPRESSION4 ,9DE$1 DESPITE ! >MIES ?AT ROAM$ ! L&SCAPE ( W>R+ >EAS1 ! TAX-GA!R]S :O PLUND]$ ORD9>Y VILLAGE PEOPLES1 & ! DAILY ABUSES ?AT OV]SE]S 9FLICT$ ON PEASANTS & WORK]S1 COMMUNITY LIFE /ILL P]SI/$ & RETA9$ MANY ( ! *]I%$ VALUES ( A MORE EGALIT>IAN PA/4 ,NEI!R ANCI5T DESPOTS NOR FEUDAL LORDS C\LD FULLY OBLIT]ATE !M 9 PEASANT VILLAGES & 9 ! T[NS ) 9DEP5D5T CRAFT ASSOCIATIONS4 ,9 ANCI5T ,GREECE1 A RATIONAL PHILOSOPHY ?AT REJECT$ ! 5CUMB]+ ( ?\<T & POLITICAL LIFE BY EXTRAVAGANT WANTS1 AS WELL AS A RELIGION BAS$ ON AU/]ITY1 T5D$ TO SCALE D[N NE$S & DELIMIT HUMAN APPETITES = MAT]IAL GOODS4 ,TOGE!R !Y S]V$ TO SL[ ! PACE ( TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION SUFFICI5TLY ?AT :5 NEW MEANS ( PRODUCTION W]E DEVELOP$1 !Y C\LD BE S5SITIVELY 9TEGRAT$ 9TO A BALANC$ SOCIETY4 ,9 M$IEVAL TIMES1 M>KETS W]E /ILL MODE/1 USUALLY LOCAL AFFAIRS1 9 :I* GUILDS EX]CIS$ /RICT CONTROL OV] PRICES1 COMPETITION1 & ! QUALITY ( ! GOODS PRODUC$ BY !IR MEMB]S4 

0,GR[ OR ,DIE0 

  

,BUT JU/ AS HI]>*IES & CLASS /RUCTURES HAD ACQUIR$ MOM5TUM & P]MEAT$ MU* ( SOCIETY1 SO TOO ! M>KET BEGAN TO ACQUIRE A LIFE ( ITS [N & EXT5D$ ITS REA* BEYOND A FEW LIMIT$ REGIONS 9TO ! DEP?S ( VA/ CONT95TS4 ,:]E EX*ANGE HAD ONCE BE5 PRIM>ILY A MEANS TO PROVIDE = ESS5TIAL NE$S1 LIMIT$ BY GUILDS OR BY MORAL & RELIGI\S RE/RICTIONS1 LONG-DI/ANCE TRADE SUBV]T$ ?OSE LIMITS4 ,NOT ONLY DID TRADE PLACE A HI< PREMIUM ON TE*NIQUES = 9CREAS+ PRODUCTION2 IT ALSO BECAME ! PROG5ITOR ( NEW NE$S1 MANY ( !M :OLLY >TIFICIAL1 & GAVE A TREM5D\S IMPETUS TO CONSUMPTION & ! GR[? ( CAPITAL4 ,FIR/ 9 NOR!RN ,ITALY & ! ,EUROPEAN L[L&S1 & LAT] -- & MO/ DECISIVELY -- 9 ,5GL& DUR+ ! SEV5TE5? & EI<TE5? C5TURIES1 ! PRODUCTION ( GOODS EXCLUSIVELY = SALE & PR(IT 7! PRODUCTION ( ! CAPITALI/IC COMMODITY7 RAPIDLY SWEPT ASIDE ALL CULTURAL & SOCIAL B>RI]S TO M>KET GR[?4 

,BY ! LATE EI<TE5? & E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURIES1 ! NEW 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/ CLASS1 ) ITS FACTORY SY/EM & COMMITM5T TO LIMITLESS EXPANSION1 HAD EMB>K$ ON ITS COLONIZATION ( ! 5TIRE WORLD1 9CLUD+ MO/ ASPECTS ( P]SONAL LIFE4 ,UNLIKE ! FEUDAL NOBILITY1 ) ITS *]I%$ L&S & CA/LES1 ! B\RGEOISIE HAD NO HOME BUT ! M>KETPLACE & ITS BANK VAULTS4 ,AS A CLASS1 IT TURN$ MORE & MORE ( ! WORLD 9TO A DOMA9 ( FACTORIES4 ,9 ! ANCI5T & M$IEVAL WORLDS1 5TREPR5EURS HAD NORMALLY 9VE/$ PR(ITS 9 L& & LIV$ LIKE C\NTRY G5TRY1 GIV5 ! PREJUDICES ( ! TIMES AGA9/ 0ILL-GOTT50 GA9S FROM TRADE4 ,BUT ! 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/S ( ! MOD]N WORLD SPAWN$ A BITT]LY COMPETITIVE M>KETPLACE ?AT PLAC$ A HI< PREMIUM ON 9DU/RIAL EXPANSION & ! COMM]CIAL P[] IT CONF]R$1 FUNCTION+ AS ?\< GR[? W]E AN 5D 9 ITSELF4 

,9 SOCIAL ECOLOGY IT IS CRUCIALLY IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE ?AT 9DU/RIAL GR[? DID NOT & DOES NOT RESULT FROM *ANGES 9 CULTURAL \TLOOK ALONE -- LEA/ ( ALL FROM ! IMPACT ( SCI5TIFIC & TE*NOLOGICAL RATIONALITY ON SOCIETY4 ,GR[? OCCURS ABOVE ALL FROM H>%LY OBJECTIVE FACTORS *URN$ UP BY ! EXPANSION ( ! M>KET ITSELF1 FACTORS ?AT >E L>GELY IMP]VI\S TO MORAL CONSID]ATIONS & EF=TS AT E?ICAL P]SUASION4 ,9DE$1 DESPITE ! CLOSE ASSOCIATION BETWE5 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION1 ! MO/ DRIV+ IMP]ATIVE ( ANY 5T]PRISE 9 ! H>%LY CAPITALI/ M>KETPLACE1 GIV5 ! SAVAGELY DEHUMANIZ+ COMPETITION ?AT PREVAILS !RE1 IS ! NE$ ( AN 5T]PRISE TO GR[ 9 ORD] TO AVOID P]I%+ AT ! H&S ( ITS SAVAGE RIVALS4 ,IMPORTANT AS EV5 GRE$ MAY BE AS A MOTIVAT+ =CE1 %E] SURVIVAL REQUIRES ?AT ! 5TREPR5EUR MU/ EXP& HIS OR H] PRODUCTIVE APP>ATUS 9 ORD] TO REMA9 AHEAD ( O!RS4 ,EA* CAPITALI/1 9 %ORT1 MU/ TRY TO DEV\R HIS OR H] RIVALS -- OR ELSE BE DEV\R$ BY !M4 ,! KEY TO ?IS LAW ( LIFE -- TO SURVIVAL -- IS EXPANSION1 & ! QUE/ = EV]- GREAT] PR(ITS1 TO BE 9VE/$1 9 TURN1 9 /ILL FUR!R EXPANSION4 ,9DE$1 ! NOTION ( PROGRESS1 ONCE REG>D$ AS FAI? 9 ! EVOLUTION ( GREAT] HUMAN COOP]ATION & C>E1 IS N[ ID5TIFI$ ) EV] GREAT] COMPETITION & RECKLESS ECONOMIC GR[?4 

,! EF=T BY MANY WELL-9T5TION$ ECOLOGY !ORI/S & !IR ADMIR]S TO R$UCE ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS TO A CULTURAL CRISIS RA!R ?AN A SOCIAL ONE BECOMES V]Y OBFUSCATORY & MISLEAD+4 ,H[EV] ECOLOGICALLY WELL-MEAN+ AN 5TREPR5EUR MAY BE1 ! H>% FACT IS ?AT HIS OR H] V]Y SURVIVAL 9 ! M>KETPLACE PRECLUDES ! DEVELOPM5T ( A MEAN+FUL ECOLOGICAL ORI5TATION4 ,! ADOPTION ( ECOLOGICALLY S\ND PRACTICES PLACES A MORALLY CONC]N$ 5TREPR5EUR AT A /RIK+ & 9DE$ FATAL DISADVANTAGE 9 A COMPETITIVE RELATION%IP ) A RIVAL -- :O1 OP]AT+ )\T ECOLOGICAL GUIDEL9ES & MORAL CON/RA9TS1 PRODUCES *EAP COMMODITIES AT L[] CO/S & REAPS HI<] PR(ITS = FUR!R CAPITAL EXPANSION4 ,! M>KETPLACE HAS ITS [N LAW ( SURVIVAL3 ONLY ! MO/ UNSCRUPUL\S CAN RISE TO ! TOP ( ?AT COMPETITIVE /RUGGLE4 

,9DE$1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5TS & IDEOLOGIES M]ELY MORALIZE AB\T ! WICK$NESS ( \R ANTI- ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY & CALL = *ANGES 9 P]SONAL LIFE/YLES & ATTITUDES1 !Y OBSCURE ! NE$ = CONC]T$ SOCIAL ACTION & T5D TO DEFLECT ! /RUGGLE = F>-REA*+ SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,MEAN:ILE1 CORPORATIONS >E SKILLFULLY MANIPULAT+ ?IS POPUL> DESIRE = P]SONAL ECOLOGICALLY S\ND PRACTICES BY CULTIVAT+ ECOLOGICAL MIRAGES4 ,M]C$ES-,B5Z1 = EXAMPLE1 DECLAIMS 9 A TWO-PAGE MAGAZ9E ADV]TISEM5T1 DECORAT$ ) A BISON PA9T+ FROM A ,PALEOLI?IC CAVE WALL1 ?AT 0WE MU/ WORK TO MAKE PROGRESS MORE 5VIRONM5TALLY SU/A9ABLE BY 9CLUD+ 5VIRONM5TAL !MES 9 ! PLANN+ ( NEW PRODUCTS40 .<#g.> ,SU* MESSAGES >E COMMONPLACE 9 ,G]MANY1 ONE ( WE/]N ,EUROPE'S WOR/ POLLUT]S4 ,SU* ADV]TIS+ IS EQUALLY MANIPULATIVE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :]E LEAD+ POLLUT]S PI\SLY DECL>E ?AT = !M1 0EV]Y DAY IS ,E>? ,DAY40 

,! PO9T SOCIAL ECOLOGY EMPHASIZES IS NOT ?AT MORAL & SPIRITUAL P]SUASION & R5EWAL >E MEAN+LESS OR UNNECESS>Y2 !Y >E NECESS>Y & CAN BE $UCATIONAL4 ,BUT MOD]N CAPITALISM IS /RUCTURALLY AMORAL & H5CE IMP]VI\S TO MORAL APPEALS4 ,! MOD]N M>KETPLACE IS DRIV5 BY IMP]ATIVES ( ITS [N1 IRRESPECTIVE ( :AT K9D ( ,C,E,O SITS 9 A CORPORATION'S DRIV]'S SEAT OR HOLDS ON TO ITS H&LEB>S4 ,! DIRECTION IT FOLL[S DEP5DS NOT UPON E?ICAL PRESCRIPTIONS & P]SONAL 9CL9ATIONS BUT UPON OBJECTIVE LAWS ( PR(IT OR LOSS1 GR[? OR DEA?1 EAT OR BE EAT51 & ! LIKE4 ,! MAXIM 0,BUS9ESS IS BUS9ESS0 EXPLICITLY TELLS US ?AT E?ICAL1 RELIGI\S1 PSY*OLOGICAL1 & EMOTIONAL FACTORS HAVE VIRTUALLY NO PLACE 9 ! PR$ATORY WORLD ( PRODUCTION1 PR(IT1 & GR[?4 ,IT IS GROSSLY MISLEAD+ TO ?9K ?AT WE CAN DIVE/ ?IS H>%1 9DE$ ME*ANI/IC WORLD ( ITS OBJECTIVE *>ACT]I/ICS BY MEANS ( E?ICAL APPEALS4 

,A SOCIETY BAS$ ON ! LAW ( 0GR[ OR DIE0 AS ITS ALL-P]VASIVE IMP]ATIVE MU/ ( NECESSITY HAVE A DEVA/AT+ IMPACT ON FIR/ NATURE4 ,NOR DOES 0GR[?0 H]E REF] TO POPULATION GR[?2 ! CURR5T WISDOM ( POPULATION-BOOM]S TO ! CONTR>Y1 ! MO/ S]I\S DISRUPTORS ( ECOLOGICAL CYCLES >E F\ND 9 ! L>GE 9DU/RIAL C5T]S ( ! WORLD1 :I* >E NOT ONLY POISON+ WAT] & AIR BUT PRODUC+ ! GRE5H\SE GASES ?AT ?REAT5 TO MELT ! ICE CAPS & FLOOD VA/ >EAS ( ! PLANET4 ,SUPPOSE WE C\LD SOMEH[ CUT ! WORLD'S POPULATION 9 HALF3 W\LD GR[? & ! DESPOLIATION ( ! E>? BE R$UC$ AT ALL8 ,CAPITAL W\LD 9SI/ ?AT IT WAS 09DISP5SABLE0 TO [N TWO OR ?REE ( EV]Y APPLIANCE1 MOTOR VEHICLE1 OR ELECTRONIC GADGET1 :]E ONE W\LD MORE ?AN SUFFICE IF NOT BE TOO MANY4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! MILIT>Y W\LD CONT9UE TO DEM& EV] MORE LE?AL 9/RUM5TS ( DEA? & DEVA/ATION1 ( :I* NEW MODELS W\LD BE PROVID$ ANNUALLY4 

,NOR W\LD 0S(T]0 TE*NOLOGIES1 IF PRODUC$ BY A GR[-OR-DIE M>KET1 FAIL TO BE US$ = DE/RUCTIVE CAPITALI/IC 5DS4 ,TWO C5TURIES AGO1 L>GE =E/$ >EAS 9 ,5GL& W]E HACK$ 9TO FUEL = IRON =GES ) AXES ?AT HAD NOT *ANG$ APPRECIABLY S9CE ! ,BRONZE ,AGE1 & ORD9>Y SAILS GUID$ %IPS LAD5 ) COMMODITIES TO ALL P>TS ( ! WORLD WELL 9TO ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,9DE$1 MU* ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS CLE>$ ( ITS =E/S1 WILDLIFE1 & ABORIG9AL 9HABITANTS ) TOOLS & WEAPONS ?AT C\LD HAVE EASILY BE5 RECOGNIZ$1 H[EV] MU* !Y W]E MODIFI$1 BY ,R5AISSANCE PEOPLE C5TURIES E>LI]4 ,:AT MOD]N TE*NICS DID WAS ACCEL]ATE A PROCESS ?AT HAD BE5 WELL UND] WAY AT ! CLOSE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,IT CANNOT BE HELD SOLELY RESPONSIBLE = 5DEAVORS ?AT W]E UND] WAY = C5TURIES2 IT ESS5TIALLY ABETT$ DAMAGE CAUS$ BY ! EV]-EXP&+ M>KET SY/EM1 :OSE ROOTS1 9 TURN1 LAY 9 ONE ( HI/ORY'S MO/ FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL TRANS=MATIONS3 ! ELABORATION ( A SY/EM ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION BAS$ ON EX*ANGE RA!R ?AN COMPLEM5T>ITY & MUTUAL AID4 

,AN ,ECOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY 

  

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS AN APPEAL NOT ONLY = MORAL REG5]ATION BUT1 & ABOVE ALL1 = SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION ALONG ECOLOGICAL L9ES4 ,IT EMPHASIZES ?AT1 TAK5 BY ITSELF1 AN E?ICAL APPEAL TO ! P[]S ?AT BE1 BAS$ ON BL9D M>KET =CES & RU?LESS COMPETITION1 IS C]TA9 TO BE FUTILE4 ,9DE$1 TAK5 BY ITSELF1 SU* AN APPEAL OBSCURES ! REAL P[] RELATION%IPS ?AT PREVAIL TODAY BY MAK+ ! ATTA9M5T ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY SEEM M]ELY A MATT] ( *ANG+ 9DIVIDUAL ATTITUDES1 SPIRITUAL R5EWAL1 OR QUASI-RELIGI\S R$EMPTION4 

,AL?\< ALWAYS M9DFUL ( ! IMPORTANCE ( A NEW E?ICAL \TLOOK1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY SEEKS TO R$RESS ! ECOLOGICAL ABUSES ?AT ! PREVAIL+ SOCIETY HAS 9FLICT$ ON ! NATURAL WORLD BY GO+ TO ! /RUCTURAL AS WELL AS ! SUBJECTIVE S\RCES ( NOTIONS LIKE ! DOM9ATION ( FIR/ NATURE4 ,?AT IS1 IT *ALL5GES ! 5TIRE SY/EM ( DOM9ATION ITSELF -- ITS ECONOMY1 ITS MISUSE ( TE*NICS1 ITS ADM9I/RATIVE APP>ATUS1 ITS DEGRADATIONS ( POLITICAL LIFE1 ITS DE/RUCTION ( ! CITY AS A C5T] ( CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T1 9DE$ ! 5TIRE PANOPLY ( ITS MORAL HYPOCRISIES & DEFIL+ ( ! HUMAN SPIRIT -- & SEEKS TO ELIM9ATE ! HI]>*ICAL & CLASS $IFICES ?AT HAVE IMPOS$ !MSELVES ON HUMANITY & DEF9$ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 NONHUMAN & HUMAN NATURE4 ,IT ADVANCES AN E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>Y 9 :I* HUMAN BE+S PLAY A SUPPORTIVE ROLE 9 P]PETUAT+ ! 9TEGRITY ( ! BIOSPH]E -- ! POT5TIALITY ( HUMAN BE+S TO BE ! MO/ CONSCI\S PRODUCTS ( NATURAL EVOLUTION4 ,9DE$1 HUMANS HAVE AN E?ICAL RESPONSIBILITY TO FUNCTION CREATIVELY 9 ! UNFOLD+ ( ?AT EVOLUTION4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY ?US /RESSES ! NE$ TO EMBODY ITS E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY 9 PALPABLE SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS ?AT WILL MAKE HUMAN BE+S CONSCI\S E?ICAL AG5TS 9 PROMOT+ ! WELL-BE+ ( !MSELVES & ! NONHUMAN WORLD4 ,IT SEEKS ! 5RI*M5T ( ! EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS BY ! DIV]SIFICATION ( LIFE-=MS & ! APPLICATION ( REASON TO A WONDR\S REMAK+ ( ! PLANET ALONG ECOLOGICAL L9ES4 ,NOT)/&+ MO/ ROMANTIC VIEWS1 0,MO!R ,NATURE0 DOES NOT NECESS>ILY 0KN[ BE/40 ,TO OPPOSE ACTIVITIES ( ! CORPORATE WORLD DOES NOT REQUIRE ONE TO BECOME NAIVELY BIOC5TRIC4 ,9DE$ BY ! SAME TOK51 TO APPLAUD HUMANITY'S POT5TIAL = =ESI<T1 RATIONALITY1 & TE*NOLOGICAL A*IEVEM5T DOES NOT MAKE ONE AN?ROPOC5TRIC4 ,! LOOSE USAGE ( SU* BUZZWORDS1 SO COMMONPLACE 9 ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T TODAY1 MU/ BE BR\<T TO A DEF9ITIVE 5D BY REFLECTIVE DISCUSSION1 NOT BY DEPRECAT+ D5UNCIATIONS4 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 9 EFFECT1 RECOGNIZES ?AT -- LIKE IT OR NOT -- ! FUTURE ( LIFE ON ?IS PLANET PIVOTS ON ! FUTURE ( SOCIETY4 ,IT CONT5DS ?AT EVOLUTION1 BO? 9 FIR/ NATURE & 9 SECOND1 IS NOT YET COMPLETE4 ,NOR >E ! TWO REALMS SO SEP>AT$ FROM EA* O!R ?AT WE MU/ *OOSE ONE OR ! O!R -- EI!R NATIONAL EVOLUTION1 ) ITS 0BIOC5TRIC0 HALO1 OR SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 AS WE HAVE KN[N IT UP TO N[1 ) ITS 0AN?ROPOC5TRIC0 HALO -- AS ! BASIS = A CREATIVE BIOSPH]E4 ,WE MU/ GO BEYOND BO? ! NATURAL & ! SOCIAL T[>D A NEW SYN!SIS ?AT CONTA9S ! BE/ ( BO?4 ,SU* A SYN!SIS MU/ TRANSC5D BO? FIR/ & SECOND NATURE 9 ! =M ( A CREATIVE1 SELF-CONSCI\S1 & !RE=E 0FREE NATURE10 9 :I* HUMAN BE+S 9T]V5E 9 NATURAL EVOLUTION ) !IR BE/ CAPACITIES -- !IR E?ICAL S5SE1 !IR UNEQUAL$ CAPACITY = CONCEPTUAL ?\<T1 & !IR REM>KABLE P[]S & RANGE ( COMMUNICATION4 

,BUT SU* A GOAL REMA9S M]E RHETORIC UNLESS A MOVEM5T GIVES IT LOGI/ICAL & SOCIAL TANGIBILITY4 ,H[ >E WE TO ORGANIZE SU* A MOVEM5T8 ,LOGI/ICALLY1 0FREE NATURE0 IS UNATTA9ABLE )\T ! DEC5TRALIZATION ( CITIES 9TO CONF$]ALLY UNIT$ COMMUNITIES S5SITIVELY TAILOR$ TO ! NATURAL >EAS 9 :I* !Y >E LOCAT$4 ,ECOTE*NOLOGIES1 & ( SOL>1 W9D1 ME?ANE1 & O!R R5EWABLE S\RCES ( 5]GY2 ORGANIC =MS ( AGRICULTURE2 & ! DESIGN ( HUMANLY SCAL$1 V]SATILE 9DU/RIAL 9/ALLATIONS TO MEET ! REGIONAL NE$S ( CONF$]AT$ MUNICIPALITIES -- ALL MU/ BE BR\<T 9TO ! S]VICE ( AN ECOLOGICALLY S\ND WORLD BAS$ ON AN E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY4 ,IT MEANS TOO AN EMPHASIS NOT ONLY ON RECYCL+ BUT ON ! PRODUCTION ( HI<-QUALITY GOODS ?AT CAN1 9 MANY CASES1 LA/ = G5]ATIONS4 ,IT MEANS ! REPLACEM5T ( NE$LESSLY 9S5SATE LABOR ) CREATIVE WORK & AN EMPHASIS ON >TFUL CRAFTSP]SON%IP 9 PREF]5CE TO ME*ANIZ$ PRODUCTION4 ,IT MEANS ! FREE TIME TO BE >TFUL & TO FULLY 5GAGE 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,ONE W\LD HOPE ?AT ! %E] AVAILABILITY ( GOODS1 ! ME*ANIZATION ( PRODUCTION1 & ! FRE$OM TO *OOSE ONE'S MAT]IAL LIFE/YLE W\LD SOON] OR LAT] 9FLU5CE PEOPLE TO PRACTICE MOD]ATION 9 ALL ASPECTS ( LIFE AS A RESPONSE TO ! CONSUM]ISM PROMOT$ BY ! CAPITALI/ M>KET4 .<#h.> 

,BUT NO E?ICS OR VISION ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 H[EV] 9SPIR$1 CAN BE MEAN+FUL UNLESS IT IS EMBODI$ 9 A LIV+ POLITICS4 ,BY POLITICS1 ,I DO NOT MEAN ! /ATECRAFT PRACTIC$ BY :AT WE CALL POLITICIANS -- NAMELY1 REPRES5TATIVES ELECT$ OR SELECT$ TO MANAGE PUBLIC AFFAIRS & =MULATE POLICIES AS GUIDEL9ES = SOCIAL LIFE4 ,TO SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 POLITICS MEANS :AT IT MEANT 9 ! DEMOCRATIC POLIS ( CLASSICAL ,A!NS SOME TWO ?\S& YE>S AGO3 DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 ! =MULATION ( POLICIES BY DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 & ! ADM9I/RATION ( ?OSE POLICIES BY M&AT$ COORD9ATORS :O CAN EASILY BE RECALL$ IF !Y FAIL TO ABIDE BY ! DECISION ( ! ASSEMBLY'S CITIZ5S4 ,I AM V]Y M9DFUL ?AT ,A!NIAN POLITICS1 EV5 9 ITS MO/ DEMOCRATIC P]IODS1 WAS M>R$ BY ! EXI/5CE ( SLAV]Y & PATRI>*Y1 & BY ! EXCLUSION ( ! /RANG] FROM PUBLIC LIFE4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 TO BE SURE1 IT DIFF]$ V]Y LITTLE FROM MO/ ( ! O!R ANCI5T ,M$IT]RANEAN CIVILIZATIONS -- & C]TA9LY ANCI5T ,ASIAN ONES -- ( ! TIME4 ,:AT MADE ,A!NIAN POLITICS UNIQUE1 H[EV]1 WAS ?AT IT PRODUC$ 9/ITUTIONS ?AT W]E EXTRAORD9>ILY DEMOCRATIC -- EV5 DIRECTLY SO -- BY COMP>ISON ) ! REPUBLICAN 9/ITUTIONS ( ! SO-CALL$ 0DEMOCRACIES0 ( TODAY'S WORLD4 ,EI!R DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY1 ! ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY 9SPIR$ LAT]1 MORE ALL-5COMPASS+ DIRECT DEMOCRACIES1 SU* AS MANY M$IEVAL ,EUROPEAN T[NS1 ! LITTLE- KN[N ,P>ISIAN 0SECTIONS0 7OR NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES7 ( #agic ?AT PROPELL$ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION 9 A HI<LY RADICAL DIRECTION1 & MORE 9DIRECTLY1 ,NEW ,5GL& T[N MEET+S1 & O!R1 MORE REC5T ATTEMPTS AT CIVIC SELF-GOV]NANCE4.<#i.> 

,ANY SELF-MANAG$ COMMUNITY1 H[EV]1 ?AT TRIES TO LIVE 9 ISOLATION & DEVELOP SELF-SUFFICI5CY RISKS ! DANG] ( BECOM+ P>O*IAL1 EV5 RACI/4 ,H5CE ! NE$ TO EXT5D ! ECOLOGICAL POLITICS ( A DIRECT DEMOCRACY 9TO CONF$]ATIONS ( ECOCOMMUNITIES1 & TO FO/] A HEAL?Y 9T]DEP5D5CE1 RA!R ?AN AN 9TROV]T$1 /ULTIFY+ 9DEP5D5CE4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY W\LD BE OBLIG$ TO EMBODY ITS E?ICS 9 A POLITICS ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 9 :I* MUNICIPALITIES CONJO9TLY GA9 RI<TS TO SELF-GOV]NANCE ?R\< NETWORKS ( CONF$]AL C\NCILS1 TO :I* T[NS & CITIES W\LD BE EXPECT$ TO S5D !IR M&AT$1 RECALLABLE DELEGATES TO ADJU/ DIFF]5CES4 ,ALL DECISIONS W\LD HAVE TO BE RATIFI$ BY A MAJORITY ( ! POPUL> ASSEMBLIES ( ! CONF$]AT$ T[NS & CITIES4 ,?IS 9/ITUTIONAL PROCESS C\LD BE 9ITIAT$ 9 ! NEI<BORHOODS ( GIANT CITIES AS WELL AS 9 NETWORKS ( SMALL T[NS4 ,9 FACT1 ! =MATION ( NUM]\S 0T[N HALLS0 HAS ALREADY REPEAT$LY BE5 PROPOS$ 9 CITIES AS L>GE AS ,NEW ,YORK & ,P>IS1 ONLY TO BE DEFEAT$ BY WELL-ORGANIZ$ ELITI/ GR\PS ?AT S\<T TO C5TRALIZE P[] RA!R ?AN ALL[ ITS DEC5TRALIZATION4 

,P[] WILL ALWAYS BELONG TO ELITE & COMM&+ /RATA IF IT IS NOT 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ 9 FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACIES1 AMONG PEOPLE :O >E FULLY EMP[]$ AS SOCIAL BE+S TO MAKE DECISIONS 9 NEW COMMUNAL ASSEMBLIES4 ,ATTEMPTS TO EMP[] PEOPLE 9 ?IS MANN] & =M CON/ITUTE AN ABID+ *ALL5GE TO ! NATION- /ATE -- ?AT IS1 A DUAL P[] 9 :I* ! FREE MUNICIPALITY EXI/S 9 OP5 T5SION ) ! NATION-/ATE4 ,P[] ?AT DOES NOT BELONG TO ! PEOPLE 9V>IABLY BELONGS TO ! /ATE & ! EXPLOITATIVE 9T]E/S IT REPRES5TS4 ,:I* IS NOT TO SAY ?AT DIV]SITY IS NOT A DESID]ATUM2 TO ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS ! S\RCE ( CULTURAL CREATIVITY4 ,/ILL IT NEV] %\LD BE CELEBRAT$ 9 A NATIONALI/IC S5SE ( 0AP>TNESS0 FROM ! G5]AL 9T]E/S ( HUMANITY AS A :OLE1 OR ELSE IT WILL REGRESS 9TO ! P>O*IALISM ( FOLKDOM & TRIBALISM4 

,%\LD ! FULL REALITY ( CITIZ5%IP 9 ALL ITS DISCURSIV5ESS & POLITICAL VITALITY BEG9 TO WANE1 ITS DISAPPE>ANCE W\LD M>K AN UNPREC$5T$ LOSS 9 HUMAN DEVELOPM5T4 ,CITIZ5%IP1 9 ! CLASSICAL S5SE ( ! T]M1 :I* 9VOLV$ A LIFELONG1 E?ICALLY ORI5T$ $UCATION 9 ! >T ( P>TICIPATION 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS 7NOT ! EMPTY =M ( NATIONAL LEGITIMATION ?AT IT SO (T5 CONSI/S ( TODAY71 W\LD DISAPPE>4 ,ITS LOSS W\LD MEAN ! ATROPHY+ ( A COMMUNAL LIFE BEYOND ! LIMITS ( ! FAMILY1 ! WAN+ ( A CIVIC S5SIBILITY TO ! PO9T ( ! %RIVEL$ EGO1 ! COMPLETE REPLACEM5T ( ! PUBLIC >5A ) ! PRIVATE WORLD & ) PRIVATE PURSUITS4 

,! FAILURE ( A RATIONAL1 SOCIALLY COMMITT$ ECOLOGY MOVEM5T W\LD YIELD A ME*ANIZ$1 ES!TICALLY >ID1 & ADM9I/]$ SOCIETY1 COMPOS$ ( VACU\S EGOS AT BE/ & TOTALIT>IAN AUTOMATA AT WOR/4 ,BE=E ! PLANET WAS R5D]$ PHYSICALLY UN9HABITABLE1 !RE W\LD BE FEW HUMANS :O W\LD BE ABLE TO 9HABIT IT4 

,ALT]NATIVELY1 A TRULY ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY W\LD OP5 ! VI/A ( A 0FREE NATURE0 ) A SOPHI/ICAT$ ECO-TE*NOLOGY BAS$ ON SOL>1 W9D1 & WAT]2 C>EFULLY TREAT$ FOSSIL FUELS W\LD BE SIT$ TO PRODUCE P[] TO MEET RATIONALLY CONCEIV$ NE$S4 ,PRODUCTION W\LD OCCUR 5TIRELY = USE1 NOT = PR(IT1 & ! DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS W\LD OCCUR 5TIRELY TO MEET HUMAN NE$S BAS$ ON NORMS E/ABLI%$ BY CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLIES & CONF$]ATIONS ( ASSEMBLIES4 ,DECISIONS BY ! COMMUNITY W\LD BE MADE ACCORD+ TO DIRECT1 FACE-TO-FACE PROC$URES ) ALL ! COORD9ATIVE JUDGM5TS M&AT$ DELEGATES4 ,!SE JUDGM5TS1 9 TURN1 W\LD BE REF]R$ BACK = DISCUSSION1 APPROVAL1 MODIFICATION1 OR REJECTION BY ! ASSEMBLY ( ASSEMBLIES 7OR ,COMMUNE ( COMMUNES7 AS A :OLE1 REFLECT+ ! WI%ES ( ! FULLY ASSEMBL$ MAJORITY4 

,WE CANNOT TELL H[ MU* TE*NOLOGY WILL BE EXP&$ A FEW DECADES FROM N[1 LET ALONE A FEW G5]ATIONS4 ,ITS GR[? & ! PROSPECTS IT IS LIKELY TO OP5 OV] ! C\RSE ( ?IS C5TURY ALONE >E TOO DAZZL+ EV5 = ! MO/ IMAG9ATIVE UTOPIAN TO 5VISION4 ,IF NO?+ ELSE1 WE HAVE BE5 SWEPT 9TO A P]MAN5T TE*NOLOGICAL & COMMUNICATIONS REVOLUTION :OSE CULM9ATION IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO =ESEE4 ,?IS AMASS+ ( P[] & KN[L$GE OP5S TWO RADICALLY OPPOS+ PROSPECTS3 EI!R HUMANITY WILL TRULY DE/ROY ITSELF & ITS HABITAT1 OR IT WILL CREATE A G>D51 A FRUITFUL & B5IGN WORLD ?AT NOT EV5 ! MO/ FANCIFUL UTOPIAN1 ,*>LES ,F\RI]1 C\LD HAVE IMAG9$4 

,IT IS FITT+ ?AT SU* DIRE ALT]NATIVES %\LD APPE> N[ & 9 SU* EXTREME =MS4 ,UNLESS SOCIAL ECOLOGY -- ) ITS NATURALI/IC \TLOOK1 ITS DEVELOPM5TAL 9T]PRETATIONS ( NATURAL & SOCIAL PH5OM5A1 ITS EMPHASIS ON DISCIPL9E ) FRE$OM & RESPONSIBILITY ) IMAG9ATION -- CAN BE BR\<T TO ! S]VICE ( SU* HI/ORIC 5DS1 HUMANITY MAY WELL PROVE TO BE 9CAPABLE ( *ANG+ ! WORLD4 ,WE CANNOT DEF] ! NE$ TO DEAL ) !SE PROSPECTS 9DEF9ITELY3 EI!R A MOVEM5T WILL >ISE ?AT WILL BE/IR HUMANITY 9TO ACTION1 OR ! LA/ GREAT *ANCE 9 HI/ORY = ! COMPLETE EMANCIPATION ( HUMANITY WILL P]I% 9 UNRE/RA9$ SELF-DE/RUCTION4 

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,RADICAL ,POLITICS 9 AN ,]A ( ,ADVANC$ ,CAPITALISM 
,RADICAL ,POLITICS 9 AN ,]A ( ,ADVANC$ ,CAPITALISM 

  

,DEFY+ ALL ! !ORETICAL PR$ICTIONS ( ! #a#i#cS1 CAPITALISM HAS RE/ABILIZ$ ITSELF ) A V5GEANCE & ACQUIR$ EXTRAORD9>Y FLEXIBILITY 9 ! DECADES S9CE ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I4 ,9 FACT1 WE HAVE YET TO CLE>LY DET]M9E :AT CON/ITUTES CAPITALISM 9 ITS MO/ 0MATURE0 =M1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ITS SOCIAL TRAJECTORY 9 ! YE>S TO COME4 ,BUT :AT IS CLE>1 ,I W\LD >GUE1 IS ?AT CAPITALISM HAS TRANS=M$ ITSELF FROM AN ECONOMY SURR\ND$ BY MANY PRECAPITALI/ SOCIAL & POLITICAL =MATIONS 9TO A SOCIETY ?AT ITSELF HAS BECOME 0ECONOMIZ$40 ,T]MS LIKE CONSUM]ISM & 9DU/RIALISM >E M]ELY OBSCURANTI/ EUPHEMISMS = AN ALL-P]VASIVE EMB\RGEOISEM5T ?AT 9VOLVES NOT SIMPLY AN APPETITE = COMMODITIES & SOPHI/ICAT$ TE*NOLOGIES BUT ! EXPANSION ( COMMODITY RELATION%IPS -- ( M>KET RELATION%IPS -- 9TO >EAS ( LIFE & SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ?AT ONCE (F]$ SOME DEGREE ( RESI/ANCE TO1 IF NOT A REFUGE FROM1 UTT]LY AMORAL1 ACCUMULATIVE1 & COMPETITIVE =MS ( HUMAN 9T]ACTION4 ,M>KETPLACE VALUES HAVE 9CREAS+LY P]COLAT$ 9TO FAMILIAL1 $UCATIONAL1 P]SONAL1 & EV5 SPIRITUAL RELATION%IPS & HAVE L>GELY $G$ \T ! PRECAPITALI/ TRADITIONS ?AT MADE = MUTUAL AID1 IDEALISM1 & MORAL RESPONSIBILITY 9 CONTRA/ TO BUS9ESSLIKE NORMS ( BEHAVIOR4 

,!RE IS A S5SE 9 :I* ANY NEW =MS ( RESI/ANCE -- BE !Y BY LEFT LIB]T>IANS1 OR RADICALS G5]ALLY -- MU/ OP5 ALT]NATIVE >EAS ( LIFE ?AT CAN C\NT]VAIL & UNDO ! EMB\RGEOISEM5T ( SOCIETY AT ALL ITS LEVELS4 ,! ISSUE ( ! RELATION%IP ( 0SOCIETY10 0POLITICS10 & 0! /ATE0 BECOMES ONE ( PROGRAMMATIC URG5CY4 ,CAN !RE BE ANY ROOM = A RADICAL PUBLIC REALM BEYOND ! COMMUNES1 COOP]ATIVES1 & NEI<BORHOOD S]VICE ORGANIZATIONS FO/]$ BY ! #a#i#fS C\NT]CULTURE -- /RUCTURES ?AT EASILY DEG5]AT$ 9TO B\TIQUE-TYPE BUS9ESSES :5 !Y DID NOT DISAPPE> COMPLETELY8 ,IS !RE1 P]HAPS1 A PUBLIC REALM ?AT CAN BECOME AN >5A = ! 9T]PLAY ( CONFLICT+ =CES = *ANGE1 $UCATION1 EMP[]M5T1 & ULTIMATELY1 CONFRONTATION ) ! E/ABLI%$ WAY ( LIFE8 

,M>XISM1 ,CAPITALISM1 & ! ,PUBLIC ,SPH]E 

  

,! V]Y CONCEPT ( A PUBLIC REALM /&S AT ODDS ) TRADITIONAL RADICAL NOTIONS ( A CLASS REALM4 ,M>XISM1 9 P>TICUL>1 D5I$ ! EXI/5CE ( A DEF9ABLE 0PUBLIC10 OR :AT 9 ! ,AGE ( ,DEMOCRATIC ,REVOLUTIONS ( TWO C5TURIES AGO WAS CALL$ 0! ,PEOPLE10 BECAUSE ! NOTION O/5SIBLY OBSCUR$ SPECIFIC CLASS 9T]E/S -- 9T]E/S ?AT W]E ULTIMATELY SUPPOS$ TO BR+ ! B\RGEOISIE 9TO UNREL5T+ CONFLICT ) ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IF 0! ,PEOPLE0 MEANT ANY?+1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>XI/ !ORI/S1 IT SEEM$ TO MEAN A WAN+1 UN=M$1 NONDESCRIPT PETTY B\RGEOISIE -- A LEGACY ( ! PA/ & ( PA/ REVOLUTIONS -- ?AT C\LD BE EXPECT$ TO SIDE MA9LY ) ! CAPITALI/ CLASS IT ASPIR$ TO 5T] & ULTIMATELY ) ! WORK+ CLASS IT WAS =C$ TO 5T]4 ,! PROLET>IAT1 TO ! DEGREE ?AT IT BECAME CLASS CONSCI\S1 W\LD ULTIMATELY EXPRESS ! G5]AL 9T]E/S ( HUMANITY ONCE IT ABSORB$ ?IS VAGUE MIDDLE CLASS1 P>TICUL>LY DUR+ A G5]AL ECONOMIC OR 0*RONIC0 CRISIS )9 CAPITALISM ITSELF4 

,! #a#i#cS1 ) ITS WAVES ( /RIKES1 ITS WORK]S' 9SURRECTIONS1 ITS /REET CONFRONTATIONS BETWE5 REVOLUTION>Y & FASCI/ GR\PS1 & ITS PROSPECT ( W> & BLOODY SOCIAL UPHEAVAL1 SEEM$ TO CONFIRM ?IS VISION4 ,BUT WE CANNOT ANY LONG] IGNORE ! FACT ?AT ?IS TRADITIONAL RADICAL VISION HAS S9CE BE5 REPLAC$ BY ! PRES5T-DAY REALITY ( A MANAG$ CAPITALI/ SY/EM -- MANAG$ CULTURALLY & IDEOLOGICALLY AS WELL AS ECONOMICALLY4 ,H[EV] MU* LIV+ /&>DS HAVE BE5 ]OD$ = MILLIONS ( PEOPLE1 ! UNPREC$5T$ FACT REMA9S ?AT CAPITALISM HAS BE5 FREE ( A 0*RONIC CRISIS0 = A HALF-C5TURY4 ,NOR >E !RE ANY SIGNS ?AT WE >E FAC$ 9 ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE ) A CRISIS COMP>ABLE TO ?AT ( ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION4 ,F> FROM HAV+ AN 9T]NAL S\RCE ( LONG-T]M ECONOMIC BREAKD[N ?AT WILL PRESUMABLY CREATE A G5]AL 9T]E/ = A NEW SOCIETY1 CAPITALISM HAS BE5 MORE SUCCESSFUL 9 CRISIS MANAGEM5T 9 ! LA/ FIFTY YE>S ?AN IT WAS 9 ! PREVI\S C5TURY & A HALF1 ! P]IOD ( ITS SO-CALL$ 0HI/ORICAL ASC5DANCY40 

,! CLASSICAL 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 TOO1 HAS WAN$ 9 NUMB]S 9 ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD 7! HI/ORICAL LOCUS CLASSICUS ( SOCIALI/ CONFRONTATION ) CAPITALISM71 9 CLASS CONSCI\SNESS1 & EV5 9 POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS ( ITSELF AS A HI/ORICALLY UNIQUE CLASS4 ,ATTEMPTS TO REWRITE ,M>XIAN !ORY TO 9CLUDE SAL>I$ PEOPLE 9 ! PROLET>IAT >E NOT ONLY NONS5SICAL1 !Y /& FLATLY AT ODDS ) H[ ?IS VA/LY DIFF]5TIAT$ MIDDLE-CLASS POPULATION CONCEIVES ITSELF & ITS RELATION%IP TO A M>KET SOCIETY4 ,TO LIVE ) ! HOPE ?AT CAPITALISM WILL 0IMMAN5TLY0 COLLAPSE FROM )9 AS A RESULT ( ITS [N CONTRADICTORY SELF-DEVELOPM5T IS ILLUSORY AS ?+S /& TODAY4 

,BUT !RE >E DRAMATIC SIGNS ?AT CAPITALISM1 AS ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$ ELSE:]E1 IS PRODUC+ EXT]NAL CONDITIONS = A CRISIS AN ECOLOGICAL CRISIS -- ?AT MAY WELL G5]ATE A G5]AL HUMAN 9T]E/ = RADICAL SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,CAPITALISM1 ORGANIZ$ >\ND A 0GR[-OR-DIE0 M>KET SY/EM BAS$ ON RIVALRY & EXPANSION1 MU/ TE> D[N ! NATURAL WORLD -- TURN+ SOIL 9TO S&1 POLLUT+ ! ATMOSPH]E1 *ANG+ ! 5TIRE CLIMATIC PATT]N ( ! PLANET1 & POSSIBLY MAK+ ! E>? UNSUITABLE = COMPLEX =MS ( LIFE4 ,9 EFFECT1 IT IS PROV+ TO BE AN ECOLOGICAL CANC] & MAY WELL SIMPLIFY COMPLEX ECOSY/EMS ?AT HAVE BE5 9 ! MAK+ = C\NTLESS EONS4 

,IF M9DLESS & UNCEAS+ GR[? AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF -- =C$ BY COMPETITION TO ACCUMULATE & DEV\R ! ORGANIC WORLD -- CREATES PROBLEMS ?AT CUT ACROSS MAT]IAL1 E?NIC1 & CULTURAL DIFF]5CES1 ! CONCEPT ( 0! ,PEOPLE0 & ( A 0PUBLIC SPH]E0 MAY BECOME A LIV+ REALITY 9 HI/ORY4 ,SOME K9D ( RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T HAS YET TO BE E/ABLI%$ ?AT C\LD ACQUIRE A UNIQUE1 COH]+1 & POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE TO REPLACE ! 9FLU5CE ( ! TRADITIONAL WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,IF ! LOCUS ( PROLET>IAN RADICALISM WAS ! FACTORY1 ! LOCUS ( ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T W\LD BE ! COMMUNITY3 ! NEI<BORHOOD1 ! T[N1 & ! MUNICIPALITY4 ,A NEW ALT]NATIVE1 A POLITICAL ONE1 W\LD HAVE TO BE DEVELOP$ ?AT IS NEI!R P>LIAM5T>Y ON ! ONE H& NOR LOCK$ 9TO DIRECT ACTION & C\NT]CULTURAL ACTIVITIES ON ! O!R4 ,9DE$1 DIRECT ACTION C\LD ME% ) ?IS NEW POLITICS 9 ! =M ( COMMUNITY ASSEMBLIES ORI5T$ T[>D A FULLY P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY -- 9 ! HI<E/ =M ( DIRECT ACTION1 ! FULL EMP[]M5T ( ! PEOPLE 9 DET]M9+ ! DE/9Y ( SOCIETY4 

,SOCIETY1 ,POLITICS1 & ! ,/ATE 

  

,IF ! #a#i#fS GAVE RISE TO A C\NT]CULTURE TO RESI/ ! PREVAIL+ CULTURE1 ! FOLL[+ DECADES HAVE CREAT$ ! NE$ = POPUL> C\NT]-9/ITUTIONS TO C\NT]VAIL ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE4 ,AL?\< ! SPECIFIC =M ?AT SU* 9/ITUTIONS C\LD TAKE MAY V>Y ACCORD+ TO ! TRADITIONS1 VALUES1 CONC]NS1 & CULTURE ( A GIV5 >EA1 C]TA9 BASIC !ORETICAL PREMISES MU/ BE CL>IFI$ IF ONE IS TO ADVANCE ! NE$ = NEW 9/ITUTIONS &1 MORE BROADLY1 = A NEW RADICAL POLITICS4 ,! NE$ ONCE AGA9 TO DEF9E POLITICS -- 9DE$1 TO GIVE IT A BROAD] MEAN+ ?AN IT HAS HAD 9 ! PA/ -- BECOMES A PRACTICAL IMP]ATIVE4 ,! ABILITY & WIL+NESS ( RADICALS TO MEET ?IS NE$ MAY WELL DET]M9E ! FUTURE ( MOVEM5TS LIKE ! ,GRE5S & ! V]Y POSSIBILITY ( RADICALISM TO EXI/ AS A COH]5T =CE = BASIC SOCIAL *ANGE4 

,! MAJOR 9/ITUTIONAL >5AS -- ! SOCIAL1 ! POLITICAL1 & ! /ATI/ -- W]E ONCE CLE>LY DI/+UI%ABLE FROM EA* O!R4 ,! SOCIAL >5A C\LD BE CLE>LY DEM>CAT$ FROM ! POLITICAL1 & ! POLITICAL1 9 TURN1 FROM ! /ATE4 ,BUT 9 \R PRES5T1 HI/ORICALLY CL\D$ WORLD1 !SE HAVE BE5 BLURR$ & MY/IFI$4 ,POLITICS HAS BE5 ABSORB$ BY ! /ATE1 JU/ AS SOCIETY HAS 9CREAS+LY BE5 ABSORB$ BY ! ECONOMY TODAY4 ,IF NEW1 TRULY RADICAL MOVEM5TS TO DEAL ) ECOLOGICAL BREAKD[N >E TO EM]GE & IF AN ECOLOGICALLY ORI5T$ SOCIETY IS TO 5D ATTEMPTS TO DOM9ATE NATURE AS WELL AS PEOPLE1 ?IS PROCESS MU/ BE >RE/$ & REV]S$4 

,IT EASY TO ?9K ( SOCIETY1 POLITICS1 & ! /ATE AHI/ORICALLY1 AS IF !Y HAD ALWAYS EXI/$ AS WE F9D !M TODAY4 ,BUT ! FACT IS ?AT EA* ONE ( !SE HAS HAD A COMPLEX DEVELOPM5T1 ONE ?AT %\LD BE UND]/OOD IF WE >E TO GA9 A CLE> S5SE ( !IR IMPORTANCE 9 SOCIAL !ORY & PRACTICE4 ,MU* ( :AT WE TODAY CALL POLITICS1 = ONE1 IS REALLY /ATECRAFT1 /RUCTUR$ >\ND /AFF+ ! /ATE APP>ATUS ) P>LIAM5T>IANS1 JUDGES1 BUREAUCRATS1 POLICE1 ! MILIT>Y1 & ! LIKE1 A PH5OM5ON (T5 REPLICAT$ FROM ! SUMMITS ( ! /ATE TO ! SMALLE/ ( COMMUNITIES4 ,BUT ! T]M POLITICS1 ,GREEK ETYMOLOGICALLY1 ONCE REF]R$ TO A PUBLIC >5A PEOPL$ BY CONSCI\S CITIZ5S :O FELT COMPET5T TO DIRECTLY MANAGE !IR [N COMMUNITIES1 OR POLEIS4 

,SOCIETY1 9 TURN1 WAS ! RELATIVELY PRIVATE >5A1 ! REALM ( FAMILIAL OBLIGATION1 FRI5D%IP1 P]SONAL SELF-MA9T5ANCE1 PRODUCTION1 & REPRODUCTION4 ,FROM ITS FIR/ EM]G5CE AS M]ELY HUMAN GR\P EXI/5CE TO ITS HI<LY 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ =MS1 :I* WE PROP]LY CALL SOCIETY1 SOCIAL LIFE WAS /RUCTUR$ >\ND ! FAMILY OR OIKOS4 7,ECONOMY1 9 FACT1 ONCE MEANT LITTLE MORE ?AN ! MANAGEM5T ( ! FAMILY47 ,ITS CORE WAS ! DOME/IC WORLD ( WOMAN1 COMPLEM5T$ BY ! CIVIL WORLD ( MAN4 

,9 E>LY HUMAN COMMUNITIES1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS = SURVIVAL1 C>E1 & MA9T5ANCE OCCURR$ 9 ! DOME/IC >5A1 TO :I* ! CIVIL >5A1 SU* AS IT WAS1 L>GELY EXI/$ 9 S]VICE4 ,A TRIBE 7TO USE ?IS T]M 9 A V]Y BROAD S5SE TO 9CLUDE B&S & CLANS7 WAS A TRULY SOCIAL 5TITY1 KNITT$ TOGE!R BY BLOOD1 M>ITAL1 & FUNCTIONAL TIES BAS$ ON AGE & WORK4 ,!SE /RONG C5TRIPETAL =CES1 ROOT$ 9 ! BIOLOGICAL FACTS ( LIFE1 HELD !SE EM95TLY SOCIAL COMMUNITIES TOGE!R4 ,!Y GAVE !M A S5SE ( 9T]NAL SOLID>ITY SO /RONG ?AT ! TRIBES L>GELY EXCLUD$ ! 0/RANG]0 OR 0\TSID]10 :OSE ACCEPTABILITY USUALLY DEP5D$ UPON CANONS ( HOSPITALITY & ! NE$ = NEW MEMB]S TO REPL5I% W>RIORS :5 W>F>E BECAME 9CREAS+LY IMPORTANT4 

,A GREAT P>T ( RECORD$ HI/ORY IS AN ACC\NT ( ! GR[? ( ! MALE CIVIL >5A AT ! EXP5SE ( ?IS DOME/IC OR SOCIAL ONE4 ,MALES GA9$ GR[+ AU?ORITY OV] ! E>LY COMMUNITY AS A RESULT ( 9T]TRIBAL W>F>E & CLA%ES OV] T]RITORY 9 :I* TO HUNT4 ,P]HAPS MORE IMPORTANT1 AGRICULTURAL PEOPLES APPROPRIAT$ L>GE >EAS ( ! L& ?AT HUNT+ PEOPLES REQUIR$ TO SU/A9 !MSELVES & !IR LIFEWAYS4 

,IT WAS FROM ?IS UNDIFF]5TIAT$ CIVIL >5A 7AGA91 TO USE ! WORD CIVIL 9 A V]Y BROAD S5SE7 ?AT POLITICS & ! /ATE EM]G$4 ,:I* IS NOT TO SAY ?AT POLITICS & /ATECRAFT W]E ! SAME FROM ! BEG9N+4 ,DESPITE !IR COMMON ORIG9S 9 ! E>LY CIVIL >5A1 !SE TWO W]E %>PLY OPPOS$ TO EA* O!R4 ,HI/ORY'S G>M5TS >E NEV] NEAT & UNWR9KL$4 ,! EVOLUTION ( SOCIETY FROM SMALL DOME/IC SOCIAL GR\PS 9TO HI<LY DIFF]5TIAT$1 HI]>*ICAL1 & CLASS SY/EMS :OSE AU?ORITY 5COMPASS$ VA/ T]RITORIAL EMPIRES IS NO?+ IF NOT COMPLEX & IRREGUL>4 

,! DOME/IC & FAMILIAL >5A ITSELF -- ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! SOCIAL >5A -- HELP$ TO %APE ! =MATION ( !SE /ATES4 ,E>LY DESPOTIC K+DOMS1 SU* AS ?OSE ( ,EGYPT & ,P]SIA1 W]E SE5 NOT AS CLE>LY CIVIL 5TITIES BUT AS ! P]SONAL 0H\SEHOLDS0 OR DOME/IC DOMA9S ( MON>*S4 ,!SE VA/ PALATIAL E/ATES ( 0DIV9E0 K+S & !IR FAMILIES W]E LAT] C>V$ UP BY LESS] FAMILIES 9TO MANORIAL OR FEUDAL E/ATES4 ,! SOCIAL VALUES ( PRES5T-DAY >I/OCRACIES >E R$OL5T ( A TIME :5 K9%IP & L9EAGE1 NOT CITIZ5%IP OR WEAL?1 DET]M9$ ONE'S /ATUS & P[]4 

,! ,RISE ( ! ,PUBLIC ,DOMA9 

  

,IT WAS ! ,BRONZE ,AGE 0URBAN REVOLUTION10 TO USE ,V4 ,GORDON ,*ILDE'S EXPRESSION1 ?AT SL[LY ELIM9AT$ ! TRAPP+S ( ! SOCIAL OR DOME/IC >5A FROM ! /ATE & CREAT$ A NEW T]RA9 = ! POLITICAL >5A4 ,! RISE ( CITIES -- L>GELY >\ND TEMPLES1 MILIT>Y =TRESSES1 ADM9I/RATIVE C5T]S1 & 9T]REGIONAL M>KETS -- CREAT$ ! BASIS = A NEW1 MORE SECUL> & MORE UNIV]SALI/IC =M ( POLITICAL SPACE4 ,GIV5 TIME & DEVELOPM5T1 ?IS SPACE SL[LY EVOLV$ AN UNPREC$5T$ PUBLIC DOMA94 

,CITIES ?AT >E P]FECT MODELS ( SU* A PUBLIC SPACE DO NOT EXI/ 9 EI!R HI/ORY OR SOCIAL !ORY4 ,BUT SOME CITIES W]E NEI!R PR$OM9ANTLY SOCIAL 79 ! DOME/IC S5SE7 NOR /ATI/1 BUT GAVE RISE TO AN 5TIRELY NEW SOCIETAL DISP5SATION4 ,! MO/ REM>KABLE ( !SE W]E ! SEAPORTS ( ANCI5T ,HELLAS & ! CRAFT & COMM]CIAL CITIES ( M$IEVAL ,ITALY1 ,RUSSIA1 & C5TRAL ,EUROPE4 ,EV5 MOD]N CITIES ( NEWLY =M+ NATION- /ATES LIKE ,SPA91 ,5GL&1 & ,FRANCE DEVELOP$ ID5TITIES ( !IR [N & RELATIVELY POPUL> =MS ( CITIZ5 P>TICIPATION4 ,!IR P>O*IAL1 EV5 PATRI>*AL ATTRIBUTES %\LD NOT BE P]MITT$ TO OV]%AD[ !IR UNIV]SAL HUMANI/IC ATTRIBUTES4 ,FROM ! ,OLYMPIAN /&PO9T ( MOD]NITY1 IT W\LD BE AS PETTY AS IT W\LD BE AHI/ORICAL TO HI<LI<T FAIL+S ?AT CITIES %>$ ) NE>LY ALL 0CIVILIZATIONS0 OV] ?\S&S ( YE>S4 

,:AT %\LD /& \T AS A MATT] ( VITAL IMPORTANCE IS ?AT !SE CITIES CREAT$ ! PUBLIC DOMA94 ,!RE1 9 ! AGORA ( ! ,GREEK DEMOCRACIES1 ! =UM ( ! ,ROMAN REPUBLIC1 ! T[N C5T] ( ! M$IEVAL COMMUNE1 & ! PLAZA ( ! ,R5AISSANCE CITY1 CITIZ5S C\LD CONGREGATE4 ,TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R 9 ?IS PUBLIC DOMA9 A RADICALLY NEW >5A -- A POLITICAL ONE -- EM]G$1 BAS$ ON LIMIT$ BUT (T5 P>TICIPATORY =MS ( DEMOCRACY & A NEW CONCEPT ( CIVIC P]SONHOOD1 ! CITIZ54 

,DEF9$ 9 T]MS ( ITS ETYMOLOGICAL ROOTS1 POLITICS MEANS ! MANGEM5T ( ! COMMUNITY OR POLIS BY ITS MEMB]S1 ! CITIZ5S4 ,POLITICS ALSO MEANT ! RECOGNITION ( CIVIC RI<TS = /RANG]S OR 0\TSID]S0 :O W]E NOT L9K$ TO ! POPULATION BY BLOOD TIES4 ,?AT IS1 IT MEANT ! IDEA ( A UNIV]SAL HUMANITAS1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! G5EALOGICALLY RELAT$ 0FOLK40 ,TOGE!R ) !SE FUNDAM5TAL DEVELOPM5TS1 POLITICS WAS M>K$ BY ! 9CREAS+ SECUL>IZATION ( SOCIETAL AFFAIRS1 A NEW RESPECT = ! 9DIVIDUAL1 & A GR[+ REG>D = RATIONAL CANONS ( BEHAVIOR OV] ! UN?9K+ IMP]ATIVES ( CU/OM4 

,I DO NOT WI% TO SUGGE/ ?AT PRIVILEGE1 9EQUALITY ( RI<TS1 SUP]NATURAL VAG>IES1 CU/OM1 OR EV5 MI/RU/ ( ! 0/RANG]0 TOTALLY DISAPPE>$ ) ! RISE ( CITIES & POLITICS4 ,DUR+ ! MO/ RADICAL & DEMOCRATIC P]IODS ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 = EXAMPLE1 ,P>IS WAS RIFE ) FE>S ( 0=EIGN CONSPIRACIES0 & A X5OPHOBIC MI/RU/ ( 0\TSID]S4 0 ,NOR DID WOM5 EV] FULLY %>E ! FRE$OMS 5JOY$ BY M54 ,MY PO9T1 H[EV]1 IS ?AT SOME?+ V]Y NEW WAS CREAT$ BY ! CITY ?AT CANNOT BE BURI$ 9 ! FOLDS ( ! SOCIAL OR ( ! /ATE3 NAMELY1 A PUBLIC DOMA94 ,?IS DOMA9 N>R[$ & EXP&$ ) TIME1 BUT IT NEV] COMPLETELY DISAPPE>$ FROM HI/ORY4 ,IT /OOD V]Y MU* AT ODDS ) ! /ATE1 :I* TRI$ 9 V>Y+ DEGREES TO PR(ESSIONALIZE & C5TRALIZE P[]1 (T5 BECOM+ AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 SU* AS ! /ATE P[] ?AT EM]G$ 9 ,PTOLEMAIC ,EGYPT1 ! ABSOLUTE MON>*IES ( SEV5TE5?-C5TURY ,EUROPE1 & ! TOTALIT>IAN SY/EMS ( RULE E/ABLI%$ 9 ,RUSSIA & 9 ,*9A 9 ! PA/ C5TURY4 

,! ,IMPORTANCE ( ! ,MUNICIPALITY & ! ,CONF$]ATION 

  

,! ABID+ PHYSICAL >5A ( POLITICS HAS ALMO/ ALWAYS BE5 ! CITY OR T[N -- MORE G5]ICALLY1 ! MUNICIPALITY4 ,! SIZE ( A POLITICALLY VIABLE CITY IS NOT UNIMPORTANT1 TO BE SURE4 ,TO ! ,GREEKS1 NOTABLY ,>I/OTLE1 A CITY OR POLIS %\LD NOT BE SO L>GE ?AT IT CANNOT DEAL ) ITS AFFAIRS ON A FACE-TO-FACE BASIS OR ELIM9ATE A C]TA9 DEGREE ( FAMILI>ITY AMONG ITS CITIZ5S4 ,!SE /&>DS1 BY NO MEANS FIX$ OR 9VIOLABLE1 W]E MEANT TO FO/] URBAN DEVELOPM5T ALONG L9ES ?AT DIRECTLY C\NT]VAIL$ ! EM]G+ /ATE4 ,GIV5 A MODE/ BUT BY NO MEANS SMALL SIZE1 ! POLIS C\LD BE >RANG$ 9/ITUTIONALLY SO ?AT IT C\LD CONDUCT ITS AFFAIRS BY R\ND$1 PUBLICLY 5GAG$ M5 ) A M9IMAL1 C>EFULLY GU>D$ DEGREE ( REPRES5TATION4 

,TO BE A POLITICAL P]SON1 IT WAS SUPPOS$1 REQUIR$ C]TA9 MAT]IAL PRECONDITIONS4 ,A MODICUM ( FREE TIME WAS NE$$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 POLITICAL AFFAIRS1 LEISURE ?AT WAS PROBABLY SUPPLI$ BY SLAVE LABOR1 AL?\< IT IS BY NO MEANS TRUE ?AT ALL ACTIVE ,GREEK CITIZ5S W]E SLAVE[N]S4 ,EV5 MORE IMPORTANT ?AN LEISURE TIME WAS ! NE$ = P]SONAL TRA9+ OR *>ACT] =MATION -- ! ,GREEK NOTION ( PAIDAEIA -- :I* 9CULCAT$ ! REASON$ RE/RA9T BY :I* CITIZ5S MA9TA9$ ! DECORUM NE$$ TO KEEP AN ASSEMBLY ( ! PEOPLE VIABLE4 ,AN IDEAL ( PUBLIC S]VICE WAS NECESS>Y TO \TWEI< N>R[1 EGOI/IC IMPULSES & TO DEVELOP ! IDEAL ( A G5]AL 9T]E/4 ,?IS WAS A*IEV$ BY E/ABLI%+ A COMPLEX NETWORK ( RELATION%IPS1 RANG+ FROM LOYAL FRI5D%IPS -- ! ,GREEK NOTION ( PHILIA -- TO %>$ EXP]I5CES 9 CIVIC FE/IVALS & MILIT>Y S]VICE4 

,BUT POLITICS 9 ?IS S5SE WAS NOT A /RICTLY ,HELL5IC PH5OM5ON4 ,SIMIL> PROBLEMS & NE$S >OSE & W]E SOLV$ 9 A V>IETY ( WAYS 9 ! FREE CITIES NOT ONLY 9 ! ,M$IT]RANEAN BAS9 BUT 9 CONT95TAL ,EUROPE1 ,5GL&1 & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,NE>LY ALL !SE FREE CITIES CREAT$ A PUBLIC DOMA9 & A POLITICS ?AT W]E DEMOCRATIC TO V>Y+ DEGREES OV] LONG P]IODS ( TIME4 ,DEEPLY HO/ILE TO C5TRALIZ$ /ATES1 FREE CITIES & !IR F$]ATIONS =M$ SOME ( HI/ORY'S CRUCIAL TURN+ PO9TS 9 :I* HUMANITY WAS FAC$ ) ! POSSIBILITY ( E/ABLI%+ SOCIETIES BAS$ ON MUNICIPAL CONF$]ATIONS OR ON NATION-/ATES4 

,! /ATE1 TOO1 HAD A HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T & CANNOT BE R$UC$ TO A SIMPLI/IC AHI/ORICAL IMAGE4 ,ANCI5T /ATES W]E HI/ORICALLY FOLL[$ BY QUASI- /ATES1 MON>*ICAL /ATES1 FEUDAL /ATES1 & REPUBLICAN /ATES4 ,! TOTALIT>IAN /ATES ( ?IS C5TURY BEGG> ! H>%E/ TYRANNIES ( ! PA/4 ,BUT ESS5TIAL TO ! RISE ( ! NATION-/ATE WAS ! ABILITY ( C5TRALIZ$ /ATES TO WEAK5 ! VITALITY ( URBAN1 T[N1 & VILLAGE /RUCTURES & REPLACE !IR FUNCTIONS BY BUREAUCRACIES1 POLICE1 & MILIT>Y =CES4 ,A SUBTLE 9T]PLAY BETWE5 ! MUNICIPALITY & ! /ATE1 (T5 EXPLOD+ 9 OP5 CONFLICT1 HAS OCCURR$ ?R\<\T HI/ORY & HAS %AP$ ! SOCIETAL L&SCAPE ( ! PRES5T DAY4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 NOT 5\< ATT5TION HAS BE5 GIV5 TO ! FACT ?AT ! CAPACITY ( /ATES TO EX]CISE ! FULL MEASURE ( !IR P[] HAS (T5 BE5 LIMIT$ BY ! MUNICIPAL OB/ACLES !Y 5C\NT]$4 

,NATIONALISM1 LIKE /ATISM1 HAS SO DEEPLY IMPR9T$ ITSELF ON MOD]N ?9K+ ?AT ! V]Y IDEA ( A MUNICIPALI/ POLITICS AS AN OPTION = SOCIETAL ORGANIZATION HAS VIRTUALLY BE5 WRITT5 (F4 ,= ONE ?+1 AS ,I HAVE ALREADY EMPHASIZ$1 POLITICS !SE DAYS HAS BE5 ID5TIFI$ COMPLETELY ) /ATECRAFT1 ! PR(ESSIONALIZATION ( P[]4 ,?AT ! POLITICAL REALM & ! /ATE HAVE (T5 BE5 9 %>P CONFLICT ) EA* O!R -- 9DE$1 9 CONFLICTS ?AT EXPLOD$ 9 BLOODY CIVIL W>S -- HAS BE5 ALMO/ COMPLETELY OV]LOOK$4 

,! GREAT REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS ( ! PA/1 FROM ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION ( ! #a#f#dS TO ?OSE 9 \R [N C5TURY1 HAVE ALWAYS BE5 M>K$ BY /RONG COMMUNITY UPSURGES & DEP5D$ = !IR SUCCESS ON /RONG COMMUNITY TIES4 ,?AT FE>S ( MUNICIPAL AUTONOMY /ILL HAUNT ! NATION-/ATE CAN BE SE5 9 ! 5DLESS >GUM5TS ?AT >E BR\<T AGA9/ IT4 ,PH5OM5A AS 0DEAD0 AS ! FREE COMMUNITY & P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY %\LD PRESUMABLY >\SE F> FEW] OPPON5TS ?AN WE CONT9UE TO 5C\NT]4 

,! RISE ( ! GREAT MEGALOPOLIS HAS NOT 5D$ ! HI/ORIC QUE/ = COMMUNITY & CIVIC POLITICS1 ANY MORE ?AN ! RISE ( MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATIONS HAS REMOV$ ! ISSUE ( NATIONALISM FROM ! MOD]N AG5DA4 ,CITIES LIKE ,NEW ,YORK1 ,LONDON1 ,FRANKFURT1 ,MILAN1 & ,MADRID CAN BE POLITICALLY DEC5TRALIZ$ 9/ITUTIONALLY1 BE !Y BY NEI<BORHOOD OR DI/RICT NETWORKS1 DESPITE !IR L>GE /RUCTURAL SIZE & !IR 9T]NAL 9T]DEP5D5CE4 ,9DE$1 H[ WELL !Y CAN FUNCTION IF !Y DO NOT DEC5TRALIZE /RUCTURALLY IS AN ECOLOGICAL ISSUE ( P>AM\NT IMPORTANCE1 AS PROBLEMS ( AIR POLLUTION1 ADEQUATE WAT] SUPPLY1 CRIME1 ! QUALITY ( LIFE1 & TRANSPORTATION SUGGE/4 

,HI/ORY HAS %[N V]Y DRAMATICALLY ?AT MAJOR CITIES ( ,EUROPE ) POPULATIONS APPROA*+ A MILLION & ) PRIMITIVE MEANS ( COMMUNICATION FUNCTION$ BY MEANS ( WELL-COORD9AT$ DEC5TRALIZ$ 9/ITUTIONS ( EXTRAORD9>Y POLITICAL VITALITY4 ,FROM ! ,CA/ILIAN CITIES ?AT EXPLOD$ 9 ! ,COMUN]O REVOLT 9 ! E>LY L#eS ?R\< ! ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS OR ASSEMBLIES ( ! E>LY #a#g#iS TO ! ,MADRID ,CITIZ5S' ,MOVEM5T ( ! #a#i#fS 7TO CITE ONLY A FEW71 MUNICIPAL MOVEM5TS 9 L>GE CITIES HAVE POS$ CRUCIAL ISSUES ( :]E P[] %\LD BE C5T]$ & H[ SOCIETAL LIFE %\LD BE MANAG$ 9/ITUTIONALLY4 

,?AT A MUNICIPALITY CAN BE AS P>O*IAL AS A TRIBE IS FAIRLY OBVI\S -- & IS NO LESS TRUE TODAY ?AN IT HAS BE5 9 ! PA/4 ,H5CE1 ANY MUNICIPAL MOVEM5T ?AT IS NOT CONF$]AL -- ?AT IS TO SAY1 ?AT DOES NOT 5T] 9TO A NETWORK ( MUTUAL OBLIGATIONS TO T[NS & CITIES 9 ITS [N REGION -- CAN NO MORE BE REG>D$ AS A TRULY POLITICAL 5TITY 9 ANY TRADITIONAL S5SE ?AN A NEI<BORHOOD ?AT DOES NOT WORK ) O!R NEI<BORHOODS 9 ! CITY 9 :I* IT IS LOCAT$4 ,CONF$]ATION1 BAS$ ON %>$ RESPONSIBILITIES1 FULL ACC\NTABILITY ( CONF$]AL DELEGATES TO !IR COMMUNITIES1 ! RI<T TO RECALL1 & FIRMLY M&AT$ REPRES5TATIVE =MS AN 9DISP5SABLE P>T ( A NEW POLITICS4 ,TO DEM& ?AT EXI/+ T[NS & CITIES REPLICATE ! NATION-/ATE ON A LOCAL LEVEL IS TO SURR5D] ANY COMMITM5T TO SOCIAL *ANGE AS SU*4 

,:AT IS ( IMM5SE PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE IS ?AT PRE/ATI/ 9/ITUTIONS1 TRADITIONS1 & S5TIM5TS REMA9 ALIVE 9 V>Y+ DEGREES ?R\<\T MO/ ( ! WORLD4 ,RESI/ANCE TO ! 5CROA*M5T ( OPPRESSIVE /ATES HAS BE5 N\RI%$ BY VILLAGE1 NEI<BORHOOD1 & T[N COMMUNITY NETWORKS1 AS WITNESS SU* /RUGGLES 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA4 ,TO IGNORE ! COMMUNAL BASIS ( ?IS RESI/ANCE W\LD BE AS MYOPIC AS TO IGNORE ! LAT5T 9/ABILITY ( EV]Y NATION-/ATE2 WORSE W\LD BE TO TAKE ! NATION-/ATE AS IT IS = GRANT$ & DEAL ) IT M]ELY ON ITS [N T]MS4 ,9DE$1 :E!R A /ATE REMA9S 0MORE0 ( A /ATE OR 0LESS0 -- NO TRIFL+ MATT] TO RADICAL !ORI/S AS DISP>ATE AS ,BAKUN9 & ,M>X -- DEP5DS HEAVILY UPON ! P[] ( LOCAL1 CONF$]AL1 & COMMUNITY MOVEM5TS TO C\NT]VAIL IT & HOPEFULLY E/ABLI% A DUAL P[] ?AT WILL REPLACE IT4 ,! MAJOR ROLE ?AT ! ,MADRID ,CITIZ5S' ,MOVEM5T PLAY$ NE>LY ?REE DECADES AGO 9 WEAK5+ ! ,FRANCO REGIME W\LD REQUIRE A MAJOR /UDY TO DO IT JU/ICE4 

,NOT)/&+ ,M>XI/ VISIONS ( A L>GELY ECONOMI/IC CONFLICT BETWE5 0WAGE LABOR & CAPITAL10 ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5TS ( ! PA/ W]E NOT SIMPLY 9DU/RIAL MOVEM5TS4 ,! VOLATILE ,P>ISIAN LABOR MOVEM5T1 L>GELY >TISANAL 9 *>ACT]1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS ALSO A COMMUNITY MOVEM5T ?AT WAS C5T]$ ON QU>TI]S & N\RI%$ BY A RI* NEI<BORHOOD LIFE4 ,FROM ! ,LEVEL]S ( SEV5TE5?-C5TURY ,LONDON TO ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S ( ,B>CELONA 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 RADICAL ACTIVITY HAS BE5 SU/A9$ BY /RONG COMMUNITY BONDS1 A PUBLIC SPH]E PROVID$ BY /REETS1 SQU>ES1 & CAFES4 

,! ,NE$ = A ,NEW ,POLITICS 

  

,?IS MUNICIPAL LIFE CANNOT BE IGNOR$ 9 RADICAL PRACTICE & MU/ EV5 BE RECREAT$ :]E IT HAS BE5 UND]M9$ BY ! MOD]N /ATE4 ,A NEW POLITICS1 ROOT$ 9 T[NS1 NEI<BORHOODS1 CITIES1 & REGIONS1 =MS ! ONLY VIABLE ALT]NATIVE TO ! ANEMIC P>LIAM5T>ISM ?AT IS P]COLAT+ ?R\< V>I\S ,GRE5 P>TIES TODAY & SIMIL> SOCIAL MOVEM5TS -- 9 %ORT1 !IR REC\RSE TO %E] & CORRUPTIVE /ATECRAFT 9 :I* ! L>G] B\RGEOIS P>TIES CAN ALWAYS BE EXPECT$ TO \TMANEUV] !M & ABSORB !M 9TO COALITIONS4 ,! DURATION ( /RICTLY S+LE-ISSUE MOVEM5TS1 TOO1 IS LIMIT$ TO ! PROBLEMS !Y >E OPPOS+4 ,MILITANT ACTION >\ND SU* ISSUES %\LD NOT BE CONFUS$ ) ! LONG-RANGE RADICALISM ?AT IS NE$$ TO *ANGE CONSCI\SNESS & ULTIMATELY SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,SU* MOVEM5TS FL>E UP & PASS AWAY1 EV5 :5 !Y >E SUCCESSFUL4 ,!Y LACK ! 9/ITUTIONAL UND]P9N+S ?AT >E SO NECESS>Y TO CREATE LA/+ MOVEM5TS = SOCIAL *ANGE & ! >5A 9 :I* !Y CAN BE A P]MAN5T PRES5CE 9 POLITICAL CONFLICT4 

,H5CE ! 5ORM\S NE$ = G5U9ELY POLITICAL GRASSROOTS MOVEM5TS1 UNIT$ CONF$]ALLY1 ?AT >E AN*OR$ 9 ABID+ & DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS ?AT CAN BE EVOLV$ 9TO TRULY LIB]T>IAN ONES4 

,LIFE W\LD 9DE$ BE M>VEL\S1 IF NOT MIRACUL\S1 IF WE W]E BORN ) ALL ! TRA9+1 LIT]ACY1 SKILLS1 & M5TAL EQUIPM5T WE NE$ TO PRACTICE A PR(ESSION OR VOCATION4 ,ALAS1 WE MU/ GO ?\< ! TOIL ( ACQUIR+ !SE ABILITIES1 A TOIL ?AT REQUIRES /RUGGLE1 CONFRONTATION1 $UCATION1 & DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT IS V]Y UNLIKELY ?AT A RADICAL MUNICIPALI/ APPROA*1 TOO1 IS MEAN+FUL AT ALL M]ELY AS AN EASY MEANS = 9/ITUTIONAL *ANGE4 ,IT MU/ BE F\<T = IF IT IS TO BE *]I%$1 JU/ AS ! FI<T = A FREE SOCIETY MU/ ITSELF BE AS LIB]AT+ & SELF-TRANS=M+ AS ! EXI/5CE ( A FREE SOCIETY4 

,! MUNICIPALITY IS A POT5TIAL TIME-BOMB4 ,TO CREATE LOCAL NETWORKS & TRY TO TRANS=M MUNICIPAL 9/ITUTIONS ?AT REPLICATE ! /ATE IS TO PICK UP A HI/ORIC *ALL5GE -- A TRULY POLITICAL ONE -- ?AT HAS EXI/$ = C5TURIES4 ,NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5TS >E F\ND]+ TODAY = WANT ( A POLITICAL P]SPECTIVE ?AT WILL BR+ !M 9TO ! PUBLIC >5A1 H5CE ! EASE ) :I* !Y SLIP 9TO P>LI>N5T>ISM4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 LIB]T>IAN !ORY HAS ALWAYS FOCUS$ ON ! FREE MUNICIPALITY ?AT WAS TO PROVIDE ! CELLUL> TISSUE = A NEW SOCIETY4 ,TO IGNORE ! POT5TIAL ( ?IS FREE MUNICIPALITY BECAUSE IT IS NOT YET FREE IS TO BYPASS A SLUMB]+ DOMA9 ( POLITICS ?AT C\LD GIVE LIV$ MEAN+ TO ! GREAT LIB]T>IAN DEM&3 A COMMUNE ( COMMUNES4 ,= 9 !SE MUNICIPAL 9/ITUTIONS & ! *ANGES ?AT WE CAN MAKE 9 !IR /RUCTURE -- TURN+ !M MORE & MORE 9TO A NEW PUBLIC SPH]E -- LIES ! ABID+ 9/ITUTIONAL BASIS = A GRASSROOTS DUAL P[]1 A GRASSROOTS CONCEPT ( CITIZ5%IP1 & MUNICIPALIZ$ ECONOMIC SY/EMS ?AT CAN BE C\NT]POS$ TO ! GR[+ P[] ( ! C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATE & C5TRALIZ$ ECONOMIC CORPORATIONS4 

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,! ,ROLE ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 9 A ,P]IOD ( ,REACTION 
,! ,ROLE ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 9 A ,P]IOD ( ,REACTION 

  

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY DEVELOP$ \T ( IMPORTANT SOCIAL & !ORETICAL PROBLEMS ?AT FAC$ ! ,LEFT 9 ! PO/-,WORLD ,W> ,I,I P]IOD4 ,! HI/ORICAL REALITIES ( ! #a#i#dS & ! #a#i#eS COMPLETELY 9VALIDAT$ ! P]SPECTIVES ( A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 ( A 0*RONIC ECONOMIC CRISIS0 ?AT W\LD BR+ CAPITALISM TO ITS KNEES1 & ( COMMITM5T TO A C5TRALI/IC WORK]S' P>TY ?AT W\LD SEIZE /ATE P[] &1 BY DICTATORIAL MEANS1 9ITIATE A TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM & COMMUNISM4 ,IT BECAME PA9FULLY EVID5T 9 TIME ?AT NO SU* G5]ALIZ$ CRISIS WAS 9 ! (F+2 9DE$1 ?AT ! PROLET>IAT & ANY P>TY -- OR LABOR CONF$]ATION -- ?AT SPOKE 9 ! NAME ( ! WORK+ CLASS C\LD NOT BE REG>D$ AS A HEGEMONIC =CE 9 SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 

,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y3 CAPITALISM EM]G$ FROM ! W> /RONG] & MORE /ABLE ?AN IT HAD BE5 AT ANY TIME 9 ITS HI/ORY4 ,A G5]ALIZ$ CRISIS C\LD BE MANAG$ TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R )9 A /RICTLY B\RGEOIS FRAMEWORK1 LET ALONE ! MANY LIMIT$ & CYCLICAL CRISES NORMAL TO CAPITALISM4 ,! PROLET>IAT1 9 TURN1 CEAS$ TO PLAY ! HEGEMONIC ROLE ?AT ! ,LEFT HAD ASSIGN$ TO IT = MORE ?AN A C5TURY1 & ,L59I/ =MS ( ORGANIZATION W]E EVID5TLY VULN]ABLE TO BUREAUCRATIC DEG5]ATION4 

,MOREOV]1 CAPITALISM1 FOLL[+ ! LOGIC ( ITS [N NATURE AS A COMPETITIVE M>KET ECONOMY1 WAS CREAT+ SOCIAL & CULTURAL ISSUES ?AT HAD NOT BE5 ADEQUATELY 5COMPASS$ BY ! TRADITIONAL ,LEFT ( ! 9T]W> ]A 7#a#i#a#g-#c#i74 ,TO BE SURE1 ! TRADITIONAL ,LEFT'S !ORETICAL CORN]/ONE1 NOTABLY1 ! CLASS /RUGGLE BETWE5 WAGE LABOR & CAPITAL1 HAD NOT DISAPPE>$2 NOR HAD ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION CEAS$ TO EXI/4 ,BUT ! ISSUES ?AT HAD DEF9$ ! TRADITIONAL ,LEFT -- MORE PRECISELY1 0PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM0 9 ALL ITS =MS -- HAD BROAD5$ IMM5SELY1 EXP&+ BO? ! NATURE ( OPPRESSION & ! MEAN+ ( FRE$OM4 ,HI]>*Y1 :ILE NOT SUPPLANT+ ! ISSUE ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 BEGAN TO MOVE TO ! =EGR\ND ( AT LEA/ ,EURO-,AM]ICAN RADICAL CONC]NS1 9 ! WIDESPREAD *ALL5GES RAIS$ BY ! SIXTIES 0,NEW ,LEFT0 & Y\? CULTURE TO AU?ORITY AS SU*1 NOT ONLY TO ! ,/ATE4 ,DOM9ATION1 :ILE NOT SUPPLANT+ EXPLOITATION1 BECAME ! T>GET ( RADICAL CRITIQUE & PRACTICE1 9 ! E>LY CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 9 ATTEMPTS TO REMOVE CONV5TIONAL CON/RA9TS ON SEXUAL BEHAVIOR1 DRESS1 LIFE/YLE1 & VALUES1 & LAT]1 9 ! RISE ( FEM9I/ MOVEM5TS1 ECOLOGICAL MOVEM5TS ?AT *ALL5G$ ! MY? ( 0DOM9AT+0 ! NATURAL WORLD1 & MOVEM5TS = GAY & LESBIAN LIB]ATION4 

,IT IS UNLIKELY ?AT ANY ( !SE MOVEM5TS W\LD HAVE EM]G$ HAD CAPITALISM AT MIDC5TURY NOT CREAT$ ALL ! 9DISP5SABLE TE*NOLOGICAL PRECONDITIONS = A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ SOCIETY -- PROSPECTS ?AT >E CONSI/5T ) ,5LI<T5M5T IDEALS & ! PROGRESSIVE DIM5SIONS ( MOD]NITY4 ,ONE MU/ RETURN TO ! GREAT DEBATES ?AT BEGAN 9 ! LATE #a#i#eS OV] ! PROSPECTS = FREE TIME & MAT]IAL ABUNDANCE TO UND]/& ! IDEOLOGICAL ATMOSPH]E ?AT NEW TE*NOLOGIES SU* AS AUTOMATION CREAT$ & ! EXT5T TO :I* !Y W]E ABSORB$ BY ! 0,NEW ,LEFT0 ( ! #a#i#fS4 

,! PROSPECT ( A PO/-SC>CITY SOCIETY1 FREE ( MAT]IAL WANT & DEM&+ TOIL1 OP5$ A NEW HORIZON ( POT5TIALITY & HOPE -- IRONICALLY1 REIT]AT+ ! PRESCI5T DEM&S ( ! ,B]L9 ,DADAI/S ( #aiai = 0UNIV]SAL UNEMPLOYM5T10 :I* /OOD 9 M>K$ CONTRA/ TO ! TRADITIONAL ,LEFT'S DEM& = 0FULL EMPLOYM5T40 

,! ,/RUGGLE = A ,RATIONAL ,SOCIETY 

  

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 AS DEVELOP$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 ! E>LY SIXTIES 7LONG AFT] ! EXPRESSION HAD FALL5 9TO DISUSE AS A V>IANT ( 0HUMAN ECOLOGY071 TRI$ TO ADVANCE A COH]5T1 DEVELOPM5TAL1 & SOCIALLY PRACTICAL \TLOOK TO DEAL ) ! *ANGES 9 RADICALISM & CAPITALISM ?AT W]E 9 ! (F+4 ,9DE$1 9 GREAT P>T1 IT ACTUALLY ANTICIPAT$ !M4 ,LONG BE=E AN ECOLOGY MOVEM5T EM]G$1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY DEL9EAT$ ! SCOPE ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS ?AT CAPITALISM MU/ NECESS>ILY PRODUCE1 TRAC+ ITS ROOTS BACK TO HI]>*ICAL DOM9ATION1 & EMPHASIZ+ ?AT A COMPETITIVE CAPITALI/ ECONOMY MU/ UNAVOIDABLY GIVE RISE TO UNPREC5D5T$ CONTRADICTIONS ) ! NONHUMAN NATURAL WORLD4 ,NONE ( !SE P]SPECTIVES1 IT %\LD BE NOT$1 W]E 9 ! AIR 9 ! E>LY SIXTIES -- ,RA*EL ,C>SON'S ,SIL5T ,SPR+ ) ITS EMPHASIS ON PE/ICIDES NOT)/&+4 ,9DE$1 AS E>LY AS #a#i#f#b1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY PROJECT$ ! ALT]NATIVE ( SOL> 5]GY1 W9D P[]1 & WAT] P[]1 AMONG O!R NEW ECOTE*NOLOGIES1 & ALT]NATIVES TO EXI/+ PRODUCTIVE FACILITIES ?AT W]E TO BECOME AXIOMATIC TO A LAT] G5]ATION ( ECOLOGI/S4 ,IT ALSO ADVANC$ ! VISION ( NEW ECOCOMMUNITIES BAS$ ON DIRECT DEMOCRACY & NONHI]>*ICAL =MS ( HUMAN RELATIONS4 ,!SE FACTS %\LD BE EMPHASIZ$ 9 VIEW ( DEEP ECOLOGY'S ATTEMPT TO REWRITE ! HI/ORY ( ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T 9 T]MS ( ITS [N QUASI-RELIGI\S & SC>CITY-ORI5T$ \TLOOK4 ,NOR %\LD WE OV]LOOK ! FACT ?AT SOCIAL ECOLOGY'S ANTIHI]>*ICAL ANALYZES LAID ! !ORETICAL BASIS = E>LY FEM9ISM1 V>I\S COMMUNITY MOVEM5TS1 ! ANT9UCLE> MOVEM5T1 & 9 V>Y+ DEGREES1 ,GRE5 MOVEM5TS1 BE=E !Y TURN$ FROM 0NONP>TY P>TIES0 9TO CONV5TIONAL ELECTORAL MA*9ES4 

,NONE!LESS1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY MAKES NO CLAIM ?AT IT EM]G$ AB NOVO4 ,IT WAS -- & IT REMA9S -- DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 ,5LI<T5M5T IDEALS & ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION ( ! PA/ TWO C5TURIES4 ,ITS ANALYZES & GOALS HAVE NEV] BE5 DETA*$ FROM ! UND]/&ABLY LESS DEVELOP$ !ORETICAL ANALYZES ( ,K>L ,M>X & CLASSICAL RADICAL ?9K]S 7LIKE ,PET] ,KROPOTK971 OR FROM ! GREAT REVOLUTIONS ?AT CULM9AT$ 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f-#c#g4 ,IT ES*EWS ANY ATTEMPT TO DEFAME ! HI/ORIC TRADITIONS ( ! ,LEFT 9 FAVOR A NEO-LIB]AL PAT*WORK ( IDEAS OR A QUEASY POLITICAL C5TRISM ?AT P>ADES AS 0PO/MOD]NISM0 & 0PO/- 9DU/RIALISM10 NOT TO SPEAK ( ! 0PO/-MAT]IALI/0 SPIRITUALISM FO/]$ BY ECO-FEM9I/S1 LIFE-/YLE AN>*I/S1 DEEP ECOLOGI/S1 & SO-CALL$ 0SOCIAL DEEP ECOLOGI/S0 OR 0DEEP SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S40 

,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y3 SOCIAL ECOLOGY FUNCTIONS TO C\NT]VAIL ATTEMPTS TO D5ATURE ! ,5LI<T5M5T & REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT BY EMPHASIZ+ ! NE$ = !ORETICAL COH]5CE1 NO LESS TODAY ?AN IT DID 9 ! #a#i#fS1 :5 ! 0,NEW ,LEFT0 DRIFT$ FROM A HEAL?Y LIB]T>IAN POPULISM 9TO A QUAGMIRE ( ,L59I/1 ,MAOI/1 & ,TROTSKYI/ T5D5CIES4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY RETA9S ITS FILIATIONS ) ! ,5LI<T5M5T & ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION ALL ! MORE EMPHATICALLY 9 OPPOSITION TO ! QUASI-MY/ICAL & EXPRESSLY MY/ICAL TR5DS ?AT >E ?OR\<LY SWEEP+ UP ! PRIVILEG$ PETTY B\RGEOISIE ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA & ,EUROPE1 ) !IR G\LA% ( ANTIRATIONAL1 SPIRITUALI/IC1 & ATAVA/IC IDEOLOGIES4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS ONLY TOO M9DFUL ?AT CAPITALISM TODAY HAS A NE>LY 9F9ITE CAPACITY TO COOPT1 9DE$ COMMODIFY1 SELF-/YL$ 0OPPOSITIONAL TR5DS0 ?AT REMA9 AS ! DETRITUS ( ! 0,NEW ,LEFT0 & ! OLD C\NT]CULTURE4 ,TODAY1 AN>*ISM COMES PACKAG$ BY ,HAKIM ,BEY1 ,BOB ,BLACK1 ,DAVID ,WATSON1 & ,JASON ,MC,QU9N1 & IS LITTLE MORE ?AN A M]*&ISABLE B\TIQUE IDEOLOGY ?AT P&]S TO PETTY- B\RGEOIS TA/ES = NAU<T9ESS & ECC5TRICITY4 

,ECOLOGY1 TOO1 HAS BE5 PACKAG$ & REPACKAG$ 9TO A V>IETY ( 0DEEP ECOLOGIES0 ?AT G5]ALLY EMPHASIZE AN ANIMALI/IC R$UCTIONISM1 NEO-,MAL?USIAN 0HUNG] POLITICS10 ANTIHUMANISM1 & BIO- OR 0ECO-0C5TRISM -- 9 %ORT1 A PA/I*E ?AT R5D]S IT EQUALLY PALATABLE TO MEMB]S ( ! ,BRITI% ROYAL FAMILY AT ! SUMMIT ( ! SOCIAL HI]>*Y & TO LUMP5IZ$ AN>*OIDS AT ITS BASE4 ,FEM9ISM1 9ITIALLY A UNIV]SALIZ$ *ALL5GE TO HI]>*Y AS SU*1 HAS DEVOLV$ 9TO P>O*IAL1 (T5 SELF-S]V+1 & EV5 MAT]IALLY REW>D+ SPECIES ( ECO-FEM9ISM & EXPRESS !ISMS ?AT P&] TO A MY? ( G5D] SUP]IORITY 7NO LESS UGLY :5 IT CONC]NS WOM5 ?AN :5 IT CONC]NS M57 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R -- NOT TO SPEAK ( ! \TRI<T WEAL?-ORI5T$ 0FEM9ISM0 PROMOT$ BY ,NAOMI ,WOLF ET AL4 

,CAPITALISM1 9 EFFECT1 HAS NOT ONLY R5D]$ ! HUMAN CONDITION MORE & MORE IRRATIONAL1 BUT IT HAS ABSORB$ 9TO ITS ORBIT1 TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R1 ! V]Y CONSCI\SNESS ?AT ONCE PR(ESS$ TO OPPOSE IT4 ,IF ,F\RI] 9SI<TFULLY DECL>$ ?AT ! WAY A SOCIETY TREATS ITS WOM5 CAN BE REG>D$ AS A MEASURE ( ITS /ATUS AS A CIVILIZATION1 SO TODAY WE CAN ADD ?AT ! EXT5T TO :I* A SOCIETY DEVOLVES 9TO MY/ICISM & ECLECTICISM CAN BE REG>D$ AS MEASURE ( ITS CULTURAL DECL9E4 ,BY !SE /&>DS1 NO SOCIETY HAS MORE ?OR\<LY D5ATUR$ ITS ONCE-RADICAL OPPON5TS ?AN CAPITALISM 9 ! CLOS+ YE>S ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 

,! ,RELEVANCE ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 

  

,?IS DEVOLUTION ( CONSCI\SNESS IS BY NO MEANS SOLELY ! PRODUCT ( \R C5TURY'S NEW GLOBAL M$IA1 AS EV5 RADICAL !ORI/S ( POPUL> CULTURE T5D TO BELIEVE4 ,ABSOLUTISM & M$IEVALISM1 NO LESS ?AN CAPITALISM1 HAD ITS [N 0M$IA10 ! ,*UR*1 ?AT REA*$ AS UBIQUIT\SLY 9TO EV]Y VILLAGE AS TELEVISION REA*ES 9TO ! MOD]N LIV+ ROOM4 ,! ROOTS ( MOD]N CULTURAL DEVOLUTION >E AS DEEP-SEAT$ AS ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS ITSELF4 ,CAPITALISM1 TODAY1 IS OP5LY FLAUNT$ NOT ONLY AS A SY/EM ( SOCIAL RELATION%IPS BUT AS ! 05D ( HI/ORY10 9DE$1 AS A NATURAL SOCIETY ?AT EXPRESSES ! MO/ 9TR9SIC QUALITIES ( 0HUMAN NATURE0 -- ITS O/5SIBLE 0DRIVE0 TO COMPETE1 W91 & GR[4 ,?IS TRANSMUTATION ( MEANS 9TO 5DS1 VICI\S AS ! MEANS MAY BE1 IS NOT M]ELY 0! ,AM]ICAN WAY02 IT IS ! B\RGEOIS WAY4 

,! COMMODITY HAS N[ COLONIZ$ EV]Y ASPECT ( LIFE1 R5D]+ :AT WAS ONCE A CAPITALI/ ECONOMY 9TO A CAPITALI/ CULTURE4 ,IT HAS PRODUC$ LIT]ALLY A 0M>KETPLACE ( IDEAS10 9 :I* ! CO9 = EX*ANG+ 9*OATE NOTIONS & 9TUITIONS IS VALIDAT$ BY ! ACADEMY1 ! CORRUPT] P> EXCELL5CE ( ! 0BE/ & BRI<TE/0 9 MOD]N SOCIETY & ! EVISC]ATOR ( ALL ?AT IS COH]5T & CLE>LY DEL9EABLE4 ,9DE$1 NEV] HAS 0HI< CULTURE10 ONCE GU>D$ BY ACADEMIC M&>9S1 BE5 SO SC&AL\SLY DEBAS$ BY ACADEMIC PRESSES ?AT HAVE BECOME ! PORNOGRAPH]S ( IDEOLOGY4 

,B\RGEOIS SOCIETY QUA CULTURE1 P>TICUL>LY ITS ACADEMIC PURVEYORS1 ABHORS A PR9CIPL$ /&1 P>TICUL>LY A COMBATIVE ONE ?AT IS PREP>$ TO CLE>LY >TICULATE A BODY ( COH]5T PR9CIPLES & ?RU/ IT 9TO OPPOSITION AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM AS A :OLE4 ,!ORETICALLY & PRACTICALLY1 S]I\S OPPOSITION TAKES ITS PO9T ( DEP>TURE FROM ! NE$ TO UND]/& ! LOGIC ( AN IDEOLOGY1 NOT ITS EUPHEMI/IC METAPHORS & DRIFT+ 9CONSI/5CIES4 ,CAPITALISM HAS NO?+ TO FE> FROM AN ECOLOGICAL1 FEM9I/1 AN>*I/1 OR SOCIALI/ HA% ( HAZY IDEAS 7(T5 FATU\SLY JU/IFI$ AS 0PLURALI/IC0 OR 0RELATIVI/IC07 ?AT LEAVES ITS SOCIAL PREMISES UNT\*$4 ,IT IS ALL ! BETT] = ! PREVAIL+ ORD] ?AT REASON BE D5\NC$ AS 0LOGOC5TRISM10 ?AT B\RGEOIS SOCIAL RELATIONS BE CONCEAL$ UND] ! RUBRIC ( 09DU/RIAL SOCIETY10 ?AT ! SOCIAL NE$ = AN OPPOSITIONAL MOVEM5T BE BRU%$ ASIDE 9 FAVOR ( A P]SONAL NE$ = SPIRITUAL R$EMPTION1 ?AT ! POLITICAL BE R$UC$ TO ! P]SONAL1 ?AT ! PROJECT ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION BE ]AS$ BY HOPELESS COMMUNIT>IAN 5DEAVORS TO CREATE 0ALT]NATIVE0 5T]PRISES4 

,EXCEPT :]E ITS PR(ITS & 0GR[? OPPORTUNITIES0 >E CONC]N$1 CAPITALISM N[ DELI<TS 9 AV[ALS ( ! NE$ TO 0COMPROMISE10 TO SEEK A 0COMMON GR\ND0 -- ! LANGUAGE ( ITS PR(ESSORIAT NO LESS ?AN ITS POLITICAL E/ABLI%M5T -- :I* 9V>IABLY TURNS \T TO BE ITS [N T]RA9 9 A MY/IFI$ =M4 

,H5CE ! POPUL>ITY ( 0M>KET SOCIALISM0 9 SELF-/YL$ 0LEFTI/0 P]IODICALS2 OR POSSIBLY 0SOCIAL DEEP ECOLOGY0 9 DEEP ECOLOGY P]IODICALS LIKE ,! ,TRUMPET]2 OR MORE BRAZ5LY1 ACCOLADES TO ,GRAMSCI BY ! ,N\VELLE ,DROITE 9 ,FRANCE1 OR TO A 0,GRE5 ,ADOLF 0 9 ,G]MANY4 ,A ,ROB9 ,ECK]SLEY HAS NO DIFFICULTY JUGGL+ ! IDEAS ( ! ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL ) DEEP ECOLOGY :ILE COMP>+ 9 TRULY BIOC5TRIC FA%ION ! 0NAVIGATIONAL SKILLS0 ( BIRDS ) ! WORK+S ( ! HUMAN M9D4 ,! WISDOM ( MAK+ FRI5DS ) EV]YONE ?AT UND]P9S ?IS ACADEMIC 0DISC\RSE0 CAN ONLY LEAD TO A BLURR+ ( LAT5T & S]I\S DIFF]5CES -- & ULTIMATELY TO ! COMPROMISE ( ALL PR9CIPLES & ! LOSS ( POLITICAL DIRECTION4 

,! SOCIAL & CULTURAL DECOMPOSITION PRODUC$ BY CAPITALISM CAN BE RESI/$ ONLY BY TAK+ ! MO/ PR9CIPL$ /& AGA9/ ! CORROSION ( NE>LY ALL SELF-PR(ESS$ OPPOSITIONAL IDEAS4 ,MORE ?AN AT ANY TIME 9 ! PA/1 SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S %\LD AB&ON ! ILLUSION ?AT A %>$ USE ( ! WORD 0SOCIAL0 R5D]S ALL ( US 9TO SOCIALI/S1 OR 0ECOLOGY10 9TO RADICAL ECOLOGI/S4 ,! MEASURE ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY'S RELEVANCE & !ORETICAL 9TEGRITY CONSI/S ( ITS ABILITY TO BE RATIONAL1 E?ICAL1 COH]5T1 & TRUE TO ! IDEAL ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T & ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION -- NOT ( ANY ABILITY TO E>N PLAUDITS FROM ! ,PR9CE ( ,WALES1 ,AL ,GORE1 OR ,G>Y ,SNYD]1 /ILL LESS FROM ACADEMICS1 SPIRITUALI/S1 & MY/ICS4 ,9 ?IS D>K5+ AGE :5 CAPITALISM -- ! MY/IFI$ SOCIAL ORD] P> EXCELL5CE -- ?REAT5S TO GLOBALIZE ! WORLD ) CAPITAL1 COMMODITIES1 & A FACILE SPIRIT ( 0NEGOTIATION0 & 0COMPROMISE10 IT IS NECESS>Y TO KEEP ALIVE ! V]Y IDEA ( UNCOMPROMIS+ CRITIQUE4 ,IT IS NOT DOGMATIC TO 9SI/ ON CONSI/5CY1 TO 9F] & CONTE/ ! LOGIC ( A GIV5 BODY ( PREMISES1 TO DEM& CL>ITY 9 A TIME ( CULTURAL TWILI<T4 ,9DE$1 QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y1 ECLECTICISM & !ORETICAL *AOS1 NOT TO SPEAK ( PRACTICES ?AT >E MORE !ATRICAL ?AN ?REAT5+ & ?AT CONSI/ MORE ( PO/UR+ ?AN CONV9C+1 WILL ONLY DIM ! LI<T ( TRU? & CRITIQUE4 ,UNTIL SOCIAL =CES EM]GE ?AT CAN PROVIDE A VOICE = BASIC SOCIAL *ANGE RA!R ?AN SPIRITUAL R$EMPTION1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY MU/ TAKE UPON ITSELF ! TASK ( PRES]V+ & EXT5D+ ! GREAT TRADITIONS FROM :I* IT HAS EM]G$4 

,%\LD ! D>KNESS ( CAPITALI/ B>B>ISM ?ICK5 TO ! PO9T :]E ?IS 5T]PRISE IS NO LONG] POSSIBLE1 HI/ORY AS ! RATIONAL DEVELOPM5T ( HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES = FRE$OM & CONSCI\SNESS WILL 9DE$ REA* ITS DEF9ITIVE 5D4 

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,! ,COMMUNALI/ ,PROJECT 
,! ,COMMUNALI/ ,PROJECT 

  

,:E!R ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY WILL BE ! MO/ RADICAL ( TIMES OR ! MO/ REACTION>Y -- OR WILL SIMPLY LAPSE 9TO A GRAY ]A ( DISMAL M$IOCRITY -- WILL DEP5D OV]:ELM+LY UPON ! K9D ( SOCIAL MOVEM5T & PROGRAM ?AT SOCIAL RADICALS CREATE \T ( ! !ORETICAL1 ORGANIZATIONAL1 & POLITICAL WEAL? ?AT HAS ACCUMULAT$ DUR+ ! PA/ TWO C5TURIES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ]A4 ,! DIRECTION WE SELECT1 FROM AMONG SEV]AL 9T]SECT+ ROADS ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T1 MAY WELL DET]M9E ! FUTURE ( \R SPECIES = C5TURIES TO COME4 ,AS LONG AS ?IS IRRATIONAL SOCIETY 5DANG]S US ) NUCLE> & BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS1 WE CANNOT IGNORE ! POSSIBILITY ?AT ! 5TIRE HUMAN 5T]PRISE MAY COME TO A DEVA/AT+ 5D4 ,GIV5 ! EXQUISITELY ELABORATE TE*NICAL PLANS ?AT ! MILIT>Y-9DU/RIAL COMPLEX HAS DEVIS$1 ! SELF- EXT]M9ATION ( ! HUMAN SPECIES MU/ BE 9CLUD$ 9 ! FUTURI/IC SC5>IOS ?AT1 AT ! TURN ( ! MILL5NIUM1 ! MASS M$IA >E PROJECT+ -- ! 5D ( A HUMAN FUTURE AS SU*4 

,LE/ !SE REM>KS SEEM TOO APOCALYPTIC1 ,I %\LD EMPHASIZE ?AT WE ALSO LIVE 9 AN ]A :5 HUMAN CREATIVITY1 TE*NOLOGY1 & IMAG9ATION HAVE ! CAPABILITY TO PRODUCE EXTRAORD9>Y MAT]IAL A*IEVEM5TS & TO 5D[ US ) SOCIETIES ?AT ALL[ = A DEGREE ( FRE$OM ?AT F> & AWAY EXCE$S ! MO/ DRAMATIC & EMANCIPATORY VISIONS PROJECT$ BY SOCIAL !ORI/S SU* AS ,SA9T- ,SIMON1 ,*>LES ,F\RI]1 ,K>L ,M>X1 & ,PET] ,KROPOTK94.<#a.> ,MANY ?9K]S ( ! PO/MOD]N AGE HAVE OBTUSELY S+L$ \T SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY AS ! PR9CIPAL ?REATS TO HUMAN WELL-BE+1 YET FEW DISCIPL9ES HAVE IMP>T$ TO HUMANITY SU* A /UP5D\S KN[L$GE ( ! 9N]MO/ SECRETS ( MATT] & LIFE1 OR PROVID$ \R SPECIES BETT] ) ! ABILITY TO ALT] EV]Y IMPORTANT FEATURE ( REALITY & TO IMPROVE ! WELL-BE+ ( HUMAN & NONHUMAN LIFE-=MS4 

,WE >E ?US 9 A POSITION EI!R TO FOLL[ A PA? T[>D A GRIM 05D ( HI/ORY10 9 :I* A BANAL SUCCESSION ( VACU\S EV5TS REPLACES G5U9E PROGRESS1 OR TO MOVE ON TO A PA? T[>D ! TRUE MAK+ ( HI/ORY1 9 :I* HUMANITY G5U9ELY PROGRESSES T[>D A RATIONAL WORLD4 ,WE >E 9 A POSITION TO *OOSE BETWE5 AN IGNOM9I\S F9ALE1 POSSIBLY 9CLUD+ ! CATA/ROPHIC NUCLE> OBLIVION ( HI/ORY ITSELF1 & HI/ORY'S RATIONAL FULFILLM5T 9 A FREE1 MAT]IALLY ABUNDANT SOCIETY 9 AN ES!TICALLY CRAFT$ 5VIRONM5T4 

,NOT)/&+ ! TE*NOLOGICAL M>VELS ?AT COMPET+ 5T]PRISES ( ! RUL+ CLASS 7?AT IS1 ! B\RGEOISIE7 >E DEVELOP+ 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE HEGEMONY OV] ONE ANO!R1 LITTLE ( A SUBJECTIVE NATURE ?AT EXI/S 9 ! EXI/+ SOCIETY CAN R$EEM IT4 ,PRECISELY AT A TIME :5 WE1 AS A SPECIES1 >E CAPABLE ( PRODUC+ ! MEANS = AMAZ+ OBJECTIVE ADVANCES & IMPROVEM5TS 9 ! HUMAN CONDITION & 9 ! NONHUMAN NATURAL WORLD -- ADVANCES ?AT C\LD MAKE = A FREE & RATIONAL SOCIETY -- WE /& ALMO/ NAK$ MORALLY BE=E ! ONSLAU<T ( SOCIAL =CES ?AT MAY V]Y WELL LEAD TO \R PHYSICAL IMMOLATION4 ,PROGNOSES AB\T ! FUTURE >E UND]/&ABLY V]Y FRAGILE & >E EASILY DI/RU/$4 ,PESSIMISM HAS BECOME V]Y WIDESPREAD1 AS CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS BECOME MORE DEEPLY 5TR5*$ 9 ! HUMAN M9D ?AN EV] BE=E1 & AS CULTURE REGRESSES APPALL+LY1 ALMO/ TO A VANI%+ PO9T4 ,TO MO/ PEOPLE TODAY1 ! HOPEFUL & V]Y RADICAL C]TA9TIES ( ! TW5TY-YE> P]IOD BETWE5 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g-#a#h & ! 5D ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 9 #aici SEEM ALMO/ NAIVE4 

,YET \R DECISION TO CREATE A BETT] SOCIETY1 & \R *OICE ( ! WAY TO DO IT1 MU/ COME FROM )9 \RSELVES1 )\T ! AID ( A DEITY1 /ILL LESS A MY/ICAL 0=CE ( NATURE0 OR A *>ISMATIC LEAD]4 ,IF WE *OOSE ! ROAD T[>D A BETT] FUTURE1 \R *OICE MU/ BE ! CONSEQU5CE ( \R ABILITY -- & \RS ALONE -- TO LE>N FROM ! MAT]IAL LESSONS ( ! PA/ & TO APPRECIATE ! REAL PROSPECTS ( ! FUTURE4 ,WE WILL NE$ TO HAVE REC\RSE1 NOT TO <O/LY VAG>IES CONJUR$ UP FROM ! MURKY HELL ( SUP]/ITION OR1 ABSURDLY1 FROM ! C\LOIRS ( ! ACADEMY1 BUT TO ! 9NOVATIVE ATTRIBUTES ?AT MAKE UP \R V]Y HUMANITY & ! ESS5TIAL FEATURES ?AT ACC\NT = NATURAL & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 AS OPPOS$ TO ! SOCIAL PA?OLOGIES & ACCID5TAL EV5TS ?AT HAVE SIDETRACK$ HUMANITY FROM ITS SELF-FULFILLM5T 9 CONSCI\SNESS & REASON4 ,HAV+ BR\<T HI/ORY TO A PO9T :]E NE>LY EV]Y?+ IS POSSIBLE1 AT LEA/ ( A MAT]IAL NATURE -- & HAV+ LEFT BEH9D A PA/ ?AT WAS P]MEAT$ IDEOLOGICALLY BY MY/ICAL & RELIGI\S ELEM5TS PRODUC$ BY ! HUMAN IMAG9ATION -- WE >E FAC$ ) A NEW *ALL5GE1 ONE ?AT HAS NEV] BE=E CONFRONT$ HUMANITY4 ,WE MU/ CONSCI\SLY CREATE \R [N WORLD1 NOT ACCORD+ TO DEMONIC FANTASIES1 M9DLESS CU/OMS1 & DE/RUCTIVE PREJUDICES1 BUT ACCORD+ TO ! CANONS ( REASON1 REFLECTION1 & DISC\RSE ?AT UNIQUELY BELONG TO \R [N SPECIES4 

,CAPITALISM1 ,CLASSES1 & ,HI]>*IES 

  

,:AT FACTORS %\LD BE DECISIVE 9 MAK+ \R *OICE8 ,FIR/1 ( GREAT SIGNIFICANCE IS ! IMM5SE ACCUMULATION ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL EXP]I5CE ?AT IS AVAILABLE TO REVOLUTION>IES TODAY1 A /OREH\SE ( KN[L$GE ?AT1 PROP]LY CONCEIV$1 C\LD BE US$ TO AVOID ! T]RIBLE ]RORS ?AT \R PR$ECESSORS MADE & TO SP>E HUMANITY ! T]RIBLE PLAGUES ( FAIL$ REVOLUTIONS 9 ! PA/4 ,( 9DISP5SABLE IMPORTANCE IS ! POT5TIAL = A NEW !ORETICAL SPR+BO>D ?AT HAS BE5 CREAT$ BY ! HI/ORY ( IDEAS1 ONE ?AT PROVIDES ! MEANS TO CATAPULT AN EM]G+ RADICAL MOVEM5T BEYOND EXI/+ SOCIAL CONDITIONS 9TO A FUTURE ?AT FO/]S HUMANITY'S EMANCIPATION4 

,BUT WE MU/ ALSO BE FULLY AW>E ( ! SCOPE ( ! PROBLEMS ?AT WE FACE4 ,WE MU/ UND]/& ) COMPLETE CL>ITY :]E WE /& 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PREVAIL+ CAPITALI/ ORD]1 & WE HAVE TO GRASP EM]G5T SOCIAL PROBLEMS & ADDRESS !M 9 ! PROGRAM ( A NEW MOVEM5T4 ,CAPITALISM IS UNQUE/IONABLY ! MO/ DYNAMIC SOCIETY EV] TO APPE> 9 HI/ORY4 ,BY DEF9ITION1 TO BE SURE1 IT ALWAYS REMA9S A SY/EM ( COMMODITY EX*ANGE 9 :I* OBJECTS ?AT >E MADE = SALE & PR(IT P]VADE & M$IATE MO/ HUMAN RELATIONS4 ,YET CAPITALISM IS ALSO A HI<LY MUTABLE SY/EM1 CONT9UALLY ADVANC+ ! BRUTAL MAXIM ?AT :ATEV] 5T]PRISE DOES NOT GR[ AT ! EXP5SE ( ITS RIVALS MU/ DIE4 ,H5CE 0GR[?0 & P]PETUAL *ANGE BECOME ! V]Y LAWS ( LIFE ( CAPITALI/ EXI/5CE4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT CAPITALISM NEV] REMA9S P]MAN5TLY 9 ONLY ONE =M2 IT MU/ ALWAYS TRANS=M ! 9/ITUTIONS ?AT >ISE FROM ITS BASIC SOCIAL RELATIONS4 

,AL?\< CAPITALISM BECAME A DOM9ANT SOCIETY ONLY 9 ! PA/ FEW C5TURIES1 IT LONG EXI/$ ON ! P]IPH]Y ( E>LI] SOCIETIES3 9 A L>GELY COMM]CIAL =M1 /RUCTUR$ >\ND TRADE BETWE5 CITIES & EMPIRES2 9 A CRAFT =M ?R\<\T ! ,EUROPEAN ,MIDDLE ,AGES2 9 A HUGELY 9DU/RIAL =M 9 \R [N TIME2 & IF WE >E TO BELIEVE REC5T SE]S1 9 AN 9=MATIONAL =M 9 ! COM+ P]IOD4 ,IT HAS CREAT$ NOT ONLY NEW TE*NOLOGIES BUT ALSO A GREAT V>IETY ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL /RUCTURES1 SU* AS ! SMALL %OP1 ! FACTORY1 ! HUGE MILL1 & ! 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL COMPLEX4 ,C]TA9LY ! CAPITALISM ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION HAS NOT COMPLETELY DISAPPE>$1 ANY MORE ?AN ! ISOLAT$ PEASANT FAMILY & SMALL CRAFTSMAN ( A /ILL E>LI] P]IOD HAVE BE5 CONSIGN$ TO COMPLETE OBLIVION4 ,MU* ( ! PA/ IS ALWAYS 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! PRES5T2 9DE$1 AS ,M>X 9SI/5TLY W>N$1 !RE IS NO 0PURE CAPITALISM10 & NONE ( ! E>LI] =MS ( CAPITALISM FADE AWAY UNTIL RADICALLY NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS >E E/ABLI%$ & BECOME OV]:ELM+LY DOM9ANT4 ,BUT TODAY CAPITALISM1 EV5 AS IT COEXI/S ) & UTILIZES PRECAPITALI/ 9/ITUTIONS = ITS [N 5DS 7SEE ,M>X'S ,GRUNDRISSE = ?IS DIALECTIC71 N[ REA*ES 9TO ! SUBURBS & ! C\NTRYSIDE ) ITS %OPP+ MALLS & NEWLY /YL$ FACTORIES4 ,9DE$1 IT IS BY NO MEANS 9CONCEIVABLE ?AT ONE DAY IT WILL REA* BEYOND \R PLANET4 ,9 ANY CASE1 IT HAS PRODUC$ NOT ONLY NEW COMMODITIES TO CREATE & FE$ NEW WANTS BUT NEW SOCIAL & CULTURAL ISSUES1 :I* 9 TURN HAVE GIV5 RISE TO NEW SUPPORT]S & ANTAGONI/S ( ! EXI/+ SY/EM4 ,! FAM\S FIR/ P>T ( ,M>X & ,5GELS'S ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 9 :I* !Y CELEBRATE CAPITALISM'S WOND]S1 W\LD HAVE TO BE P]IODICALLY REWRITT5 TO KEEP PACE ) ! A*IEVEM5TS -- AS WELL AS ! HORRORS -- PRODUC$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE'S DEVELOPM5T4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ /RIK+ FEATURES ( CAPITALISM TODAY IS ?AT 9 ! ,WE/]N WORLD ! HI<LY SIMPLIFI$ TWO-CLASS /RUCTURE- ! B\RGEOISIE & ! PROLET>IAT-?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS1 9 ,T HE ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 PR$ICT$ W\LD BECOME DOM9ANT UND] 0MATURE0 CAPITALISM 7& WE HAVE YET TO DET]M9E :AT 0MATURE10 /ILL LESS 0LATE0 OR 0MORIBUND0 CAPITALISM ACTUALLY IS7 HAS UND]GONE A PROCESS ( RECONFIGURATION4 ,! CONFLICT BETWE5 WAGE LABOR & CAPITAL1 :ILE IT HAS BY NO MEANS DISAPPE>$1 NONE!LESS LACKS ! ALL-EMBRAC+ IMPORTANCE ?AT IT POSSESS$ 9 ! PA/4 ,CONTR>Y TO ,M>X'S EXPECTATIONS1 ! 9DU/RIAL WORK+ CLASS IS N[ DW9DL+ 9 NUMB]S & IS /EADILY LOS+ ITS TRADITIONAL ID5TITY AS A CLASS -- :I* BY NO MEANS EXCLUDES IT FROM A POT5TIALLY BROAD] & P]HAPS MORE EXT5SIVE CONFLICT ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE AGA9/ CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,PRES5T-DAY CULTURE1 SOCIAL RELATIONS1 CITYSCAPES1 MODES ( PRODUCTION1 AGRICULTURE1 & TRANSPORTATION HAVE REMADE ! TRADITIONAL PROLET>IAT1 UPON :I* SYNDICALI/S & ,M>XI/S W]E OV]:ELM+LY1 9DE$ ALMO/ MY/ICALLY FOCUS$1 9TO A L>GELY PETTY-B\RGEOIS /RATUM :OSE M5TALITY IS M>K$ BY ITS [N B\RGEOIS UTOPIANISM ( 0CONSUMPTION = ! SAKE ( CONSUMPTION40 ,WE CAN =ESEE A TIME :5 ! PROLET>IAN1 :ATEV] ! COLOR ( HIS OR H] COLL> OR PLACE ON ! ASSEMBLY L9E1 WILL BE COMPLETELY REPLAC$ BY AUTOMAT$ & EV5 M9IATURIZ$ MEANS ( PRODUCTION ?AT >E OP]AT$ BY A FEW :ITE-COAT$ MANIPULATORS ( MA*9ES & BY COMPUT]S4 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 ! LIV+ /&>DS ( ! TRADITIONAL PROLET>IAT & ITS MAT]IAL EXPECTATIONS 7NO SMALL FACTOR 9 ! %AP+ ( SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS67 HAVE *ANG$ 5ORM\SLY1 SO>+ )9 ONLY A G5]ATION OR TWO FROM NE> POV]TY TO A COMP>ATIVELY HI< DEGREE ( MAT]IAL AFFLU5CE4 ,AMONG ! *ILDR5 & GR&*ILDR5 ( =M] /EEL & AUTOMOBILE WORK]S & COAL M9]S1 :O HAVE NO PROLET>IAN CLASS ID5TITY1 A COLLEGE $UCATION HAS REPLAC$ ! HI< S*OOL DIPLOMA AS EMBLEMATIC ( A NEW CLASS /ATUS4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ONCE-OPPOS+ CLASS 9T]E/S HAVE CONV]G$ TO A PO9T ?AT ALMO/ #e P]C5T ( ,AM]ICAN H\SEHOLDS [N /OCKS & BONDS1 :ILE A HUGE NUMB] >E PROPRIETORS ( ONE K9D OR ANO!R1 POSSESS+ !IR [N HOMES1 G>D5S1 & RURAL SUMM] RETREATS4 

,GIV5 !SE *ANGES1 ! /]N WORK+ MAN OR WOMAN1 PORTRAY$ 9 RADICAL PO/]S ( ! PA/ ) A FLEX$1 HI<LY MUSCUL> >M HOLD+ A BONE-CRU%+ HAMM]1 HAS BE5 REPLAC$ BY ! G5TEEL & WELL-MANN]$ 7SO-CALL$7 0WORK+ MIDDLE CLASS40 ,! TRADITIONAL CRY 0,WORK]S ( ! WORLD1 UNITE60 9 ITS OLD HI/ORICAL S5SE BECOMES EV] MORE MEAN+LESS4 ,! CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PROLET>IAT1 :I* ,M>X TRI$ TO AWAK5 9 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 HAS BE5 HEMORRHAG+ /EADILY & 9 MANY PLACES HAS VIRTUALLY DISAPPE>$4 ,! MORE EXI/5TIAL CLASS /RUGGLE HAS NOT BE5 ELIM9AT$1 TO BE SURE1 ANY MORE ?AN ! B\RGEOISIE C\LD ELIM9ATE GRAVITY FROM ! EXI/+ HUMAN CONDITION1 BUT UNLESS RADICALS TODAY BECOME AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT IT HAS BE5 N>R[$ D[N L>GELY TO ! 9DIVIDUAL FACTORY OR (FICE1 !Y WILL FAIL TO SEE ?AT A NEW1 P]HAPS MORE EXPANSIVE =M ( SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS CAN EM]GE 9 ! G5]ALIZ$ /RUGGLES ?AT FACE US4 ,9DE$1 ?IS =M ( SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS CAN BE GIV5 A REFRE%+LY NEW MEAN+ AS ! CONCEPT ( ! REBIR? ( ! CITOY5 -- A CONCEPT SO IMPORTANT TO ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION ( #a<i & ITS MORE BROADLY HUMANI/IC S5TIM5T ( SOCIALITY ?AT IT BECAME ! =M ( ADDRESS AMONG LAT] REVOLUTION>IES SUMMON$ TO ! B>RICADES BY ! H]ALDIC CR[+ ( ! R$ ,FR5* ROO/]4 

,SE5 AS A :OLE1 ! SOCIAL CONDITION ?AT CAPITALISM HAS PRODUC$ TODAY /&S V]Y MU* AT ODDS ) ! SIMPLI/IC CLASS PROGNOSES ADVANC$ BY ,M>X & BY ! REVOLUTION>Y ,FR5* SYNDICALI/S4 ,AFT] ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 CAPITALISM UND]W5T AN 5ORM\S TRANS=MATION1 CREAT+ BROAD NEW SOCIAL ISSUES ) EXTRAORD9>Y RAPIDITY1 ISSUES ?AT W5T BEYOND TRADITIONAL PROLET>IAN DEM&S = IMPROV$ WAGES1 H\RS1 & WORK+ CONDITIONS3 NOTABLY 5VIRONM5TAL1 G5D]1 HI]>*ICAL1 CIVIC1 & DEMOCRATIC ISSUES4 ,CAPITALISM1 9 EFFECT1 HAS G5]ALIZ$ ITS ?REATS TO HUMANITY1 P>TICUL>LY ) CLIMATIC *ANGES ?AT MAY ALT] ! V]Y FACE ( ! PLANET1 OLIG>*ICAL 9/ITUTIONS ( A GLOBAL SCOPE1 & RAMPANT URBANIZATION ?AT RADICALLY CORRODES ! CIVIC LIFE BASIC TO GRASSROOTS POLITICS4 

,HI]>*Y1 TODAY1 IS BECOM+ AS PRON\NC$ AN ISSUE AS CLASS -- AS WITNESS ! EXT5T TO :I* MANY SOCIAL ANALYZES HAVE S+L$ \T MANAG]S1 BUREAUCRATS1 SCI5TI/S1 & ! LIKE AS EM]G+1 O/5SIBLY DOM9ANT GR\PS4 ,NEW & ELABORATE GRADATIONS ( /ATUS & 9T]E/S C\NT TODAY TO AN EXT5T ?AT !Y DID NOT 9 ! REC5T PA/2 !Y BLUR ! CONFLICT BETWE5 WAGE LABOR & CAPITAL ?AT WAS ONCE SO C5TRAL1 CLE>LY DEF9$1 & MILITANTLY WAG$ BY TRADITIONAL SOCIALI/S4 ,CLASS CATEGORIES >E N[ 9T]M+L$ ) HI]>*ICAL CATEGORIES BAS$ ON RACE1 G5D]1 SEXUAL PREF]5CE1 & C]TA9LY NATIONAL OR REGIONAL DIFF]5CES4 ,/ATUS DIFF]5TIATIONS1 *>ACT]I/IC ( HI]>*Y1 T5D TO CONV]GE ) CLASS DIFF]5TIATIONS1 & A MORE ALL-9CLUSIVE CAPITALI/IC WORLD IS EM]G+ 9 :I* E?NIC1 NATIONAL1 & G5D] DIFF]5CES (T5 SURPASS ! IMPORTANCE ( CLASS DIFF]5CES 9 ! PUBLIC EYE4 ,?IS PH5OM5ON IS NOT 5TIRELY NEW3 9 ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> C\NTLESS ,G]MAN SOCIALI/ WORK]S CA/ ASIDE !IR E>LI] COMMITM5T TO ! R$ FLAGS ( PROLET>IAN UNITY 9 FAVOR ( ! NATIONAL FLAGS ( !IR WELL-F$ & P>ASITIC RUL]S & W5T ON TO PLUNGE BAYONETS 9TO ! BODIES ( ,FR5* & ,RUSSIAN SOCIALI/ WORK]S -- AS !Y DID1 9 TURN1 UND] ! NATIONAL FLAGS ( !IR [N OPPRESSORS4 

,AT ! SAME TIME CAPITALISM HAS PRODUC$ A NEW1 P]HAPS P>AM\NT CONTRADICTION3 ! CLA% BETWE5 AN ECONOMY BAS$ ON UN5D+ GR[? & ! DESICCATION ( ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T4 .<#a#a.> ,?IS ISSUE & ITS VA/ RAMIFICATIONS CAN NO MORE BE M9IMIZ$1 LET ALONE DISMISS$1 ?AN ! NE$ ( HUMAN BE+S = FOOD OR AIR4 ,AT PRES5T ! MO/ PROMIS+ /RUGGLES 9 ! ,WE/1 :]E SOCIALISM WAS BORN1 SEEM TO BE WAG$ LESS >\ND 9COME & WORK+ CONDITIONS ?AN >\ND NUCLE> P[]1 POLLUTION1 DE=E/ATION1 URBAN BLI<T1 $UCATION1 HEAL? C>E1 COMMUNITY LIFE1 & ! OPPRESSION ( PEOPLE 9 UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES-AS WITNESS ! 7ALBEIT SPORADIC7 ANTIGLOBALIZATION UPSURGES1 9 :I* BLUE- & :ITE-COLL> 0WORK]S0 M>* 9 ! SAME RANKS ) MIDDLE-CLASS HUMANIT>IANS & >E MOTIVAT$ BY COMMON SOCIAL CONC]NS4 ,PROLET>IAN COMBATANTS BECOME 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM MIDDLE- CLASS ONES4 ,BURLY WORK]S1 :OSE HALLM>K IS A COMBATIVE MILITANCY1 N[ M>* BEH9D 0BREAD & PUPPET0 !AT] P]=M]S1 (T5 ) A CONSID]ABLE MEASURE ( %>$ PLAYFULNESS4 ,MEMB]S ( ! WORK+ & MIDDLE CLASSES N[ WE> MANY DIFF]5T SOCIAL HATS1 SO TO SPEAK1 *ALL5G+ CAPITALISM OBLIQUELY AS WELL AS DIRECTLY ON CULTURAL AS WELL AS ECONOMIC GR\NDS4 

,NOR CAN WE IGNORE1 9 DECID+ :AT DIRECTION WE >E TO FOLL[1 ! FACT ?AT CAPITALISM1 IF IT IS NOT *ECK$1 WILL 9 ! FUTURE-& NOT NECESS>ILY ! V]Y DI/ANT FUTURE -- DIFF] APPRECIABLY FROM ! SY/EM WE KN[ TODAY4 ,CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T CAN BE EXPECT$ TO VA/LY ALT] ! SOCIAL HORIZON 9 ! YE>S AHEAD4 ,CAN WE SUPPOSE ?AT FACTORIES1 (FICES1 CITIES1 RESID5TIAL >EAS1 9DU/RY1 COMM]CE1 & AGRICULTURE1 LET ALONE MORAL VALUES1 ES!TICS1 M$IA1 POPUL> DESIRES1 & ! LIKE WILL NOT *ANGE IMM5SELY BE=E ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY IS \T8 ,9 ! PA/ C5TURY1 CAPITALISM1 ABOVE ALL ELSE1 HAS BROAD5$ SOCIAL ISSUES -- 9DE$1 ! HI/ORICAL SOCIAL QUE/ION ( H[ A HUMANITY1 DIVID$ BY CLASSES & EXPLOITATION1 WILL CREATE A SOCIETY BAS$ ON EQUALITY1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( AU!NTIC H>MONY1 & FRE$OM -- TO 9CLUDE ?OSE :OSE RESOLUTION WAS B>ELY =ESE5 BY ! LIB]ATORY SOCIAL !ORI/S 9 ! N9ETE5? & E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURIES4 ,\R AGE1 ) ITS 5DLESS >RAY ( 0BOTTOM L9ES0 & 09VE/M5T *OICES10 N[ ?REAT5S TO TURN SOCIETY ITSELF 9TO A VA/ & EXPLOITATIVE M>KETPLACE4 .<#a#b.> 

,! PUBLIC ) :I* ! PROGRESSIVE SOCIALI/ HAD TO DEAL IS ALSO *ANG+ RADICALLY & WILL CONT9UE TO DO SO 9 ! COM+ DECADES4 ,TO LAG 9 UND]/&+ BEH9D ! *ANGES ?AT CAPITALISM IS 9TRODUC+ & ! NEW OR BROAD] CONTRADICTIONS IT IS PRODUC+ W\LD BE TO COMMIT ! RECURR+LY DISA/R\S ]ROR ?AT L$ TO ! DEFEAT ( NE>LY ALL REVOLUTION>Y UPSURGES 9 ! PA/ TWO C5TURIES4 ,=EMO/ AMONG ! LESSONS ?AT A NEW REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T MU/ LE>N FROM ! PA/ IS ?AT IT MU/ W9 OV] BROAD SECTORS ( ! MIDDLE CLASS TO ITS NEW POPULI/ PROGRAM4 ,NO ATTEMPT TO REPLACE CAPITALISM ) SOCIALISM EV] HAD OR WILL HAVE ! REMOTE/ *ANCE ( SUCCESS )\T ! AID ( ! DISCONT5T$ PETTY B\RGEOISIE1 :E!R IT WAS ! 9TELLIG5TSIA & PEASANTRY-9-UNI=M ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION OR ! 9TELLECTUALS1 F>M]S1 %OPKEEP]S1 CL]KS1 & MANAG]S 9 9DU/RY & EV5 9 GOV]NM5T 9 ! ,G]MAN UPHEAVALS ( #a#i#a#h-#b#a4 ,EV5 DUR+ ! MO/ PROMIS+ P]IODS ( PA/ REVOLUTION>Y CYCLES1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 ,M5%EVIKS1 ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 & ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/S NEV] ACQUIR$ ABSOLUTE MAJORITIES 9 !IR RESPECTIVE LEGISLATIVES BODIES4 ,SO-CALL$ 0PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS0 W]E 9V>IABLY M9ORITY REVOLUTIONS1 USUALLY EV5 )9 ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF1 & ?OSE ?AT SUCCE$$ 7(T5 BRIEFLY1 BE=E !Y W]E SUBDU$ OR DRIFT$ HI/ORICALLY \T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T7 DEP5D$ OV]:ELM+LY ON ! FACT ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE LACK$ ACTIVE SUPPORT AMONG ITS [N MILIT>Y =CES OR WAS SIMPLY SOCIALLY DEMORALIZ$4 

,M>XISM1 ,AN>*ISM & ,SYNDICALISM 

  

,GIV5 ! *ANGES ?AT WE >E WITNESS+ & ?OSE ?AT >E /ILL TAK+ =M1 SOCIAL RADICALS CAN NO LONG] OPPOSE ! PR$ATORY 7AS WELL AS IMM5SELY CREATIVE7 CAPITALI/ SY/EM BY US+ ! IDEOLOGIES & ME?ODS ?AT W]E BORN 9 ! FIR/ ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 :5 A FACTORY PROLET>IAN SEEM$ TO BE ! PR9CIPAL ANTAGONI/ ( A TEXTILE PLANT [N]4 7,NOR CAN WE USE IDEOLOGIES ?AT W]E SPAWN$ BY CONFLICTS ?AT AN IMPOV]I%$ PEASANTRY US$ TO OPPOSE FEUDAL & SEMIFEUDAL L&[N]S47 ,NONE ( ! PR(ESS$LY ANTICAPITALI/ IDEOLOGIES ( ! PA/ -- ,M>XISM1 AN>*ISM1 SYNDICALISM1 & MORE G5]IC =MS ( SOCIALISM -- RETA9 ! SAME RELEVANCE ?AT !Y HAD AT AN E>LI] /AGE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & 9 AN E>LI] P]IOD ( TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCE4 ,NOR CAN ANY ( !M HOPE TO 5COMPASS ! MULTITUDE ( NEW ISSUES1 OPPORTUNITIES1 PROBLEMS1 & 9T]E/S ?AT CAPITALISM HAS REPEAT$LY CREAT$ OV] TIME4 

,M>XISM WAS ! MO/ COMPREH5SIVE & COH]5T EF=T TO PRODUCE A SY/EMATIC =M ( SOCIALISM1 EMPHASIZ+ ! MAT]IAL AS WELL AS ! SUBJECTIVE HI/ORICAL PRECONDITIONS ( A NEW SOCIETY4 ,?IS PROJECT1 9 ! PRES5T ]A ( PRECAPITALI/ ECONOMIC DECOMPOSITION & ( 9TELLECTUAL CONFUSION1 RELATIVISM1 & SUBJECTIVISM1 MU/ NEV] SURR5D] TO ! NEW B>B>IANS1 MANY ( :OM F9D !IR HOME 9 :AT WAS ONCE A B>RI] TO IDEOLOGICAL REGRESSION-! ACADEMY4 ,WE [E MU* TO ,M>X'S ATTEMPT TO PROVIDE US ) A COH]5T & /IMULAT+ ANALYSIS ( ! COMMODITY & COMMODITY RELATIONS1 TO AN ACTIVI/ PHILOSOPHY1 A SY/EMATIC SOCIAL !ORY1 AN OBJECTIVELY GR\ND$ OR 0SCI5TIFIC0 CONCEPT ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 & A FLEXIBLE POLITICAL /RATEGY4 ,M>XI/ POLITICAL IDEAS W]E EM95TLY RELEVANT TO ! NE$S ( A T]RIBLY DISORI5T$ PROLET>IAT & TO ! P>TICUL> OPPRESSIONS ?AT ! 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE 9FLICT$ UPON IT 9 ,5GL& 9 ! #a#h#dS1 SOME:AT LAT] 9 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY1 & ,G]MANY1 & V]Y PRESCI5TLY 9 ,RUSSIA 9 ! LA/ DECADE ( ,M>X'S LIFE4 ,UNTIL ! RISE ( ! POPULI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,RUSSIA 7MO/ FAM\SLY1 ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA71 ,M>X EXPECT$ ! EM]G+ PROLET>IAT TO BECOME ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION 9 ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 & TO 9EVITABLY 5GAGE 9 REVOLUTION>Y CLASS W> AS A RESULT ( CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION & IMMIS]ATION4 ,& ESPECIALLY BETWE5 #aiag & #a#i#c#i1 LONG AFT] ,M>X'S DEA?1 ,EUROPE WAS 9DE$ BELEAGU]$ BY A M\NT+ CLASS W> ?AT REA*$ ! PO9T ( \TRI<T WORK]S' 9SURRECTIONS4 ,9 #a#i#a#g1 [+ TO AN EXTRAORD9>Y CONFLU5CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES -- P>TICUL>LY ) ! \TBREAK ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 :I* R5D]$ SEV]AL QUASI-FEUDAL ,EUROPEAN SOCIAL SY/EMS T]RIBLY UN/ABLE -- ,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS TRI$ TO USE 7BUT GREATLY ALT]$7 ,M>X'S WRIT+S 9 ORD] TO TAKE P[] 9 AN ECONOMICALLY BACKW>D EMPIRE1 :OSE SIZE SPANN$ ELEV5 TIME ZONES ACROSS ,EUROPE & ,ASIA4 .<#a#c.> 

,BUT = ! MO/ P>T1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ,M>XISM'S ECONOMIC 9SI<TS BELONG$ TO AN ]A ( EM]G+ FACTORY CAPITALISM 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,BRILLIANT AS A !ORY ( ! MAT]IAL PRECONDITIONS = SOCIALISM1 IT DID NOT ADDRESS ! ECOLOGICAL1 CIVIC1 & SUBJECTIVE =CES OR ! EFFICI5T CAUSES ?AT C\LD IMPEL HUMANITY 9TO A MOVEM5T = REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 = NE>LY A C5TURY ,M>XISM /AGNAT$ !ORETICALLY4 ,ITS !ORI/S W]E (T5 PUZZL$ BY DEVELOPM5TS ?AT HAVE PASS$ IT BY &1 S9CE ! #a#i#fS1 HAVE ME*ANICALLY APP5D$ 5VIRONM5TALI/ & FEM9I/ IDEAS TO ITS =MULAIC \VRI]I/ \TLOOK4 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 AN>*ISM -- :I*1 ,I BELIEVE1 REPRES5TS 9 ITS AU!NTIC =M A HI<LY 9DIVIDUALI/IC \TLOOK ?AT FO/]S A RADICALLY UNFETT]$ LIFE/YLE1 (T5 AS A SUB/ITUTE = MASS ACTION-IS F> BETT] SUIT$ TO >TICULATE A ,PR\DHONIAN S+LE-FAMILY PEASANT & CRAFT WORLD ?AN A MOD]N URBAN & 9DU/RIAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,I MYSELF ONCE US$ ?IS POLITICAL LABEL1 BUT FUR!R ?\<T HAS OBLIG$ ME TO CONCLUDE ?AT1 ITS (T5-REFRE%+ APHORISMS & 9SI<TS NOT)/&+1 IT IS SIMPLY NOT A SOCIAL !ORY4 ,ITS =EMO/ !ORI/S CELEBRATE ITS SEEM+ OP5NESS TO ECLECTICISM & ! LIB]ATORY EFFECTS ( 0P>ADOX0 OR EV5 0CONTRADICTION10 TO USE ,PR\DHONIAN HYP]BOLE4 ,ACCORD+LY1 & )\T PREJUDICE TO ! E>NE/NESS ( MANY AN>*I/IC PRACTICES1 A CASE CAN MADE ?AT MANY ( ! IDEAS ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION ?AT 9 ! PA/ HAVE BE5 ADVANC$ 9 ! NAME ( 0AN>*Y0 W]E (T5 DRAWN FROM ,M>XISM 79CLUD+ MY [N CONCEPT ( 0PO/-SC>CITY10 :I* UND]/&ABLY 9FURIAT$ MANY AN>*I/S :O READ MY ESSAYS ON ! SUBJECT74 ,REGRETTABLY1 ! USE ( SOCIALI/IC T]MS HAS (T5 PREV5T$ AN>*I/S FROM TELL+ US OR EV5 UND]/&+ CLE>LY :AT !Y >E3 9DIVIDUALI/S :OSE CONCEPTS ( AUTONOMY ORIG9ATE 9 A /RONG COMMITM5T TO P]SONAL LIB]TY RA!R ?AN TO SOCIAL FRE$OM1 OR SOCIALI/S COMMITT$ TO A /RUCTUR$1 9/ITUTIONALIZ$1 & RESPONSIBLE =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,9DE$ ! HI/ORY ( ?IS 0IDEOLOGY0 IS PEPP]$ ) IDIOSYNCRATIC ACTS ( DEFIANCE ?AT V]GE ON ! ECC5TRIC1 :I* NOT SURPRIS+LY HAVE ATTRACT$ MANY Y\NG PEOPLE & ES!TES4 

,9 FACT AN>*ISM REPRES5TS ! MO/ EXTREME =MULATION ( LIB]ALISM'S IDEOLOGY ( UNFETT]$ AUTONOMY1 CULM9AT+ 9 A CELEBRATION ( H]OIC ACTS ( DEFIANCE ( ! /ATE4 ,AN>*ISM'S MY?OS ( SELF-REGULATION 7AUTO NOMOS7 -- ! RADICAL ASS]TION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL OV] OR EV5 AGA9/ SOCIETY & ! P]SONALI/IC ABS5CE ( RESPONSIBILITY = ! COLLECTIVE WELF>E -- LEADS TO A RADICAL AFFIRMATION ( ! ALL-P[]FUL WILL SO C5TRAL TO ,NIETZS*E'S IDEOLOGICAL P]EGR9ATIONS4 ,SOME SELF-PR(ESS$ AN>*I/S HAVE EV5 D5\NC$ MASS SOCIAL ACTION AS FUTILE & ALI5 TO !IR PRIVATE CONC]NS & MADE A FETI% ( :AT ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S CALL$ GRUPISMO1 A SMALL-GR\P MODE ( ACTION ?AT IS HI<LY P]SONAL RA!R ?AN SOCIAL4 

,AN>*ISM HAS (T5 BE5 CONFUS$ ) REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM1 A HI<LY /RUCTUR$ & WELL-DEVELOP$ MASS =M ( LIB]T>IAN TRADE UNIONISM ?AT1 UNLIKE AN>*ISM1 WAS LONG COMMITT$ TO DEMOCRATIC PROC$URES1.<#a#d.> TO DISCIPL9E 9 ACTION1 & TO ORGANIZ$1 LONG-RANGE REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE TO ELIM9ATE CAPITALISM4 ,ITS AFF9ITY ) AN>*ISM /EMS FROM ITS /RONG LIB]T>IAN BIAS1 BUT BITT] ANTAGONISMS BETWE5 AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S HAVE A LONG HI/ORY 9 NE>LY EV]Y C\NTRY 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 AS WITNESS ! T5SIONS BETWE5 ! ,SPANI% ,C,N,T & ! AN>*I/ GR\PS ASSOCIAT$ ) ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD E>LY 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY2 BETWE5 ! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/ & AN>*I/ GR\PS 9 ,RUSSIA DUR+ ! #aiag REVOLUTION2 & BETWE5 ! ,I,W,W 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ! ,S,A,C 9 ,SW$51 TO CITE ! MORE ILLU/RATIVE CASES 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! LIB]T>IAN LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,MORE ?AN ONE ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/ WAS AFFRONT$ BY ,JOE ,HILL'S DEFIANT MAXIM ON ! EVE ( HIS EXECUTION 9 ,UTAH3 0,DON'T M\RN -- ,ORGANIZE60 ,ALAS1 SMALL GR\PS W]E NOT QUITE ! 0ORGANIZATIONS0 ?AT ,JOE ,HILL1 OR ! GROSSLY MISUND]/OOD IDOL ( ! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T1 ,SALVADOR ,SEGUI1 HAD 9 M9D4 ,IT WAS L>GELY ! %>$ WORD LIB]T>IAN ?AT MADE IT POSSIBLE = SOME:AT CONFUS$ AN>*I/S TO COEXI/ 9 ! SAME ORGANIZATION ) REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S4 ,IT WAS (T5 V]BAL CONFUSION RA!R ?AN IDEOLOGICAL CL>ITY ?AT MADE POSSIBLE ! COEXI/5CE 9 ,SPA9 ( ! ,F,A,I1 AS REPRES5T$ BY ! AN>*I/ ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y1 ) ! SYNDICALI/S1 AS REPRES5T$ BY ,JUAN ,PRIETO1 9 ! ,C,N,T- ,F,A,I1 A TRULY CONFUS$ ORGANIZATION IF EV] !RE WAS ONE4 

,REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM'S DE/9Y HAS BE5 TI$ 9 V>Y+ DEGREES TO A PA?OLOGY CALL$ \VRI]ISME1 OR 0WORK]ISM10 & :ATEV] PHILOSOPHY1 !ORY ( HI/ORY1 OR POLITICAL ECONOMY IT POSSESSES HAS BE5 BORR[$1 (T5 PIECEMEAL & 9DIRECTLY1 FROM ,M>X -- 9DE$1 ,GEORGES ,SOREL & MANY O!R PR(ESS$ REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S 9 ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY EXPRESSLY REG>D$ !MSELVES AS ,M>XI/S & EV5 MORE EXPRESSLY ES*EW$ AN>*ISM4 ,MOREOV]1 REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM LACKS A /RATEGY = SOCIAL *ANGE BEYOND ! G5]AL /RIKE1 :I* REVOLUTION>Y UPRIS+S SU* AS ! FAM\S ,OCTOB] & ,NOVEMB] G5]AL /RIKES 9 ,RUSSIA DUR+ #aie PROV$ TO BE /IRR+ BUT ULTIMATELY 9EFFECTUAL4 ,9DE$1 AS 9VALUABLE AS ! G5]AL /RIKE MAY BE AS A PRELUDE TO DIRECT CONFRONTATION ) ! /ATE1 !Y DECID$LY DO NOT HAVE ! MY/ICAL CAPACITY ?AT REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S ASSIGN$ TO !M AS MEANS = SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,!IR LIMITATIONS >E /RIK+ EVID5CE ?AT1 AS EPISODIC =MS ( DIRECT ACTION1 G5]AL /RIKES >E NOT EQUATABLE ) REVOLUTION NOR EV5 ) PR(\ND SOCIAL *ANGES1 :I* PRESUPPOSE A MASS MOVEM5T & REQUIRE YE>S ( GE/ATION & A CLE> S5SE ( DIRECTION4 ,9DE$1 REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM EXUDES A TYPICAL \VRI]I/ ANTI-9TELLECTUALISM ?AT DISDA9S ATTEMPTS TO =MULATE A PURPOSIVE REVOLUTION>Y DIRECTION & A REV]5CE = PROLET>IAN 0SPONTANEITY0 ?AT1 AT TIMES1 HAS L$ IT 9TO HI<LY SELF-DE/RUCTIVE SITUATIONS4 ,LACK+ ! MEANS = AN ANALYSIS ( !IR SITUATION1 ! ,SPANI% SYNDICALI/S 7& AN>*I/S7 REVEAL$ ONLY A M9IMAL CAPACITY TO UND]/& ! SITUATION 9 :I* !Y F\ND !MSELVES AFT] !IR VICTORY OV] ,FRANCO'S =CES 9 ! SUMM] ( #aicf & NO CAPACITY TO TAKE 0! NEXT /EP0 TO 9/ITUTIONALIZE A WORK]S' & PEASANTS' =M ( GOV]NM5T4 

,:AT !SE OBS]VATIONS ADD UP TO IS ?AT ,M>XI/S1 REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S1 & AU!NTIC AN>*I/S ALL HAVE A FALLACI\S UND]/&+ ( POLITICS1 :I* %\LD BE CONCEIV$ AS ! CIVIC >5A & ! 9/ITUTIONS BY :I* PEOPLE DEMOCRATICALLY & DIRECTLY MANAGE !IR COMMUNITY AFFAIRS4 ,9DE$ ! ,LEFT HAS REPEAT$LY MI/AK5 /ATECRAFT = POLITICS BY ITS P]SI/5T FAILURE TO UND]/& ?AT ! TWO >E NOT ONLY RADICALLY DIFF]5T BUT EXI/ 9 RADICAL T5SION -- 9 FACT1 OPPOSITION -- TO EA* O!R4.<#a#e.> ,AS ,I HAVE WRITT5 ELSE:]E1 HI/ORICALLY POLITICS DID NOT EM]GE FROM ! /ATE -- AN APP>ATUS :OSE PR(ESSIONAL MA*9]Y IS DESIGN$ TO DOM9ATE & FACILITATE ! EXPLOITATION ( ! CITIZ5RY 9 ! 9T]E/S ( A PRIVILEG$ CLASS4 ,RA!R1 POLITICS1 ALMO/ BY DEF9ITION1 IS ! ACTIVE 5GAGEM5T ( FREE CITIZ5S 9 ! H&L+ !IR MUNICIPAL AFFAIRS & 9 !IR DEF5SE ( ITS FRE$OM4 ,ONE CAN ALMO/ SAY ?AT POLITICS IS ! 0EMBODIM5T0 ( :AT ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>IES ( ! #a#g#iS CALL$ CIVICISME4 ,QUITE PROP]LY1 9 FACT1 ! WORD POLITICS ITSELF CONTA9S ! ,GREEK WORD = 0CITY0 OR POLIS1 & ITS USE 9 CLASSICAL ,A!NS1 TOGE!R ) DEMOCRACY1 CONNOT$ ! DIRECT GOV]N+ ( ! CITY BY ITS CITIZ5S4 ,C5TURIES ( CIVIC DEGRADATION1 M>K$ P>TICUL>LY BY ! =MATION ( CLASSES1 W]E NECESS>Y TO PRODUCE ! /ATE & ITS CORROSIVE ABSORPTION ( ! POLITICAL REALM4 

,A DEF9+ FEATURE ( ! ,LEFT IS PRECISELY ! ,M>XI/1 AN>*I/1 & REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/ BELIEF ?AT NO DI/9CTION EXI/S1 9 PR9CIPLE1 BETWE5 ! POLITICAL REALM & ! /ATI/ REALM4 

,BY EMPHASIZ+ ! NATION-/ATE -- 9CLUD+ A 0WORK]S' /ATE0- AS ! LOCUS ( ECONOMIC AS WELL AS POLITICAL P[]1 ,M>X 7AS WELL AS LIB]T>IANS7 NOTORI\SLY FAIL$ TO DEMON/RATE H[ WORK]S C\LD FULLY & DIRECTLY CONTROL SU* A /ATE )\T ! M$IATION ( AN EMP[]$ BUREAUCRACY & ESS5TIALLY /ATI/ 7OR EQUIVAL5TLY1 9 ! CASE ( LIB]T>IANS1 GOV]NM5TAL7 9/ITUTIONS4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! ,M>XI/S UNAVOIDABLY SAW ! POLITICAL REALM1 :I* IT DESIGNAT$ A 0WORK]S' /ATE10 AS A REPRESSIVE 5TITY1 O/5SIBLY BAS$ ON ! 9T]E/S ( A S+LE CLASS1 ! PROLET>IAT4 

,REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM1 = ITS P>T1 EMPHASIZ$ FACTORY CONTROL BY WORK]S' COMMITTEES & CONF$]AL ECONOMIC C\NCILS AS ! LOCUS ( SOCIAL AU?ORITY1 !REBY SIMPLY BYPASS+ ANY POPUL> 9/ITUTIONS ?AT EXI/$ \TSIDE ! ECONOMY4 ,ODDLY1 ?IS WAS ECONOMIC DET]M9ISM ) A V5GEANCE1 :I*1 TE/$ BY ! EXP]I5CES ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f1 PROV$ COMPLETELY 9EFFECTUAL4 ,A VA/ DOMA9 ( REAL GOV]NM5TAL P[]1 FROM MILIT>Y AFFAIRS TO ! ADM9I/RATION ( JU/ICE1 FELL TO ! ,/AL9I/S & ! LIB]ALS ( ,SPA91 :O US$ !IR AU?ORITY TO SUBV]T ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T -- & ) IT1 ! REVOLUTION>Y A*IEVEM5TS ( ! SYNDICALI/ WORK]S 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 OR :AT WAS D\RLY CALL$ BY ONE NOVELI/ 0,! ,BRIEF ,SUMM] ( ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM40 

,AS = AN>*ISM1 ,BAKUN9 EXPRESS$ ! TYPICAL VIEW ( ITS ADH]5TS 9 #ahga :5 HE WROTE ?AT ! NEW SOCIAL ORD] C\LD BE CREAT$ 0ONLY ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T & ORGANIZATION ( ! NONPOLITICAL OR ANTIPOLITICAL SOCIAL P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 CITY & C\NTRY10 !REBY REJECT+ ) *>ACT]I/IC 9CONSI/5CY ! V]Y MUNICIPAL POLITICS :I* HE SANCTION$ 9 ,ITALY >\ND ! SAME YE>4 ,ACCORD+LY1 AN>*I/S HAVE LONG REG>D$ EV]Y GOV]NM5T AS A /ATE & CONDEMN$ IT ACCORD+LY -- A VIEW ?AT IS A RECIPE = ! ELIM9ATION ( ANY ORGANIZ$ SOCIAL LIFE :ATEV]4 ,:ILE ! /ATE IS ! 9/RUM5T BY :I* AN OPPRESSIVE & EXPLOITATIVE CLASS REGULATES & CO]CIVELY CONTROLS ! BEHAVIOR ( AN EXPLOIT$ CLASS BY A RUL+ CLASS1 A GOV]NM5T -- OR BETT] /ILL1 A POLITY -- IS AN 5SEMBLE ( 9/ITUTIONS DESIGN$ TO DEAL ) ! PROBLEMS ( CONSOCIATIONAL LIFE 9 AN ORD]LY & HOPEFULLY FAIR MANN]4 ,EV]Y 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ ASSOCIATION ?AT CON/ITUTES A SY/EM = H&L+ PUBLIC AFFAIRS -- ) OR )\T ! PRES5CE ( A /ATE -- IS NECESS>ILY A GOV]NM5T4 ,BY CONTRA/1 EV]Y /ATE1 AL?\< NECESS>ILY A =M ( GOV]NM5T1 IS A =CE = CLASS REPRESSION & CONTROL4 ,ANNOY+ AS IT MU/ SEEM TO ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/ ALIKE1 ! CRY = A CON/ITUTION1 = A RESPONSIBLE & A RESPONSIVE GOV]NM5T1 & EV5 = LAW OR NOMOS HAS BE5 CLE>LY >TICULAT$ -- & COMMITT$ TO PR9T6 -- BY ! OPPRESS$ = C5TURIES AGA9/ ! CAPRICI\S RULE EX]CIS$ BY MON>*S1 NOBLES1 & BUREAUCRATS4 ,! LIB]T>IAN OPPOSITION TO LAW1 NOT TO SPEAK ( GOV]NM5T AS SU*1 HAS BE5 AS SILLY AS ! IMAGE ( A SNAKE SWALL[+ ITS TAIL4 ,:AT REMA9S 9 ! 5D IS NO?+ BUT A RET9AL AFT]IMAGE ?AT HAS NO EXI/5TIAL REALITY4 

,! ISSUES RAIS$ 9 ! PREC$+ PAGES >E ( MORE ?AN ACADEMIC 9T]E/4 ,AS WE 5T] ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY1 SOCIAL RADICALS NE$ A SOCIALISM -- LIB]T>IAN & REVOLUTION>Y -- ?AT IS NEI!R AN EXT5SION ( ! PEASANT-CRAFT 0ASSOCIATIONISM0 ?AT LIES AT ! CORE ( AN>*ISM NOR ! PROLET>IANISM ?AT LIES AT ! CORE ( REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM & ,M>XISM4 ,H[EV] FA%IONABLE ! TRADITIONAL IDEOLOGIES 7P>TICUL>LY AN>*ISM7 MAY BE AMONG Y\NG PEOPLE TODAY1 A TRULY PROGRESSIVE SOCIALISM ?AT IS 9=M$ BY LIB]T>IAN AS WELL AS ,M>XIAN IDEAS BUT TRANSC5DS !SE OLD] IDEOLOGIES MU/ PROVIDE 9TELLECTUAL LEAD]%IP4 ,= POLITICAL RADICALS TODAY TO SIMPLY RESUSCITATE ,M>XISM1 AN>*ISM1 OR REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM & 5D[ !M ) IDEOLOGICAL IMMORTALITY W\LD BE OB/RUCTIVE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( A RELEVANT RADICAL MOVEM5T4 ,A NEW & COMPREH5SIVE REVOLUTION>Y \TLOOK IS NE$$1 ONE ?AT IS CAPABLE ( SY/EMATICALLY ADDRESS+ ! G5]ALIZ$ ISSUES ?AT MAY POT5TIALLY BR+ MO/ ( SOCIETY 9TO OPPOSITION TO AN EV]-EVOLV+ & *ANG+ CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 

,! CLA% BETWE5 A PR$ATORY SOCIETY BAS$ ON 9DEF9ITE EXPANSION & NONHUMAN NATURE HAS GIV5 RISE TO AN 5SEMBLE ( IDEAS ?AT HAS EM]G$ AS ! EXPLICATION ( ! PRES5T SOCIAL CRISIS & MEAN+FUL RADICAL *ANGE4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 A COH]5T VISION ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT 9T]TW9ES ! MUTUAL IMPACT ( HI]>*Y & CLASS ON ! CIVILIZ+ ( HUMANITY1 HAS = DECADES >GU$ ?AT WE MU/ REORD] SOCIAL RELATIONS SO ?AT HUMANITY CAN LIVE 9 A PROTECTIVE BALANCE ) ! NATURAL WORLD4 

,CONTR>Y TO ! SIMPLI/IC IDEOLOGY ( 0ECO-AN>*ISM10 SOCIAL ECOLOGY MA9TA9S ?AT AN ECOLOGICALLY ORI5T$ SOCIETY CAN BE PROGRESSIVE RA!R ?AN REGRESSIVE1 PLAC+ A /RONG EMPHASIS NOT ON PRIMITIVISM1 AU/]ITY1 & D5IAL BUT ON MAT]IAL PLEASURE & EASE4 ,IF A SOCIETY IS TO BE CAPABLE ( MAK+ LIFE NOT ONLY VA/LY 5JOYABLE = ITS MEMB]S BUT ALSO LEISURELY 5\< ?AT !Y CAN 5GAGE 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL & CULTURAL SELF-CULTIVATION ?AT IS NECESS>Y = CREAT+ CIVILIZATION & A VIBRANT POLITICAL LIFE1 IT MU/ NOT D5IGRATE TE*NICS & SCI5CE BUT BR+ !M 9TO ACCORD ) VISIONS ( HUMAN HAPP9ESS & LEISURE4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS AN ECOLOGY NOT ( HUNG] & MAT]IAL DEPRIVATION BUT ( PL5TY2 IT SEEKS ! CREATION ( A RATIONAL SOCIETY 9 :I* WA/E1 9DE$ EXCESS1 WILL BE CONTROLL$ BY A NEW SY/EM ( VALUES2 & :5 OR IF %ORTAGES >ISE AS A RESULT ( IRRATIONAL BEHAVIOR1 POPUL> ASSEMBLIES WILL E/ABLI% RATIONAL /&>DS ( CONSUMPTION BY DEMOCRATIC PROCESSES4 ,9 %ORT1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY FAVORS MANAGEM5T1 PLANS1 & REGULATIONS =MULAT$ DEMOCRATICALLY BY POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 NOT FREE:EEL+ =MS ( BEHAVIOR ?AT HAVE !IR ORIG9 9 9DIVIDUAL ECC5TRICITIES4 

,COMMUNALISM & ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM 

  

,IT IS MY CONT5TION ?AT ,COMMUNALISM IS ! OV]>*+ POLITICAL CATEGORY MO/ SUITABLE TO 5COMPASS ! FULLY ?\<T \T & SY/EMATIC VIEWS ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 9CLUD+ LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM & DIALECTICAL NATURALISM4.<#a#f.> ,AS AN IDEOLOGY1 ,COMMUNALISM DRAWS ON ! BE/ ( ! OLD] ,LEFT IDEOLOGIES-,M>XISM & AN>*ISM1 MORE PROP]LY ! LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ TRADITION-:ILE (F]+ A WID] & MORE RELEVANT SCOPE = \R TIME4 ,FROM ,M>XISM1 IT DRAWS ! BASIC PROJECT ( =MULAT+ A RATIONALLY SY/EMATIC & COH]5T SOCIALISM ?AT 9TEGRATES PHILOSOPHY1 HI/ORY1 ECONOMICS1 & POLITICS4 ,AV[$LY DIALECTICAL1 IT ATTEMPTS TO 9FUSE !ORY ) PRACTICE4 ,FROM AN>*ISM1 IT DRAWS ITS COMMITM5T TO ANTI/ATISM & CONF$]ALISM1 AS WELL AS ITS RECOGNITION ?AT HI]>*Y IS A BASIC PROBLEM ?AT CAN BE OV]COME ONLY BY A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4.<#a#g.> 

,! *OICE ( ! T]M ,COMMUNALISM TO 5COMPASS ! PHILOSOPHICAL1 HI/ORICAL1 POLITICAL1 & ORGANIZATIONAL COMPON5TS ( A SOCIALISM = ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY HAS NOT BE5 A FLIPPANT ONE4 ,! WORD ORIG9AT$ 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 :5 ! >M$ PEOPLE ( ! ,FR5* CAPITAL RAIS$ B>RICADES NOT ONLY TO DEF5D ! CITY C\NCIL ( ,P>IS & ITS ADM9I/RATIVE SUB/RUCTURES BUT ALSO TO CREATE A NATIONWIDE CONF$]ATION ( CITIES & T[NS TO REPLACE ! REPUBLICAN NATION-/ATE4 ,COMMUNALISM AS AN IDEOLOGY IS NOT SULLI$ BY ! 9DIVIDUALISM & ! (T5 EXPLICIT ANTIRATIONALISM ( AN>*ISM2 NOR DOES IT C>RY ! HI/ORICAL BURD5 ( ,M>XISM'S AU?ORIT>IANISM AS EMBODI$ 9 ,BOL%EVISM4 

,IT DOES NOT FOCUS ON ! FACTORY AS ITS PR9CIPAL SOCIAL >5A OR ON ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT AS ITS MA9 HI/ORICAL AG5T2 & IT DOES NOT R$UCE ! FREE COMMUNITY ( ! FUTURE TO A FANCIFUL M$IEVAL VILLAGE4 ,ITS MO/ IMPORTANT GOAL IS CLE>LY SPELL$ \T 9 A CONV5TIONAL DICTION>Y DEF9ITION3 ,COMMUNALISM1 ACCORD+ TO ,! ,AM]ICAN ,H]ITAGE ,DICTION>Y ( ! ,5GLI% ,LANGUAGE1 IS 0A !ORY OR SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T 9 :I* VIRTUALLY AUTONOM\S LOCAL COMMUNITIES >E LOOSELY B\ND 9 A F$]ATION40.<#a#h.> 

,COMMUNALISM SEEKS TO RECAPTURE ! MEAN+ ( POLITICS 9 ITS BROADE/1 MO/ EMANCIPATORY S5SE1 9DE$1 TO FULFILL ! HI/ORIC POT5TIAL ( ! MUNICIPALITY AS ! DEVELOPM5TAL >5A ( M9D & DISC\RSE4 ,IT CONCEPTUALIZES ! MUNICIPALITY1 POT5TIALLY AT LEA/1 AS A TRANS=MATIVE DEVELOPM5T BEYOND ORGANIC EVOLUTION 9TO ! DOMA9 ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 ,! CITY IS ! DOMA9 :]E ! >*AIC BLOOD-TIE ?AT WAS ONCE LIMIT$ TO ! UNIFICATION ( FAMILIES & TRIBES1 TO ! EXCLUSION ( \TSID]S1 WAS-JURIDICALLY1 AT LEA/-DISSOLV$4 ,IT BECAME ! DOMA9 :]E HI]>*IES BAS$ ON P>O*IAL & SOCIOBIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES ( K9%IP1 G5D]1 & AGE C\LD BE ELIM9AT$ & REPLAC$ BY A FREE SOCIETY BAS$ ON A %>$ COMMON HUMANITY4 ,POT5TIALLY1 IT REMA9S ! DOMA9 :]E ! ONCE-FE>$ /RANG] CAN BE FULLY ABSORB$ 9TO ! COMMUNITY-9ITIALLY AS A PROTECT$ RESID5T ( A COMMON T]RITORY & EV5TUALLY AS A CITIZ51 5GAG$ 9 MAK+ POLICY DECISIONS 9 ! PUBLIC >5A4 ,IT IS ABOVE ALL ! DOMA9 :]E 9/ITUTIONS & VALUES HAVE !IR ROOTS NOT 9 ZOOLOGY BUT 9 CIVIL HUMAN ACTIVITY4 

,LOOK+ BEYOND !SE HI/ORICAL FUNCTIONS1 ! MUNICIPALITY CON/ITUTES ! ONLY DOMA9 = AN ASSOCIATION BAS$ ON ! FREE EX*ANGE ( IDEAS & A CREATIVE 5DEAVOR TO BR+ ! CAPACITIES ( CONSCI\SNESS TO ! S]VICE ( FRE$OM4 ,IT IS ! DOMA9 :]E A M]E ANIMALI/IC ADAPTATION TO AN EXI/+ & PREGIV5 5VIRONM5T CAN BE RADICALLY SUPPLANT$ BY PROACTIVE1 RATIONAL 9T]V5TION 9TO ! WORLD -- 9DE$1 A WORLD YET TO BE MADE & MOLD$ BY REASON- ) A VIEW T[>D 5D+ ! 5VIRONM5TAL1 SOCIAL1 & POLITICAL 9SULTS TO :I* HUMANITY & ! BIOSPH]E HAVE BE5 SUBJECT$ BY CLASSES & HI]>*IES4 ,FRE$ ( DOM9ATION AS WELL AS MAT]IAL EXPLOITATION-9DE$1 RECREAT$ AS A RATIONAL >5A = HUMAN CREATIVITY 9 ALL SPH]ES ( LIFE -- ! MUNICIPALITY BECOMES ! E?ICAL SPACE = ! GOOD LIFE4 ,COMMUNALISM IS ?US NO CONTRIV$ PRODUCT ( M]E FANCY3 IT EXPRESSES AN ABID+ CONCEPT & PRACTICE ( POLITICAL LIFE1 =M$ BY A DIALECTIC ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T & REASON4 

,AS A EXPLICITLY POLITICAL BODY ( IDEAS1 ,COMMUNALISM SEEKS TO RECOV] & ADVANCE ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CITY 7OR COMMUNE7 9 A =M ?AT ACCORDS ) ITS GREATE/ POT5TIALITIES & HI/ORICAL TRADITIONS4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ,COMMUNALISM ACCEPTS ! MUNICIPALITY AS IT IS TODAY4 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y1 ! MOD]N MUNICIPALITY IS 9FUS$ ) MANY /ATI/ FEATURES & (T5 FUNCTIONS AS AN AG5T ( ! B\RGEOIS NATION-/ATE4 ,TODAY1 :5 ! NATION-/ATE /ILL SEEMS SUPREME1 ! RI<TS ?AT MOD]N MUNICIPALITIES POSSESS CANNOT BE DISMISS$ AS ! EPIPH5OM5A ( MORE BASIC ECONOMIC RELATIONS4 ,9DE$1 TO A GREAT DEGREE1 !Y >E ! H>D-WON GA9S ( COMMON]S1 :O LONG DEF5D$ !M AGA9/ ASSAULTS BY RUL+ CLASSES OV] ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY -- EV5 AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE ITSELF4 

,! CONCRETE POLITICAL DIM5SION ( ,COMMUNALISM IS KN[N AS LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 AB\T :I* ,I HAVE PREVI\SLY WRITT5 EXT5SIVELY4 .<#a#i.> ,9 ITS LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ PROGRAM1 ,COMMUNALISM RESOLUTELY SEEKS TO ELIM9ATE /ATI/ MUNICIPAL /RUCTURES & REPLACE !M ) ! 9/ITUTIONS ( A LIB]T>IAN POLITY4 ,IT SEEKS TO RADICALLY RE/RUCTURE CITIES' GOV]N+ 9/ITUTIONS 9TO POPUL> DEMOCRATIC ASSEMBLIES BAS$ ON NEI<BORHOODS1 T[NS1 & VILLAGES4 ,9 !SE POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 CITIZ5S -- 9CLUD+ ! MIDDLE CLASSES AS WELL AS ! WORK+ CLASSES-DEAL ) COMMUNITY AFFAIRS ON A FACE- TO-FACE BASIS1 MAK+ POLICY DECISIONS 9 A DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 & GIV+ REALITY TO ! IDEAL ( A HUMANI/IC1 RATIONAL SOCIETY4 

,M9IMALLY1 IF WE >E TO HAVE ! K9D ( FREE SOCIAL LIFE TO :I* WE ASPIRE1 DEMOCRACY %\LD BE \R =M ( A %>$ POLITICAL LIFE4 ,TO ADDRESS PROBLEMS & ISSUES ?AT TRANSC5D ! B\ND>IES ( A S+LE MUNICIPALITY1 9 TURN1 ! DEMOCRATIZ$ MUNICIPALITIES %\LD JO9 TOGE!R TO =M A BROAD] CONF$]ATION4 ,!SE ASSEMBLIES & CONF$]ATIONS1 BY !IR V]Y EXI/5CE1 C\LD !N *ALL5GE ! LEGITIMACY ( ! /ATE & /ATI/ =MS ( P[]4 ,!Y C\LD EXPRESSLY BE AIM$ AT REPLAC+ /ATE P[] & /ATECRAFT ) POPUL> P[] & A SOCIALLY RATIONAL TRANS=MATIVE POLITICS4 ,& !Y W\LD BECOME >5AS :]E CLASS CONFLICTS C\LD BE PLAY$ \T & :]E CLASSES C\LD BE ELIM9AT$4 

,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/S DO NOT DELUDE !MSELVES ?AT ! /ATE WILL VIEW ) EQUANIMITY !IR ATTEMPTS TO REPLACE PR(ESSIONALIZ$ P[] ) POPUL> P[]4 ,!Y H>BOR NO ILLUSIONS ?AT ! RUL+ CLASSES WILL 9DIFF]5TLY ALL[ A ,COMMUNALI/ MOVEM5T TO DEM& RI<TS ?AT 9FR+E ON ! /ATE'S SOV]EIGNTY OV] T[NS & CITIES4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 REGIONS1 LOCALITIES1 & ABOVE ALL T[NS & CITIES HAVE DESP]ATELY /RUGGL$ TO RECLAIM !IR LOCAL SOV]EIGNTY FROM ! /ATE 7ALBEIT NOT ALWAYS = HI<-M9D$ PURPOSES74 ,COMMUNALI/S' ATTEMPT TO RE/ORE ! P[]S ( T[NS & CITIES & TO KNIT !M TOGE!R 9TO CONF$]ATIONS CAN BE EXPECT$ TO EVOKE 9CREAS+ RESI/ANCE FROM NATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,?AT ! NEW POPUL>-ASSEMBLYI/ MUNICIPAL CONF$]ATIONS WILL EMBODY A DUAL P[] AGA9/ ! /ATE ?AT BECOMES A S\RCE ( GR[+ POLITICAL T5SION IS OBVI\S4 ,EI!R A ,COMMUNALI/ MOVEM5T WILL BE RADICALIZ$ BY ?IS T5SION & WILL RESOLUTELY FACE ALL ITS CONSEQU5CES1 OR IT WILL SURELY S9K 9TO A MORASS ( COMPROMISES ?AT ABSORB IT BACK 9TO ! SOCIAL ORD] ?AT IT ONCE S\<T TO *ANGE4 ,H[ ! MOVEM5T MEETS ?IS *ALL5GE IS A CLE> MEASURE ( ITS S]I\SNESS 9 SEEK+ TO *ANGE ! EXI/+ POLITICAL SY/EM & ! SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS IT DEVELOPS AS A S\RCE ( PUBLIC $UCATION & LEAD]%IP4 

,COMMUNALISM CON/ITUTES A CRITIQUE ( HI]>*ICAL & CAPITALI/ SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,IT SEEKS TO ALT] NOT ONLY ! POLITICAL LIFE ( SOCIETY BUT ALSO ITS ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,ON ?IS SCORE1 ITS AIM IS NOT TO NATIONALIZE ! ECONOMY OR RETA9 PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION BUT TO MUNICIPALIZE ! ECONOMY4 ,IT SEEKS TO 9TEGRATE ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9TO ! EXI/5TIAL LIFE ( ! MUNICIPALITY1 SU* ?AT EV]Y PRODUCTIVE 5T]PRISE FALLS UND] ! PURVIEW ( ! LOCAL ASSEMBLY1 :I* DECIDES H[ IT WILL FUNCTION TO MEET ! 9T]E/S ( ! COMMUNITY AS A :OLE4 ,! SEP>ATION BETWE5 LIFE & WORK1 SO PREVAL5T 9 ! MOD]N CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 MU/ BE OV]COME SO ?AT CITIZ5S' DESIRES & NE$S1 ! >TFUL *ALL5GES ( CREATION 9 ! C\RSE ( PRODUCTION1 & ROLE ( PRODUCTION 9 FA%ION+ ?\<T & SELF-DEF9ITION >E NOT LO/4 0,HUMANITY MAKES ITSELF10 TO CITE ! TITLE ( ,V4 ,GORDON ,*ILDE'S BOOK ON ! URBAN REVOLUTION AT ! 5D ( ! ,NEOLI?IC AGE & ! RISE ( CITIES1 & IT DOES SO NOT ONLY 9TELLECTUALLY & ES!TICALLY1 BUT BY EXP&+ HUMAN NE$S AS WELL AS ! PRODUCTIVE ME?ODS = SATISFY+ !M4 ,WE DISCOV] \RSELVES -- \R POT5TIALITIES & !IR ACTUALIZATION -- ?R\< CREATIVE & USEFUL WORK ?AT NOT ONLY TRANS=MS ! NATURAL WORLD BUT LEADS TO \R SELF-=MATION & SELF-DEF9ITION4 

,WE MU/ ALSO AVOID ! P>O*IALISM & ULTIMATELY ! DESIRES = PROPRIETOR%IP ?AT HAVE AFFLICT$ SO MANY SELF-MANAG$ 5T]PRISES1 SU* AS ! 0COLLECTIVES0 9 ! ,RUSSIAN & ,SPANI% REVOLUTIONS4 ,NOT 5\< HAS BE5 WRITT5 AB\T ! DRIFT AMONG MANY 0SOCIALI/IC0 SELF-MANAG$ 5T]PRISES1 EV5 UND] ! R$ & R$-&-BLACK FLAGS1 RESPECTIVELY1 ( REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIA & REVOLUTION>Y ,SPA91 T[>D =MS ( COLLECTIVE CAPITALISM ?AT ULTIMATELY L$ MANY ( !SE CONC]NS TO COMPETE ) ONE ANO!R = RAW MAT]IALS & M>KETS4 .<#b.> 

,MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 9 ,COMMUNALI/ POLITICAL LIFE1 WORK]S ( DIFF]5T OCCUPATIONS W\LD TAKE !IR SEATS 9 POPUL> ASSEMBLIES NOT AS WORK]S -- PR9T]S1 PLUMB]S1 F\NDRY WORK]S & ! LIKE1 ) SPECIAL OCCUPATIONAL 9T]E/S TO ADVANCE -- BUT AS CITIZ5S1 :OSE OV]RID+ CONC]N %\LD BE ! G5]AL 9T]E/ ( ! SOCIETY 9 :I* !Y LIVE4 ,CITIZ5S %\LD BE FRE$ ( !IR P>TICUL>I/IC ID5TITY AS WORK]S1 SPECIALI/S1 & 9DIVIDUALS CONC]N$ PRIM>ILY ) !IR [N P>TICUL>I/IC 9T]E/S4 ,MUNICIPAL LIFE %\LD BECOME A S*OOL = ! =MATION ( CITIZ5S1 BO? BY ABSORB+ NEW CITIZ5S & BY $UCAT+ ! Y\NG1 :ILE ! ASSEMBLIES !MSELVES %\LD FUNCTION NOT ONLY AS P]MAN5T DECISION-MAK+ 9/ITUTIONS BUT AS >5AS = $UCAT+ ! PEOPLE 9 H&L+ COMPLEX CIVIC & REGIONAL AFFAIRS4 .<#b#a.> 

,9 A ,COMMUNALI/ WAY ( LIFE1 CONV5TIONAL ECONOMICS1 ) ITS FOCUS ON PRICES & SC>CE RES\RCES1 W\LD BE REPLAC$ BY E?ICS1 ) ITS CONC]N = HUMAN NE$S & ! GOOD LIFE4 ,HUMAN SOLID>ITY -- OR PHILIA1 AS ! ,GREEKS CALL$ IT -- W\LD REPLACE MAT]IAL GA9 & EGOTISM4 ,MUNICIPAL ASSEMBLIES W\LD BECOME NOT ONLY VITAL >5AS = CIVIC LIFE & DECISION-MAK+ BUT C5T]S :]E ! %AD[Y WORLD ( ECONOMIC LOGI/ICS1 PROP]LY COORD9AT$ PRODUCTION1 & CIVIC OP]ATIONS W\LD BE DEMY/IFI$ & OP5$ TO ! SCRUT9Y & P>TICIPATION ( ! CITIZ5RY AS A :OLE4 ,! EM]G5CE ( ! NEW CITIZ5 W\LD M>K A TRANSC5D5CE ( ! P>TICUL>I/IC CLASS BE+ ( TRADITIONAL SOCIALISM & ! =MATION ( ! 0NEW MAN0 :I* ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>IES HOP$ !Y C\LD EV5TUALLY A*IEVE4 ,HUMANITY W\LD N[ BE ABLE TO RISE TO ! UNIV]SAL /ATE ( CONSCI\SNESS & RATIONALITY ?AT ! GREAT UTOPIANS ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY & ! ,M>XI/S HOP$ !IR EF=TS W\LD CREATE1 OP5+ ! WAY TO HUMANITY'S FULFILLM5T AS A SPECIES ?AT EMBODIES REASON RA!R ?AN MAT]IAL 9T]E/ & ?AT AF=DS MAT]IAL PO/-SC>CITY RA!R ?AN AN AU/]E H>MONY 5=C$ BY A MORALITY ( SC>CITY & MAT]IAL DEPRIVATION4.<#b#b.> 

,CLASSICAL ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY ( ! FIF? C5TURY ,B4,C4,E41 ! S\RCE ( ! ,WE/]N DEMOCRATIC TRADITION1 WAS BAS$ ON FACE-TO-FACE DECISION-MAK+ 9 COMMUNAL ASSEMBLIES ( ! PEOPLE & CONF$]ATIONS ( ?OSE MUNICIPAL ASSEMBLIES4 ,= MORE ?AN TWO MILL5NIA1 ! POLITICAL WRIT+S ( ,>I/OTLE RECURR5TLY S]V$ TO HEI<T5 \R AW>5ESS ( ! CITY AS ! >5A = ! FULFILLM5T ( HUMAN POT5TIALITIES = REASON1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & ! GOOD LIFE4 ,APPROPRIATELY1 ,>I/OTLE TRAC$ ! EM]G5CE ( ! POLIS FROM ! FAMILY OR OIKOS -- I4E41 ! REALM ( NECESSITY1 :]E HUMAN BE+S SATISFI$ !IR BASICALLY ANIMALI/IC NE$S1 & :]E AU?ORITY RE/$ ) ! ELDE/ MALE4 ,BUT ! ASSOCIATION ( SEV]AL FAMILIES1 HE OBS]V$1 0AIM.<$.> AT SOME?+ MORE ?AN ! SUPPLY ( DAILY NE$S0.<#b#c.>2 ?IS AIM 9ITIAT$ ! E>LIE/ POLITICAL =MATION1 ! VILLAGE4 ,>I/OTLE FAM\SLY DESCRIB$ MAN 7BY :I* HE MEANT ! ADULT ,GREEK MALE .<#b#d.>7 AS A 0POLITICAL ANIMAL0 7POLITIKON ZOON7 :O PRESID$ OV] FAMILY MEMB]S NOT ONLY TO MEET !IR MAT]IAL NE$S BUT AS ! MAT]IAL PRECONDITION = HIS P>TICIPATION 9 POLITICAL LIFE1 9 :I* DISC\RSE & REASON REPLAC$ M9DLESS DE$S1 CU/OM1 & VIOL5CE4 ,?US1 0.<W.>H5 SEV]AL VILLAGES >E UNIT$ 9 A S+LE COMPLETE COMMUNITY 7KO9ONAN71 L>GE 5\< TO BE NE>LY OR QUITE SELF-SUFFIC+10 HE CONT9U$1 0! POLIS COMES 9TO EXI/5CE1 ORIG9AT+ 9 ! B>E NE$S ( LIFE1 & CONT9U+ 9 EXI/5CE = ! SAKE ( A GOOD LIFE40.<#b#e.> 

,= ,>I/OTLE1 & WE MAY ASSUME ALSO = ! ANCI5T ,A!NIANS1 ! MUNICIPALITY'S PROP] FUNCTIONS W]E ?US NOT /RICTLY 9/RUM5TAL OR EV5 ECONOMIC4 ,AS ! LOCALE ( HUMAN CONSOCIATION1 ! MUNICIPALITY1 & ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL >RANGEM5TS ?AT PEOPLE LIV+ !RE CON/RUCT$1 WAS HUMANITY'S TELOS1 ! >5A P> EXCELL5CE :]E HUMAN BE+S1 OV] ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY1 C\LD ACTUALIZE !IR POT5TIALITY = REASON1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & CREATIVITY4 ,?US = ! ANCI5T ,A!NIANS1 POLITICS D5OT$ NOT ONLY ! H&L+ ( ! PRACTICAL AFFAIRS ( A POLITY BUT CIVIC ACTIVITIES ?AT W]E *>G$ ) MORAL OBLIGATION TO ONE'S COMMUNITY4 ,ALL CITIZ5S ( A CITY W]E EXPECT$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 CIVIC ACTIVITIES AS E?ICAL BE+S4 

,EXAMPLES ( MUNICIPAL DEMOCRACY W]E NOT LIMIT$ TO ANCI5T ,A!NS4 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y1 LONG BE=E CLASS DIFF]5TIATIONS GAVE RISE TO ! /ATE1 MANY RELATIVELY SECUL> T[NS PRODUC$ ! E>LIE/ 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURES ( LOCAL DEMOCRACY4 ,ASSEMBLIES ( ! PEOPLE MAY HAVE EXI/$ 9 ANCI5T ,SUM]1 AT ! V]Y BEG9N+ ( ! SO-CALL$ 0URBAN REVOLUTION0 SOME SEV5 OR EI<T ?\S& YE>S AGO4 ,!Y CLE>LY APPE>$ AMONG ! ,GREEKS1 & UNTIL ! DEFEAT ( ! ,GRAC*US BRO!RS1 !Y W]E POPUL> C5T]S ( P[] 9 REPUBLICAN ,ROME4 ,!Y W]E NE>LY UBIQUIT\S 9 ! M$IEVAL T[NS ( ,EUROPE & EV5 9 ,RUSSIA1 NOTABLY 9 ,NOVGOROD & ,PSKOV1 :I*1 = A TIME1 W]E AMONG ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC CITIES 9 ! ,SLAVIC WORLD4 ,! ASSEMBLY1 IT %\LD BE EMPHASIZ$1 BEGAN TO APPROXIMATE ITS TRULY MOD]N =M 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS ( #a#g#i#c1 :5 !Y BECAME ! AU!NTIC MOTIVE =CES ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION & CONSCI\S AG5TS = ! MAK+ ( A NEW BODY POLITIC4 ,?AT !Y W]E NEV] GIV5 ! CONSID]ATION !Y DES]VE 9 ! LIT]ATURE ON DEMOCRACY1 P>TICUL>LY DEMOCRATIC ,M>XI/ T5D5CIES & REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S1 IS DRAMATIC EVID5CE ( ! FLAWS ?AT EXI/$ 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION4 

,!SE DEMOCRATIC MUNICIPAL 9/ITUTIONS NORMALLY EXI/$ 9 COMBATIVE T5SION ) GRASP+ MON>*S1 FEUDAL LORDS1 WEAL?Y FAMILIES1 & FREEBOOT+ 9VAD]S UNTIL !Y W]E CRU%$1 FREQU5TLY 9 BLOODY /RUGGLES4 ,IT CANNOT BE EMPHASIZ$ TOO /RONGLY ?AT EV]Y GREAT REVOLUTION 9 MOD]N HI/ORY HAD A CIVIC DIM5SION ?AT HAS BE5 SMO!R$ 9 RADICAL HI/ORIES BY AN EMPHASIS ON CLASS ANTAGONISMS1 H[EV] IMPORTANT !SE ANTAGONISMS HAVE BE54 ,?US IT IS UN?9KABLE ?AT ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION ( ! #a#f#dS CAN BE UND]/OOD )\T S+L+ \T ,LONDON AS ITS T]RA92 OR1 BY ! SAME TOK51 ANY DISCUSSIONS ( ! V>I\S ,FR5* ,REVOLUTIONS )\T FOCUS+ ON ,P>IS1 OR ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTIONS )\T DWELL+ ON ,PETROGRAD1 OR ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #aicf )\T CIT+ ,B>CELONA AS ITS MO/ ADVANC$ SOCIAL C5T]4 ,?IS C5TRALITY ( ! CITY IS NOT A M]E GEOGRAPHIC FACT2 IT IS1 ABOVE ALL1 A PR(\NDLY POLITICAL ONE1 :I* 9VOLV$ ! WAYS 9 :I* REVOLUTION>Y MASSES AGGREGAT$ & DEBAT$1 ! CIVIC TRADITIONS ?AT N\RI%$ !M1 & ! 5VIRONM5T ?AT FO/]$ !IR REVOLUTION>Y VIEWS4 

,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! ,COMMUNALI/ FRAMEWORK1 9DE$ ITS PRAXIS1 JU/ AS ,COMMUNALISM AS A SY/EMATIC BODY ( REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T IS MEAN+LESS )\T LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM4 ,! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,COMMUNALISM & AU!NTIC OR 0PURE0 AN>*ISM1 LET ALONE ,M>XISM1 >E MU* TOO GREAT TO BE SPANN$ BY A PREFIX SU* AS AN>*O-1 SOCIAL-1 NEO-1 OR EV5 LIB]T>IAN4 ,ANY ATTEMPT TO R$UCE ,COMMUNALISM TO A M]E V>IANT ( AN>*ISM W\LD BE TO D5Y ! 9TEGRITY ( BO? IDEAS -- 9DE$1 TO IGNORE !IR CONFLICT+ CONCEPTS ( DEMOCRACY1 ORGANIZATION1 ELECTIONS1 GOV]NM5T1 & ! LIKE4 ,GU/AVE ,LEFRANCAIS1 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUN>D :O MAY HAVE CO9$ ?IS POLITICAL T]M1 ADAMANTLY DECL>$ ?AT HE WAS 0A ,COMMUNALI/1 NOT AN AN>*I/40.<#b#f.> 

,ABOVE ALL1 ,COMMUNALISM IS 5GAG$ ) ! PROBLEM ( P[]4.<#b#g.> ,9 M>K$ CONTRA/ TO ! V>I\S K9DS ( COMMUNIT>IAN 5T]PRISES FAVOR$ BY MANY SELF-DESIGNAT$ AN>*I/S1 SU* AS 0PEOPLE'S0 G>AGES1 PR9T %OPS1 FOOD COOPS1 & BACKY>D G>D5S1 ADH]5TS ( ,COMMUNALISM MOBILIZE !MSELVES TO ELECTORALLY 5GAGE 9 A POT5TIALLY IMPORTANT C5T] ( P[] -- ! MUNICIPAL C\NCIL -- & TRY TO COMPEL IT TO CREATE LEGISLATIVELY POT5T NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES4 ,!SE ASSEMBLIES1 IT %\LD BE EMPHASIZ$1 W\LD MAKE EV]Y EF=T TO DELEGITIMATE & DEPOSE ! /ATI/ ORGANS ?AT CURR5TLY CONTROL !IR VILLAGES1 T[NS1 OR CITIES & !REAFT] ACT AS ! REAL 5G9ES 9 ! EX]CISE ( P[]4 ,ONCE A NUMB] ( MUNICIPALITIES >E DEMOCRATIZ$ ALONG COMMUNALI/ L9ES1 !Y W\LD ME?ODICALLY CONF$]ATE 9TO MUNICIPAL LEAGUES & *ALL5GE ! ROLE ( ! NATION-/ATE &1 ?R\< POPUL> ASSEMBLIES & CONF$]AL C\NCILS1 TRY TO ACQUIRE CONTROL OV] ECONOMIC & POLITICAL LIFE4 

,F9ALLY1 ,COMMUNALISM1 9 CONTRA/ TO AN>*ISM1 DECID$LY CALLS = DECISION-MAK+ BY MAJORITY VOT+ AS ! ONLY EQUITABLE WAY = A L>GE NUMB] ( PEOPLE TO MAKE DECISIONS4 ,AU!NTIC AN>*I/S CLAIM ?AT ?IS PR9CIPLE -- ! 0RULE0 ( ! M9ORITY BY ! MAJORITY -- IS AU?ORIT>IAN & PROPOSE 9/EAD TO MAKE DECISIONS BY CONS5SUS4 ,CONS5SUS1 9 :I* S+LE 9DIVIDUALS CAN VETO MAJORITY DECISIONS1 ?REAT5S TO ABOLI% SOCIETY AS SU*4 ,A FREE SOCIETY IS NOT ONE 9 :I* ITS MEMB]S1 LIKE ,HOM]'S LOTUS-EAT]S1 LIVE 9 A /ATE ( BLISS )\T MEMORY1 TEMPTATION1 OR KN[L$GE4 ,LIKE IT OR NOT1 HUMANITY HAS EAT5 ( ! FRUIT ( KN[L$GE1 & ITS MEMORIES >E LAD5 ) HI/ORY & EXP]I5CE4 ,9 A LIV$ MODE ( FRE$OM -- CONTR>Y TO M]E CAFE *ATT] -- ! RI<TS ( M9ORITIES TO EXPRESS !IR DISS5T+ VIEWS WILL ALWAYS BE PROTECT$ AS FULLY AS ! RI<TS ( MAJORITIES4 ,ANY ABRIDGM5TS ( ?OSE RI<TS W\LD BE 9/ANTLY CORRECT$ BY ! COMMUNITY -- HOPEFULLY G5TLY1 BUT IF UNAVOIDABLE1 =CEFULLY -- LE/ SOCIAL LIFE COLLAPSE 9TO %E] *AOS4 ,9DE$1 ! VIEWS ( A M9ORITY W\LD BE TREASUR$ AS POT5TIAL S\RCE ( NEW 9SI<TS & NASC5T TRU?S ?AT1 IF ABRIDG$1 W\LD D5Y SOCIETY ! S\RCES ( CREATIVITY & DEVELOPM5TAL ADVANCES -- = NEW IDEAS G5]ALLY EM]GE FROM 9SPIR$ M9ORITIES ?AT GRADUALLY GA9 ! C5TRALITY !Y DES]VE AT A GIV5 TIME & PLACE -- UNTIL1 AGA91 !Y TOO >E *ALL5G$ AS ! CONV5TIONAL WISDOM ( A P]IOD ?AT IS BEG9N+ TO PASS AWAY & REQUIRES NEW 7M9ORITY7 VIEWS TO REPLACE FROZ5 OR?ODOXIES4 

,! ,NE$ = ,ORGANIZATION & ,$UCATION 

  

,IT REMA9S TO ASK3 H[ >E WE TO A*IEVE ?IS RATIONAL SOCIETY8 ,ONE AN>*I/ WRIT] W\LD HAVE IT ?AT ! GOOD SOCIETY 7OR A TRUE 0NATURAL0 DISPOSITION ( AFFAIRS1 9CLUD+ A 0NATURAL MAN07 EXI/S B5EA? ! OPPRESSIVE BURD5S ( CIVILIZATION LIKE F]TILE SOIL B5EA? ! SN[4 ,IT FOLL[S FROM ?IS M5TALITY ?AT ALL WE >E OBLIG$ TO DO TO A*IEVE ! GOOD SOCIETY IS TO SOMEH[ ELIM9ATE ! SN[1 :I* IS TO SAY CAPITALISM1 NATION-/ATES1 *UR*ES1 CONV5TIONAL S*OOLS1 & O!R ALMO/ 5DLESS TYPES ( 9/ITUTIONS ?AT P]V]SELY EMBODY DOM9ATION 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R4 ,PRESUMABLY AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY -- ONCE /ATE1 GOV]NM5TAL1 & CULTURAL 9/ITUTIONS >E M]ELY REMOV$-W\LD EM]GE 9TACT1 READY TO FUNCTION & ?RIVE AS A FREE SOCIETY4 ,SU* A 0SOCIETY10 IF ONE CAN EV5 CALL IT SU*1 W\LD NOT REQUIRE ?AT WE PROACTIVELY CREATE IT3 WE W\LD SIMPLY LET ! SN[ ABOVE IT MELT AWAY4 ,! PROCESS ( RATIONALLY CREAT+ A FREE ,COMMUNALI/ SOCIETY1 ALAS1 WILL REQUIRE SUB/ANTIALLY MORE ?\<T & WORK ?AN EMBRAC+ A MY/IFI$ CONCEPT ( ABORIG9AL 9NOC5CE & BLISS4 

,A ,COMMUNALI/ SOCIETY %\LD RE/1 ABOVE ALL1 ON ! EF=TS ( A NEW RADICAL ORGANIZATION TO *ANGE ! WORLD1 ONE ?AT HAS A NEW POLITICAL VOCABUL>Y TO EXPLA9 ITS GOALS1 & A NEW PROGRAM & !ORETICAL FRAMEWORK TO MAKE ?OSE GOALS COH]5T4 ,IT W\LD1 ABOVE ALL1 REQUIRE D$ICAT$ 9DIVIDUALS :O >E WILL+ TO TAKE ON ! RESPONSIBILITIES ( $UCATION &1 YES1 LEAD]%IP4 ,UNLESS WORDS >E NOT TO BECOME COMPLETELY MY/IFI$ & OBSCURE A REALITY ?AT EXI/S BE=E \R V]Y EYES1 IT %\LD M9IMALLY BE ACKN[L$G$ ?AT LEAD]%IP ALWAYS EXI/S & DOES NOT DISAPPE> BECAUSE IT IS CL\D$ BY EUPHEMISMS SU* AS 0MILITANTS0 OR1 AS 9 ,SPA91 09FLU5TIAL MILITANTS40 ,IT MU/ ALSO BE ACKN[L$GE ?AT MANY 9DIVIDUALS 9 E>LI] GR\PS LIKE ! ,C,N,T W]E NOT JU/ 09FLU5TIAL MILITANTS0 BUT \TRI<T LEAD]S1 :OSE VIEWS W]E GIV5 MORE CONSID]ATION -- & DES]V$LY SO6 -- ?AN ?OSE ( O!RS BECAUSE !Y W]E BAS$ ON MORE EXP]I5CE1 KN[L$GE1 & WISDOM1 AS WELL AS ! PSY*OLOGICAL TRAITS ?AT W]E NE$$ TO PROVIDE EFFECTIVE GUIDANCE4 ,A S]I\S LIB]T>IAN APPROA* TO LEAD]%IP W\LD 9DE$ ACKN[L$GE ! REALITY & CRUCIAL IMPORTANCE ( LEAD]S -- ALL ! MORE TO E/ABLI% ! GREATLY NE$$ =MAL /RUCTURES & REGULATIONS ?AT CAN EFFECTIVELY CONTROL & MODIFY ! ACTIVITIES ( LEAD]S & RECALL !M :5 ! MEMB]%IP DECIDES !IR RESPECT IS BE+ MISUS$ OR :5 LEAD]%IP BECOMES AN EX]CISE 9 ! ABUSIVE EX]CISE ( P[]4 

,A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ MOVEM5T %\LD FUNCTION1 NOT ) ! ADH]5CE ( FLIPPANT & T5TATIVE MEMB]S1 BUT ) PEOPLE :O HAVE BE5 S*OOL$ 9 ! MOVEM5T'S IDEAS1 PROC$URES & ACTIVITIES4 ,!Y %\LD1 9 EFFECT1 DEMON/RATE A S]I\S COMMITM5T TO !IR ORGANIZATION -- AN ORGANIZATION :OSE /RUCTURE IS LAID \T EXPLICITLY 9 A =MAL CON/ITUTION & APPROPRIATE BYLAWS4 ,)\T A DEMOCRATICALLY =MULAT$ & APPROV$ 9/ITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK :OSE MEMB]S & LEAD]S CAN BE HELD ACC\NTABLE1 CLE>LY >TICULAT$ /&>DS ( RESPONSIBILITY CEASE TO EXI/4 ,9DE$1 IT IS PRECISELY :5 A MEMB]%IP IS NO LONG] RESPONSIBLE TO ITS CON/ITUTIONAL & REGULATORY PROVISIONS ?AT AU?ORIT>IANISM DEVELOPS & EV5TUALLY LEADS TO ! MOVEM5T'S IMMOLATION4 ,FRE$OM FROM AU?ORIT>IANISM CAN BE/ BE ASSUR$ ONLY BY ! CLE>1 CONCISE1 & DETAIL$ ALLOCATION ( P[]1 NOT BY PRET5SIONS ?AT P[] & LEAD]%IP >E =MS ( 0RULE0 OR BY LIB]T>IAN METAPHORS ?AT CONCEAL !IR REALITY4 ,IT HAS BE5 PRECISELY :5 AN ORGANIZATION FAILS TO >TICULATE !SE REGULATORY DETAILS ?AT ! CONDITIONS EM]GE = ITS DEG5]ATION & DECAY4 

,IRONICALLY1 NO /RATUM HAS BE5 MORE 9SI/5T 9 DEM&+ ITS FRE$OM TO EX]CISE ITS WILL AGA9/ REGULATION ?AN *IEFS1 MON>*S1 NOBLES1 & ! B\RGEOISIE2 SIMIL>LY EV5 WELL- MEAN+ AN>*I/S HAVE SE5 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY AS ! TRUE EXPRESSION ( FRE$OM FROM ! 0>TIFICIALITIES0 ( CIVILIZATION4 ,9 ! REALM ( TRUE FRE$OM -- ?AT IS1 FRE$OM ?AT HAS BE5 ACTUALIZ$ AS ! RESULT ( CONSCI\SNESS1 KN[L$GE1 & NECESSITY -- TO KN[ :AT WE CAN & CANNOT DO IS MORE CLEANLY HONE/ & TRUE TO REALITY ?AN TO AV]T ! RESPONSIBILITY ( KN[+ ! LIMITS ( ! LIV$ WORLD4 ,SAID A V]Y WISE MAN MORE ?AN A C5TURY & A HALF AGO3 0,M5 MAKE !IR [N HI/ORY1 BUT !Y DO NOT MAKE IT JU/ AS !Y PLEASE40 

,CREAT+ A ,NEW ,LEFT 

  

,! NE$ = ! 9T]NATIONAL ,LEFT TO ADVANCE C\RAGE\SLY BEYOND A ,M>XI/1 AN>*I/1 SYNDICALI/1 OR VAGUE SOCIALI/ FRAMEWORK T[>D A ,COMMUNALI/ FRAMEWORK IS P>TICUL>LY COMPELL+ TODAY4 ,R>ELY 9 ! HI/ORY ( LEFTI/ POLITICAL IDEAS HAVE IDEOLOGIES BE5 SO WILDLY & IRRESPONSIBLY MUDDL$2 R>ELY HAS IDEOLOGY ITSELF BE5 SO DISP>AG$2 R>ELY HAS ! CRY = 0,UNITY60 ON ANY T]MS BE5 HE>D ) SU* DESP]ATION4 ,TO BE SURE1 ! V>I\S T5D5CIES ?AT OPPOSE CAPITALISM %\LD 9DE$ UNITE >\ND EF=TS TO DISCR$IT & ULTIMATELY EFFACE ! M>KET SY/EM4 ,TO SU* 5DS1 UNITY IS AN 9VALUABLE DESID]ATUM3 A UNIT$ FRONT ( ! 5TIRE ,LEFT IS NE$$ 9 ORD] TO C\NT] ! 5TR5*$ SY/EM-9DE$1 CULTURE-( COMMODITY PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE1 & TO DEF5D ! RESIDUAL RI<TS ?AT ! MASSES HAVE WON 9 E>LI] /RUGGLES AGA9/ OPPRESSIVE GOV]NM5TS & SOCIAL SY/EMS4 

,! URG5CY ( ?IS NE$1 H[EV]1 DOES NOT REQUIRE MOVEM5T P>TICIPANTS TO AB&ON MUTUAL CRITICISM1 OR TO /IFLE !IR CRITICISM ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN TRAITS PRES5T 9 ANTICAPITALI/ ORGANIZATIONS4 ,LEA/ ( ALL DOES IT REQUIRE !M TO COMPROMISE ! 9TEGRITY & ID5TITY ( !IR V>I\S PROGRAMS4 ,? VA/ MAJORITY ( P>TICIPANTS 9 TODAY'S MOVEM5T >E 9EXP]I5C$ Y\NG RADICALS :O HAVE COME ( AGE 9 AN ]A ( PO/MOD]NI/ RELATIVISM4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ! MOVEM5T IS M>K$ BY A *ILL+ ECLECTICISM1 9 :I* T5TATIVE OP9IONS >E *AOTICALLY MISM>RI$ TO IDEALS ?AT %\LD RE/ ON S\NDLY OBJECTIVE PREMISES4.<#b#h.> ,9 A MILIEU :]E ! CLE> EXPRESSION ( IDEAS IS NOT VALU$ & T]MS >E 9APPROPRIATELY US$1 & :]E >GUM5TATION IS DISP>AG$ AS 0AGGRESSIVE0 &1 WORSE1 0DIVISIVE10 IT BECOMES DIFFICULT TO =MULATE IDEAS 9 ! CRUCIBLE ( DEBATE4 ,IDEAS GR[ & MATURE BE/1 9 FACT1 NOT 9 ! SIL5CE & CONTROLL$ HUMIDITY ( AN IDEOLOGICAL NURS]Y1 BUT 9 ! TUMULT ( DISPUTE & MUTUAL CRITICISM4 

,FOLL[+ REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ PRACTICES ( ! PA/1 ,COMMUNALI/S W\LD TRY TO =MULATE A M9IMUM PROGRAM ?AT CALLS = SATISFACTION ( ! IMM$IATE CONC]NS ( ! MASSES1 SU* AS IMPROV$ WAGES & %ELT] OR ADEQUATE P>K SPACE & TRANSPORTATION4 ,?IS M9IMUM PROGRAM W\LD AIM TO SATISFY ! MO/ ELEM5TAL NE$S ( ! MASSES1 TO IMPROVE !IR ACCESS TO ! RES\RCES ?AT MAKE DAILY LIFE TOL]ABLE4 ,! MAXIMUM PROGRAM1 BY CONTRA/1 W\LD PRES5T AN IMAGE ( :AT HUMAN LIFE C\LD BE LIKE UND] LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 AT LEA/ AS F> AS SU* A SOCIETY IS =ESEEABLE 9 A WORLD ?AT IS CONT9UALLY *ANG+ UND] ! IMPACT ( SEEM+LY UN5D+ 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTIONS4 

,EV5 MORE1 H[EV]1 ,COMMUNALI/S W\LD SEE !IR PROGRAM & PRACTICE AS A PROCESS4 ,9DE$1 A TRANSITIONAL PROGRAM 9 :I* EA* NEW DEM& PROVIDES ! SPR+BO>D = ESCALAT+ DEM&S ?AT LEAD T[>D MORE RADICAL & EV5TUALLY REVOLUTION>Y DEM&S4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ /RIK+ EXAMPLES ( A TRANSITIONAL DEM& WAS ! PROGRAMMATIC CALL 9 ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY BY ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL = A POPUL> MILITIA TO REPLACE A PR(ESSIONAL >MY4 ,9 /ILL O!R CASES1 REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S DEM&$ ?AT RAILROADS BE PUBLICLY [N$ 7OR1 AS REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S MI<T HAVE DEM&$1 BE CONTROLL$ BY RAILROAD WORK]S7 RA!R ?AN PRIVATELY [N$ & OP]AT$4 ,NONE ( !SE DEM&S W]E 9 !MSELVES REVOLUTION>Y1 BUT !Y OP5$ PA?WAYS1 POLITICALLY1 TO REVOLUTION>Y =MS ( [N]%IP & OP]ATION -- :I*1 9 TURN1 C\LD BE ESCALAT$ TO A*IEVE ! MOVEM5T'S MAXIMUM PROGRAM4 ,O!RS MI<T CRITICIZE SU* /EP-BY-/EP 5DEAVORS AS 0RE=MI/10 BUT ,COMMUNALI/S DO NOT CONT5D ?AT A ,COMMUNALI/ SOCIETY CAN BE LEGISLAT$ 9TO EXI/5CE4 ,:AT !SE DEM&S TRY TO A*IEVE1 9 ! %ORT T]M1 >E NEW RULES ( 5GAGEM5T BETWE5 ! PEOPLE & CAPITAL -- RULES ?AT >E ALL ! MORE NE$$ AT A TIME :5 0DIRECT ACTION0 IS BE+ CONFUS$ ) PROTE/S ( M]E EV5TS :OSE AG5DA IS SET 5TIRELY BY ! RUL+ CLASSES4 

,ON ! :OLE1 ,COMMUNALISM IS TRY+ TO RESCUE A REALM ( PUBLIC ACTION & DISC\RSE ?AT IS EI!R DISAPPE>+ OR ?AT IS BE+ BE R$UC$ TO (T5-MEAN+LESS 5GAGEM5TS ) ! POLICE1 OR TO /REET !AT] ?AT1 H[EV] >TFULLY1 R$UCES S]I\S ISSUES TO SIMPLI/IC P]=MANCES ?AT HAVE NO 9/RUCTIVE 9FLU5CE4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ,COMMUNALI/S TRY TO BUILD LA/+ ORGANIZATIONS & 9/ITUTIONS ?AT CAN PLAY A SOCIALLY TRANS=MATIVE ROLE 9 ! REAL WORLD4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ,COMMUNALI/S DO NOT HESITATE TO RUN C&IDATES 9 MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS :O1 IF ELECT$1 W\LD USE :AT REAL P[] !IR (FICES CONF] TO LEGISLATE POPUL> ASSEMBLIES 9TO EXI/5CE4 ,!SE ASSEMBLIES1 9 TURN1 W\LD HAVE ! P[] ULTIMATELY TO CREATE EFFECTIVE =MS ( T[N-MEET+ GOV]NM5T4 ,9ASMU* AS ! EM]G5CE ( ! CITY -- & CITY C\NCILS -- LONG PREC$$ ! EM]G5CE ( CLASS SOCIETY1 C\NCILS BAS$ ON POPUL> ASSEMBLIES >E NOT 9H]5TLY /ATI/ ORGANS1 & TO P>TICIPATE S]I\SLY 9 MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS C\NT]VAILS RE=MI/ SOCIALI/ ATTEMPTS TO ELECT /ATI/ DELEGATES BY (F]+ ! HI/ORIC LIB]T>IAN VISION ( MUNICIPAL CONF$]ATIONS AS A PRACTICAL1 COMBATIVE1 & POLITICALLY CR$IBLE POPUL> ALT]NATIVE TO /ATE P[]4 ,9DE$1 ,COMMUNALI/ C&IDACIES1 :I* EXPLICITLY D5\NCE P>LIAM5T>Y C&IDACIES AS OPPORTUNI/1 KEEP ALIVE ! DEBATE OV] H[ LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM CAN BE A*IEV$ -- A DEBATE ?AT HAS BE5 LANGUI%+ = YE>S4 

,!RE %\LD BE NO SELF-DECEPTION AB\T ! OPPORTUNITIES ?AT EXI/ AS A MEANS ( TRANS=M+ \R EXI/+ IRRATIONAL SOCIETY 9TO A RATIONAL ONE4 ,\R *OICES ON H[ TO TRANS=M ! EXI/+ SOCIETY >E /ILL ON ! TABLE ( HI/ORY & >E FAC$ ) IMM5SE PROBLEMS4 ,BUT UNLESS PRES5T & FUTURE G5]ATIONS >E BEAT5 9TO COMPLETE SUBMISSION BY A CULTURE BAS$ ON QUEASY CALCULATION AS WELL AS BY POLICE ) TE> GAS & WAT] CANNONS1 WE CANNOT DESI/ FROM FI<T+ = :AT FRE$OMS WE HAVE & TRY TO EXP& !M 9TO A FREE SOCIETY :]EV] ! OPPORTUNITY TO DO SO EM]GES4 ,AT ANY RATE WE N[ KN[1 9 ! LI<T ( ALL ! WEAPONRY & MEANS ( ECOLOGICAL DE/RUCTION ?AT >E AT H&1 ?AT ! NE$ = RADICAL *ANGE CANNOT BE 9DEF9ITELY DEF]R$4 ,:AT IS CLE> IS ?AT HUMAN BE+S >E MU* TOO 9TELLIG5T NOT TO HAVE A RATIONAL SOCIETY2 ! MO/ S]I\S QUE/ION WE FACE IS :E!R !Y >E RATIONAL 5\< TO A*IEVE ONE4 

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,AFT] ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 
,AFT] ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

  

,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 UN=TUNATELY DID NOT LIVE TO SEE ! PUBLICATION ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY & ,COMMUNALISM4 ,JULY #c?1 #b#f1 HE DI$ PEACEFULLY 9 HIS HOME1 SURR\ND$ BY FAMILY & FRI5DS4 

,UNTIL HIS V]Y LA/ BREA?1 ,BOOK*9 NEV] AB&ON$ HIS COMMITM5T TO HUMANISM & ,5LI<T5M5T1 & HE WAS ALWAYS A =CEFUL REPRES5TATIVE ( ! GREAT RADICAL TRADITIONS HE /ROVE TO NURTURE & DEVELOP4 ,AL?\< HIS IMPACT ON ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T & ON GRASSROOTS ACTIVISM IS RECOGNIZ$ & APPRECIAT$1 ,BOOK*9'S REAL IMPORTANCE & ORIG9ALITY HAS YET TO BE ASS]T$4 ,=TUNATELY ,BOOK*9 WAS NOT ONLY A LIFELONG ACTIVI/ BUT ALSO A PROLIFIC WRIT]1 LEAV+ BEH9D NUM]\S BOOKS1 ESSAYS1 LECTURES1 & 9T]VIEWS4 ,BOOK*9 WAS A REAL ?9K] -- CONTROV]SIAL & /IMULAT+ -- & HE MA9TA9$ A CONSI/5T SOCIAL FOCUS ALL HIS LIFE4 ,)\T D\BT1 ! LOSS ( ?IS GREAT REVOLUTION>Y WILL BE FELT = MANY YE>S TO COME4 

,! PUBLICATION ( !SE ESSAYS SEEMS P>TICUL>LY APPROPRIATE N[1 AS !Y CAN HELP US UND]/& H[ ,BOOK*9 HAS LEFT US A COMPREH5SIVE & COH]5T CORPUS4 ,?IS BOOK IS IMPORTANT = TWO REASONS4 ,FIR/1 IT PROVIDES A DEC5T & ACCESSIBLE 9TRODUCTION TO ,BOOK*9'S BASIC IDEAS1 & IT IS MY S9C]E HOPE ?AT ?IS BOOK WILL 5C\RAGE ! READ] TO TAKE A CLOS] LOOK AT HIS RI* !ORETICAL WORKS4 ,SECOND1 IT PROVIDES A V]Y DEF9ABLE & IDEOLOGICAL FOCUS BY :I* WE CAN EVALUATE HIS OLD] WORKS & HIS MANY POLEMICS4 ,9DE$1 0,! ,COMMUNALI/ ,PROJECT0 WAS ! LA/ PROP] ESSAY ,BOOK*9 EV] WROTE1 & ! OLDE/ ESSAYS W]E REVIS$ QUITE REC5TLY4 7,IT C\LD ALSO BE NOT$ ?AT ,I PRES5T$ MY $ITORIAL *OICES TO HIM :ILE WORK+ ON ?IS PROJECT1 & HE EV5 READ & COMM5T$ ON ! 9TRODUCTION ,I HAVE WRITT5 = ?IS BOOK47 ,BOOK*9 WAS 5?USIA/IC AB\T ?IS SPECIFIC COLLECTION ( ESSAYS1 & ?\<T ?AT !Y REPRES5T$ ! MO/ REC5T &1 9 MANY WAYS1 CLE>E/ EXPRESSION ( HIS IDEOLOGICAL /ANCE4 ,9 ?AT RESPECT1 !Y CAN BE CONSID]$ A POLITICAL TE/AM5T4 

,I BELIEVE ?AT SOCIAL ECOLOGY & ,COMMUNALISM1 & ! :OLE BODY ( IDEAS ?AT ,BOOK*9 CREAT$1 HAS LEFT US ) A TREM5D\S LEGACY ?AT WILL CONT9UE TO *ALL5GE US & 9SPIRE US 9 ! /RUGGLE = A NEW LIB]T>IAN & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,LET US MAKE SURE !SE IDEAS GET ! ATT5TION !Y DES]VE1 & HELP CREATE ! FREE SOCIETY ?AT ,BOOK*9 NEV] HAD ! PRIVILEGE TO SEE COME 9TO BE+4 ,CREAT+ A NEW RADICAL MOVEM5T1 & 9DE$ A NEW SOCIETY1 IS AN IMM5SE PROJECT ?AT CAN NOT BE TAK5 LI<TLY4 ,AS ,BOOK*9 HIMSELF WROTE 9 ,RE-5*ANT+ ,HUMANITY3 0,! A*IEVEM5T ( FRE$OM MU/ BE A FREE ACT ON ! HI<E/ LEVEL ( 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL PROBITY1 = IF WE CANNOT ACT VIGOR\SLY TO FREE \RSELVES1 WE WILL NOT DES]VE TO BE FREE40 

,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 ?REW D[N ! GANTLET4 

,! FUTURE IS \R RESPONSIBILITY4 

,EIRIK ,EIGLAD1  

 ,OCTOB] #c?1 #bf 

O ,NOTES 

.<#a.> ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 0,ECOLOGY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,?\<T10 ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ! LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ P]IODICAL ,COMM5T 7,SEPTEMB] #a#i#f#e7 & COLLECT$1 TOGE!R ) ALL MY MAJOR ESSAYS ( ! #a#i#fS1 9 ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM 7,B]KELEY3 ,RAMP>TS ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#b2 REPR9T$ ,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#g#g74 ,! EXPRESSION 0E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY0 IS FROM MY ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM3 ,! ,EM]G5CE & ,DISSOLUTION ( ,HI]>*Y 7,SAN ,FRANCISCO3 ,*E%IRE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h#b2 REVIS$ $ITION ,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#i#a2 REPR9T$ ) A NEW 9TRODUCTION BY ,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#e74 

.<#b.> ,I AM NOT SAY+ ?AT COMPLEXITY NECESS>ILY YIELDS SUBJECTIVITY1 M]ELY ?AT IT IS DIFFICULT TO CONCEIVE ( SUBJECTIVITY )\T COMPLEXITY1 SPECIFICALLY ! N]V\S SY/EM4 ,HUMAN BE+S1 AS ACTIVE AG5TS 9 *ANG+ !IR 5VIRONM5TS TO SUIT !IR NE$S1 C\LD NOT HAVE A*IEV$ !IR PRES5T LEVEL ( CONTROL OV] !IR 5VIRONM5TS )\T !IR EXTRAORD9>Y COMPLEX BRA9S & N]V\S SY/EMS - A REM>KABLE EXAMPLE ( ! SPECIALIZATION ( AN ORGAN SY/EM ?AT HAD HI<LY G5]AL FUNCTIONS4 

.<#c.> ,NEIL ,EV]ND51 ,! ,NATURAL ,ALI5 7,TORONTO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,TORONTO ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#f71 P4 #a#i4 

.<#d.> ,QUOT$ 9 ,ALAN ,WOLFE1 0,UP FROM ,HUMANISM10 ,AM]ICAN ,PROSPECT 7,W9T] #a#i#i#a71 P4 #a#b#e4 

.<#e.> ,PAUL ,RAD91 ,! ,WORLD ( ,PRIMITIVE ,MAN 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,GROVE ,PRESS1 #a#i#f71 P4 #b#a#a4 

.<#f.> ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM 7,PALO ,ALTO1 ,C,A3 ,*E%IRE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h#b71 P4 #b#i4 

.<#g.> ,D] ,SPIEGEL 7,SEPT4 #a#f1 #a#i#i#a71 PP4 #a#d#d-#d#e4 

.<#h.> ,I SPELL$ \T ALL !SE VIEWS 9 MY #a#i#f#d-#f#e ESSAY 0,ECOLOGY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,?\<T10 & !Y W]E ASSIMILAT$ OV] TIME BY SUBSEQU5T ECOLOGY MOVEM5TS4 ,MANY ( ! TE*NOLOGICAL VIEWS ADVANC$ 9 MY #aife ESSAY 0,T[>D A ,LIB]ATORY ,TE*NOLOGY0 W]E ALSO ASSIMILAT$ & R5AM$ 0APPROPRIATE TE*NOLOGY10 A RA!R SOCIALLY NEUTRAL EXPRESSION 9 COMP>ISON ) MY ORIG9AL T]M ECOTE*NOLOGY4 ,BO? ( !SE ESSAYS CAN BE F\ND 9 ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM4 

.<#i.> ,SEE 0,! ,=MS ( ,FRE$OM0 9 ,PO/ ,SC>CITY-,AN>*ISM2 0,! ,LEGACY ( ,FRE$OM0 9 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM 2 & 0,PATT]NS ( ,CIVIC ,FRE$OM 0 9 ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES3 ,T[>DS A ,NEW ,POLITICS ( ,CITIZ5%IP 7#a#i#h#b1 #a#i#i#b2 REV4 $4 ,LONDON3 ,CASSELL1 #a#i#i#e74 

.<#a.> ,MANY LESS-WELL-KN[N NAMES C\LD BE ADD$ TO ?IS LI/1 BUT ONE ?AT 9 P>TICUL> ,I W\LD LIKE V]Y MU* TO S+LE \T IS ! GALLANT LEAD] ( ! ,LEFT ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY1 ,M>IA ,SPIRIDONOVA1 :OSE SUPPORT]S W]E VIRTUALLY ALONE 9 PROPOS+ A WORKABLE REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM = ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE 9 #a#i#a#g-#a#h4 ,!IR FAILURE TO IMPLEM5T !IR POLITICAL 9SI<TS & REPLACE ! ,BOL%EVIKS 7) :OM !Y 9ITIALLY JO9$ 9 =M+ ! FIR/ ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T7 NOT ONLY L$ TO !IR DEFEAT BUT CONTRIBUT$ TO ! DISA/R\S FAILURE ( REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS 9 ! C5TURY ?AT FOLL[$4 

.<#a#a.> ,I FRANKLY REG>D ?IS CONTRADICTION AS MORE FUNDAM5TAL ?AN ! (T5-9DISC]NIBLE T5D5CY ( ! RATE ( PR(IT TO DECL9E & !REBY TO R5D] CAPITALI/ EX*ANGE 9OP]ABLE - A CONTRADICTION TO :I* ,M>XI/S ASSIGN$ A DECISIVE ROLE 9 ! N9ETE5? & E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURIES4 

.<#a#b.> ,CONTR>Y TO ,M>X'S ASS]TION ?AT A SOCIETY DISAPPE>S ONLY :5 IT HAS EXHAU/$ ITS CAPACITY = NEW TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5TS1 CAPITALISM IS 9 A /ATE ( P]MAN5T TE*NOLOGICAL REVOLUTION - AT TIMES1 FRI<T5+LY SO4 ,M>X ]R$ ON ?IS SCORE3 IT WILL TAKE MORE ?AN TE*NOLOGICAL /AGNATION TO T]M9ATE ?IS SY/EM ( SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,AS NEW ISSUES *ALL5GE ! VALIDITY ( ! 5TIRE SY/EM1 ! POLITICAL & ECOLOGICAL DOMA9S WILL BECOME ALL ! MORE IMPORTANT4 ,ALT]NATIVELY1 WE >E FAC$ ) ! PROSPECT ?AT CAPITALISM MAY PULL D[N ! 5TIRE WORLD & LEAVE BEH9D LITTLE MORE ?AN A%ES & RU9 - A*IEV+1 9 %ORT1 ! 0CAPITALI/ B>B>ISM0 ( :I* ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG W>N$ 9 H] 0,JUNIUS0 ESSAY4 

.<#a#c.> ,I USE ! WORD EXTRAORD9>Y BECAUSE1 BY ,M>XI/ /&>DS1 ,EUROPE WAS /ILL OBJECTIVELY UNPREP>$ = A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#a#d4 ,MU* ( ! CONT95T1 9 FACT1 HAD YET TO BE COLONIZ$ BY ! CAPITALI/ M>KET OR B\RGEOIS SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,! PROLET>IAT - /ILL A V]Y CONSPICU\S M9ORITY ( ! POPULATION 9 A SEA ( PEASANTS & SMALL PRODUC]S - HAD YET TO MATURE AS A CLASS 9TO A SIGNIFICANT =CE4 ,DESPITE ! OPPROBRIUM ?AT HAS BE5 HEAP$ ON ,PLEKHANOV1 ,KAUTSKY1 ,B]N/E9 ET AL41 !Y HAD A BETT] UND]/&+ ( ! FAILURE ( ,M>XI/ SOCIALISM TO EMB$ ITSELF 9 PROLET>IAN CONSCI\SNESS ?AN DID ,L594 ,LUXEMBURG1 9 ANY CASE1 /RADDL$ ! SO-CALL$ 0SOCIAL-PATRIOTIC0 & 09T]NATIONALI/0 CAMPS 9 H] IMAGE ( A ,M>XI/ P>TY'S FUNCTION1 9 CONTRA/ TO ,L591 H] PR9CIPAL OPPON5T 9 ! SO-CALL$ 0ORGANIZATIONAL QUE/ION0 9 ! ,LEFT ( ! W>TIME SOCIALI/S1 :O WAS PREP>$ TO E/ABLI% A 0PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP0 UND] ALL & ANY CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> WAS BY NO MEANS 9EVITABLE1 & IT G5]AT$ DEMOCRATIC & NATIONALI/ REVOLUTIONS RA!R ?AN PROLET>IAN ONES4 7,RUSSIA1 9 ?IS RESPECT1 WAS NO MORE A 0WORK]S' /ATE0 UND] ,BOL%EVIK RULE ?AN W]E ! ,HUNG>IAN & ,BAV>IAN 0SOVIET0 REPUBLICS47 ,NOT UNTIL #aici WAS ,EUROPE PLAC$ 9 A POSITION :]E A WORLD W> WAS 9EVITABLE4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y ,LEFT 7TO :I* ,I BELONG$ AT ! TIME7 FRANKLY ]R$ PR(\NDLY :5 IT TOOK A SO-CALL$ 09T]NATIONALI/0 POSITION & REFUS$ TO SUPPORT ! ,ALLIES 7!IR IMP]IALI/ PA?OLOGIES NOT)/&+7 AGA9/ ! VANGU>D ( WORLD FASCISM1 ! ,?IRD ,REI*4 

.<#a#d.> ,KROPOTK91 = EXAMPLE1 REJECT$ DEMOCRATIC DECISION-MAK+ PROC$URES3 0,MAJORITY RULE IS AS DEFECTIVE AS ANY O!R K9D ( RULE10 HE ASS]T$4 ,SEE ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 0,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM3 ,ITS ,BASIS & ,PR9CIPLES10 9 ,KROPOTK9'S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PAMPHLETS1 $IT$ BY ,ROG] ,N4 ,BALDW9 7#a#i#b#g2 REPR9T$ BY ,NEW ,YORK3 ,DOV]1 #a#i#g71 P4 #f#h4 

.<#a#e.> ,I HAVE MADE ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 POLITICS & /ATECRAFT 91 = EXAMPLE1 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES3 ,T[>D A ,NEW ,POLITICS ( ,CITIZ5%IP 7#a#i#h#g2 REPR9T$ BY ,LONDON3 ,CASSELL1 #a#i#i#b71 PP4 #d#a-#c1 #e#i-#f#a4 

.<#a#f.> ,SEV]AL YE>S AGO1 :ILE ,I /ILL ID5TIFI$ MYSELF AS AN AN>*I/1 ,I ATTEMPT$ TO =MULATE A DI/9CTION BETWE5 0SOCIAL0 & 0LIFE/YLE0 AN>*ISM1 & ,I WROTE AN >TICLE ?AT ID5TIFI$ ,COMMUNALISM AS 0! DEMOCRATIC DIM5SION ( AN>*ISM0 7SEE ,LEFT ,GRE5 ,P]SPECTIVES1 NO4 #c#a1 ,OCTOB] #a#i#i#d74 ,I NO LONG] BELIEVE ?AT ,COMMUNALISM IS A M]E 0DIM5SION0 ( AN>*ISM1 DEMOCRATIC OR O!RWISE2 RA!R1 IT IS A DI/9CT IDEOLOGY ) A REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION ?AT HAS YET TO BE EXPLOR$4 

.<#a#g.> ,TO BE SURE1 !SE PO9TS UND]GO MODIFICATION 9 ,COMMUNALISM3 = EXAMPLE1 ,M>XISM'S HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM1 EXPLA9+ ! RISE ( CLASS SOCIETIES1 IS EXP&$ BY SOCIAL ECOLOGY'S EXPLANATION ( ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL & HI/ORICAL RISE ( HI]>*Y4 ,M>XIAN DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM1 9 TURN1 IS TRANSC5D$ BY DIALECTICAL NATURALISM2 & ! AN>*O-COMMUNI/ NOTION ( A V]Y LOOSE 0F$]ATION ( AUTONOM\S COMMUNES0 IS REPLAC$ ) A CONF$]ATION FROM :I* ITS COMPON5TS1 FUNCTION+ 9 A DEMOCRATIC MANN] ?R\< CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLIES1 MAY )DRAW ONLY ) ! APPROVAL ( ! CONF$]ATION AS A :OLE4 

.<#a#h.> ,:AT IS SO SURPRIS+ AB\T ?IS M9IMALI/ DICTION>Y DEF9ITION IS ITS OV]ALL ACCURACY3 ,I W\LD TAKE ISSUE ONLY ) ITS =MULATIONS 0VIRTUALLY AUTONOM\S0 & 0LOOSELY B\ND10 :I* SUGGE/ A P>O*IAL & P>TICUL>I/IC1 EV5 IRRESPONSIBLE RELATION%IP ( ! COMPON5TS ( A CONF$]ATION4 

.<#a#i.> ,MY WRIT+S ON LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM DATE BACK TO ! E>LY #a#i#gS1 ) 0,SPR+ ,(F5SIVES & ,SUMM] ,VACATIONS10 ,AN>*OS1 NO4 #d 7#a#i#g#b74 ,! MORE SIGNIFICANT WORKS 9CLUDE ! BOOKS ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES 7#a#i#h#g2 REPR9T$ BY ,LONDON3 ,CASSELL1 #a#i#i#b7 & ,! ,LIMITS ( ! ,CITY 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>P] ,COLOPHON1 #a#i#g#d71 AS WELL AS ! >TICLES 0,!SES ON ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM10 ,\R ,G5]ATION .<,MONTREAL.>1 VOL4 #a#f1 NOS4 #c-#d 7,SPR+_/,SUMM] #a#i#h#e72 0,RADICAL ,POLITICS 9 AN ,]A ( ,ADVANC$ ,CAPITALISM10 79CLUD$ H]E972 0,! ,MEAN+ ( ,CONF$]ALISM10 ,GRE5 ,P]SPECTIVES1 NO4 #b 7,NOVEMB] #a#i#i72 & 0,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM3 ,AN ,OV]VIEW10 ,GRE5 ,P]SPECTIVES1 NO4 #bd 7,OCTOB] #a#i#i#a74 ,= A CONCISE SUMM>Y1 SEE ,JANET ,BIEHL1 ,! ,POLITICS ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY3 ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM 7,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#i#h74 

.<#b.> ,= ONE SU* DISCUSSION1 SEE ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 0,! ,<O/ ( ,AN>*OSYNDICALISM10 ,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES1 VOL4 #a1 NO4 #a 7,SPR+ #a#i#i#c74 

.<#b#a.> ,ONE ( ! GREAT TRAG$IES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #aiag & ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #aicf WAS ! FAILURE ( ! MASSES TO ACQUIRE MORE ?AN ! SCANTIE/ KN[L$GE ( SOCIAL LOGI/ICS & ! COMPLEX 9T]L9KAGES 9VOLV$ 9 PROVID+ = ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE 9 A MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,9ASMU* AS ?OSE :O HAD ! EXP]TIZE 9VOLV$ 9 MANAG+ PRODUCTIVE 5T]PRISES & 9 MAK+ CITIES FUNCTIONAL W]E SUPPORT]S ( ! OLD REGIME1 WORK]S W]E 9 FACT UNABLE TO ACTUALLY TAKE OV] ! FULL CONTROL ( FACTORIES4 ,!Y W]E OBLIG$ 9/EAD TO DEP5D ON 0B\RGEOIS SPECIALI/S0 TO OP]ATE !M1 9DIVIDUALS :O /EADILY MADE !M ! VICTIMS ( A TE*NOCRATIC ELITE4 

.<#b#b.> ,I HAVE PREVI\SLY DISCUSS$ ?IS TRANS=MATION ( WORK]S FROM M]E CLASS BE+S 9TO CITIZ5S1 AMONG O!R PLACES1 9 ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES 7#a#i#h#g2 REPR9T$ BY ,LONDON3 ,CASSELL1 #a#i#i#e71 & 9 0,WORK]S & ! ,PEACE ,MOVEM5T0 7#a#i#h#c71 PUBLI%$ 9 ,!  
,MOD]N ,CRISIS 7,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h#g74 

.<#b#c.> ,>I/OTLE1 ,POLITICS 7#a#b#e#b .<B.> #a#f71 TRANS4 ,B5JAM9 ,J[ETT1 9 ,! ,COMPLETE ,WORKS ( ,>I/OTLE 1 ,REVIS$ ,OX=D ,TRANSLATION1 $4 ,JONA?AN ,B>NES 7,PR9CETON1 ,N,J3 ,PR9CETON ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#d71 VOL4 #b1 P4 #a#i#h#g4 

.<#b#d.> ,AS A LIB]T>IAN IDEAL = ! FUTURE ( HUMANITY & A G5U9E DOMA9 ( FRE$OM1 ! ,A!NIAN POLIS FALLS F> %ORT ( ! CITY'S ULTIMATE PROMISE4 ,ITS POPULATION 9CLUD$ SLAVES1 SUBORD9AT$ WOM51 & FRAN*ISELESS RESID5T ALI5S4 ,ONLY A M9ORITY ( MALE CITIZ5S POSSESS$ CIVIC RI<TS1 & !Y RAN ! CITY )\T CONSULT+ A L>G] POPULATION4 ,MAT]IALLY1 ! /ABILITY ( ! POLIS DEP5D$ UPON ! LABOR ( ITS NONCITIZ5S4 ,!SE >E AMONG ! SEV]AL MONUM5TAL FAIL+S ?AT LAT] MUNICIPALITIES W\LD HAVE TO CORRECT4 ,! POLIS IS SIGNIFICANT1 H[EV]1 NOT AN EXAMPLE ( AN EMANCIPAT$ COMMUNITY BUT = ! SUCCESSFUL FUNCTION+ ( ITS FREE 9/ITUTIONS4 

.<#b#e.> ,>I/OTLE1 ,POLITICS 7#a#b#e#b .<B.> #b#i-#c71 TRANS4 ,J[ETT2 EMPHASIS ADD$4 ,! WORDS FROM ! ORIG9AL ,GREEK TEXT MAY BE F\ND 9 ! ,LOEB ,CLASSICAL ,LIBR>Y $ITION3 ,>I/OTLE1 ,POLITICS1 TRANS4 ,H4 ,RACKHAM 7,CAMBRIDGE1 ,M,A3 ,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#b74 

.<#b#f.> ,LEFRANCAIS IS QUOT$ 9 ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ,MEMOIRS ( A ,REVOLUTIONI/ 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,HORIZON ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#h71 P4 #c#i#c4 ,I TOO W\LD BE OBLIG$ TODAY TO MAKE ! SAME /ATEM5T4 ,9 ! LATE #a#i#eS1 :5 AN>*ISM 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS A B>ELY DISC]NIBLE PRES5CE1 IT SEEM$ LIKE A SUFFICI5TLY CLE> FIELD 9 :I* ,I C\LD DEVELOP SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 AS WELL AS ! PHILOSOPHICAL & POLITICAL IDEAS ?AT W\LD EV5TUALLY BECOME DIALECTICAL NATURALISM & LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM4 ,I WELL KNEW ?AT !SE VIEWS W]E NOT CONSI/5T ) TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ IDEAS1 LEA/ ( ALL PO/-SC>CITY1 :I* IMPLI$ ?AT A MOD]N LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY RE/$ ON ADVANC$ MAT]IAL PRECONDITIONS4 ,TODAY ,I F9D ?AT AN>*ISM REMA9S ! V]Y SIMPLI/IC 9DIVIDUALI/IC & ANTIRATIONALI/ PSY*OLOGY IT HAS ALWAYS BE54 ,MY ATTEMPT TO RETA9 AN>*ISM UND] ! NAME ( 0SOCIAL AN>*ISM0 HAS L>GELY BE5 A FAILURE1 & ,I N[ F9D ?AT ! T]M ,I HAVE US$ TO D5OTE MY VIEWS MU/ BE REPLAC$ ) ,COMMUNALISM1 :I* COH]5TLY 9TEGRATES & GOES BEYOND ! MO/ VIABLE FEATURES ( ! AN>*I/ & ,M>XI/ TRADITIONS4 ,REC5T ATTEMPTS TO USE ! WORD AN>*ISM AS A LEVEL] TO M9IMIZE ! ABUNDANT & CONTRADICTORY DIFF]5CES ?AT >E GR\P$ UND] ?AT T]M & EV5 CELEBRATE ITS OP5NESS TO 0DIFF]5CES0 MAKE IT A DIFFUSE CAT*-ALL = T5D5CIES ?AT PROP]LY %\LD BE 9 %>P CONFLICT ) ONE ANO!R4 

.<#b#g.> ,= A DISCUSSION ( ! V]Y REAL PROBLEMS CREAT$ BY AN>*I/S' DISDA9 = P[] DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 SEE ! APP5DIX ORIG9ALLY WRITT5 TO ?IS >TICLE1 0,AN>*ISM & ,P[] 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION40 7,AVAILABLE AT WWW4COMMUNALISM4ORG47 

.<#b#h.> ,I %\LD NOTE ?AT BY OBJECTIVE ,I DO NOT REF] M]ELY TO EXI/5TIAL 5TITIES & EV5TS BUT ALSO TO POT5TIALITIES ?AT CAN BE RATIONALLY CONCEIV$1 NURTUR$1 & 9 TIME ACTUALIZ$ 9TO :AT WE W\LD N>R[LY CALL REALITIES4 ,IF M]E SUB/ANTIALITY W]E ALL ?AT ! T]M OBJECTIVE MEANT1 NO IDEAL OR PROMISE ( FRE$OM W\LD BE AN OBJECTIVELY VALID GOAL UNLESS IT EXI/$ UND] \R V]Y NOSES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY & ,COMMUNALISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY & ,COMMUNALISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

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