,9TRODUCTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,AN ,9TRODUCTION TO ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY & ,COMMUNALISM 

  

,WE >E /&+ AT A CRUCIAL CROSSROADS4 ,NOT ONLY DOES ! AGE-OLD 0SOCIAL QUE/ION0 CONC]N+ ! EXPLOITATION ( HUMAN LABOR REMA9 UNRESOLV$1 BUT ! PLUND]+ ( NATURAL RES\RCES HAS REA*$ A PO9T :]E HUMANITY IS ALSO =C$ TO POLITICALLY DEAL ) AN 0ECOLOGICAL QUE/ION40 ,TODAY1 WE HAVE TO MAKE CONSCI\S *OICES AB\T :AT DIRECTION SOCIETY %\LD TAKE1 TO PROP]LY MEET !SE *ALL5GES4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 WE SEE ?AT \R V]Y ABILITY TO MAKE ! NECESS>Y *OICES >E BE+ UND]M9$ BY AN 9CESSANT C5TRALIZATION ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL P[]4 ,NOT ONLY IS !RE A PROCESS ( C5TRALIZATION 9 MO/ MOD]N NATION /ATES ?AT DIVE/S HUMANITY ( ANY CONTROL OV] SOCIAL AFFAIRS1 BUT P[] IS ALSO GRADUALLY BE+ TRANSF]R$ TO TRANSNATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS4 

,SIMULTANE\SLY1 ! ELITES GOV]N+ ! MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATIONS >E VIRTUALLY GIV5 FREE RE9 TO CONT9UE EXPLOIT+ PEOPLE AS WELL AS ! NATURAL WORLD1 9 A S]IES ( NEW 0FREE TRADE0 AGREEM5TS ?AT 9 TURN HAVE PROVOK$ A RANGE ( POPUL> PROTE/S4 ,! LA/ FEW YE>S HAVE ALSO WITNESS$1 9 ! ONGO+ 0,W> ON ,T]ROR10 S]I\S 5CROA*M5TS ON A RANGE ( CIVIL RI<TS ?AT WE1 9 ! ,WE/]N WORLD1 HAVE COME TO TAKE = GRANT$4 ,SO1 AT A TIME :5 ! SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL CRISES >E 9T5SIFI$ 9 BREAD? & SCOPE1 WE F9D \RSELVES UTT]LY DISEMP[]$1 & VIRTUALLY /RIPP$ ( POSSIBILITIES TO >RE/ & REV]SE ?IS DE/RUCTIVE 0DEVELOPM5T40 

,NONE ( ! E/ABLI%$ POLITICAL T5D5CIES1 NO MATT] H[ 0RADICAL0 !Y CLAIM TO BE1 SEEM TO BE ABLE TO C\NT] !SE PROCESSES4 

,ONE AFT] ANO!R1 ! ,EUROPEAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>TIES1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ! ONCE SO PROMIS+ ,GRE5 T5D5CIES1 HAVE ALL L[]$ !IR BANN]S & COME TO ACCEPT ! MO/ P]NICI\S M>KET =CES4 ,!IR P>TICIPATION 9 NATIONAL P>LIAM5TS CONT9U\SLY HOLL[S \T !IR EXPRESS$ IDEALS4 ,NOT ONLY HAS ! TRADITIONAL ,LEFT CRUMBL$ IDEOLOGICALLY ) ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,EA/]N ,BLOC -- :I* 9DE$ IS A TRAGIC IRONY -- BUT TODAY1 !RE EXI/S NO REAL EXTRAP>LIAM5T>Y MOVEM5T1 ) ! WILL & ABILITY TO FO/] & ADVANCE AN ALT]NATIVE POLITICS4 ,NO LEFT LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T HAS YET EM]G$ ?AT C\LD MAKE USE ( ! VA/ OPPORTUNITIES ?AT OP5$ UP AS 0,REAL ,EXI/+ ,SOCIALISM0 CEAS$ TO EXI/4 ,! GREAT HOPES ?AT W]E NURTUR$ BY ! MANY NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5TS :I* EM]G$ 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY HAVE ALL BUT FAD$ AWAY1 & :]E ! RADICAL ,LEFT HAS NOT SIMPLY 0MELT$ 9TO AIR10 IT HAS BECOME HI<LY CONFUS$4 ,?IS IS A TR5D ?AT E*OES ?R\<\T ! WORLD1 &1 DESPITE ! REC5T RESURG5CE ( PROTE/ MOVEM5TS1 !RE >E /ILL NO VISIBLE T5D5CIES :I* ADVANCE PRACTICAL & CR$IBLE ALT]NATIVE DIRECTIONS TO ! DE/RUCTIVE TRACKS WE >E ON4 

,IF WE >E NOT ABLE TO 9TELLIG5TLY RESPOND TO !SE *ALL5GES1 IT IS CLE> ?AT POPUL> DISCONT5TS WILL BE *ANNEL$ ?R\< ! ,RI<T 9/EAD1 AS WE 9DE$ WITNESS 9 MANY 9DU/RIALIZ$ C\NTRIES TODAY -- NOTABLY ! DISCONC]T+ GR[? ( RELIGI\S FUNDAM5TALISMS4 ,9ASMU* AS !RE EXI/S NO CLE> & PR9CIPL$ ,LEFT RADICALISM1 ! CONS]VATIVES & ! REACTION>IES CAN SET ! POLITICAL AG5DA1 & AS A RESULT1 ! :OLE POLITICAL SPECTRUM HAS TILT$ M>K$LY T[>D ! ,RI<T4 ,! CURR5T POLITICAL CLIMATE IS ITSELF A REASON TO BE CONC]N$1 AS !RE IS AN URG5T NE$ TO F9D POLITICAL ALT]NATIVES ?AT CAN S]I\SLY DEAL ) ! SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL CRISIS 9 :I* WE F9D \RSELVES4 ,WE HAVE TO OP5 UP A DEBATE & CL>IFY ! BASIC !ORETICAL ISSUES AT /AKE1 BE=E WE CAN C>VE \T A POSSIBLE ,LEFT AG5DA SUIT$ = \R TIME4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS QUE/ = POLITICAL ALT]NATIVES ?AT WE TURN TO ! RADICAL !ORI/ ,MURRAY ,BOOK*94 

,?IS BOOK IS A COLLECTION ( ESSAYS WRITT5 BY ,BOOK*91 A MAN :O D$ICAT$ HIS :OLE LIFE TO SEEK+ RATIONAL ALT]NATIVES TO CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,BOOK*9 WAS BORN 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#b#a1 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY TO ,JEWI%-,RUSSIAN IMMIGRANTS4 ,HIS GR&P>5TS HAD BE5 MEMB]S ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY ( ,RUSSIA1 & FL$ ! C\NTRY 9 ! WAKE ( ! FAIL$ REVOLUTION ( #a#i#e4 ,9 ! WORK+ CLASS NEI<BORHOODS ( ! ,BRONX1 ,BOOK*9'S *ILDHOOD & Y\? W]E /RONGLY M>K$ BY ! HOPEFUL 5?USIASM ?AT FOLL[$ 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g4 ,AS ,AM]ICA 5T]$ HEADLONG 9TO ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION1 ,BOOK*9 GOT 9 T\* ) ! RADICAL ORGANIZATIONS AGITAT+ 9 HIS ,NEW ,YORK NEI<BORHOOD1 & QUICKLY HE BECAME V]Y POLITICALLY ACTIVE4 

,?IS M>K$ ! BEG9N+ ( A LONG LIFE D$ICAT$ TO ! CAUSE ( SOCIAL FRE$OM4 

,BECAUSE ( HIS FAMILY'S ECONOMIC SITUATION1 ,BOOK*9 HAD TO />T WORK+ AT AN E>LY AGE1 & GOT 9VOLV$ 9 ! ACTIVITIES ( ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T4 ,9 ! ?IRTIES1 HE WAS A MEMB] ( ! V>I\S ORGANIZATIONS SPAWN$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ACT+ AS AN AGITATOR1 ORGANIZ] & /UDY LEAD]1 AL?\< HE GRADUALLY BECAME /RONGLY CRITICAL ( MANY ( ITS POLICIES4 ,ALREADY BY ! \TBREAK ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 HE BROKE ) ! ,COMMUNI/S1 MA9LY BECAUSE ( !IR ,POPUL> ,FRONT /RATEGY 7NOTORI\SLY ! ,/AL9I/ BETRAYAL ( ! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS74 ,HE !N BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 ! ,TROTSKYI/ MOVEM5T -- :ILE ,TROTSKY WAS /ILL ALIVE -- & WROTE HIS FIR/ >TICLES = DISSID5T ,LEFT GR\PS4 ,AFT] ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 HE GRAVITAT$ MORE & MORE T[>D A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 & />T$ REEVALUAT+ ! BASIC PREMISES & ! LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS ( CONV5TIONAL RADICAL !ORY4 

,BOOK*9 WAS AN UNTIR+ ACTIVI/ & !ORI/ 9 MO/ ( ! SIGNIFICANT RADICAL MOVEM5TS ?AT EM]G$ AFT] ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4 ,HE WAS 9 ! WORK]'S MOVEM5T :ILE IT WAS /ILL TRULY RADICAL1 & WAS ACTIVE AS A %OP /EW>D & A /RIKE LEAD]4 ,HE WAS ONE ( ! DEF9ITIVE PIONE]S ( ECOLOGICAL ?\<T1 & P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T FROM ITS T5TATIVE 9CEPTION 9 ! #a#i#eS4 ,BOOK*9 WAS ALSO A P>T ( ! ,CIVIL ,RI<TS ,MOVEM5T1 ! ANTI- NUCLE> MOVEM5T1 9VOLV$ ) ,/UD5TS = A ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIETY1 & A S]IES ( URBAN DEVELOPM5T PROJECTS4 ,HE WAS V]Y 5GAG$ 9 EF=TS TO DEVELOP NEO-AN>*I/ IDEAS1 GR\PS & PROJECTS4 ,LAT] ON HE BECAME HEAVILY 9VOLV$ 9 ! EM]G5CE ( ! ,GRE5S1 & WAS ACTIVE 9 LOCAL ISSUES & ELECTORAL CAMPAIGNS 9 HIS HOME T[N1 ,BURL+TON1 ,V]MONT4 ,IT WAS ONLY 9 ! LA/ FEW YE>S ?AT PHYSICAL 9FIRMITIES IMP$$ HIM FROM TAK+ P>T 9 ACTIVE POLITICS1 & RELEGAT$ HIM TO ! WRIT]'S DESK4 ,9DE$1 IT IS PROBABLY = HIS !ORETICAL CONTRIBUTIONS ,BOOK*9 IS MO/ WELL-KN[N & VALU$4 

,BOOK*9 PUBLI%$ MORE ?AN TW5TY BOOKS1 & A WIDE RANGE ( >TICLES1 LECTURES & ESSAYS1 & HIS WORK HAS BE5 TRANSLAT$ 9TO MANY DIFF]5T LANGUAGES4 ,HIS WRIT+S HAVE 5COMPASS$ A GREAT V>IETY ( SUBJECT MATT]S1 9CLUD+ HI/ORY1 AN?ROPOLOGY1 PHILOSOPHY1 SCI5CE1 & TE*NOLOGY1 AS WELL AS CULTURE & SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,/ILL1 IT IS HIS TREATM5T ( ECOLOGICAL & POLITICAL ISSUES ?AT HAS MADE ,BOOK*9 KN[N TO MO/ READ]S1 & SOME ( HIS OLD] BOOKS1 NOTABLY ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM1 ,T[>D AN ,ECOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY1 & ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 HAVE BE5 S\RCES ( 9SPIRATION = SEV]AL G5]ATIONS ( RADICALS4 

,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 EXP]I5C$ MANY RADICAL MOVEM5TS 9 HIS LIFETIME1 & HAD A RELATION%IP TO ALL ! MAJOR RADICAL IDEOLOGICAL TR5DS ( ! LA/ C5TURY4 ,/ILL1 HE MANAG$ TO HAMM] \T A UNIQUE POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY ?AT ATTEMPTS TO BUILD ON ! BE/ 9 !SE TRADITIONS4 ,! PURPOSE ( HIS WORK WAS TO R5EW RADICAL !ORY SO ?AT IT MA9TA9S ITS BE/ PR9CIPLES & DRAWS LESSONS FROM A BROAD SPECTRUM ( HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CES1 :ILE BE+ ADAPT$ TO NEW ISSUES & *ALL5GES4 

,AL?\< BY NO MEANS HIS FIR/ RELEVANT WORK1 IT WAS ) HIS #aifd ESSAY1 0,ECOLOGY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,?\<T0 ?AT ,BOOK*9 />T$ TO DEF9E ! \TL9ES ( ! BODY ( IDEAS HE CALL$ SOCIAL ECOLOGY -- A !ORY ?AT WAS TO BE MORE FULLY DEVELOP$ 9 BOOKS LIKE ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 ,REMAK+ ,SOCIETY1 ,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY1 & ,RE-5*ANT+ ,HUMANITY4 ,9 #a#i#g#a1 HIS 0,SPR+ ,(F5SIVES & ,SUMM] ,VACATIONS0 WAS H9T+ AT A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ APPROA*1 ?AT LAT] WAS C>V$ \T 9 ! PAGES ( ,! ,LIMITS ( ! ,CITY1 & P>TICUL>LY 9 ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES1 AS WELL AS 9 A S]IES ( %ORT] ESSAYS4 ,HIS HI/ORICAL WRIT+S HAVE REC5TLY CULM9AT$ 9 HIS MASSIVE HI/ORY ( REVOLUTION>Y POPUL> MOVEM5TS -- ! F\R-VOLUME ,! ,?IRD ,REVOLUTION 7#a#i#i#f-#b#e74 

,= MORE ?AN F\R DECADES1 ! !ORY ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY HAS BE5 CONT9UALLY NUANC$ & DEVELOP$4 ,= A R\ND$ 9TRODUCTION TO HIS BODY ( IDEAS1 READ]S %\LD TURN TO ,JANET ,BIEHL'S EXCELL5T PRES5TATION 9 ,! ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 ,READ]4 

,! BASIC PROMISE ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS TO RE-H>MONIZE ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 SOCIETY & NATURE1 & TO CREATE A RATIONAL1 ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,H]E ,BOOK*9 SUGGE/S A DIALECTICAL 9T]PRETATION ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 CULTURE1 & NATURAL EVOLUTION4 ,BY LOOK+ AT HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES = FRE$OM & COOP]ATION HE >GUES ?AT HI/ORY ITSELF SUGGE/S TO US1 IF ONLY 9 A FRAGM5T$ & 9COMPLETE =M1 H[ SU* A RATIONAL FUTURE CAN & \<T TO BE =M$4 

,:ILE ,BOOK*9 RELI$ P>TLY ON ! ! !ORIES ( ,K>L ,M>X 7P>TICUL>LY HIS CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM71 HE SAW ! NE$ TO DI/ANCE HIMSELF FROM ! ,M>XI/ TRADITION1 ( :I* HE HAD BE5 A P>T1 9 ORD] TO CL>IFY ! LIB]ATORY CONT5T ( HIS IDEAS4 ,AS AN ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN & A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/1 HE TRI$ TO BUILD UPON ! VIABLE FRAGM5TS ( AN>*ISM TO CREATE A R\ND$ LIB]T>IAN COMPLEM5T TO ,M>X'S IDEAS ON ! RADICAL ,LEFT4 ,9 ORD] TO CREATE A NEW ECOLOGICAL BODY ( ?\<T1 AS WELL AS A NEW POLITICS1 HE US$ ! WORDS 0PO/-SC>CITY AN>*ISM0 TO EXPRESS ! NEW TRANSC5D5CE HIS P]SPECTIVE REFLECT$ ( BO? LIB]T>IAN & ,M>XIAN VIEWS4 ,/ILL1 HE GRADUALLY FELT ?AT ! TRADITIONAL RADICAL OR?ODOXIES 9HIBIT$ ! LOGIC ( HIS IDEAS4 ,AFT] MAK+ GREAT EF=TS AT DEF5D+ 7& TRY+ TO FILL ) MEAN+7 V>IABLY AN 0AN>*I/-COMMUNISM10 AN 0ECO-AN>*ISM10 & 0SOCIAL AN>*ISM0 ?AT MA9TA9$ A COH]5CY & POLITICAL RADICALISM1 HE CAME TO A PO9T :]E ?IS PROJECT NO LONG] SEEM$ FEASIBLE4 ,! 9H]5T FLAWS ( AN>*ISM BECAME ALL ! MORE APP>5T AS ,BOOK*9 /UDI$ ! HI/ORICAL EM]G5CE ( ITS BASIC IDEAS & ITS V>I\S ORGANIZ$ EXPRESSIONS3 ,NOT ONLY HAD AN>*ISM BE5 9FECT$ BY CURR5T TR5DS ( NIHILISM & LIFE/YLE APPROA*ES1 IT WAS 9DE$ A PRODUCT ( 9DIVIDUALI/ &  
ANTI-SOCIAL ATTITUDES FROM ITS V]Y 9CEPTION4 ,HE OP5LY BROKE ) AN>*ISM AT ! SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONF]5CE ON ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM1 9 ,V]MONT1 #aiii -- & MADE IT CLE> ?AT HIS !ORY ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY HAD TO BE EMBODI$ 9 ! IDEOLOGY HE CALL$ ,COMMUNALISM4 

,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ! AN>*I/ TRADITION DID NOT PROVIDE A SET ( S\ND S5TIM5TS1 NAMELY ANTI-/ATISM1 F$]ALISM1 & SELF- MANAGEM5T 7H[EV] NAIVELY !Y W]E =MULAT$71 BUT ?AT !Y NEV] MADE UP A COH]5T !ORETICAL FRAMEWORK = RADICAL SOCIAL ACTION4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ,BOOK*9 URG$ S]I\S LIB]T>IANS TO TRANSC5D AN>*ISM1 ALONG ) ,M>XISM & O!R RADICAL IDEOLOGIES4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y1 HE CONT5D$1 TO CREATE A NEW BODY ( ?\<T BAS$ ON A COH]5T & REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL APPROA* ?AT 9TEGRATES & GOES BEYOND ALL TRADITIONAL =MS ( SOCIALI/ RADICALISM4 ,9DE$1 VAGUE LIB]T>IAN IDEALS ( POPUL> SELF- MANAGEM5T1 MUTUAL AID1 & A /ATELESS COMMUNITY1 >E ?R\< ,BOOK*9'S SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 DEVELOP$ 9TO ASPECTS ( A COH]5T  
POLITICAL !ORY1 M>K$ BY DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 MUNICIPALIZATION1 & CONF$]ALISM4 ,?IS CON/ITUTES ! POLITICAL ALT]NATIVE ?AT ,BOOK*9 >GU$ C\LD CONFRONT ! M>KET ECONOMY & P[]FUL C5TRALIZ$ 9/ITUTIONS4 

,!SE POLITICAL IDEAS HAVE BE5 DEVELOP$ OV] MANY DECADES1 & >E BAS$ ON BO? CONCRETE LESSONS AS WELL AS ! CREATIVE =MULATIONS ( A MAN :O PASSIONATELY D$ICAT$ HIS LIFE TO ! RADICAL MOVEM5T1 A GL[+ PASSION ?AT IS CLE>LY EXPRESS$ 9 ! ESSAYS H]E PRES5T$4 

,! PURPOSE ( ?IS SMALL COLLECTION ( ESSAYS IS TO GIVE A G5]AL OV]VIEW ( ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9'S FUNDAM5TAL IDEAS ON SOCIAL ECOLOGY & ,COMMUNALISM4 ,( C\RSE F\R ESSAYS CANNOT REPLACE ! MANY BOOKS & POLEMICAL ESSAYS WRITT5 BY ,BOOK*9 ON !SE SUBJECTS1 & ?IS COLLECTION IS NOT MEANT AS A SUB/ITUTE = A MORE ?OR\< /UDY ( HIS IDEAS4 ,/ILL1 !SE ESSAYS CAN 9DE$ S]VE AS A DEC5T 9TRODUCTION = S]I\S READ]S1 & GIVE A GOOD S5SE ( ! !ORETICAL \TL9ES ( ,BOOK*9'S !ORETICAL CORPUS4 

,! FIR/ ESSAY1 0,:AT IS ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY810 GIVES AN IMPORTANT OV]VIEW ( ! BASIC !ORETICAL T5ETS ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,H]E ,BOOK*9 (F]S A DEVELOPM5TAL P]SPECTIVE ON SOCIETY & NATURE1 EXPLA9+ H[ 0SECOND NATURE0 7HUMAN CULTURE7 HAS DEVELOP$ \T ( 0FIR/ NATURE0 7BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION71 & %[+ ?AT ! V]Y 0IDEA ( DOM9AT+ NATURE0 IS CONNECT$ TO ! HI/ORICAL EM]G5CE ( HI]>*IES1 & LAT] TO ! BREAK?R\< ( CAPITALISM4 ,9 ORD] TO CREATE AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 ,BOOK*9 CLAIM$1 WE HAVE TO CONFRONT & *ALL5GE ALL HI]>*ICAL RELATION%IPS1 & ULTIMATELY ABOLI% HI]>*Y AS SU* FROM ! HUMAN CONDITION4 

,! ESSAY WAS ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 AN AN?OLOGY $IT$ BY ,MI*AEL ,ZIMM]MAN1 ,5VIRONM5TAL ,PHILOSOPHY3 ,FROM ,ANIMAL ,RI<TS TO ,RADICAL ,ECOLOGY 7,5GLEWOOD ,CLIFFS1 ,N4,J43 ,PR5TICE ,HALL1 #a#i#i#c71 AL?\< IT WAS REVIS$ BO? 9 #aiif & #b#a4 

,! SECOND ESSAY1 0,RADICAL ,POLITICS 9 AN ,]A ( ,ADVANC$ ,CAPITALISM10 APPE>$ 9 ,GRE5 ,P]SPECTIVES 7_?#a#h1 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#h#i74 ,! ESSAY BEG9S ) A CRITIQUE ( ,M>XISM & ITS ECONOMI/IC CLASS ORI5TATION1 URG+ RADICALS TO UND]/& ! *ANG+ NATURE ( CAPITALISM4 ,BOOK*9 URGES US TO CL>IFY ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 0SOCIETY10 0POLITICS10 & 0! /ATE10 9 ORD] TO DEVELOP AN NEW RADICAL ECOLOGICAL POLITICS1 BY EXP&+ ON ! HI/ORICAL ADVANCES MADE BY ! PUBLIC DOMA9 & ! CITY4 ,IT IS1 9 MY VIEW1 ONE ( ! CLE>E/ EXPRESSIONS ( HIS PROPOSAL = A NEW LIB]T>IAN POLITICS1 9SI/+ ON ! C5TRALITY ( ! MUNICIPALITY & ( CONF$]ALISM4 ,?IS ESSAY WAS REVIS$ BY ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 9 #b#a4 

,! ?IRD ESSAY1 0,! ,ROLE ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 9 A ,P]IOD ( ,REACTION10 WAS WRITT5 9 #a#i#i#e1 :5 ,BOOK*9 HAD JU/ F9I%$ WRIT+ ,RE-5*ANT+ ,HUMANITY4 ,IT MAKES V]Y CLE> DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 & CONTEMPOR>Y TR5DS LIKE 0DEEP ECOLOGY10 MY/ICISM1 ANTI-HUMANISM1 AS WELL AS PO/MOD]NI/ ECLECTICISM & RELATIVISM4 ,IT WAS FIR/ S5T TO AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,GA!R+ ( SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S 9 ,DUNOON1 ,SCOTL&1 9 ,AUGU/ ( ?AT YE>1 & IT WAS SUBSEQU5TLY PUBLI%$ AS 0,!SES ON ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 9 A ,P]IOD ( ,REACTION0 9 ,GRE5 ,P]SPECTIVES 7_? #c#c1 ,OCTOB] #a#i#i#e74 

,9 ADDITION TO MANY 9T]E/+ COMM5TS ON CURR5T CULTURAL & PHILOSOPHICAL TR5DS1 ,BOOK*9 H]E PLACES SOCIAL ECOLOGY UNEQUIVOCALLY 9 ! TRAJECTORY ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T & ITS REVOLUTION>Y (F%OOTS1 & = ?OSE REASONS ,I CONSID] ?IS ESSAY P>TICUL>LY APPROPRIATE TO 9CLUDE 9 ?IS AN?OLOGY4 

,! F9AL ESSAY1 0,! ,COMMUNALI/ ,PROJECT10 IS 9 MY VIEW ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT ESSAY 9 ?IS AN?OLOGY1 B9D+ ! O!R ESSAYS TOGE!R BY DEF9+ A NEW \TLOOK4 ,AL?\< AN E>LI] V]SION 7?AT WAS TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY REVIS$ & EXP&$7 WAS CIRCULAT$ AS 0,! ,COMMUNALI/ ,MOM5T10 ?IS ESSAY WAS FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ! J\RNAL ,COMMUNALISM 7_?#b1 ,NOVEMB]1 #b#b74 ,BOOK*9 DETAILS ! NE$ TO GO BEYOND ALL ! IDEOLOGIES ( ! TRADITIONAL ,LEFT1 SU* AS ,M>XISM1 AN>*ISM1 & SYNDICALISM1 & CREATE A NEW1 COH]5T LIB]T>IAN RADICALISM4 ,HE EXPLA9S ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,COMMUNALISM & LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM4 ,?IS ESSAY CON/ITUTES ! BE/ EXPOSITION TO ! EXT5T ?AT ,BOOK*9 HAD %AK5 (F ALL ! 0AN>*I/0 TRAPP+S ?AT W]E =M]LY ID5TIFI$ ) HIS !ORIES ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,9 FACT1 ?IS ESSAY WAS 9ITIALLY PUBLI%$ ) AN APP5DIX ON 0,AN>*ISM & ,P[] 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION10 ?AT CRITICIZES AN>*ISM = NOT HAV+ ANY !ORY ( P[]1 & = NOT BE+ ABLE TO DEAL ) ?IS IMPORTANT QUE/ION 9 REAL LIFE POLITICS4 ,?IS APP5DIX HAS BE5 LEFT \T ( ?IS COLLECTION = ONE REASON3 9 !SE PAGES1 ,I WANT$ TO PRES5T ONLY G5]AL ESSAYS -- ESSAYS :I* W]E NEI!R CONSID]$ TOO POLEMICAL NOR TOO SPECIFIC -- :I* W\LD CON/ITUTE A %ORT BOOK PROP]LY EXPRESS+ ! MA9 IDEOLOGICAL ASPECTS ( ,BOOK*9'S !ORETICAL WRIT+S4 7,! APP5DIX IS AVAILABLE AT WWW4COMMUNALISM4ORG1 & WILL BE PUBLI%$1 ALONG ) O!R CRITIQUES ( AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM1 9 A =?COM+ AN?OLOGY PRES5T+ ,BOOK*9'S REC5T WRIT+S ON ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM47 

,! R$ ?READ RUNN+ ?R\< ALL !SE ESSAYS IS ! DRIVE TO UND]/& & EXPLA9 ! /RUGGLE = A RATIONAL SOCIETY1 & TO UND]/& ! NECESS>Y IDEOLOGICAL UND]P9N+S ( A CONTEMPOR>Y RADICAL POLITICS4 ,AL?\< ! ESSAYS 9CLUD$ >E V]Y DIFF]5T 9 FOCUS & EMPHASIS1 ,I ?9K ?AT TAK5 TOGE!R1 !Y CONVEY ! IDEOLOGICAL F\NDATIONS ( ?IS POLITICAL PROJECT1 & ITS ROOTS 9 ! RI* & FECUND !ORY ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 

,?IS BOOK GIVES A HI<LY ACCESSIBLE 9TRODUCTION TO SOCIAL ECOLOGY & ,COMMUNALISM1 AS IT HAS BE5 DEVELOP$ BY ONE ( ! MO/ EXCIT+ & PIONE]+ ?9K]S ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,ITS PURPOSE IS TO GIVE A G5]AL OV]VIEW ( ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9'S IDEAS1 & CONVEY A S5SE ( HIS ORIG9ALITY1 BY PRES5T+ SOME ( HIS MO/ C5TRAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO RADICAL !ORY4 ,DESPITE ,BOOK*9'S 9SI/5CE ?AT ! IDEAS HE PROPOS$ >E A PRODUCT ( REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS ( ! PA/1 & ( ! IDEALS ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 HE NEV]!LESS CREAT$ A NEW & UNIQUE SYN!SIS4 ,?IS POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY SUGGE/S ?AT ! SOLUTION TO ! 5ORM\S SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS WE FACE TODAY1 FUNDAM5TALLY LIE 9 ! =MATION ( A NEW CITIZ5RY1 ITS EMP[]M5T ?R\< NEW POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 & A NEW POLITICAL CULTURE4 ,IT IS MY PR(\ND BELIEF ?AT ,COMMUNALISM1 AS A COH]5T BODY ( IDEAS -- ) A DIALECTICAL PHILOSOPHY ( NATURE1 A CONF$]ALI/ POLITICS1 A NON-HI]>*ICAL SOCIAL ANALYSIS1 & AN E?ICS BAS$ ON COMPLEM5T>ITY -- CAN BE AN 9SPIRATION = A NEW RADICAL POPUL> MOVEM5T 9 ! YE>S TO COME1 9DE$1 = ! RESUSCITATION ( ! ,LEFT 9 A MEAN+FUL S5SE4 

,AT ?IS CROSSROADS1 WE N[ HAVE TO DECIDE :]E WE WANT TO GO1 & H[ WE CAN GET !RE4 ,! CURR5T ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IS ALSO A SOCIAL ONE1 & WE MU/ R$EF9E HUMANITY'S RELATION%IP TO ! NATURAL WORLD BY REMAK+ ! BASIC SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS & ADVANC+ A NEW ECOLOGICAL HUMANISM1 9 ORD] TO MAKE SCI5CE1 TE*NOLOGY1 & ! HUMAN 9TELLECT S]VE BO? SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T & A NATURAL EVOLUTION GUID$ BY REASON4 ,TO C>VE ! \TL9ES ( A RATIONAL ECOLOGICAL FUTURE1 & TO 9ITIATE ! NECESS>Y /EPS 9 ?AT DIRECTION1 HAS N[ BECOME NOT ONLY A DESID]ATUM1 BUT A NECESSITY4 ,AS ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 SO *ALL5G+LY ASKS1 0HUMANITY IS TOO 9TELLIG5T NOT TO LIVE 9 A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,IT REMA9S TO SEE :E!R IT IS 9TELLIG5T 5\< TO A*IEVE ONE40 

,EIRIK ,EIGLAD1  

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