,*APT] #b 
,RADICAL ,POLITICS 9 AN ,]A ( ,ADVANC$ ,CAPITALISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,RADICAL ,POLITICS 9 AN ,]A ( ,ADVANC$ ,CAPITALISM 

  

,DEFY+ ALL ! !ORETICAL PR$ICTIONS ( ! #a#i#cS1 CAPITALISM HAS RE/ABILIZ$ ITSELF ) A V5GEANCE & ACQUIR$ EXTRAORD9>Y FLEXIBILITY 9 ! DECADES S9CE ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I4 ,9 FACT1 WE HAVE YET TO CLE>LY DET]M9E :AT CON/ITUTES CAPITALISM 9 ITS MO/ 0MATURE0 =M1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ITS SOCIAL TRAJECTORY 9 ! YE>S TO COME4 ,BUT :AT IS CLE>1 ,I W\LD >GUE1 IS ?AT CAPITALISM HAS TRANS=M$ ITSELF FROM AN ECONOMY SURR\ND$ BY MANY PRECAPITALI/ SOCIAL & POLITICAL =MATIONS 9TO A SOCIETY ?AT ITSELF HAS BECOME 0ECONOMIZ$40 ,T]MS LIKE CONSUM]ISM & 9DU/RIALISM >E M]ELY OBSCURANTI/ EUPHEMISMS = AN ALL-P]VASIVE EMB\RGEOISEM5T ?AT 9VOLVES NOT SIMPLY AN APPETITE = COMMODITIES & SOPHI/ICAT$ TE*NOLOGIES BUT ! EXPANSION ( COMMODITY RELATION%IPS -- ( M>KET RELATION%IPS -- 9TO >EAS ( LIFE & SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ?AT ONCE (F]$ SOME DEGREE ( RESI/ANCE TO1 IF NOT A REFUGE FROM1 UTT]LY AMORAL1 ACCUMULATIVE1 & COMPETITIVE =MS ( HUMAN 9T]ACTION4 ,M>KETPLACE VALUES HAVE 9CREAS+LY P]COLAT$ 9TO FAMILIAL1 $UCATIONAL1 P]SONAL1 & EV5 SPIRITUAL RELATION%IPS & HAVE L>GELY $G$ \T ! PRECAPITALI/ TRADITIONS ?AT MADE = MUTUAL AID1 IDEALISM1 & MORAL RESPONSIBILITY 9 CONTRA/ TO BUS9ESSLIKE NORMS ( BEHAVIOR4 

,!RE IS A S5SE 9 :I* ANY NEW =MS ( RESI/ANCE -- BE !Y BY LEFT LIB]T>IANS1 OR RADICALS G5]ALLY -- MU/ OP5 ALT]NATIVE >EAS ( LIFE ?AT CAN C\NT]VAIL & UNDO ! EMB\RGEOISEM5T ( SOCIETY AT ALL ITS LEVELS4 ,! ISSUE ( ! RELATION%IP ( 0SOCIETY10 0POLITICS10 & 0! /ATE0 BECOMES ONE ( PROGRAMMATIC URG5CY4 ,CAN !RE BE ANY ROOM = A RADICAL PUBLIC REALM BEYOND ! COMMUNES1 COOP]ATIVES1 & NEI<BORHOOD S]VICE ORGANIZATIONS FO/]$ BY ! #a#i#fS C\NT]CULTURE -- /RUCTURES ?AT EASILY DEG5]AT$ 9TO B\TIQUE-TYPE BUS9ESSES :5 !Y DID NOT DISAPPE> COMPLETELY8 ,IS !RE1 P]HAPS1 A PUBLIC REALM ?AT CAN BECOME AN >5A = ! 9T]PLAY ( CONFLICT+ =CES = *ANGE1 $UCATION1 EMP[]M5T1 & ULTIMATELY1 CONFRONTATION ) ! E/ABLI%$ WAY ( LIFE8 

,M>XISM1 ,CAPITALISM1 & ! ,PUBLIC ,SPH]E 

  

,! V]Y CONCEPT ( A PUBLIC REALM /&S AT ODDS ) TRADITIONAL RADICAL NOTIONS ( A CLASS REALM4 ,M>XISM1 9 P>TICUL>1 D5I$ ! EXI/5CE ( A DEF9ABLE 0PUBLIC10 OR :AT 9 ! ,AGE ( ,DEMOCRATIC ,REVOLUTIONS ( TWO C5TURIES AGO WAS CALL$ 0! ,PEOPLE10 BECAUSE ! NOTION O/5SIBLY OBSCUR$ SPECIFIC CLASS 9T]E/S -- 9T]E/S ?AT W]E ULTIMATELY SUPPOS$ TO BR+ ! B\RGEOISIE 9TO UNREL5T+ CONFLICT ) ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IF 0! ,PEOPLE0 MEANT ANY?+1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>XI/ !ORI/S1 IT SEEM$ TO MEAN A WAN+1 UN=M$1 NONDESCRIPT PETTY B\RGEOISIE -- A LEGACY ( ! PA/ & ( PA/ REVOLUTIONS -- ?AT C\LD BE EXPECT$ TO SIDE MA9LY ) ! CAPITALI/ CLASS IT ASPIR$ TO 5T] & ULTIMATELY ) ! WORK+ CLASS IT WAS =C$ TO 5T]4 ,! PROLET>IAT1 TO ! DEGREE ?AT IT BECAME CLASS CONSCI\S1 W\LD ULTIMATELY EXPRESS ! G5]AL 9T]E/S ( HUMANITY ONCE IT ABSORB$ ?IS VAGUE MIDDLE CLASS1 P>TICUL>LY DUR+ A G5]AL ECONOMIC OR 0*RONIC0 CRISIS )9 CAPITALISM ITSELF4 

,! #a#i#cS1 ) ITS WAVES ( /RIKES1 ITS WORK]S' 9SURRECTIONS1 ITS /REET CONFRONTATIONS BETWE5 REVOLUTION>Y & FASCI/ GR\PS1 & ITS PROSPECT ( W> & BLOODY SOCIAL UPHEAVAL1 SEEM$ TO CONFIRM ?IS VISION4 ,BUT WE CANNOT ANY LONG] IGNORE ! FACT ?AT ?IS TRADITIONAL RADICAL VISION HAS S9CE BE5 REPLAC$ BY ! PRES5T-DAY REALITY ( A MANAG$ CAPITALI/ SY/EM -- MANAG$ CULTURALLY & IDEOLOGICALLY AS WELL AS ECONOMICALLY4 ,H[EV] MU* LIV+ /&>DS HAVE BE5 ]OD$ = MILLIONS ( PEOPLE1 ! UNPREC$5T$ FACT REMA9S ?AT CAPITALISM HAS BE5 FREE ( A 0*RONIC CRISIS0 = A HALF-C5TURY4 ,NOR >E !RE ANY SIGNS ?AT WE >E FAC$ 9 ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE ) A CRISIS COMP>ABLE TO ?AT ( ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION4 ,F> FROM HAV+ AN 9T]NAL S\RCE ( LONG-T]M ECONOMIC BREAKD[N ?AT WILL PRESUMABLY CREATE A G5]AL 9T]E/ = A NEW SOCIETY1 CAPITALISM HAS BE5 MORE SUCCESSFUL 9 CRISIS MANAGEM5T 9 ! LA/ FIFTY YE>S ?AN IT WAS 9 ! PREVI\S C5TURY & A HALF1 ! P]IOD ( ITS SO-CALL$ 0HI/ORICAL ASC5DANCY40 

,! CLASSICAL 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 TOO1 HAS WAN$ 9 NUMB]S 9 ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD 7! HI/ORICAL LOCUS CLASSICUS ( SOCIALI/ CONFRONTATION ) CAPITALISM71 9 CLASS CONSCI\SNESS1 & EV5 9 POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS ( ITSELF AS A HI/ORICALLY UNIQUE CLASS4 ,ATTEMPTS TO REWRITE ,M>XIAN !ORY TO 9CLUDE SAL>I$ PEOPLE 9 ! PROLET>IAT >E NOT ONLY NONS5SICAL1 !Y /& FLATLY AT ODDS ) H[ ?IS VA/LY DIFF]5TIAT$ MIDDLE-CLASS POPULATION CONCEIVES ITSELF & ITS RELATION%IP TO A M>KET SOCIETY4 ,TO LIVE ) ! HOPE ?AT CAPITALISM WILL 0IMMAN5TLY0 COLLAPSE FROM )9 AS A RESULT ( ITS [N CONTRADICTORY SELF-DEVELOPM5T IS ILLUSORY AS ?+S /& TODAY4 

,BUT !RE >E DRAMATIC SIGNS ?AT CAPITALISM1 AS ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$ ELSE:]E1 IS PRODUC+ EXT]NAL CONDITIONS = A CRISIS AN ECOLOGICAL CRISIS -- ?AT MAY WELL G5]ATE A G5]AL HUMAN 9T]E/ = RADICAL SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,CAPITALISM1 ORGANIZ$ >\ND A 0GR[-OR-DIE0 M>KET SY/EM BAS$ ON RIVALRY & EXPANSION1 MU/ TE> D[N ! NATURAL WORLD -- TURN+ SOIL 9TO S&1 POLLUT+ ! ATMOSPH]E1 *ANG+ ! 5TIRE CLIMATIC PATT]N ( ! PLANET1 & POSSIBLY MAK+ ! E>? UNSUITABLE = COMPLEX =MS ( LIFE4 ,9 EFFECT1 IT IS PROV+ TO BE AN ECOLOGICAL CANC] & MAY WELL SIMPLIFY COMPLEX ECOSY/EMS ?AT HAVE BE5 9 ! MAK+ = C\NTLESS EONS4 

,IF M9DLESS & UNCEAS+ GR[? AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF -- =C$ BY COMPETITION TO ACCUMULATE & DEV\R ! ORGANIC WORLD -- CREATES PROBLEMS ?AT CUT ACROSS MAT]IAL1 E?NIC1 & CULTURAL DIFF]5CES1 ! CONCEPT ( 0! ,PEOPLE0 & ( A 0PUBLIC SPH]E0 MAY BECOME A LIV+ REALITY 9 HI/ORY4 ,SOME K9D ( RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T HAS YET TO BE E/ABLI%$ ?AT C\LD ACQUIRE A UNIQUE1 COH]+1 & POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE TO REPLACE ! 9FLU5CE ( ! TRADITIONAL WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,IF ! LOCUS ( PROLET>IAN RADICALISM WAS ! FACTORY1 ! LOCUS ( ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T W\LD BE ! COMMUNITY3 ! NEI<BORHOOD1 ! T[N1 & ! MUNICIPALITY4 ,A NEW ALT]NATIVE1 A POLITICAL ONE1 W\LD HAVE TO BE DEVELOP$ ?AT IS NEI!R P>LIAM5T>Y ON ! ONE H& NOR LOCK$ 9TO DIRECT ACTION & C\NT]CULTURAL ACTIVITIES ON ! O!R4 ,9DE$1 DIRECT ACTION C\LD ME% ) ?IS NEW POLITICS 9 ! =M ( COMMUNITY ASSEMBLIES ORI5T$ T[>D A FULLY P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY -- 9 ! HI<E/ =M ( DIRECT ACTION1 ! FULL EMP[]M5T ( ! PEOPLE 9 DET]M9+ ! DE/9Y ( SOCIETY4 

,SOCIETY1 ,POLITICS1 & ! ,/ATE 

  

,IF ! #a#i#fS GAVE RISE TO A C\NT]CULTURE TO RESI/ ! PREVAIL+ CULTURE1 ! FOLL[+ DECADES HAVE CREAT$ ! NE$ = POPUL> C\NT]-9/ITUTIONS TO C\NT]VAIL ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE4 ,AL?\< ! SPECIFIC =M ?AT SU* 9/ITUTIONS C\LD TAKE MAY V>Y ACCORD+ TO ! TRADITIONS1 VALUES1 CONC]NS1 & CULTURE ( A GIV5 >EA1 C]TA9 BASIC !ORETICAL PREMISES MU/ BE CL>IFI$ IF ONE IS TO ADVANCE ! NE$ = NEW 9/ITUTIONS &1 MORE BROADLY1 = A NEW RADICAL POLITICS4 ,! NE$ ONCE AGA9 TO DEF9E POLITICS -- 9DE$1 TO GIVE IT A BROAD] MEAN+ ?AN IT HAS HAD 9 ! PA/ -- BECOMES A PRACTICAL IMP]ATIVE4 ,! ABILITY & WIL+NESS ( RADICALS TO MEET ?IS NE$ MAY WELL DET]M9E ! FUTURE ( MOVEM5TS LIKE ! ,GRE5S & ! V]Y POSSIBILITY ( RADICALISM TO EXI/ AS A COH]5T =CE = BASIC SOCIAL *ANGE4 

,! MAJOR 9/ITUTIONAL >5AS -- ! SOCIAL1 ! POLITICAL1 & ! /ATI/ -- W]E ONCE CLE>LY DI/+UI%ABLE FROM EA* O!R4 ,! SOCIAL >5A C\LD BE CLE>LY DEM>CAT$ FROM ! POLITICAL1 & ! POLITICAL1 9 TURN1 FROM ! /ATE4 ,BUT 9 \R PRES5T1 HI/ORICALLY CL\D$ WORLD1 !SE HAVE BE5 BLURR$ & MY/IFI$4 ,POLITICS HAS BE5 ABSORB$ BY ! /ATE1 JU/ AS SOCIETY HAS 9CREAS+LY BE5 ABSORB$ BY ! ECONOMY TODAY4 ,IF NEW1 TRULY RADICAL MOVEM5TS TO DEAL ) ECOLOGICAL BREAKD[N >E TO EM]GE & IF AN ECOLOGICALLY ORI5T$ SOCIETY IS TO 5D ATTEMPTS TO DOM9ATE NATURE AS WELL AS PEOPLE1 ?IS PROCESS MU/ BE >RE/$ & REV]S$4 

,IT EASY TO ?9K ( SOCIETY1 POLITICS1 & ! /ATE AHI/ORICALLY1 AS IF !Y HAD ALWAYS EXI/$ AS WE F9D !M TODAY4 ,BUT ! FACT IS ?AT EA* ONE ( !SE HAS HAD A COMPLEX DEVELOPM5T1 ONE ?AT %\LD BE UND]/OOD IF WE >E TO GA9 A CLE> S5SE ( !IR IMPORTANCE 9 SOCIAL !ORY & PRACTICE4 ,MU* ( :AT WE TODAY CALL POLITICS1 = ONE1 IS REALLY /ATECRAFT1 /RUCTUR$ >\ND /AFF+ ! /ATE APP>ATUS ) P>LIAM5T>IANS1 JUDGES1 BUREAUCRATS1 POLICE1 ! MILIT>Y1 & ! LIKE1 A PH5OM5ON (T5 REPLICAT$ FROM ! SUMMITS ( ! /ATE TO ! SMALLE/ ( COMMUNITIES4 ,BUT ! T]M POLITICS1 ,GREEK ETYMOLOGICALLY1 ONCE REF]R$ TO A PUBLIC >5A PEOPL$ BY CONSCI\S CITIZ5S :O FELT COMPET5T TO DIRECTLY MANAGE !IR [N COMMUNITIES1 OR POLEIS4 

,SOCIETY1 9 TURN1 WAS ! RELATIVELY PRIVATE >5A1 ! REALM ( FAMILIAL OBLIGATION1 FRI5D%IP1 P]SONAL SELF-MA9T5ANCE1 PRODUCTION1 & REPRODUCTION4 ,FROM ITS FIR/ EM]G5CE AS M]ELY HUMAN GR\P EXI/5CE TO ITS HI<LY 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ =MS1 :I* WE PROP]LY CALL SOCIETY1 SOCIAL LIFE WAS /RUCTUR$ >\ND ! FAMILY OR OIKOS4 7,ECONOMY1 9 FACT1 ONCE MEANT LITTLE MORE ?AN ! MANAGEM5T ( ! FAMILY47 ,ITS CORE WAS ! DOME/IC WORLD ( WOMAN1 COMPLEM5T$ BY ! CIVIL WORLD ( MAN4 

,9 E>LY HUMAN COMMUNITIES1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS = SURVIVAL1 C>E1 & MA9T5ANCE OCCURR$ 9 ! DOME/IC >5A1 TO :I* ! CIVIL >5A1 SU* AS IT WAS1 L>GELY EXI/$ 9 S]VICE4 ,A TRIBE 7TO USE ?IS T]M 9 A V]Y BROAD S5SE TO 9CLUDE B&S & CLANS7 WAS A TRULY SOCIAL 5TITY1 KNITT$ TOGE!R BY BLOOD1 M>ITAL1 & FUNCTIONAL TIES BAS$ ON AGE & WORK4 ,!SE /RONG C5TRIPETAL =CES1 ROOT$ 9 ! BIOLOGICAL FACTS ( LIFE1 HELD !SE EM95TLY SOCIAL COMMUNITIES TOGE!R4 ,!Y GAVE !M A S5SE ( 9T]NAL SOLID>ITY SO /RONG ?AT ! TRIBES L>GELY EXCLUD$ ! 0/RANG]0 OR 0\TSID]10 :OSE ACCEPTABILITY USUALLY DEP5D$ UPON CANONS ( HOSPITALITY & ! NE$ = NEW MEMB]S TO REPL5I% W>RIORS :5 W>F>E BECAME 9CREAS+LY IMPORTANT4 

,A GREAT P>T ( RECORD$ HI/ORY IS AN ACC\NT ( ! GR[? ( ! MALE CIVIL >5A AT ! EXP5SE ( ?IS DOME/IC OR SOCIAL ONE4 ,MALES GA9$ GR[+ AU?ORITY OV] ! E>LY COMMUNITY AS A RESULT ( 9T]TRIBAL W>F>E & CLA%ES OV] T]RITORY 9 :I* TO HUNT4 ,P]HAPS MORE IMPORTANT1 AGRICULTURAL PEOPLES APPROPRIAT$ L>GE >EAS ( ! L& ?AT HUNT+ PEOPLES REQUIR$ TO SU/A9 !MSELVES & !IR LIFEWAYS4 

,IT WAS FROM ?IS UNDIFF]5TIAT$ CIVIL >5A 7AGA91 TO USE ! WORD CIVIL 9 A V]Y BROAD S5SE7 ?AT POLITICS & ! /ATE EM]G$4 ,:I* IS NOT TO SAY ?AT POLITICS & /ATECRAFT W]E ! SAME FROM ! BEG9N+4 ,DESPITE !IR COMMON ORIG9S 9 ! E>LY CIVIL >5A1 !SE TWO W]E %>PLY OPPOS$ TO EA* O!R4 ,HI/ORY'S G>M5TS >E NEV] NEAT & UNWR9KL$4 ,! EVOLUTION ( SOCIETY FROM SMALL DOME/IC SOCIAL GR\PS 9TO HI<LY DIFF]5TIAT$1 HI]>*ICAL1 & CLASS SY/EMS :OSE AU?ORITY 5COMPASS$ VA/ T]RITORIAL EMPIRES IS NO?+ IF NOT COMPLEX & IRREGUL>4 

,! DOME/IC & FAMILIAL >5A ITSELF -- ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! SOCIAL >5A -- HELP$ TO %APE ! =MATION ( !SE /ATES4 ,E>LY DESPOTIC K+DOMS1 SU* AS ?OSE ( ,EGYPT & ,P]SIA1 W]E SE5 NOT AS CLE>LY CIVIL 5TITIES BUT AS ! P]SONAL 0H\SEHOLDS0 OR DOME/IC DOMA9S ( MON>*S4 ,!SE VA/ PALATIAL E/ATES ( 0DIV9E0 K+S & !IR FAMILIES W]E LAT] C>V$ UP BY LESS] FAMILIES 9TO MANORIAL OR FEUDAL E/ATES4 ,! SOCIAL VALUES ( PRES5T-DAY >I/OCRACIES >E R$OL5T ( A TIME :5 K9%IP & L9EAGE1 NOT CITIZ5%IP OR WEAL?1 DET]M9$ ONE'S /ATUS & P[]4 

,! ,RISE ( ! ,PUBLIC ,DOMA9 

  

,IT WAS ! ,BRONZE ,AGE 0URBAN REVOLUTION10 TO USE ,V4 ,GORDON ,*ILDE'S EXPRESSION1 ?AT SL[LY ELIM9AT$ ! TRAPP+S ( ! SOCIAL OR DOME/IC >5A FROM ! /ATE & CREAT$ A NEW T]RA9 = ! POLITICAL >5A4 ,! RISE ( CITIES -- L>GELY >\ND TEMPLES1 MILIT>Y =TRESSES1 ADM9I/RATIVE C5T]S1 & 9T]REGIONAL M>KETS -- CREAT$ ! BASIS = A NEW1 MORE SECUL> & MORE UNIV]SALI/IC =M ( POLITICAL SPACE4 ,GIV5 TIME & DEVELOPM5T1 ?IS SPACE SL[LY EVOLV$ AN UNPREC$5T$ PUBLIC DOMA94 

,CITIES ?AT >E P]FECT MODELS ( SU* A PUBLIC SPACE DO NOT EXI/ 9 EI!R HI/ORY OR SOCIAL !ORY4 ,BUT SOME CITIES W]E NEI!R PR$OM9ANTLY SOCIAL 79 ! DOME/IC S5SE7 NOR /ATI/1 BUT GAVE RISE TO AN 5TIRELY NEW SOCIETAL DISP5SATION4 ,! MO/ REM>KABLE ( !SE W]E ! SEAPORTS ( ANCI5T ,HELLAS & ! CRAFT & COMM]CIAL CITIES ( M$IEVAL ,ITALY1 ,RUSSIA1 & C5TRAL ,EUROPE4 ,EV5 MOD]N CITIES ( NEWLY =M+ NATION- /ATES LIKE ,SPA91 ,5GL&1 & ,FRANCE DEVELOP$ ID5TITIES ( !IR [N & RELATIVELY POPUL> =MS ( CITIZ5 P>TICIPATION4 ,!IR P>O*IAL1 EV5 PATRI>*AL ATTRIBUTES %\LD NOT BE P]MITT$ TO OV]%AD[ !IR UNIV]SAL HUMANI/IC ATTRIBUTES4 ,FROM ! ,OLYMPIAN /&PO9T ( MOD]NITY1 IT W\LD BE AS PETTY AS IT W\LD BE AHI/ORICAL TO HI<LI<T FAIL+S ?AT CITIES %>$ ) NE>LY ALL 0CIVILIZATIONS0 OV] ?\S&S ( YE>S4 

,:AT %\LD /& \T AS A MATT] ( VITAL IMPORTANCE IS ?AT !SE CITIES CREAT$ ! PUBLIC DOMA94 ,!RE1 9 ! AGORA ( ! ,GREEK DEMOCRACIES1 ! =UM ( ! ,ROMAN REPUBLIC1 ! T[N C5T] ( ! M$IEVAL COMMUNE1 & ! PLAZA ( ! ,R5AISSANCE CITY1 CITIZ5S C\LD CONGREGATE4 ,TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R 9 ?IS PUBLIC DOMA9 A RADICALLY NEW >5A -- A POLITICAL ONE -- EM]G$1 BAS$ ON LIMIT$ BUT (T5 P>TICIPATORY =MS ( DEMOCRACY & A NEW CONCEPT ( CIVIC P]SONHOOD1 ! CITIZ54 

,DEF9$ 9 T]MS ( ITS ETYMOLOGICAL ROOTS1 POLITICS MEANS ! MANGEM5T ( ! COMMUNITY OR POLIS BY ITS MEMB]S1 ! CITIZ5S4 ,POLITICS ALSO MEANT ! RECOGNITION ( CIVIC RI<TS = /RANG]S OR 0\TSID]S0 :O W]E NOT L9K$ TO ! POPULATION BY BLOOD TIES4 ,?AT IS1 IT MEANT ! IDEA ( A UNIV]SAL HUMANITAS1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! G5EALOGICALLY RELAT$ 0FOLK40 ,TOGE!R ) !SE FUNDAM5TAL DEVELOPM5TS1 POLITICS WAS M>K$ BY ! 9CREAS+ SECUL>IZATION ( SOCIETAL AFFAIRS1 A NEW RESPECT = ! 9DIVIDUAL1 & A GR[+ REG>D = RATIONAL CANONS ( BEHAVIOR OV] ! UN?9K+ IMP]ATIVES ( CU/OM4 

,I DO NOT WI% TO SUGGE/ ?AT PRIVILEGE1 9EQUALITY ( RI<TS1 SUP]NATURAL VAG>IES1 CU/OM1 OR EV5 MI/RU/ ( ! 0/RANG]0 TOTALLY DISAPPE>$ ) ! RISE ( CITIES & POLITICS4 ,DUR+ ! MO/ RADICAL & DEMOCRATIC P]IODS ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 = EXAMPLE1 ,P>IS WAS RIFE ) FE>S ( 0=EIGN CONSPIRACIES0 & A X5OPHOBIC MI/RU/ ( 0\TSID]S4 0 ,NOR DID WOM5 EV] FULLY %>E ! FRE$OMS 5JOY$ BY M54 ,MY PO9T1 H[EV]1 IS ?AT SOME?+ V]Y NEW WAS CREAT$ BY ! CITY ?AT CANNOT BE BURI$ 9 ! FOLDS ( ! SOCIAL OR ( ! /ATE3 NAMELY1 A PUBLIC DOMA94 ,?IS DOMA9 N>R[$ & EXP&$ ) TIME1 BUT IT NEV] COMPLETELY DISAPPE>$ FROM HI/ORY4 ,IT /OOD V]Y MU* AT ODDS ) ! /ATE1 :I* TRI$ 9 V>Y+ DEGREES TO PR(ESSIONALIZE & C5TRALIZE P[]1 (T5 BECOM+ AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 SU* AS ! /ATE P[] ?AT EM]G$ 9 ,PTOLEMAIC ,EGYPT1 ! ABSOLUTE MON>*IES ( SEV5TE5?-C5TURY ,EUROPE1 & ! TOTALIT>IAN SY/EMS ( RULE E/ABLI%$ 9 ,RUSSIA & 9 ,*9A 9 ! PA/ C5TURY4 

,! ,IMPORTANCE ( ! ,MUNICIPALITY & ! ,CONF$]ATION 

  

,! ABID+ PHYSICAL >5A ( POLITICS HAS ALMO/ ALWAYS BE5 ! CITY OR T[N -- MORE G5]ICALLY1 ! MUNICIPALITY4 ,! SIZE ( A POLITICALLY VIABLE CITY IS NOT UNIMPORTANT1 TO BE SURE4 ,TO ! ,GREEKS1 NOTABLY ,>I/OTLE1 A CITY OR POLIS %\LD NOT BE SO L>GE ?AT IT CANNOT DEAL ) ITS AFFAIRS ON A FACE-TO-FACE BASIS OR ELIM9ATE A C]TA9 DEGREE ( FAMILI>ITY AMONG ITS CITIZ5S4 ,!SE /&>DS1 BY NO MEANS FIX$ OR 9VIOLABLE1 W]E MEANT TO FO/] URBAN DEVELOPM5T ALONG L9ES ?AT DIRECTLY C\NT]VAIL$ ! EM]G+ /ATE4 ,GIV5 A MODE/ BUT BY NO MEANS SMALL SIZE1 ! POLIS C\LD BE >RANG$ 9/ITUTIONALLY SO ?AT IT C\LD CONDUCT ITS AFFAIRS BY R\ND$1 PUBLICLY 5GAG$ M5 ) A M9IMAL1 C>EFULLY GU>D$ DEGREE ( REPRES5TATION4 

,TO BE A POLITICAL P]SON1 IT WAS SUPPOS$1 REQUIR$ C]TA9 MAT]IAL PRECONDITIONS4 ,A MODICUM ( FREE TIME WAS NE$$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 POLITICAL AFFAIRS1 LEISURE ?AT WAS PROBABLY SUPPLI$ BY SLAVE LABOR1 AL?\< IT IS BY NO MEANS TRUE ?AT ALL ACTIVE ,GREEK CITIZ5S W]E SLAVE[N]S4 ,EV5 MORE IMPORTANT ?AN LEISURE TIME WAS ! NE$ = P]SONAL TRA9+ OR *>ACT] =MATION -- ! ,GREEK NOTION ( PAIDAEIA -- :I* 9CULCAT$ ! REASON$ RE/RA9T BY :I* CITIZ5S MA9TA9$ ! DECORUM NE$$ TO KEEP AN ASSEMBLY ( ! PEOPLE VIABLE4 ,AN IDEAL ( PUBLIC S]VICE WAS NECESS>Y TO \TWEI< N>R[1 EGOI/IC IMPULSES & TO DEVELOP ! IDEAL ( A G5]AL 9T]E/4 ,?IS WAS A*IEV$ BY E/ABLI%+ A COMPLEX NETWORK ( RELATION%IPS1 RANG+ FROM LOYAL FRI5D%IPS -- ! ,GREEK NOTION ( PHILIA -- TO %>$ EXP]I5CES 9 CIVIC FE/IVALS & MILIT>Y S]VICE4 

,BUT POLITICS 9 ?IS S5SE WAS NOT A /RICTLY ,HELL5IC PH5OM5ON4 ,SIMIL> PROBLEMS & NE$S >OSE & W]E SOLV$ 9 A V>IETY ( WAYS 9 ! FREE CITIES NOT ONLY 9 ! ,M$IT]RANEAN BAS9 BUT 9 CONT95TAL ,EUROPE1 ,5GL&1 & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,NE>LY ALL !SE FREE CITIES CREAT$ A PUBLIC DOMA9 & A POLITICS ?AT W]E DEMOCRATIC TO V>Y+ DEGREES OV] LONG P]IODS ( TIME4 ,DEEPLY HO/ILE TO C5TRALIZ$ /ATES1 FREE CITIES & !IR F$]ATIONS =M$ SOME ( HI/ORY'S CRUCIAL TURN+ PO9TS 9 :I* HUMANITY WAS FAC$ ) ! POSSIBILITY ( E/ABLI%+ SOCIETIES BAS$ ON MUNICIPAL CONF$]ATIONS OR ON NATION-/ATES4 

,! /ATE1 TOO1 HAD A HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T & CANNOT BE R$UC$ TO A SIMPLI/IC AHI/ORICAL IMAGE4 ,ANCI5T /ATES W]E HI/ORICALLY FOLL[$ BY QUASI- /ATES1 MON>*ICAL /ATES1 FEUDAL /ATES1 & REPUBLICAN /ATES4 ,! TOTALIT>IAN /ATES ( ?IS C5TURY BEGG> ! H>%E/ TYRANNIES ( ! PA/4 ,BUT ESS5TIAL TO ! RISE ( ! NATION-/ATE WAS ! ABILITY ( C5TRALIZ$ /ATES TO WEAK5 ! VITALITY ( URBAN1 T[N1 & VILLAGE /RUCTURES & REPLACE !IR FUNCTIONS BY BUREAUCRACIES1 POLICE1 & MILIT>Y =CES4 ,A SUBTLE 9T]PLAY BETWE5 ! MUNICIPALITY & ! /ATE1 (T5 EXPLOD+ 9 OP5 CONFLICT1 HAS OCCURR$ ?R\<\T HI/ORY & HAS %AP$ ! SOCIETAL L&SCAPE ( ! PRES5T DAY4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 NOT 5\< ATT5TION HAS BE5 GIV5 TO ! FACT ?AT ! CAPACITY ( /ATES TO EX]CISE ! FULL MEASURE ( !IR P[] HAS (T5 BE5 LIMIT$ BY ! MUNICIPAL OB/ACLES !Y 5C\NT]$4 

,NATIONALISM1 LIKE /ATISM1 HAS SO DEEPLY IMPR9T$ ITSELF ON MOD]N ?9K+ ?AT ! V]Y IDEA ( A MUNICIPALI/ POLITICS AS AN OPTION = SOCIETAL ORGANIZATION HAS VIRTUALLY BE5 WRITT5 (F4 ,= ONE ?+1 AS ,I HAVE ALREADY EMPHASIZ$1 POLITICS !SE DAYS HAS BE5 ID5TIFI$ COMPLETELY ) /ATECRAFT1 ! PR(ESSIONALIZATION ( P[]4 ,?AT ! POLITICAL REALM & ! /ATE HAVE (T5 BE5 9 %>P CONFLICT ) EA* O!R -- 9DE$1 9 CONFLICTS ?AT EXPLOD$ 9 BLOODY CIVIL W>S -- HAS BE5 ALMO/ COMPLETELY OV]LOOK$4 

,! GREAT REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS ( ! PA/1 FROM ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION ( ! #a#f#dS TO ?OSE 9 \R [N C5TURY1 HAVE ALWAYS BE5 M>K$ BY /RONG COMMUNITY UPSURGES & DEP5D$ = !IR SUCCESS ON /RONG COMMUNITY TIES4 ,?AT FE>S ( MUNICIPAL AUTONOMY /ILL HAUNT ! NATION-/ATE CAN BE SE5 9 ! 5DLESS >GUM5TS ?AT >E BR\<T AGA9/ IT4 ,PH5OM5A AS 0DEAD0 AS ! FREE COMMUNITY & P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY %\LD PRESUMABLY >\SE F> FEW] OPPON5TS ?AN WE CONT9UE TO 5C\NT]4 

,! RISE ( ! GREAT MEGALOPOLIS HAS NOT 5D$ ! HI/ORIC QUE/ = COMMUNITY & CIVIC POLITICS1 ANY MORE ?AN ! RISE ( MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATIONS HAS REMOV$ ! ISSUE ( NATIONALISM FROM ! MOD]N AG5DA4 ,CITIES LIKE ,NEW ,YORK1 ,LONDON1 ,FRANKFURT1 ,MILAN1 & ,MADRID CAN BE POLITICALLY DEC5TRALIZ$ 9/ITUTIONALLY1 BE !Y BY NEI<BORHOOD OR DI/RICT NETWORKS1 DESPITE !IR L>GE /RUCTURAL SIZE & !IR 9T]NAL 9T]DEP5D5CE4 ,9DE$1 H[ WELL !Y CAN FUNCTION IF !Y DO NOT DEC5TRALIZE /RUCTURALLY IS AN ECOLOGICAL ISSUE ( P>AM\NT IMPORTANCE1 AS PROBLEMS ( AIR POLLUTION1 ADEQUATE WAT] SUPPLY1 CRIME1 ! QUALITY ( LIFE1 & TRANSPORTATION SUGGE/4 

,HI/ORY HAS %[N V]Y DRAMATICALLY ?AT MAJOR CITIES ( ,EUROPE ) POPULATIONS APPROA*+ A MILLION & ) PRIMITIVE MEANS ( COMMUNICATION FUNCTION$ BY MEANS ( WELL-COORD9AT$ DEC5TRALIZ$ 9/ITUTIONS ( EXTRAORD9>Y POLITICAL VITALITY4 ,FROM ! ,CA/ILIAN CITIES ?AT EXPLOD$ 9 ! ,COMUN]O REVOLT 9 ! E>LY L#eS ?R\< ! ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS OR ASSEMBLIES ( ! E>LY #a#g#iS TO ! ,MADRID ,CITIZ5S' ,MOVEM5T ( ! #a#i#fS 7TO CITE ONLY A FEW71 MUNICIPAL MOVEM5TS 9 L>GE CITIES HAVE POS$ CRUCIAL ISSUES ( :]E P[] %\LD BE C5T]$ & H[ SOCIETAL LIFE %\LD BE MANAG$ 9/ITUTIONALLY4 

,?AT A MUNICIPALITY CAN BE AS P>O*IAL AS A TRIBE IS FAIRLY OBVI\S -- & IS NO LESS TRUE TODAY ?AN IT HAS BE5 9 ! PA/4 ,H5CE1 ANY MUNICIPAL MOVEM5T ?AT IS NOT CONF$]AL -- ?AT IS TO SAY1 ?AT DOES NOT 5T] 9TO A NETWORK ( MUTUAL OBLIGATIONS TO T[NS & CITIES 9 ITS [N REGION -- CAN NO MORE BE REG>D$ AS A TRULY POLITICAL 5TITY 9 ANY TRADITIONAL S5SE ?AN A NEI<BORHOOD ?AT DOES NOT WORK ) O!R NEI<BORHOODS 9 ! CITY 9 :I* IT IS LOCAT$4 ,CONF$]ATION1 BAS$ ON %>$ RESPONSIBILITIES1 FULL ACC\NTABILITY ( CONF$]AL DELEGATES TO !IR COMMUNITIES1 ! RI<T TO RECALL1 & FIRMLY M&AT$ REPRES5TATIVE =MS AN 9DISP5SABLE P>T ( A NEW POLITICS4 ,TO DEM& ?AT EXI/+ T[NS & CITIES REPLICATE ! NATION-/ATE ON A LOCAL LEVEL IS TO SURR5D] ANY COMMITM5T TO SOCIAL *ANGE AS SU*4 

,:AT IS ( IMM5SE PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE IS ?AT PRE/ATI/ 9/ITUTIONS1 TRADITIONS1 & S5TIM5TS REMA9 ALIVE 9 V>Y+ DEGREES ?R\<\T MO/ ( ! WORLD4 ,RESI/ANCE TO ! 5CROA*M5T ( OPPRESSIVE /ATES HAS BE5 N\RI%$ BY VILLAGE1 NEI<BORHOOD1 & T[N COMMUNITY NETWORKS1 AS WITNESS SU* /RUGGLES 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA4 ,TO IGNORE ! COMMUNAL BASIS ( ?IS RESI/ANCE W\LD BE AS MYOPIC AS TO IGNORE ! LAT5T 9/ABILITY ( EV]Y NATION-/ATE2 WORSE W\LD BE TO TAKE ! NATION-/ATE AS IT IS = GRANT$ & DEAL ) IT M]ELY ON ITS [N T]MS4 ,9DE$1 :E!R A /ATE REMA9S 0MORE0 ( A /ATE OR 0LESS0 -- NO TRIFL+ MATT] TO RADICAL !ORI/S AS DISP>ATE AS ,BAKUN9 & ,M>X -- DEP5DS HEAVILY UPON ! P[] ( LOCAL1 CONF$]AL1 & COMMUNITY MOVEM5TS TO C\NT]VAIL IT & HOPEFULLY E/ABLI% A DUAL P[] ?AT WILL REPLACE IT4 ,! MAJOR ROLE ?AT ! ,MADRID ,CITIZ5S' ,MOVEM5T PLAY$ NE>LY ?REE DECADES AGO 9 WEAK5+ ! ,FRANCO REGIME W\LD REQUIRE A MAJOR /UDY TO DO IT JU/ICE4 

,NOT)/&+ ,M>XI/ VISIONS ( A L>GELY ECONOMI/IC CONFLICT BETWE5 0WAGE LABOR & CAPITAL10 ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5TS ( ! PA/ W]E NOT SIMPLY 9DU/RIAL MOVEM5TS4 ,! VOLATILE ,P>ISIAN LABOR MOVEM5T1 L>GELY >TISANAL 9 *>ACT]1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS ALSO A COMMUNITY MOVEM5T ?AT WAS C5T]$ ON QU>TI]S & N\RI%$ BY A RI* NEI<BORHOOD LIFE4 ,FROM ! ,LEVEL]S ( SEV5TE5?-C5TURY ,LONDON TO ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S ( ,B>CELONA 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 RADICAL ACTIVITY HAS BE5 SU/A9$ BY /RONG COMMUNITY BONDS1 A PUBLIC SPH]E PROVID$ BY /REETS1 SQU>ES1 & CAFES4 

,! ,NE$ = A ,NEW ,POLITICS 

  

,?IS MUNICIPAL LIFE CANNOT BE IGNOR$ 9 RADICAL PRACTICE & MU/ EV5 BE RECREAT$ :]E IT HAS BE5 UND]M9$ BY ! MOD]N /ATE4 ,A NEW POLITICS1 ROOT$ 9 T[NS1 NEI<BORHOODS1 CITIES1 & REGIONS1 =MS ! ONLY VIABLE ALT]NATIVE TO ! ANEMIC P>LIAM5T>ISM ?AT IS P]COLAT+ ?R\< V>I\S ,GRE5 P>TIES TODAY & SIMIL> SOCIAL MOVEM5TS -- 9 %ORT1 !IR REC\RSE TO %E] & CORRUPTIVE /ATECRAFT 9 :I* ! L>G] B\RGEOIS P>TIES CAN ALWAYS BE EXPECT$ TO \TMANEUV] !M & ABSORB !M 9TO COALITIONS4 ,! DURATION ( /RICTLY S+LE-ISSUE MOVEM5TS1 TOO1 IS LIMIT$ TO ! PROBLEMS !Y >E OPPOS+4 ,MILITANT ACTION >\ND SU* ISSUES %\LD NOT BE CONFUS$ ) ! LONG-RANGE RADICALISM ?AT IS NE$$ TO *ANGE CONSCI\SNESS & ULTIMATELY SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,SU* MOVEM5TS FL>E UP & PASS AWAY1 EV5 :5 !Y >E SUCCESSFUL4 ,!Y LACK ! 9/ITUTIONAL UND]P9N+S ?AT >E SO NECESS>Y TO CREATE LA/+ MOVEM5TS = SOCIAL *ANGE & ! >5A 9 :I* !Y CAN BE A P]MAN5T PRES5CE 9 POLITICAL CONFLICT4 

,H5CE ! 5ORM\S NE$ = G5U9ELY POLITICAL GRASSROOTS MOVEM5TS1 UNIT$ CONF$]ALLY1 ?AT >E AN*OR$ 9 ABID+ & DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS ?AT CAN BE EVOLV$ 9TO TRULY LIB]T>IAN ONES4 

,LIFE W\LD 9DE$ BE M>VEL\S1 IF NOT MIRACUL\S1 IF WE W]E BORN ) ALL ! TRA9+1 LIT]ACY1 SKILLS1 & M5TAL EQUIPM5T WE NE$ TO PRACTICE A PR(ESSION OR VOCATION4 ,ALAS1 WE MU/ GO ?\< ! TOIL ( ACQUIR+ !SE ABILITIES1 A TOIL ?AT REQUIRES /RUGGLE1 CONFRONTATION1 $UCATION1 & DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT IS V]Y UNLIKELY ?AT A RADICAL MUNICIPALI/ APPROA*1 TOO1 IS MEAN+FUL AT ALL M]ELY AS AN EASY MEANS = 9/ITUTIONAL *ANGE4 ,IT MU/ BE F\<T = IF IT IS TO BE *]I%$1 JU/ AS ! FI<T = A FREE SOCIETY MU/ ITSELF BE AS LIB]AT+ & SELF-TRANS=M+ AS ! EXI/5CE ( A FREE SOCIETY4 

,! MUNICIPALITY IS A POT5TIAL TIME-BOMB4 ,TO CREATE LOCAL NETWORKS & TRY TO TRANS=M MUNICIPAL 9/ITUTIONS ?AT REPLICATE ! /ATE IS TO PICK UP A HI/ORIC *ALL5GE -- A TRULY POLITICAL ONE -- ?AT HAS EXI/$ = C5TURIES4 ,NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5TS >E F\ND]+ TODAY = WANT ( A POLITICAL P]SPECTIVE ?AT WILL BR+ !M 9TO ! PUBLIC >5A1 H5CE ! EASE ) :I* !Y SLIP 9TO P>LI>N5T>ISM4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 LIB]T>IAN !ORY HAS ALWAYS FOCUS$ ON ! FREE MUNICIPALITY ?AT WAS TO PROVIDE ! CELLUL> TISSUE = A NEW SOCIETY4 ,TO IGNORE ! POT5TIAL ( ?IS FREE MUNICIPALITY BECAUSE IT IS NOT YET FREE IS TO BYPASS A SLUMB]+ DOMA9 ( POLITICS ?AT C\LD GIVE LIV$ MEAN+ TO ! GREAT LIB]T>IAN DEM&3 A COMMUNE ( COMMUNES4 ,= 9 !SE MUNICIPAL 9/ITUTIONS & ! *ANGES ?AT WE CAN MAKE 9 !IR /RUCTURE -- TURN+ !M MORE & MORE 9TO A NEW PUBLIC SPH]E -- LIES ! ABID+ 9/ITUTIONAL BASIS = A GRASSROOTS DUAL P[]1 A GRASSROOTS CONCEPT ( CITIZ5%IP1 & MUNICIPALIZ$ ECONOMIC SY/EMS ?AT CAN BE C\NT]POS$ TO ! GR[+ P[] ( ! C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATE & C5TRALIZ$ ECONOMIC CORPORATIONS4 

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