,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY & ,COMMUNISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK 

,TEXT 3 

,S\RCE3 8 
,PUBLI%$3 ,FIR/ PUBLI%$ AS A PAMPHLET UND] ! PSEUDONYM ,K4 ,HORN] 9 ,HAMBURG1 #a#i#a#i2 ALSO LAT] PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,K,A,P,D J\RNAL1 ,KOMMUNI/IS*E ,>BEIT]ZEITUNG1 9 #a#i#b#g4 ,?IS TRANSLATION IS BAS$ ON ! LATT] V]SION4 
,TRANSCRIB]3 ,COLLECTIVE ,ACTION ,NOTES 7,C,A,N7 
,H,T,M,L3 ,JONAS ,HOLMGR5 

,CONT5TS3 
,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY & ,COMMUNISM 
#a4 ,! ,ROAD ,FOLL[$ BY ! ,WORK]S ,MOVEM5T 
#b4 ,CLASS ,/RUGGLE & ,SOCIALIZATION 
#c4 ,MASS ,ACTION & ,REVOLUTION 
#d4 ,DEMOCRACY & ,P>LIAM5T>ISM 
#e4 ,PROLET>IAN ,DEMOCRACY1 OR ! ,C\NCIL ,SY/EM 

#a 

,! ,ROAD ,FOLL[$ BY ! ,WORK]S ,MOVEM5T 

,! WORLD W> BR\<T NOT JU/ A VIOL5T REVOLUTION 9 ALL 
ECONOMIC & POLITICAL RELATIONS2 IT ALSO COMPLETELY TRANS=M$ SOCIALISM4 
,?OSE :O GREW UP ) ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & P>TICIPAT$ 9 ITS RANKS 9 
! WORK]S CLASS /RUGGLE1 WILL BY CONFUS$ BY ALL ITS NEW FEATURES1 & WILL 
ASK !MSELVES IF EV]Y?+ !Y HAD LE>N$ & ACCOMPLI%$ UNTIL N[ WAS 
FALSE1 & IF !Y MU/ !RE=E LE>N & FOLL[ ! NEW !ORIES4 ,! ANSW] 
IS3 IT WAS NOT FALSE1 BUT 9COMPLETE4 ,SOCIALISM IS NOT AN IMMUTABLE !ORY4 ,AS 
! WORLD *ANGES1 M5'S !ORETICAL UND]/&+ GR[S1 & ALONG ) NEW 
RELATIONS1 NEW ME?ODS TO A*IEVE \R GOAL ALSO EM]GE4 ,?IS CAN BE SE5 BY 
CA/+ \R GLANCE BACK UPON ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIALISM OV] ! LA/ 
C5TURY4 

,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 UTOPIAN 
SOCIALISM REIGN$4 ,BROAD-M9D$ ?9K]S DEEPLY S5SITIVE TO ! UNBE>ABLE 
NATURE ( CAPITALISM SKET*$ ! \TL9ES ( A BETT] SOCIETY1 9 :I* LABOR 
W\LD BE ORGANIZ$ COOP]ATIVELY4 ,A NEW P]SPECTIVE EM]G$ :5 ,M>X & ,5GELS 
PUBLI%$ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O 9 #a#h#d#g4 ,H]E1 = ! FIR/ 
TIME1 ! PR9CIPAL PO9TS ( ! SOCIALISM ( ! FUTURE CLE>LY /OOD \T3 IT 
WAS FROM CAPITALISM ITSELF ?AT ! =CE CAPABLE ( TRANS=M+ SOCIETY W\LD 
EM]GE1 & ?IS =CE W\LD GIVE BIR? TO A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,?IS =CE IS 
! CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! POOR1 SCORN$1 IGNORANT WORK]S WILL 
BE 9 ! =EFRONT ( ?OSE :O WILL C>RY \T ?IS TRANS=MATION1 AS !Y 
TAKE UP ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE1 GA9+ 9 ! PROCESS P[] & 
ABILITY & ORGANIZ+ !MSELVES AS A CLASS2 BY WAY ( A REVOLUTION1 ! 
PROLET>IAT WILL CONQU] POLITICAL P[] & C>RY \T A COMPREH5SIVE ECONOMIC 
TRANS=MATION4 

,IT MU/ ALSO BE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS NEV] CALL$ ?IS 
:OLE UND]TAK+ 0SOCIALISM01 NOR DID !Y CALL !MSELVES 0SOCIALI/S04 ,5GELS 
EXPRESS$ ! REASON = ?IS QUITE CLE>LY3 9 ?AT ]A1 V>I\S B\RGEOIS 
CURR5TS W]E *>ACT]IZ$ UND] ! NAME ( SOCIALISM1 CURR5TS :I*1 DUE TO 
A FEEL+ ( ID5TIFICATION ) ! PROLET>IAT OR O!R MOTIVES1 WANT$ TO 
OV]?R[ ! CAPITALI/ ORD]2 QUITE FREQU5TLY1 !IR GOALS W]E EV5 
REACTION>Y4 ,COMMUNISM1 ON ! O!R H&1 WAS A PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T4 ,! 
WORK]S GR\PS :I* ATTACK$ ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM CALL$ !MSELVES 
COMMUNI/S4 ,IT WAS FROM ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE ?AT ! ,MANIFE/O 
EM]G$1 :I* PO9T$ \T TO ! PROLET>IAT ! GOAL & ! DIRECTION ( ITS 
/RUGGLE4 

,9 #ahdh ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS BROKE \T1 CLE>+ ! WAY = 
! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM 9 C5TRAL ,EUROPE1 & FACILITAT+ ! 
TRANS=MATION ( ! SMALL TRADITIONAL /ATELETS 9TO MORE P[]FUL 
,NATION-,/ATES4 ,9DU/RY EXP&$ AT A RECORD PACE DUR+ ! #a#h#eS & #a#h#fS1 
& AMID ! 5SU+ PROSP]ITY ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS COLLAPS$ SO 
COMPLETELY ?AT EV5 ! WORD COMMUNISM WAS =GOTT54 ,LAT]1 DUR+ ! #a#h#fS1 
:5 ! WORK]S MOVEM5T REEM]G$ 9 ,5GL&1 ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY )9 A MORE 
FULLY-DEVELOP$ CAPITALISM1 IT HAD A MU* BROAD] BASE ?AN ! PREVI\S 
COMMUNI/ SECTS1 BUT ITS GOALS W]E MU* MORE LIMIT$ & %ORT-T]M 9 NATURE3 
IMPROVEM5T ( ! IMM$IATE SITUATION ( ! WORK]S1 LEGAL RECOGNITION ( 
TRADE UNIONS1 DEMOCRATIC RE=MS4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 ,LASSALLE L$ AGITATION 9 FAVOR ( 
,/ATE-SUPPORT$ PRODUC]S' COOP]ATIVES2 9 HIS VIEW1 ! ,/ATE %\LD ACT AS 
! >*ITECT ( SOCIAL POLICY 9 FAVOR ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 & 9 ORD] TO 
COMPEL ! ,/ATE TO ASSUME ?IS ROLE1 ! WORK+ CLASS W\LD HAVE TO AVAIL 
ITSELF ( DEMOCRACY--! P[] ( ! MASSES OV] ! ,/ATE4 ,IT IS 
!RE=E UND]/&ABLE ?AT ! ,P>TY F\ND$ BY ,LASSALLE LAID CLAIM TO ! 
SIGNIFICANT NAME ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY3 ?IS NAME EXPRESS$ ! ,P>TY'S GOAL1 ?AT 
IS1 DEMOCRACY ) A SOCIAL PURPOSE4 

,LITTLE BY LITTLE1 H[EV]1 ! ,P>TY \TGREW ITS 9ITIAL N>R[ 
OBJECTIVES4 ,G]MANY'S UNRE/RA9$ CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 ! W> = ! 
=MATION ( ! ,G]MAN ,EMPIRE1 ! PACT BETWE5 ! B\RGEOISIE & ! 
MILIT>I/ L&[N]S1 ! ANTI-SOCIALI/ LAW1 ! REACTION>Y CU/OMS & 
TAXATION POLICIES--ALL ( !SE ?+S DROVE ! WORK+ CLASS =W>D1 
MAK+ IT ! VANGU>D ( ! RE/ ( ,EUROPEAN WORK]S MOVEM5T1 :I* ADOPT$ 
ITS NAME & ITS POLICIES4 ,PRACTICE HON$ ITS SPIRIT = UND]/&+ ,M>X'S 
DOCTR9E1 :I* WAS MADE ACCESSIBLE TO SOCIALI/S BY ! NUM]\S POPUL>IZ$ 
V]SIONS WRITT5 BY ,KAUTSKY & !IR POLITICAL APPLICATIONS4 ,9 ?IS MANN] 
!Y CAME TO ONCE AGA9 RECOGNIZE ! PR9CIPLES & GOALS ( ! OLD COMMUNISM3 
! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O WAS !IR PROGRAMMATIC WORK1 ,M>XISM WAS 
!IR !ORY1 ! CLASS /RUGGLE !IR TACTIC1 ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] 
BY ! PROLET>IAT--! SOCIAL REVOLUTION--!IR GOAL4 

,!RE WAS1 H[EV]1 ONE DIFF]5CE3 ! *>ACT] ( ! NEW 
,M>XISM1 ! SPIRIT ( ! :OLE MOVEM5T1 WAS UNLIKE ?AT ( ! OLD COMMUNISM4 
,! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY WAS GR[+ )9 AN 5VIRONM5T *>ACT]IZ$ BY A 
P[]FUL BUR/ ( CAPITALI/ EXPANSION4 ,IT WAS NOT1 AT FIR/1 COMPELL$ TO 
CONSID] A VIOL5T TRANS=MATION4 ,= ?IS REASON1 ! REVOLUTION WAS PO/PON$ 
9TO ! DI/ANT FUTURE & ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY WAS SATISFI$ ) ! TASKS ( 
PROPAG&A & ORGANIZATION 9 PREP>ATION = ! PO/PON$ REVOLUTION1 & 
CONT5T$ ITSELF = ! TIME BE+ ) /RUGGLES = IMM$IATE IMPROVEM5TS4 
,ITS !ORY ASS]T$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION HAD TO COME AS ! NECESS>Y RESULT ( 
ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 =GETT+ ?AT ACTION1 ! SPONTANE\S ACTIVITY ( ! 
MASSES1 WAS NECESS>Y TO BR+ ?IS AB\T4 ,IT ?US BECAME A K9D ( ECONOMIC 
FATALISM4 ,! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & ! RAPIDLY GR[+ TRADE UNIONS :I* IT 
DOM9AT$ BECAME MEMB]S ( ! CAPITALI/ SOCIETY2 !Y BECAME ! GR[+ 
OPPOSITION & RESI/ANCE ( ! WORK+ MASSES1 AS ! 9/ITUTIONS :I* 
PREV5T$ ! TOTAL IMPOV]I%M5T ( ! MASSES UND] ! PRESSURE ( CAPITAL4 
,?ANKS TO ! G5]AL FRAN*ISE1 !Y EV5 BECAME A /RONG OPPOSITION )9 ! 
B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T4 ,!IR BASIC *>ACT] WAS1 DESPITE !IR !ORY1 
RE=MI/1 & 9 RELATION TO DAY-TO-DAY ISSUES1 PALLIATIVE & M9IMALI/ 
9/EAD ( REVOLUTION>Y4 ,! PR9CIPAL CAUSE ( ?IS DEVELOPM5T LAY 9 
PROLET>IAN PROSP]ITY1 :I* GRANT$ ! PROLET>IAN MASSES A C]TA9 DEGREE ( 
ESS5TIAL SECURITY1 DAMP5+ ! EXPRESSION ( REVOLUTION>Y VIEWS4 

,DUR+ ! LA/ DECADE !SE T5D5CIES HAVE BE5 RE9=C$4 ,! 
WORK]S MOVEM5T A*IEV$ :AT WAS POSSIBLE 9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES3 A P[]FUL 
,P>TY1 ) A MILLION MEMB]S & G>N]+ ONE-?IRD ( ! VOTE1 & ALONGSIDE 
IT A TRADE UNION MOVEM5T CONC5TRAT+ 9 ITS RANKS ! MAJORITY ( ORGANIZ$ 
LABOR4 ,IT !N CLA%$ ) AN EV5 MORE P[]FUL B>RI]1 AGA9/ :I* ! OLD 
ME?ODS W]E NOT SO EFFECTIVE3 ! POT5T ORGANIZATION ( BIG CAPITAL 9TO 
SYNDICATES1 C>TELS & TRU/S1 AS WELL AS ! POLICIES ( F9ANCE CAPITAL1 
HEAVY 9DU/RY & MILIT>ISM1 ALL ( :I* W]E =MS ( IMP]IALISM ?AT W]E 
CONTROLL$ BY =CES \TSIDE P>LIAM5T4 ,BUT ?IS WORK]S MOVEM5T WAS NOT 
CAPABLE ( A TOTAL TACTICAL REORI5TATION & R5EWAL1 AS LONG AS ITS [N 
P[]FUL ORGANIZATIONS W]E >RAY$ AGA9/ IT1 ORGANIZATIONS :I* W]E 
CONSID]$ TO BE 5DS 9 !MSELVES & W]E EAG] = RECOGNITION4 ,! VOICE ( 
?IS T5D5CY WAS ! BUREAUCRACY1 ! NUM]\S >MY ( (FICIALS1 LEAD]S1 
P>LIAM5T>IANS1 SECRET>IES & $ITORS1 :O COMPRIS$ A GR\P ( !IR [N 
) !IR [N 9T]E/S4 ,!IR AIM WAS TO GRADUALLY *ANGE ! NATURE ( ! 
,P>TY'S ACTIVITIES :ILE KEEP+ ! OLD NAME4 ,! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] 
BY ! PROLET>IAT BECAME1 = !M1 ! CONQUE/ ( A P>LIAM5T>Y MAJORITY BY 
!IR ,P>TY1 ?AT IS1 ! REPLACEM5T ( ! RUL+ POLITICIANS & ,/ATE 
BUREAUCRACY BY !MSELVES1 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC POLITICIANS & ! TRADE UNION 
& ,P>TY BUREAUCRACIES4 ,! ADV5T ( SOCIALISM WAS N[ SUPPOS$ TO >RIVE BY 
WAY ( NEW LEGISLATION 9 FAVOR ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,& IT WAS NOT JU/ AMONG 
! REVISIONI/S ?AT ?IS POSITION F\ND FAVOR4 ,KAUTSKY1 TOO1 ! POLITICAL 
!ORETICIAN ( ! RADICALS1 SAID DUR+ A DEBATE ?AT ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 
WANT$ TO /AFF ! ,/ATE1 ) ALL ( ITS DEP>TM5TS & M9I/RIES1 M]ELY 9 
ORD] TO PUT O!R PEOPLE1 FROM ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 9 ! PLACE ( ! 
M9I/]S CURR5TLY OCCUPY+ ?OSE PO/S4 

,! ,WORLD ,W> ALSO L$ TO ! \TBREAK ( A CRISIS 9 ! WORK]S 
MOVEM5T4 ,! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 G5]ALLY1 PUT ITSELF AT ! S]VICE ( 
IMP]IALISM UND] ! =MULA ( 0DEF5SE ( ! FA!RL&02 ! TRADE UNION 
& ,P>TY BUREAUCRACIES WORK$ H& 9 H& ) ! ,/ATE BUREAUCRACY & 
BUS9ESS TO MAKE ! PROLET>IAT EXP5D ITS /R5G?1 ITS BLOOD & ITS LIFE TO 
! UTMO/ EXTREMES4 ,?IS SIGNIFI$ ! COLLAPSE ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY AS A 
,P>TY ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,N[1 DESPITE ! FI]CE REPRESSION1 A GR[+ 
OPPOSITION HAS EM]G$ 9 ALL C\NTRIES1 & ! OLD BANN] ( ! CLASS 
/RUGGLE1 ( ,M>XISM & ( ! REVOLUTION IS RAIS$ AGA94 ,BUT UND] :AT NAME 
%\LD ?IS BANN] BE RAIS$8 ,IT W\LD BE COMPLETELY JU/IFI$ TO RECLAIM ! 
OLD =MULAS ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 :I* ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TIES HAVE LEFT 
9 ! LUR*4 ,BUT ! V]Y NAME 0SOCIALI/0 HAS N[ LO/ ALL ( ITS MEAN+ & 
P[]1 S9CE ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! SOCIALI/S & ! B\RGEOISIE HAVE 
ALMO/ 5TIRELY DISAPPE>$4 ,9 ORD] = ! CLASS /RUGGLE TO MOVE =W>D1 
! FIR/ & MO/ IMPORTANT MATT] TO ATT5D TO IS TO FI<T AGA9/ ! SOCIAL 
DEMOCRACY1 :I* HAS L$ ! PROLET>IAT 9TO ! ABYSS ( POV]TY1 SUBMISSION1 
W>1 ANNIHILATION & P[]LESSNESS4 ,%\LD ! NEW FI<T]S ACCEPT SU* 
9FAM\S & %AMEFUL NAMES8 ,A NEW NAME WAS NECESS>Y1 BUT :AT NAME WAS MORE 
APPROPRIATE ?AN ANY O!R TO DECL>E ITS ROLE AS ! PR9CIPLE BE>] ( ! 
OLD ORIG9AL CLASS /RUGGLE8 ,9 EV]Y C\NTRY ! SAME ?\<T >OSE3 RECLAIM 
! NAME ( COMMUNISM4 

,ONCE AGA91 AS 9 ! TIME ( ,M>X1 COMMUNISM AS A REVOLUTION>Y 
& PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T CONFRONTS SOCIALISM AS A RE=MI/ & B\RGEOIS 
MOVEM5T4 ,& ! NEW COMMUNISM IS NOT JU/ A NEW $ITION ( ! !ORY ( 
RADICAL SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,AS A RESULT ( ! WORLD CRISIS1 IT HAS GA9$ NEW 
DEP?1 :I* TOTALLY DIFF]5TIATES IT FROM ! OLD !ORY4 ,9 :AT FOLL[S1 WE 
%ALL ELUCIDATE ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! TWO !ORIES4 

#b 

,CLASS ,/RUGGLE & ,SOCIALIZATION 

,DUR+ ITS BE/ DAYS1 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY E/ABLI%$ AS ITS 
PR9CIPLE ! CLASS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE1 & AS ITS GOAL1 ! 
REALIZATION ( SOCIALISM AS SOON AS IT C\LD CONQU] POLITICAL P[]4 ,N[ ?AT 
SOCIAL DEMOCRACY HAS AB&ON$ ?AT PR9CIPLE & ?AT GOAL1 BO? ( !M HAVE 
BE5 TAK5 UP AGA9 BY COMMUNISM4 

,:5 ! W> BROKE \T1 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY AB&ON$ ! FI<T 
AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,KAUTSKY ASS]T$ ?AT ! CLASS /RUGGLE WAS ONLY 
APPLICABLE TO PEACETIME1 :ILE DUR+ W>TIME CLASS SOLID>ITY AGA9/ ! 5EMY 
NATION MU/ TAKE ITS PLACE4 ,9 SUPPORT ( ?IS ASS]TION HE PULL$ FROM \T ( 
HIS SLEEVE ! LIE ( ! 0DEF5SIVE W>01 ) :I* ! MASSES W]E DECEIV$ 
AT ! />T ( HO/ILITIES4 ,! LEAD]S ( ! ,S,P,D MAJORITY & ! 
,9DEP5D5TS DIFF]$ ON ?IS PO9T ONLY BECAUSE ! =M] COLLABORAT$ 
5?USIA/ICALLY ) ! W> POLICY ( ! B\RGEOISIE :ILE ! LATT] 
PATI5TLY 5DUR$ IT1 BECAUSE !Y DID NOT D>E TO LEAD ! /RUGGLE !MSELVES4 
,AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ,G]MAN MILIT>ISM 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#h1 ! SAME PATT]N WAS 
REPEAT$4 ,! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC LEAD]S JO9$ ! GOV]NM5T ALONGSIDE ! 
B\RGEOIS P>TIES & TRI$ TO P]SUADE ! WORK]S ?AT ?IS CON/ITUT$ ! 
POLITICAL P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT !Y DID NOT USE !IR P[] OV] ! 
,C\NCILS & GOV]NM5T M9I/RIES TO REALIZE SOCIALISM1 BUT TO REE/ABLI% 
CAPITALISM4 ,BESIDES ?IS1 ONE MU/ ADD ?AT ! COLOSSAL P[] ( ,CAPITAL1 :I* 
IS ! PR9CIPLE 5EMY & EXPLOIT] ( ! PROLET>IAT1 IS N[ EMBODI$ 9 
,5T5TE ,CAPITAL1 :I* N[ RULES ! WORLD4 ,! ,G]MAN B\RGEOISIE1 R$UC$ TO 
IMPOT5CE1 CAN ONLY EXI/ AS A PEON & AG5T ( ,5T5TE IMP]IALISM & IS 
RESPONSIBLE = CRU%+ ! ,G]MAN WORK]S & EXPLOIT+ !M ON BEHALF ( 
,5T5TE ,CAPITAL4 ,! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 AS ! POLITICAL REPRES5TATIVES ( ?IS 
B\RGEOISIE1 & :O N[ =M ! ,G]MAN GOV]NM5T1 HAVE ! TASK ( C>RY+ 
\T ! ORD]S ( ! ,5T5TE & REQUE/+ ITS AID & SUPPORT4 

,= !IR P>T1 ! ,9DEP5D5TS1 :O DUR+ ! W> RE/RA9$ 
! WORK]S 9 !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! P[]FUL ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM1 HAVE SE5 
?AT AFT] ! W> !IR TASK CONSI/S--)1 = EXAMPLE1 !IR PRAISE = 
! ,LEAGUE ( ,NATIONS & ,WILSON & !IR PROPAG&A 9 FAVOR ( ! ,V]SAILLES 
,PEACE ,TREATY--9 RE/RA9+ ! WORK]S 9 !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! 
>ROGANCE ( WORLD CAPITALISM4 

,9 ! PREVI\S P]IOD1 :5 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY D5\NC$ & 
OPPOS$ W>1 ! GOOD FAI? ( ITS LEAD]S C\LD HAVE BE5 TAK5 = GRANT$1 
& ONE C\LD HAVE ALSO ?\<T ?AT !IR ELEVATION TO ! HI<E/ PO/S 9 ! 
GOV]NM5T W\LD HAVE SIGNIFI$ ! POLITICAL P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT1 S9CE1 
AS REPRES5TATIVES ( ! WORK]S1 !Y HAD FRAM$ LEGISLATION = ! 
REALIZATION (1 OR AT LEA/ ! FIR/ /EPS T[>DS SOCIALISM4 ,BUT EV]Y WORK] 
KN[S ?AT--DESPITE ! OCCASIONAL PROCLAMATION--!Y N[ HAVE NO?+ 
AT ALL TO DO ) SU* ?+S4 ,IS IT AGRE$ ?AT !SE G5TLEM51 ONCE !Y HAVE 
SATISFI$ ! AIMS ( !IR GRE$1 HAVE NO O!R DESIRES OR GOALS2 ?AT ! 
SOCIAL DEMOCRACY WAS !RE=E NO?+ TO !M BUT A LOT ( HOT AIR8 ,P]HAPS TO 
SOME DEGREE4 ,BUT !RE >E ALSO O!R MORE IMPORTANT REASONS :I* EXPLA9 !IR 
BEHAVIOR4 

,! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY HAS SAID ?AT1 9 ! CURR5T CIRCUM/ANCES1 
AFT] ! T]RIBLE ECONOMIC COLLAPSE1 IT IS NO LONG] BY ANY MEANS POSSIBLE TO 
REALIZE SOCIALISM4 ,& H]E WE F9D AN IMPORTANT DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! 
POSITIONS ( COMMUNISM & SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS SAY ?AT 
SOCIALISM IS ONLY POSSIBLE 9 A SOCIETY ( ABUNDANCE1 ( 9CREAS+ PROSP]ITY4 
,! COMMUNI/S SAY ?AT 9 SU* P]IODS CAPITALISM IS MO/ SECURE1 BECAUSE !N 
! MASSES DO NOT ?9K AB\T REVOLUTION4 ,! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS SAY3 FIR/1 
PRODUCTION MU/ BE REE/ABLI%$1 TO AVOID A TOTAL CATA/ROPHE & TO KEEP ! 
MASSES FROM DY+ ( HUNG]4 ,! COMMUNI/S SAY3 N[1 :5 ! ECONOMY HAS HIT 
ROCK BOTTOM1 IS ! P]FECT TIME TO REE/ABLI% IT UPON SOCIALI/ F\NDATIONS4 
,! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS SAY ?AT EV5 ! MO/ BASIC RECOV]Y ( PRODUCTION 
REQUIRES ! CONT9UATION ( ! OLD CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION1 9 
CON=MANCE ) :I* ALL 9/ITUTIONS >E /RUCTUR$ & ?ANKS TO :I* A 
DEVA/AT+ CLASS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE WILL BE AVOID$4 ,! 
COMMUNI/S SAY3 A RECOV]Y ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC F\NDATIONS IS COMPLETELY 
IMPOSSIBLE2 ! WORLD IS S9K+ EV] DEEP] 9TO BANKRUPTCY BE=E \R EYES1 
9TO A DEGREE ( POV]TY :I* MAKES A BREAK ) ! B\RGEOISIE NECESS>Y1 AS 
! B\RGEOISIE IS BLOCK+ ! ONLY POSSIBLE ROAD TO RECON/RUCTION4 ,SO ! 
SOCIAL DEMOCRATS WANT TO FIR/ REE/ABLI% CAPITALISM1 AVOID+ ! CLASS 
/RUGGLE2 ! COMMUNI/S WANT TO BUILD SOCIALISM FROM SCRAT* RI<T N[1 ) 
! CLASS /RUGGLE AS !IR GUIDE4 

,:AT1 !N1 IS ?IS ALL AB\T8 ,! SOCIAL LABOR PROCESS IS ! 
PRODUCTION ( ALL ! GOODS NE$$ = LIFE4 ,BUT ! SATISFACTION ( HUMAN NE$S 
IS NOT ! GOAL ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION2 ITS GOAL IS SURPLUS VALUE1 PR(IT4 ,ALL 
CAPITALI/ ACTIVITIES >E DIRECT$ T[>DS PR(IT1 & ONLY = ?AT PURPOSE >E 
! WORK]S ALL[$ TO WORK 9 !IR FACTORIES TO MANUFACTURE GOODS 9 !IR 
C\NTRIES1 GOODS :I* >E REQUIR$ TO SATISFY \R NE$S4 ,N[1 ?IS :OLE LABOR 
PROCESS IS P>ALYZ$ & DE/ROY$4 ,PR(ITS1 ( C\RSE1 >E /ILL BE+ MADE1 
EV5 5ORM\S PR(ITS1 BUT ?IS IS TAK+ PLACE VIA ! TORTU\S DET\RS ( 
CAPITAL FLI<T1 P>ASITISM1 PLUND]1 ! BLACK M>KET & SPECULATION4 ,IF ! 
REGUL> S\RCE ( PR(IT IS TO BE REE/ABLI%$ = ! B\RGEOISIE1 !N 
PRODUCTION1 ! LABOR PROCESS1 MU/ BE RE/>T$4 ,IS ?IS POSSIBLE8 

,9S(> AS IT IS A QUE/ION ( LABOR1 ( PRODUCTION1 ?IS CANNOT 
BE SO DIFFICULT4 ,! WORK+ CLASS MASSES >E !RE1 READY TO WORK4 ,AS = FOOD1 
5\< IS PRODUC$ 9 ,G]MANY4 ,AS = RAW MAT]IALS1 SU* AS COAL & IRON1 
!SE >E 9 RELATIVELY %ORT SUPPLY 9 COMP>ISON TO ! GREAT MASS ( 
HI<LY-SKILL$ 9DU/RIAL WORK]S2 BUT ?IS C\LD EASILY BE COMP5SAT$ =1 
?ANKS TO TRADE ) ! LESS 9DU/RIALIZ$1 BUT RAW MAT]IALS-RI* C\NTRIES 
( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE4 ,?US1 ! RECOV]Y ( PRODUCTION DOES NOT POSE A SUP]HUMAN 
PROBLEM4 ,BUT CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION MEANS ?AT P>T ( ! PRODUCT GOES TO ! 
CAPITALI/ )\T ! CAPITALI/ HAV+ TO WORK = IT4 

,! B\RGEOIS LEGAL ORD] IS ! MEANS :I* MAKES IT POSSIBLE 
= !SE CAPITALI/S TO REAP ?IS PR(IT AS IF IT W]E A NATURAL PROCESS1 
?ANKS TO ITS PROP]TY RI<TS4 ,BY MEANS ( !SE RI<TS1 CAPITAL HAS 0CLAIMS0 TO 
ITS PR(IT4 ,! SAME ?+ HAPP5$ BE=E ! W>4 ,BUT ! W> HAS 5ORM\SLY 
9CREAS$ ! PR(IT CLAIMS ( CAPITAL4 ,! ,/ATE DEBT TODAY IS NUMB]$ ALMO/ 
9 ! BILLIONS1 :]EAS BE=E ! W> IT WAS JU/ 9 ! MILLIONS4 ,?IS MEANS 
?AT ! [N]S ( ?OSE TITLES TO PUBLIC ,/ATE DEBT EXPECT TO RECEIVE1 )\T 
WORK+1 ALL !IR BILLIONS 9 9T]E/ PAYM5TS FROM ! LABOR ( ! :OLE 
POPULATION1 9 ! =M ( TAXES4 ,FUR!RMORE1 9 ,G]MANY'S CASE ONE MU/ ADD TO 
?IS SUM ! W> 9DEMNITIES [$ TO ! ,5T5TE1 :I* ADD UP TO A TOTAL SUM ( 
#b OR #c BILLION1 MORE ?AN HALF ! GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT1 
\T ( ! TOTAL SUM ( PRODUCTION1 MORE ?AN HALF MU/ BE PAID TO ! 
CAPITALI/S ( ! ,5T5TE ON ACC\NT ( W> 9DEMNITIES4 ,BESIDES ?IS1 !RE IS 
! ,G]MAN B\RGEOISIE ITSELF1 :I* WANTS TO EXTRACT ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE 
PR(IT 9 ORD] TO ACCUMULATE NEW CAPITAL4 ,SO1 :AT WILL BE LEFT = ! 
WORK]S8 ,! WORK]1 9 SPITE ( ALL ( ?IS1 NE$S TO LIVE2 BUT IT IS CLE> 
?AT UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES HIS UPKEEP WILL BE R$UC$ TO A M9IMUM1 :ILE 
ALL ( CAPITAL'S PR(ITS CAN ONLY BE PRODUC$ ?ANKS TO MORE 9T5SIVE LABOR1 A 
LONG] WORK+ DAY & MORE REF9$ ME?ODS ( EXPLOITATION4 

,CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION N[ IMPLIES SU* A HI< DEGREE ( 
EXPLOITATION ?AT IT WILL MAKE LIFE 9TOL]ABLE & ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE = ! 
WORK]S4 ,! REE/ABLI%M5T ( PRODUCTION IS NOT 9 ITSELF SO V]Y DIFFICULT2 
IT REQUIRES CAPABLE & DET]M9$ ORGANIZATION1 AS WELL AS ! 5?USIA/IC 
COLLABORATION ( ! 5TIRE PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT ! REE/ABLI%M5T ( PRODUCTION 
UND] SU* TREM5D\S PRESSURE & UND] CONDITIONS ( SU* SY/EMATIC 
EXPLOITATION1 :I* ONLY GIVES ! WORK]S ! M9IMUM NE$$ TO SU/A9 LIFE1 
IS PRACTICALLY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! FIR/ ATTEMPT TO IMPLEM5T SU* A POLICY MU/ 
FAIL DUE TO ! RESI/ANCE & ! REFUSAL ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 ON ! 
P>T ( ?OSE :OM IT W\LD DISPOSSESS ( ANY PROSPECTS ( MEET+ !IR 
ESS5TIAL LIFE-NE$S1 LEAD+ TO ! GRADUAL DE/RUCTION ( ! :OLE ECONOMY4 
,G]MANY PROVIDES AN EXAMPLE ( SU* A SC5>IO4 

,ALREADY DUR+ ! W> ! COMMUNI/S RECOGNIZ$ ! 
IMPOSSIBILITY ( PAY+ ! 5ORM\S W> DEBT & ITS 9T]E/1 & PUT =? 
! DEM& ?AT ! W> DEBTS & 9DEMNITIES %\LD BE CANCEL$4 ,BUT ?AT IS 
NOT ALL4 ,%\LD ! PRIVATE DEBTS 9CURR$ DUR+ ! W> ALSO BE CANCEL$8 
,!RE IS LITTLE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 CAPITAL :I* HAS BE5 BORR[$ DUR+ ! 
W> TO BUILD >TILL]Y PIECES & ! /OCK ISSUES ( A FACTORY MAK+ >MOR OR 
>TILL]Y %ELLS4 ,9 ?IS CASE ONE CANNOT DI/+UI% BETWE5 ! V>I\S K9DS 
( CAPITAL1 NOR CAN ONE ADMIT ! CLAIMS ( ONE K9D TO ITS PR(IT :ILE 
REJECT+ ! O!RS4 ,ALL PR(ITS CON/ITUTE = CAPITAL A CLAIM ON PRODUCTION1 
:I* H9D]S RECON/RUCTION4 ,= AN ECONOMY 9 SU* A PREC>I\S SITUATION1 ! 
TREM5D\S BURD5 ( ! CO/S ( ! W> IS NOT ! ONLY WEI<T IT MU/ BE>2 
ALL ITS O!R CLAIMANTS MU/ ALSO BE 5T]$ ON ! SCALES4 ,?IS IS :Y 
COMMUNISM1 :I* AS A MATT] ( PR9CIPLE REJECTS ALL CAPITAL'S CLAIMS TO 
PR(IT1 IS ! ONLY PRACTICALLY FEASIBLE PR9CIPLE4 ,! ECONOMY MU/ BE 
PRACTICALLY REBUILT FROM SCRAT*1 )\T ANY REG>D = CAPITAL'S PR(IT4 

,! REJECTION ( CAPITAL'S RI<T TO PR(IT WAS ALWAYS1 H[EV]1 
AN AXIOM ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY AS WELL4 ,H[ DOES SOCIAL DEMOCRACY APPROA* ?IS 
PROBLEM N[8 ,IT IS FI<T+ = 0SOCIALIZATION01 ?AT IS1 = ! EXPROPRIATION 
( 9DU/RY BY ! ,/ATE1 & ! 9DEMNIFICATION ( ! 9DU/RIALI/S4 ,?IS 
MEANS ?AT1 ONCE MORE--& ?IS TIME EV5 ?R\< ! M$IATION ( ! 
,/ATE--P>T ( ! PRODUCT ( LABOR MU/ BE PAID TO !SE CAPITALI/S = 
NOT WORK+4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK]S BY CAPITAL REMA9S ! 
SAME AS BE=E4 ,TWO ?+S W]E ALWAYS ESS5TIAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( SOCIALISM3 
! ELIM9ATION ( EXPLOITATION & ! SOCIAL REGULATION ( PRODUCTION4 ,! 
FIR/ IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT GOAL = ! PROLET>IAT2 ! SECOND IS ! MO/ 
RATIONAL ME?OD = 9CREAS+ PRODUCTION1 BY WAY ( ITS TE*NICAL ORGANIZATION4 
,BUT 9 ! 0SOCIALIZATION0 PLANS BE+ PREP>$ BY SOCIAL DEMOCRACY EXPLOITATION 
CONT9UES TO EXI/1 & ! DE-PRIVATIZATION ( 9DU/RY ONLY LEADS TO ,/ATE 
CAPITALISM 7OR ,/ATE SOCIALISM71 :I* TURNS ! CAPITALI/ [N]S 9TO 
%>EHOLD]S ( ! ,/ATE4 ,! 0SOCIALIZATION0 CURR5TLY S\<T BY ! SOCIAL 
DEMOCRATS IS !RE=E A LIE = ! PROLET>IAT1 TO :OM ONLY ! EXT]NAL 
FACADE ( SOCIALISM IS DISPLAY$1 :ILE 9 FACT EXPLOITATION IS KEPT ALIVE4 
,! F\NDATION ( ?IS POSITION IS UND\BT$LY ! FE> ( A H>% CONFLICT ) 
! B\RGEOISIE1 AT A TIME :5 ! PROLET>IAT IS GR[+ MORE CONFID5T1 BUT 
IS /ILL NOT 9 POSSESSION ( ALL ! =CES REQUIR$ = ! REVOLUTION>Y 
/RUGGLE4 ,9 PRACTICE1 H[EV]1 :AT ?IS REALLY AM\NTS TO IS AN ATTEMPT TO PUT 
CAPITALISM BACK ON ITS FEET1 UPON NEW F\NDATIONS4 ,NATURALLY1 ?IS ATTEMPT MU/ 
FAIL1 S9CE ! IMPOV]I%$ ECONOMY CANNOT AF=D SU* GIFTS TO CAPITAL4 

,! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS ( BO? T5D5CIES1 !N1 MA9TA9 ! 
EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK]S BY CAPITAL2 ONE POLICY LEAVES CAPITALISM TO ITS [N 
DEVELOPM5T1 ! O!R /IMULATES & REGULATES ?IS EXPLOITATION ?R\< ! 
9T]M$I>Y ( ! ,/ATE4 ,BO?1 = ! WORK]1 HAVE JU/ ?IS ONE SOLUTION3 
,WORK1 WORK1 WORK H>D1 ) ALL Y\R /R5G?6 ,BECAUSE ! RECON/RUCTION ( ! 
CAPITALI/ ECONOMY IS ONLY POSSIBLE IF ! PROLET>IAT EX]TS ITSELF TO SATISFY 
! DEM&S ( ! MO/ EXTREME DEGREE ( EXPLOITATION4 

#c 

,MASS ,ACTION & ,REVOLUTION 

,EV5 BE=E ! W> ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & 
COMMUNISM WAS ALREADY EVID5T1 AL?\< NOT UND] ?AT NAME4 ,?IS DIFF]5CE 
9VOLV$ ! TACTICS ( ! /RUGGLE4 ,UND] ! NAME ( 0LEFT RADICALS01 AN 
OPPOSITION >OSE AT ?AT TIME )9 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 7FROM :I* ! 
PR$ECESSORS ( TODAY'S COMMUNI/S EM]G$71 :I* DEF5D$ MASS ACTION AGA9/ 
! 0RADICALS0 & ! REVISIONI/S4 ,9 ?IS DISPUTE IT BECAME CLE> ?AT ! 
RADICAL SPOKESM51 ESPECIALLY ,KAUTSKY1 DEF5D$ A POSITION OPPOS$ TO 
REVOLUTION>Y ACTION1 BO? !ORETICALLY AS WELL AS TACTICALLY4 

,! P>LIAM5T>Y & TRADE UNION /RUGGLE HAD BR\<T ! 
WORK]S--9 A VIGOR\SLY EXP&+ CAPITALISM--SOME ECONOMIC 
IMPROVEM5TS1 :ILE SIMULTANE\SLY BUILD+ A P[]FUL B>RI] AGA9/ 
CAPITALISM'S P]MAN5T T5D5CIES T[>DS PAUP]IZATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 
,OV] ! LA/ DECADE1 H[EV]1 ?IS B>RI] SL[LY GAVE WAY1 9 SPITE ( ! 
WORK]S' /RONG & EXP&+ ORGANIZATION3 IMP]IALISM RE9=C$ ! P[] ( 
! CAPITALI/S & MILIT>ISM1 WEAK5$ P>LIAM5T1 PUT ! TRADE UNIONS ON ! 
DEF5SIVE & BEGAN TO PREP>E = ! WORLD W>4 ,IT WAS CLE> ?AT ! OLD 
ME?ODS ( /RUGGLE NO LONG] WORK$4 ,! MASSES W]E 9/9CTIVELY AW>E ( 
?IS2 9 EV]Y C\NTRY !Y P>TICIPAT$ 9 ACTIONS :I* W]E (T5 OPPOS$ BY 
!IR LEAD]S1 LAUN*$ L>GE-SCALE TRADE UNION /RUGGLES1 C>RI$ \T TRANSPORT 
/RIKES :I* P>ALYZ$ ! ECONOMY1 OR TOOK P>T 9 POLITICAL DEMON/RATIONS4 
,! \TBREAK ( PROLET>IAN REVOLT FREQU5TLY ]UPT$ 9 SU* A WAY AS TO 
%ATT] ! SELF-CONFID5CE ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 :I* WAS COMPELL$ TO MAKE 
CONCESSIONS2 OR ! MOVEM5TS W]E (T5 5\< QU5*$ BY MEANS ( 
MASSACRES4 

,! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC LEAD]S ALSO TRI$ TO USE !SE ACTIONS = 
!IR [N POLITICAL OBJECTIVES2 !Y ACKN[L$G$ ! USEFULNESS ( POLITICAL 
/RIKES = P>TICUL> GOALS1 BUT ONLY ON CONDITION ?AT !Y BE R$UC$ TO 
PRE->RANG$ LIMITS1 ON CONDITION ?AT !Y BEG9 & 5D :5 ! LEAD]S GIVE 
! ORD]1 & ?AT !Y ALWAYS REMA9 SUBORD9AT$ TO ! TACTICS DET]M9$ BY 
! LEAD]S4 ,?US1 IT (T5 HAPP5S ?AT SU* /RIKES TAKE PLACE TODAY1 TOO1 BUT 
USUALLY )\T TOO MU* SUCCESS4 ,! TEMPE/U\S VIOL5CE ( ! ELEM5TAL 
UPRIS+ ( ! MASSES IS P>ALYZ$ BY A POLICY ( COMPROMISE4 

,! ELEM5T ( CLASS ACTION ?AT IMM$IATELY CREATES PANIC 9 ! 
RUL+ B\RGEOISIE--! FE> ?AT ! WORK]S MOVEM5T MI<T TAKE ON A 
REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT]--DISAPPE>$ FROM !SE 0DISCIPL9$0 MASS ACTIONS1 
S9CE EV]Y PRECAUTION HAD BE5 TAK5 TO 5SURE !IR H>MLESSNESS4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/S--TODAY'S COMMUNI/S--!N 
MADE AN ASSESSM5T ( ! LIMIT$ *>ACT] ( ! IDEOLOGY ( ! SOCIAL 
DEMOCRATIC LEAD]%IP4 ,!Y SAW ?AT1 ?R\<\T HI/ORY1 ! MASSES1 ! 
CLASSES !MSELVES1 HAD BE5 ! MOTOR =CE ( & ! IMPULSE BEH9D EV]Y 
ACTION4 ,REVOLUTIONS NEV] >OSE FROM ! PRUD5T DECISIONS ( RECOGNIZ$ 
LEAD]S4 ,:5 ! CIRCUM/ANCES & ! SITUATION BECAME 9TOL]ABLE1 ! MASSES 
SUDD5LY ROSE1 OV]?REW ! OLD AU?ORITIES1 & ! NEW CLASS OR A FRACTION ( 
?AT CLASS TOOK P[] & MOLD$ ! ,/ATE OR SOCIETY 9 ACCORDANCE ) ITS 
NE$S4 ,IT WAS ONLY DUR+ ! LA/ #e YE>S ( PEACEFUL CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T 
?AT ! ILLUSION EM]G$ & FL\RI%$ ?AT LEAD]S1 AS 9DIVIDUAL SUBJECTS1 
DIRECT ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY 9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR 5LI<T5$ 9TELLIG5CE4 
,P>LIAM5T>IANS & ! /AFF ATTA*$ TO ! ,/ATE EXECUTIVE (FICES BELIEVE 
?AT !IR DE$S1 ACTIONS & DECISIONS DET]M9E ! C\RSE ( EV5TS2 ! 
MASSES :O FOLL[ !M MU/ ONLY TAKE ACTION :5 !Y >E CALL$ UPON TO DO SO1 
RATIFY+ ! WORDS ( !IR SPOKESM5 & !N QUICKLY DISAPPE>+ FROM ! 
POLITICAL /AGE4 ,! MASSES HAVE TO PLAY A SIMPLE PASSIVE ROLE1 ?AT ( *OOS+ 
!IR LEAD]S1 & IT IS ! LATT] ?AT PROVIDE ! DECISIVE IMPULSE TO ! 
C\RSE ( DEVELOPM5T4 

,BUT IF ?IS BELIEF IS 9ADEQUATE = ! UND]/&+ ( ! 
PA/ REVOLUTIONS ( HI/ORY1 IT IS YET MORE 9ADEQUATE = UND]/&+ ! 
PRES5T SITUATION1 9 ! LI<T ( ! PR(\ND DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! B\RGEOIS 
REVOLUTION & ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,9 ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 ! 
POPUL> MASSES ( WORK]S & PETIT B\RGEOISIE ONLY RISE ONCE 7AS 9 ,P>IS 9 
,FEBRU>Y ( #a#h#d#h71 OR 9T]MITT5TLY1 AS 9 ! GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 9 
ORD] TO OV]?R[ ! OLD ROYALTY OR A NEW P[] :I* HAS GOTT5 \T ( 
CONTROL SU* AS ?AT ( ! ,GIROND9S4 ,ONCE !IR WORK WAS DONE !Y GAVE WAY TO 
NEW M51 ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 :O =M$ A NEW GOV]NM5T1 
& PROCE$$ TO RECONFIGURE & RECON/RUCT ! ,/ATE 9/ITUTIONS1 ! 
CON/ITUTION & ! LAWS4 ,! P[] ( ! PROLET>IAN MASSES WAS NE$$ TO 
DE/ROY ! OLD REGIME1 BUT NOT TO CON/RUCT ! NEW ONE1 BECAUSE ! NEW REGIME 
WAS ! ORGANIZATION ( A NEW CLASS P[]4 

,IT WAS 9 ACCORDANCE ) ?IS MODEL ?AT ! RADICAL SOCIAL 
DEMOCRATS CONCEIV$ ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 :I*--UNLIKE ! 
RE=MI/S--!Y BELIEV$ TO BE NECESS>Y4 ,A GREAT POPUL> UPRIS+ MU/ 
PUT AN 5D TO ! OLD MILIT>Y-ABSOLUTI/ RULE & BR+ ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS TO 
P[]1 :O W\LD TAKE C>E ( EV]Y?+ ELSE1 BUILD+ SOCIALISM BY MEANS ( 
NEW LEGISLATION4 ,?IS IS H[ !Y CONCEIVE ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,BUT 
! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION IS SOME?+ COMPLETELY DIFF]5T4 ,! PROLET>IAN 
REVOLUTION IS ! LIB]ATION ( ! MASSES FROM ALL CLASS P[] & ALL 
EXPLOITATION4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT !Y MU/ !MSELVES TAKE HI/ORY 9TO !IR [N 
H&S1 9 ORD] TO MAKE !MSELVES MA/]S ( !IR [N LABOR4 ,/>T+ ) ! 
OLD HUMAN SPECIES1 LIMIT$ TO SLAVE LABOR1 :I* ONLY ?9KS ( ITSELF & SEES 
NO FUR!R ?AN ! WALLS ( ITS FACTORY1 !Y MU/ CREATE NEW M51 PR\D1 READY 
TO FI<T1 ) AN 9DEP5D5T SPIRIT1 SUFFUS$ ) SOLID>ITY1 NOT ALL[+ 
!MSELVES TO BE DECEIV$ BY ! CLEV] LIES ( B\RGEOIS !ORIES1 REGULAT+ 
! LABOR PROCESS ON !IR [N4 ,?IS *ANGE CANNOT TAKE PLACE AS A RESULT ( A 
S+LE REVOLUTION>Y ACT1 BUT WILL REQUIRE A LONG PROCESS1 9 :I* ! WORK]S1 
?R\< NECESSITY & BITT] DISILLUSIONM5TS1 OCCASIONAL VICTORIES & REPEAT$ 
DEFEATS1 SL[LY BUILD UP ! NECESS>Y =CE TO ATTA9 ! COHESIVE UNITY & 
! MATURITY = FRE$OM & P[]4 ,?IS PROCESS ( /RUGGLE IS ! PROLET>IAN 
REVOLUTION4 

,H[ LONG ?IS PROCESS WILL TAKE WILL V>Y FROM C\NTRY TO C\NTRY 
& ACCORD+ TO ! P>TICUL> CIRCUM/ANCES1 & WILL DEP5D ABOVE ALL ON ! 
P[] ( RESI/ANCE ( EA* RUL+ CLASS4 ,! FACT ?AT IT TOOK A RELATIVELY 
%ORT P]IOD ( TIME 9 ,RUSSIA WAS DUE TO ! FACT ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE !RE 
WAS WEAK & ?AT1 ?ANKS TO ! LATT]'S ALLIANCE ) ! L&$ NOBILITY1 ! 
PEASANTS W]E IMPELL$ TO TAKE ! SIDE ( ! WORK]S4 ,! B\RGEOISIE'S AXIS 
( P[] IS ! VIOL5CE ( ! ,/ATE1 ! VIOL5T ORGANIZATION ( =CE ) 
ALL ! MEANS AT ITS DISPOSAL3 LAW1 S*OOL1 POLICE1 JUDICI>Y1 >MY & 
BUREAUCRACY1 :I* HOLD 9 !IR H&S ! CONTROL OV] ALL SECTORS ( PUBLIC 
LIFE4 ,! REVOLUTION IS ! /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT AGA9/ ?IS P[] 
APP>ATUS ( ! RUL+ CLASS2 ! PROLET>IAT CAN ONLY W9 ITS FRE$OM IF IT 
OPPOSES ! ORGANIZATION ( ! 5EMY ) A /RONG] & MORE COHESIVE 
ORGANIZATION ( ITS [N4 ,! B\RGEOISIE & ,/ATE P[] TRY TO KEEP ! WORK]S 
IMPOT5T1 DISP]S$ & 9TIMIDAT$1 9 ORD] TO 9T]RUPT ! GR[? ( !IR 
UNITY ?R\< VIOL5CE & LIES1 & TO DEMORALIZE !M CONC]N+ ! P[] ( 
!IR [N ACTIONS4 ,AGA9/ !SE EF=TS1 MASS ACTION >ISES FROM ! RANKS ( 
! WORK]S MULTITUDES1 ACTION LEAD+ TO ! P>ALYZES & BREAKD[N ( ,/ATE 
ORGANIZATIONS4 ,AS LONG AS ! LATT] REMA9 9TACT1 ! PROLET>IAT IS NOT 
VICTORI\S1 BECAUSE ?OSE ORGANIZATIONS WILL CON/ANTLY OP]ATE AGA9/ ! 
PROLET>IAT4 ,!RE=E1 ITS /RUGGLE--IF ! WORLD DOES NOT WANT TO COME TO 
AN 5D 9 CAPITALISM--MU/ F9ALLY DO AWAY ) ! ,/ATE MA*9]Y1 :I* 
MU/ BE DE/ROY$ & R5D]$ H>MLESS BY ! P[]FUL ACTIONS ( ! 
PROLET>IAT4 

,KAUTSKY HAD ALREADY OPPOS$ ?IS CONCEPTION BE=E ! W>4 
,ACCORD+ TO HIM1 ! PROLET>IAT MU/ NOT ADOPT ?IS TACTIC1 :I* W\LD LEAD 
IT TO DE/ROY ! ,/ATE 9 AN \TBUR/ ( VIOL5CE1 S9CE IT W\LD NE$ ! 
,/ATE APP>ATUS = ITS [N PURPOSES4 ,ALL ! M9I/RIES ( ! EXI/+ ,/ATE1 
ONCE 9 ! P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT1 WILL CONT9UE TO BE NECESS>Y 9 ORD] TO 
IMPLEM5T ! LAWS PASS$ ON BEHALF ( ! WORK]S4 ,! GOAL ( ! PROLET>IAT 
MU/ NOT BE ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,/ATE1 BUT ITS CONQUE/4 ,! QUE/ION ( H[ 
TO CREATE ! ORGANIZATION ( ! P[] ( ! VICTORI\S 
PROLET>IAT--:E!R IT WILL BE A CONT9UATION ( ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE1 AS 
,KAUTSKY BELIEV$1 OR A COMPLETELY NEW ORGANIZATION--IS ?US POS$4 ,BUT ! 
SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC !ORIES1 AS !Y HAVE BE5 =MULAT$ & PROPAG&IZ$ BY 
,KAUTSKY OV] ! LA/ ?IRTY YE>S1 ONLY SPOKE ( ECONOMICS & CAPITALISM1 FROM 
:I* SOCIALISM W\LD HAVE TO 0NECESS>ILY0 EM]GE2 0H[0 ALL ( ?IS IS TO 
HAPP5 WAS NEV] ELABORAT$ & ?US ! QUE/ION ( ! RELATION BETWE5 ! 
,/ATE & REVOLUTION WAS NOT ADDRESS$ AT ! TIME4 ,IT WAS TO F9D ITS ANSW] 
ONLY LAT]4 ,9 ANY EV5T1 ! OPPOSITION BETWE5 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC & 
COMMUNI/ !ORIES WAS ALREADY CLE> 9 REG>D TO ! QUE/ION ( 
REVOLUTION4 

,= ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION IS A S+LE 
ACT1 A POPUL> MOVEM5T ?AT DE/ROYS ! OLD P[] & PUTS ! SOCIAL 
DEMOCRATS 9 ! DRIV]'S SEAT ( ! ,/ATE1 9 ! GOV]NM5T PO/S4 ,! 
D[NFALL ( ! ,HOH5ZOLL]NS 9 ,G]MANY ON ,NOVEMB] #g1 #aiah IS 9 !IR EYES A 
PURE PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 :I* ONLY A*IEV$ VICTORY ?ANKS TO ! SPECIAL 
CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT ! OLD COMPULSION WAS DONE AWAY ) AS A RESULT ( ! W>4 
,= ! COMMUNI/S1 ?IS REVOLT C\LD ONLY SIGNIFY ! BEG9N+ ( A 
PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION :I*1 BY OV]?R[+ ! OLD COMPULSION1 CLE>$ ! 
WAY = ! WORK]S TO F9I% (F ! OLD ORD] & CON/RUCT !IR CLASS 
ORGANIZATION4 ,AS IT TURN$ \T1 ! WORK]S ALL[$ !MSELVES TO BE L$ BY 
SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & HELP$ REBUILD ! ,/ATE'S P[] AFT] IT HAD BE5 
P>ALYZ$3 !Y >E /ILL 9 ! MID/ ( AN EPO* ( DIFFICULT /RUGGLES4 

,= ,KAUTSKY & HIS FRI5DS1 ,G]MANY IS AN AU!NTIC SOCIAL 
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC :]E ! WORK]S1 :ILE NOT 9 P[]1 AT LEA/ COLLABORATE 
9 ! GOV]NM5T--,NOSKE & HIS APP>ATUS ( REPRESSION >E ONLY ES!TIC 
BLEMI%ES4 ,!Y MU/ NOT1 ( C\RSE1 ?9K ?AT !Y HAVE >RIV$ AT SOCIALISM 
JU/ YET4 ,KAUTSKY HAS CON/ANTLY REPEAT$ ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,M>XI/ 
CONCEPTION1 ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION WILL NOT TAKE PLACE ALL AT ONCE1 BUT IS A LONG 
HI/ORICAL PROCESS3 CAPITALISM IS NOT YET MATURE 5\< = ! ECONOMIC 
REVOLUTION4 ,BY ?IS HE MEANS TO SAY1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 ?AT1 AL?\< ! 
PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION HAS TAK5 PLACE1 ! PROLET>IANS MU/ ALL[ !MSELVES 
TO BE EXPLOIT$ AS BE=E & A FEW BIG 9DU/RIES MU/ ONLY SL[LY BE 
NATIONALIZ$4 ,OR1 TO PUT IT 9 PLA9 ,5GLI%3 9/EAD ( ! OLD M9I/]S1 ! 
SOCIAL DEMOCRATS HAVE OCCUPI$ ! HI<E/ POSITIONS 9 ! ,/ATE2 BUT 
CAPITALISM IS /ILL ! SAME ALONG ) ITS EXPLOITATION4 

,?IS IS ! PRACTICAL MEAN+ ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC CLAIM1 
ACCORD+ TO :I*1 AFT] A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION>Y UPRIS+1 /RUCK AT ONE 
BL[1 A MU* LONG] PROCESS ( SOCIALIZATION & ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION MU/ BE 
UND]TAK54 ,AGA9/ ?IS CONCEPTION1 COMMUNISM ASS]TS ?AT ! PROLET>IAN 
REVOLUTION1 ! SEIZURE ( P[] BY ! PROLET>IAT1 IS A V]Y SL[ PROCESS ( 
MASS /RUGGLE1 ?R\< :I* ! PROLET>IAT WILL RISE TO P[] & ISOLATE ! 
,/ATE MA*9]Y4 ,AT ! APEX ( ?IS /RUGGLE1 :5 ! WORK]S TAKE P[]1 
EXPLOITATION WILL BE QUICKLY 5D$1 ! SUPPRESSION ( ALL CLAIMS TO PR(IT 
)\T LABOR WILL BE PROCLAIM$1 & ! FIR/ /EPS T[>DS ! NEW JURIDICAL 
BASIS = ! RECON/RUCTION ( ! ECONOMY AS A CONSCI\SLY-ORGANIZ$1 
GOAL-DRIV5 ME*ANISM WILL BE TAK54 

#d 

,DEMOCRACY & ,P>LIAM5T>ISM 

,SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC DOCTR9E NEV] CONC]N$ ITSELF ) ! 
PROBLEM ( DISCOV]+ ! POLITICAL =MS ITS P[] W\LD ASSUME AFT] HAV+ 
REA*$ ITS GOAL4 ,! BEG9N+ ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION HAS PROVID$ ! 
PRACTICAL ANSW] TO ?IS QUE/ION1 ?ANKS TO ! EV5TS !MSELVES4 ,?IS 
PRACTICE ( ! FIR/ /AGES ( ! REVOLUTION HAS 5ORM\SLY 9CREAS$ \R 
ABILITY TO UND]/& ! ESS5CE & ! FUTURE PA? ( ! REVOLUTION2 IT HAS 
5ORM\SLY CL>IFI$ \R 9TUITIONS & CONTRIBUT$ NEW P]SPECTIVES ON A MATT] 
:I* WAS PREVI\SLY VAGUELY \TL9$ 9 A DI/ANT HAZE4 ,!SE NEW 9TUITIONS 
CON/ITUTE ! MO/ IMPORTANT DIFF]5CE BETWE5 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & COMMUNISM4 
,IF COMMUNISM1 9 ! PO9TS DISCUSS$ ABOVE1 SIGNIFIES FAI?FULNESS TO & ! 
CORRECT EXT5SION ( ! BE/ SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC !ORIES1 N[1 ?ANKS TO ITS NEW 
P]SPECTIVES1 IT RISES ABOVE ! OLD !ORIES ( SOCIALISM4 ,9 ?IS !ORY ( 
COMMUNISM1 ,M>XISM UND]GOES AN IMPORTANT EXT5SION & 5RI*M5T4 

,UP UNTIL N[1 ONLY A FEW PEOPLE W]E AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT 
RADICAL SOCIAL DEMOCRACY HAD BECOME SO PR(\NDLY E/RANG$ FROM ,M>X'S VIEWS 9 
ITS CONCEPT ( ! ,/ATE & REVOLUTION--:I*1 FUR!RMORE1 NO ONE HAD 
EV5 TAK5 ! TR\BLE TO DISCUSS4 ,AMONG ! FEW EXCEPTIONS1 ,L59 /&S \T4 
,ONLY ! VICTORY ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 #a#i#a#g1 & !IR DISSOLUTION ( ! 
,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY %ORTLY AFT]W>DS1 %[$ ! SOCIALI/S ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE 
?AT A NEW PR9CIPLE WAS MAK+ ITS DEBUT 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,& 9 ,L59'S BOOK1 
,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION1 :I* WAS WRITT5 9 ! SUMM] ( 
#a#i#a#g--AL?\< IT ONLY BECAME AVAILABLE 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE 9 ! FOLL[+ 
YE>--ONE F9DS ! F\NDATIONS ( ! SOCIALI/ !ORY ( ! ,/ATE 
CONSID]$ 9 ! LI<T ( ,M>X'S VIEWS4 

,! OPPOSITION BETWE5 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & ! SOCIALISM WE >E 
N[ CONSID]+ IS (T5 EXPRESS$ 9 ! SLOGAN1 0,DEMOCRACY OR ,DICTATOR%IP04 
,BUT ! COMMUNI/S ALSO CONSID] !IR SY/EM TO BE A =M ( DEMOCRACY4 ,:5 
! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS SPEAK ( DEMOCRACY1 !Y >E REF]R+ TO DEMOCRACY AS IT 
IS APPLI$ 9 P>LIAM5T>ISM2 ! COMMUNI/S OPPOSE P>LIAM5T>Y OR B\RGEOIS 
DEMOCRACY4 ,:AT DO !Y MEAN BY !SE T]MS8 

,DEMOCRACY MEANS POPUL> GOV]NM5T1 PEOPLE'S SELF-GOV]NM5T4 ,! 
POPUL> MASSES !MSELVES MU/ ADM9I/] !IR [N AFFAIRS & DET]M9E !M4 
,IS ?IS ACTUALLY ! CASE8 ,! :OLE WORLD KN[S ! ANSW] IS NO4 ,! ,/ATE 
APP>ATUS RULES & REGULATES EV]Y?+2 IT GOV]NS ! PEOPLE1 :O >E ITS 
SUBJECTS4 ,9 REALITY1 ! ,/ATE APP>ATUS IS COMPOS$ ( ! MASS ( (FICIALS 
& MILIT>Y P]SONNEL4 ,( C\RSE1 9 RELATION TO ALL MATT]S :I* AFFECT ! 
5TIRE COMMUNITY1 (FICIALS >E NECESS>Y = C>RY+ \T ADM9I/RATIVE 
FUNCTIONS2 BUT 9 \R ,/ATE1 ! S]VANTS ( ! PEOPLE HAVE BECOME !IR 
MA/]S4 ,SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IS ( ! OP9ION ?AT P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACY1 DUE TO 
! FACT ?AT IT IS ! =M ( DEMOCRACY :]E ! PEOPLE ELECT !IR 
GOV]NM5T1 IS 9 A POSITION--IF ! RI<T PEOPLE >E ELECT$--TO MAKE 
POPUL> SELF-GOV]NM5T A REALITY4 

,:AT REALLY HAPP5S IS CLE>LY DEMON/RAT$ BY ! EXP]I5CE ( 
! NEW ,G]MAN REPUBLIC4 ,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT ! MASSES ( WORK]S DO NOT 
WANT TO SEE ! RETURN ( A TRIUMPHANT CAPITALISM4 ,EV5 SO1 :ILE 9 ! 
ELECTIONS !RE WAS NO LIMITATION ( DEMOCRACY1 !RE WAS NO MILIT>Y T]RORISM1 
& ALL ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ! REACTION W]E P[]LESS1 DESPITE ALL ?IS ! 
RESULT WAS ! REE/ABLI%M5T ( ! OLD OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION1 ! 
PRES]VATION ( CAPITALISM4 ,! COMMUNI/S HAD ALREADY W>N$ ( ?IS & 
=ESAW ?AT1 BY WAY ( P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACY1 ! LIB]ATION ( ! WORK]S 
FROM !IR EXPLOITATION BY CAPITAL W\LD NOT BE POSSIBLE4 

,! POPUL> MASSES EXPRESS !IR P[] 9 ELECTIONS4 ,ON ELECTION 
DAY1 ! MASSES >E SOV]EIGN2 !Y CAN IMPOSE !IR WILL BY ELECT+ !IR 
REPRES5TATIVES4 ,ON ?IS ONE DAY1 !Y >E ! MA/]S4 ,BUT WOE TO !M IF !Y 
DO NOT *OOSE ! RI<T REPRES5TATIVES6 ,DUR+ ! 5TIRE T]M AFT] ! 
ELECTION1 !Y >E P[]LESS4 ,ONCE ELECT$1 ! DEPUTIES & P>LIAM5T>IANS 
CAN DECIDE EV]Y?+4 ,?IS DEMOCRACY IS NOT A GOV]NM5T ( ! PEOPLE 
!MSELVES1 BUT A GOV]NM5T ( P>LIAM5T>IANS1 :O >E ALMO/ TOTALLY 
9DEP5D5T ( ! MASSES4 ,TO MAKE !M MORE RESPONSIVE TO A GREAT] EXT5T ONE 
C\LD MAKE PROPOSALS1 SU* AS1 = EXAMPLE1 HOLD+ NEW ELECTIONS EV]Y YE>1 
OR1 EV5 MORE RADICAL1 ! RI<T ( RECALL 7COMPULSORY NEW ELECTIONS AT ! 
REQUE/ ( A C]TA9 NUMB] ( ! ELIGIBLE VOT]S72 NATURALLY1 H[EV]1 NO ONE 
IS MAK+ SU* PROPOSALS4 ,( C\RSE1 ! P>LIAM5T>IANS CANNOT DO JU/ AS !Y 
PLEASE1 S9CE F\R YE>S LAT] !Y WILL HAVE TO RUN = (FICE AGA94 ,BUT 
DUR+ ?AT TIME !Y MANIPULATE ! MASSES1 ACCU/OM+ !M TO SU* G5]AL 
=MULAS & SU* DEMAGOGIC PHRASES1 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ! MASSES >E R5D]$ 
ABSOLUTELY 9CAPABLE ( EX]CIS+ ANY K9D ( CRITICAL JUDGM5T4 ,DO ! VOT]S1 
ON ELECTION DAY1 REALLY *OOSE APPROPRIATE REPRES5TATIVES1 :O WILL C>RY \T 
9 !IR NAME ! M&ATES = :I* !Y W]E ELECT$8 ,NO2 !Y ONLY *OOSE 
FROM AMONG V>I\S P]SONS PREVI\SLY SELECT$ BY ! POLITICAL P>TIES :O HAVE 
BE5 MADE FAMILI> TO !M 9 ! P>TY NEWSPAP]S4 

,BUT LET US ASSUME ?AT A L>GE NUMB] ( PEOPLE >E ELECT$ BY 
! MASSES AS ! REPRES5TATIVES ( !IR TRUE 9T5TIONS & >E S5T TO 
P>LIAM5T4 ,!Y MEET !RE1 BUT SOON REALIZE ?AT ! P>LIAM5T DOES NOT 
GOV]N2 IT ONLY HAS ! MISSION ( PASS+ ! LAWS1 BUT DOES NOT IMPLEM5T 
!M4 ,9 ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE !RE IS A SEP>ATION ( P[]S BETWE5 MAK+ & 
EXECUT+ ! LAWS4 ,! P>LIAM5T POSSESSES ONLY ! FIR/ P[]1 :ILE IT IS 
! SECOND P[] :I* IS REALLY DET]M9ATE2 ! REAL P[]1 ?AT ( 
IMPLEM5T+ ! LAWS1 IS 9 ! H&S ( ! BUREAUCRACY & ! DEP>TM5TS ( 
! ,/ATE1 AT :OSE SUMMIT IS ! GOV]NM5T EXECUTIVE AS ! HI<E/ AU?ORITY4 
,?IS MEANS ?AT1 9 ! DEMOCRATIC C\NTRIES1 ! GOV]NM5T P]SONNEL1 ! 
M9I/]S1 >E DESIGNAT$ BY ! P>LIAM5T>Y MAJORITY4 ,9 REALITY1 H[EV]1 
!Y >E NOT ELECT$1 !Y >E NOM9AT$1 BEH9D CLOS$ DOORS ) A LOT ( 
SKULLDUGG]Y & :EEL+ & DEAL+1 BY ! LEAD]S ( ! P>TIES ) A 
P>LIAM5T>Y MAJORITY4 ,EV5 IF !RE W]E TO BE AN ASPECT ( POPUL> WILL 
MANIFE/$ 9 ! P>LIAM5T1 ?IS W\LD /ILL NOT HOLD TRUE 9 ! 
GOV]NM5T4 

,9 ! P]SONNEL /AFF+ ! GOV]NM5T (FICES1 ! POPUL> 
WILL IS TO BE F\ND ONLY--& !RE1 9 A WEAK5$ =M MIX$ ) O!R 
9FLU5CES--ALONGSIDE BUREAUCRATISM1 :I* DIRECTLY RULES & DOM9ATES ! 
PEOPLE4 ,BUT EV5 ! M9I/]S >E ALMO/ P[]LESS AGA9/ ! ORGANIZATIONS ( 
! BUREAUCRACY1 :O >E NOM9ALLY SUBORD9ATE TO !M4 ,! BUREAUCRACY PULLS 
ALL ! /R+S & DOES ALL ! WORK1 NOT ! M9I/]S4 ,IT IS ! BUREAUCRATS 
:O REMA9 9 (FICE & >E /ILL !RE :5 ! NEXT BAT* ( ELECT$ 
POLITICIANS >RIVES 9 (FICE4 ,!Y RELY ON ! M9I/]S TO DEF5D !M 9 
P>LIAM5T & TO AU?ORIZE FUND+ = !M1 BUT IF ! M9I/]S CROSS !M1 
!Y WILL MAKE LIFE IMPOSSIBLE = !M4 

,?IS IS ! :OLE MEAN+ ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC CONCEPT ( ! 
WORK]S BE+ ABLE TO TAKE P[] & OV]?R[ CAPITALISM BY MEANS ( ! NORMAL 
RULE ( G5]AL SUFFRAGE4 ,DO !Y REALLY ?9K !Y CAN MAKE ANYONE BELIEVE ?AT 
ALL ( !SE FUNCTION>IES1 (FICE WORK]S1 DEP>TM5T ADM9I/RATORS1 
CONFID5TIAL ADVIS]S1 JUDGES & (FICIALS HI< & L[1 WILL BE CAPABLE ( 
C>RY+ \T ANY SORT ( *ANGE ON BEHALF ( ! FRE$OM ( ! PROLET>IAT AT 
! BEHE/ ( ! LIKES ( ,EB]T & ,S*EIDEMANN1 OR ,DITTMANN & ,L$EB\R8 ,! 
BUREAUCRACY1 AT ! HI<E/ LEVELS1 BELONGS TO ! SAME CLASS AS ! EXPLOIT]S 
( ! WORK]S1 & 9 ITS MIDDLE LAY]S AS WELL AS 9 ITS L[E/ RANKS ITS 
MEMB]S ALL 5JOY A SECURE & PRIVILEG$ POSITION COMP>$ TO ! RE/ ( ! 
POPULATION4 ,?IS IS :Y !Y FEEL SOLID>ITY ) ! RUL+ LAY]S :I* BELONG 
TO ! B\RGEOISIE1 & >E L9K$ TO !M BY A ?\S& 9VISIBLE TIES ( 
$UCATION1 FAMILY RELATION%IPS & P]SONAL CONNECTIONS4 

,P]HAPS ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC LEAD]S HAVE COME TO BELIEVE ?AT1 
BY TAK+ ! PLACE ( ! PREVI\S GOV]NM5T M9I/]S1 !Y C\LD PAVE ! 
WAY TO SOCIALISM BY PASS+ NEW LAWS4 ,9 REALITY1 H[EV]1 NO?+ HAS *ANG$ 
9 ! ,/ATE APP>ATUS & ! SY/EM ( P[] AS A RESULT ( ?IS *ANGE ( 
GOV]NM5T P]SONNEL4 ,& ! FACT ?AT !SE G5TLEM5 DO NOT WANT TO ADMIT 
?AT ?IS IS 9DE$ ! CASE IS PROV5 BY ! FACT ?AT !IR ONLY CONC]N HAS 
BE5 TO OCCUPY ! GOV]NM5T PO/S1 BELIEV+ ?AT1 ) ?IS *ANGE ( 
P]SONNEL1 ! REVOLUTION IS OV]4 ,?IS IS MADE EQUALLY CLE> BY ! FACT ?AT 
! MOD]N ORGANIZATIONS CREAT$ BY ! PROLET>IAT HAVE1 UND] !IR 
LEAD]%IP1 A /ATI/ *>ACT] & SMELL AB\T !M1 LIKE ! ,/ATE BUT ON A 
SMALL] SCALE3 ! =M] S]VANTS1 N[ (FICIALS1 HAVE PROMOT$ !MSELVES TO 
MA/]S2 !Y HAVE CREAT$ A D5SE BUREAUCRACY1 ) ITS [N 9T]E/S1 :I* 
DISPLAYS--9 AN EV5 MORE ACC5TUAT$ =M--! *>ACT] ( ! 
B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5TS AT ! COMM&+ HEI<TS ( !IR RESPECTIVE P>TIES & 
GR\PS1 :I* ONLY EXPRESS ! IMPOT5CE ( ! MASSES ( !IR MEMB]%IPS4 

,>E WE !RE=E SAY+ ?AT ! USE ( P>LIAM5T & ! 
/RUGGLE = DEMOCRACY IS A FALSE TACTIC ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY8 ,WE ALL KN[ ?AT1 
UND] ! RULE ( A P[]FUL & /ILL UN*ALL5G$ CAPITALISM1 ! 
P>LIAM5T>Y /RUGGLE CAN BE A MEANS ( >\S+ & AWAK5+ CLASS 
CONSCI\SNESS1 & HAS 9DE$ DONE SO1 & EV5 ,LIEBKNE*T US$ IT ?AT WAY 
DUR+ ! W>4 ,BUT IT IS = ?AT V]Y REASON ?AT ! SPECIFIC *>ACT] ( 
DEMOCRATIC P>LIAM5T>ISM CANNOT BE IGNOR$4 ,IT HAS CALM$ ! COMBATIVE SPIRIT 
( ! MASSES1 IT HAS 9CULCAT$ !M ) ! FALSE BELIEF ?AT !Y W]E 9 
CONTROL ( ! SITUATION & SQUEL*$ ANY ?\<TS ( REBELLION :I* MAY HAVE 
>IS5 AMONG !M4 ,IT P]=M$ 9VALUABLE S]VICES = CAPITALISM1 ALL[+ IT 
TO DEVELOP PEACEFULLY & )\T TURMOIL4 ,NATURALLY1 CAPITALISM HAD TO ADOPT 
! ESPECIALLY H>MFUL =MULA ( DECEIT & DEMAGOGY 9 ! P>LIAM5T>Y 
/RUGGLE1 9 ORD] TO FULFILL ITS AIM ( DRIV+ ! POPULATION TO 9SANITY4 ,& 
N[ ! P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACY IS P]=M+ A YET GREAT] S]VICE = 
CAPITALISM1 AS IT IS 5ROLL+ ! WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! EF=T TO SAVE 
CAPITALISM4 

,CAPITALISM HAS BE5 QUITE CONSID]ABLY WEAK5$1 MAT]IALLY & 
MORALLY1 DUR+ ! WORLD W>1 & WILL ONLY BE ABLE TO SURVIVE IF ! WORK]S 
!MSELVES ONCE AGA9 HELP IT TO GET BACK ON ITS FEET4 ,! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC 
LABOR LEAD]S >E ELECT$ AS GOV]NM5T M9I/]S1 BECAUSE ONLY ! AU?ORITY 
9H]IT$ FROM !IR P>TY & ! MIRAGE ( ! PROMISE ( SOCIALISM C\LD KEEP 
! WORK]S PACIFI$1 UNTIL ! OLD ,/ATE ORD] C\LD BE SUFFICI5TLY 
RE9=C$4 ,?IS IS ! ROLE & ! PURPOSE ( DEMOCRACY1 ( P>LIAM5T>Y 
DEMOCRACY1 9 ?IS P]IOD 9 :I* IT IS NOT A QUE/ION ( ! ADV5T ( 
SOCIALISM1 BUT ( ITS PREV5TION4 ,DEMOCRACY CANNOT FREE ! WORK]S1 IT CAN ONLY 
PLUNGE !M DEEP] 9TO SLAV]Y1 DIV]T+ !IR ATT5TION FROM ! G5U9E PA? 
TO FRE$OM2 IT DOES NOT FACILITATE BUT BLOCKS ! REVOLUTION1 RE9=C+ ! 
B\RGEOISIE'S CAPACITY = RESI/ANCE & MAK+ ! /RUGGLE = SOCIALISM A 
MORE DIFFICULT1 CO/LY & TIME-CONSUM+ TASK = ! PROLET>IAT4 

#e 

,PROLET>IAN ,DEMOCRACY1 OR ! ,C\NCIL ,SY/EM 

,SOCIAL DEMOCRACY BELIEV$ ?AT ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] BY 
! PROLET>IAT HAD TO TAKE ! =M ( A SEIZURE ( ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE 
APP>ATUS BY ! WORK]S P>TY4 ,?IS WAS :Y SOCIALISM HAD TO LEAVE ! ,/ATE 
APP>ATUS 9TACT1 TO PLACE IT AT ! S]VICE ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,M>XI/S1 
9CLUD+ ,KAUTSKY1 ALSO %>$ ?IS BELIEF4 

,M>X & ,5GELS VIEW$ ! ,/ATE AS ! VIOL5T MA*9]Y ( 
OPPRESSION CREAT$ BY ! RUL+ CLASS & !N P]FECT$ & FUR!R DEVELOP$ 
DUR+ ! #a#i? C5TURY AS ! PROLET>IAT'S REVOLT GREW /RONG]4 
,M>X ?\<T ?AT ! TASK ( ! PROLET>IAT CONSI/$ 9 ! DE/RUCTION ( 
?IS ,/ATE APP>ATUS & ! CREATION ( COMPLETELY NEW ADM9I/RATIVE ORGANS4 
,HE WAS WELL AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT ! ,/ATE EX]CISES MANY FUNCTIONS :I*1 AT 
FIR/ SI<T1 B5EFIT ! G5]AL 9T]E/--PUBLIC SAFETY1 ! REGULATION ( 
TRADE1 $UCATION1 ADM9I/RATION--BUT HE ALSO KNEW ?AT ALL ( !SE 
ACTIVITIES W]E SUBORD9AT$ TO ! OV]RID+ GOAL ( SECUR+ ! 9T]E/S ( 
CAPITAL1 ( ASSUR+ ITS P[]4 ,?IS IS :Y HE NEV] SUCCUMB$ TO ! FANTASY 
?AT ?IS MA*9]Y ( REPRESSION C\LD EV] BECOME AN ORGAN ( POPUL> 
LIB]ATION1 :ILE PRES]V+ ITS O!R FUNCTIONS4 ,! PROLET>IAT MU/ PROVIDE 
ITSELF ) ITS [N 9/RUM5T ( LIB]ATION4 

,IT SEEM$ ?AT ?IS 9/RUM5T C\LD NOT BE ID5TIFI$ PRIOR TO 
ITS ACTUAL APPE>ANCE2 ONLY PRACTICE C\LD UNVEIL IT4 ,?IS BECAME POSSIBLE = 
! FIR/ TIME 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 :5 ! PROLET>IAT CONQU]$ 
,/ATE P[]4 ,9 ! ,COMMUNE1 ! CITIZ5S & WORK]S ( ,P>IS ELECT$ A 
P>LIAM5T AFT] ! OLD MODEL1 BUT ?IS P>LIAM5T WAS IMM$IATELY TRANS=M$ 
9TO SOME?+ QUITE UNLIKE \R P>LIAM5T4 ,ITS PURPOSE WAS NOT TO 5T]TA9 ! 
PEOPLE ) F9E WORDS :ILE ALL[+ A SMALL CLIQUE ( BUS9ESSM5 & 
CAPITALI/S TO PRES]VE !IR PRIVATE PROP]TY2 ! M5 :O MET 9 ! NEW 
P>LIAM5T HAD TO PUBLICLY REGULATE & ADM9I/] EV]Y?+ ON BEHALF ( ! 
PEOPLE4 ,:AT HAD BE5 A P>LIAM5T>Y CORPORATION WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO A 
CORPORATION ( LABOR2 IT =M$ COMMITTEES :I* W]E RESPONSIBLE = FRAM+ 
NEW LEGISLATION4 ,9 ?IS MANN]1 ! BUREAUCRACY AS A SPECIAL CLASS1 9DEP5D5T 
( & RUL+ OV] ! PEOPLE1 DISAPPE>$1 !REBY ABOLI%+ ! SEP>ATION ( 
LEGISLATIVE & EXECUTIVE P[]S4 ,?OSE P]SONS :O OCCUPI$ ! HI<E/ PO/S 
OV] ! PEOPLE W]E AT ! SAME TIME ELECT$ BY & REPRES5TATIVES ( ! 
PEOPLE !MSELVES :O PUT !M 9 (FICE1 & C\LD AT ANY TIME BE REMOV$ FROM 
(FICE BY !IR ELECTORS4 

,! %ORT LIFE ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE DID NOT P]MIT A COMPLETE 
DEVELOPM5T ( ?IS NEW CONCEPT2 IT >OSE1 SO TO SPEAK1 9/9CTIVELY1 )9 
! FEV]I% /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE4 ,IT WAS ,M>X'S BRILLIANT P]SPICACITY ?AT 
CAUS$ IT TO BE RECOGNIZ$ AS ! EMBRYONIC =M ( ! FUTURE =MS ( ! 
,/ATE P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,A NEW & IMPORTANT /EP WAS TAK5 9 #aie 9 
,RUSSIA1 ) ! E/ABLI%M5T ( C\NCILS1 OR SOVIETS1 AS ORGANS ( EXPRESSION 
( ! FI<T+ PROLET>IAT4 ,!SE ORGANS DID NOT CONQU] POLITICAL P[]1 
AL?\< ! ,SA9T ,PET]SBURG C5TRAL WORK]S C\NCIL ASSUM$ ! LEAD]%IP ( 
! /RUGGLE1 & EX]CIS$ CONSID]ABLE P[]4 ,:5 ! NEW REVOLUTION BROKE 
\T 9 #a#i#a#g1 ! SOVIETS W]E ONCE AGA9 CON/RUCT$1 ?IS TIME AS ORGANS ( 
PROLET>IAN P[]4 ,) ! ,G]MAN ,NOVEMB] ,REVOLUTION ! PROLET>IAT TOOK 
POLITICAL CONTROL ( ! C\NTRY & PROVID$ ! SECOND HI/ORICAL EXAMPLE ( 
PROLET>IAN ,/ATE P[]4 ,IT WAS 9 ! ,RUSSIAN EXAMPLE1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! 
POLITICAL =MS & PR9CIPLES ! PROLET>IAT NE$S TO A*IEVE SOCIALISM W]E 
MO/ CLE>LY PRES5T$4 ,!SE >E ! PR9CIPLES ( COMMUNISM AS OPPOS$ TO 
?OSE ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 

,! FIR/ PR9CIPLE IS ?AT ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! 
PROLET>IAT4 ,M>X REPEAT$LY MA9TA9$ ?AT ! PROLET>IAT1 IMM$IATELY AFT] 
TAK+ P[]1 MU/ E/ABLI% ITS DICTATOR%IP4 ,BY DICTATOR%IP HE MEANT WORK]S 
P[] TO ! EXCLUSION ( ! O!R CLASSES4 ,?IS ASS]TION PROVOK$ MANY 
PROTE/S3 JU/ICE PROHIBITS SU* A DICTATOR%IP1 :I* PRIVILEGES C]TA9 GR\PS 
ABOVE O!RS :I* >E D5I$ !IR RI<TS1 & 9/EAD REQUIRES DEMOCRACY & 
EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW = EV]YONE4 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT AT ALL ! CASE3 EA* 
CLASS UND]/&S JU/ICE & RI<TS TO MEAN :AT IS GOOD OR BAD = IT2 ! 
EXPLOIT] COMPLA9S ( 9JU/ICE :5 HE IS PUT TO WORK4 ,9 O!R TIMES1 :5 
! PR\D >I/OCRAT OR ! RI* & >ROGANT B\RGEOIS SCORNFULLY LOOK$ D[N 
) REPUGNANCE UPON ! IDEA ( POLITICAL EQUALITY & POLITICAL RI<TS = ! 
SLAVES :O TOIL$ 9 ! WOR/1 MO/ D[NTRODD5 & DEGRAD+ JOBS1 9 ?OSE 
TIMES IT WAS A SIGN FULL ( MEAN+ = ! HONOR ( ! M5 :O W]E BEG9N+ 
TO REBEL1 :5 9 !IR /ATUS AS PROLET>IANS !Y ROSE UP AGA9/ ! /ATUS 
QUO & SAID3 WE HAVE ! SAME RI<TS AS Y\4 

,! DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLE WAS ! FIR/ DISPLAY ( ! EM]G5CE 
( ! CLASS CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 :I* DID NOT YET D>E TO SAY3 
,I WAS NO?+1 BUT ,I WANT TO BE EV]Y?+4 ,IF ! COMMUNITY ( ALL ! WORK]S 
WANTS TO RULE & MAKE ALL ! DECISIONS AB\T PUBLIC AFFAIRS1 & TO BE 
RESPONSIBLE = EV]Y?+1 !N WILL ,I HAVE TO HE> AB\T 0NATURAL0 OR 
HEAV5-S5T RI<TS FROM ALL ! CRIM9ALS1 ?IEVES1 PICKPOCKETS1 ALL ?OSE :O 
EAT AT ! EXP5SE ( !IR FELL[ M51 ! W> PR(ITE]S1 BLACK M>KET 
SPECULATORS1 L&[N]S1 MONEYL5D]S1 R5TI]S1 ALL ?OSE :O LIVE (F ! 
LABOR ( O!RS )\T DO+ ANY WORK !MSELVES8 ,IF IT IS TRUE ?AT EA* 
P]SON HAS A NATURAL RI<T TO P>TICIPATE 9 POLITICS1 IT IS NO LESS TRUE ?AT 
! :OLE WORLD HAS A NATURAL RI<T TO LIVE & NOT TO DIE FROM HUNG]4 ,&1 IF 
TO ASSURE ! LATT]1 ! =M] MU/ BE CURTAIL$1 !N NO ONE %\LD FEEL ?AT 
!IR DEMOCRATIC S5SIBILITIES HAVE BE5 VIOLAT$4 

,COMMUNISM IS NOT BAS$ ON ANY P>TICUL> AB/RACT RI<T1 BUT ON 
! NE$S ( ! SOCIAL ORD]4 ,! PROLET>IAT HAS ! TASK ( ORGANIZ+ SOCIAL 
PRODUCTION 9 A SOCIALI/ MANN] & REGULAT+ LABOR 9 A NEW WAY4 ,BUT !N IT 
CLA%ES ) ! P[]FUL RESI/ANCE ( ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,! LATT] WILL DO 
EV]Y?+ )9 ITS P[] TO PREV5T OR IMP$E ! ADV5T ( ! NEW ORD]3 
?IS IS :Y ! RUL+ CLASS MU/ BE EXCLUD$ FROM EX]CIS+ ANY POLITICAL 
9FLU5CE :ATSOEV]4 ,IF ONE CLASS WANTS TO GO =W>D1 & ! O!R WANTS TO 
GO BACKW>D1 ! C> WILL NOT LEAVE ! /ATION2 ANY ATTEMPT AT COOP]ATION WILL 
BR+ SOCIETY TO A /&/ILL4 ,DUR+ ! FIR/ PHASE ( CAPITALISM1 :5 IT 
NE$$ TO =TIFY ITS POSITION AS A NEWLY-RIS5 CLASS1 ! B\RGEOISIE BUILT ITS 
DICTATOR%IP UPON ! F\NDATION ( PROP]TY QUALIFICATIONS = VOT] 
ELIGIBILITY4 ,LAT] IT WAS COMPELL$ TO *ANGE TO DEMOCRACY1 GRANT+ ! 
APPE>ANCE ( EQUAL RI<TS TO ! WORK]S1 :I* PACIFI$ !M2 BUT ?IS 
DEMOCRATIC =M DID NOT AFFECT ! AU!NTIC CLASS DICTATOR%IP ( ! 
B\RGEOISIE1 BUT ONLY DISGUIS$ IT1 EV5 IF IT GAVE ! GR[+ PROLET>IAT ! 
OPPORTUNITY TO ASSEMBLE & TO RECOGNIZE ITS CLASS 9T]E/S4 

,AFT] ! 9ITIAL VICTORY ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ! B\RGEOISIE 
RETA9$ MANY MEANS ( P[]1 ( BO? A MAT]IAL & A SPIRITUAL NATURE1 AT ITS 
DISPOSAL1 :I* WILL OBVI\SLY BE EMPLOY$ 9 AN EF=T TO IMP$E ! PROGRESS 
( ! NEW ORD]1 & MAY BE ABLE TO P>ALYZE IT1 IF FULL POLITICAL FRE$OM IS 
CONC$$ TO ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,IT WILL !RE=E BE NECESS>Y TO %ACKLE ?IS 
CLASS ) ! /RONGE/ MEASURES ( COMPULSION1 & TO M]CILESSLY PUNI%1 AS A 
GRAVE CRIME AGA9/ ! VITAL 9T]E/S ( ! PEOPLE1 ANY ATTEMPT TO RE/RA9 
OR TO IMP$E ! NEW ORGANIZATION ( ! ECONOMY4 

,IT MAY SEEM ?AT ! EXCLUSION ( A P>TICUL> CLASS ALWAYS HAS 
SOME?+ ( ! UNJU/ & >BITR>Y AB\T IT4 ,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! 
P>LIAM5T>Y SY/EM1 ?IS MAY BE SO4 ,BUT1 GIV5 ! SPECIAL ORGANIZATION ( ! 
PROLET>IAN ,/ATE1 ! C\NCIL SY/EM AUTOMATICALLY1 SO TO SPEAK1 CAUSES ALL 
EXPLOIT]S & P>ASITES TO BE SELF-EXCLUD$ FROM P>TICIPATION 9 ! 
REGULATION ( SOCIETY4 

,! C\NCIL SY/EM CON/ITUTES ! SECOND PR9CIPLE ( ! 
COMMUNI/ ORD]4 ,9 ! C\NCIL SY/EM1 POLITICAL ORGANIZATION IS BUILT UPON ! 
ECONOMIC PROCESS ( LABOR4 ,P>LIAM5T>ISM RE/S UPON ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 HIS 
QUALITY AS A CITIZ5 ( ! ,/ATE4 ,?IS HAD ITS HI/ORICAL JU/IFICATION1 S9CE 
B\RGEOIS SOCIETY WAS ORIG9ALLY COMPOS$ ( PRODUC]S :O W]E EQUAL 9 RESPECT 
TO ONE ANO!R1 EA* ONE ( :OM PRODUC$ HIS COMMODITIES HIMSELF & TOGE!R 
=M$1 ?R\< ! SUM ( ALL !IR LITTLE TRANSACTIONS1 ! PRODUCTION PROCESS 
AS A :OLE4 ,BUT 9 MOD]N SOCIETY1 ) ITS GIANT 9DU/RIAL COMPLEXES & ITS 
CLASS ANTAGONISMS1 ?IS BASIS IS BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY OBSOLETE4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T 
( VIEW1 ! !ORETICIANS ( ,FR5* SYNDICALISM 7,LAG>DELLE1 = EXAMPLE7 W]E 
CORRECT 9 !IR H>% CRITIQUE ( P>LIAM5T>ISM4 ,P>LIAM5T>Y !ORY VIEWS 
EA* MAN PRIM>ILY AS A CITIZ5 ( ! ,/ATE1 & AS SU*1 9DIVIDUALS !REBY 
COME TO BE AB/RACT 5TITIES1 ALL ( !M EQUAL4 ,BUT 9 PRACTICE1 ! REAL1 
CONCRETE MAN IS A WORK]4 ,HIS ACTIVITY IS ! PRACTICAL CONT5T ( HIS LIFE1 & 
! ACTIVITIES ( ALL M5 TOGE!R =M ! SOCIAL LABOR PROCESS AS A :OLE4 

,IT IS NEI!R ! ,/ATE NOR POLITICS1 BUT SOCIETY & LABOR1 
:I* CON/ITUTE ! GREAT LIV+ COMMUNITY ( MAN4 ,9 ORD] TO UNITE M5 9 
GR\PS1 P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICAL PRACTICE DIVIDES ! ,/ATE 9TO ELECTORAL 
DI/RICTS2 BUT ! M5 :O >E ASSIGN$ TO !SE DI/RICTS1 WORK]S1 L&LORDS1 
/REET P$DL]S1 MANUFACTUR]S1 L&[N]S1 MEMB]S ( EV]Y CLASS & EV]Y 
TRADE1 HAPHAZ>DLY LUMP$ TOGE!R DUE TO ! PURELY ACCID5TAL FACT ( !IR 
PLACE ( RESID5CE1 CAN BY NO MEANS >RIVE AT A COMMUNIT>IAN REPRES5TATION ( 
!IR COMMON 9T]E/ & WILL1 BECAUSE !Y HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON4 ,! NATURAL 
GR\PS >E PRODUCTION GR\PS1 ! WORK]S ( A FACTORY1 :O TAKE P>T 9 ! 
SAME ACTIVITY1 ! PEASANTS 9 A VILLAGE1 &1 ON A L>G] SCALE1 ! 
CLASSES4 

,IT IS ( C\RSE TRUE ?AT C]TA9 POLITICAL P>TIES RECRUIT 
PEOPLE PR9CIPALLY FROM C]TA9 CLASSES1 :OM !Y REPRES5T1 AL?\< 
9COMPLETELY4 ,BELONG+ TO A P>TY IS PRIM>ILY A MATT] ( POLITICAL 
CONVICTIONS RA!R ?AN ONE'S CLASS3 A L>GE P>T ( ! PROLET>IAT HAS ALWAYS 
S\<T ITS POLITICAL REPRES5TATIVES FROM O!R P>TIES BESIDES SOCIAL 
DEMOCRACY4 

,! NEW SOCIETY MAKES LABOR & ITS ORGANIZATION ! CONSCI\S 
FOCUS & F\NDATION ( ALL POLITICAL LIFE1 :]E 0POLITICAL0 REF]S TO ! 
\TW>D >RANGEM5T ( ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,UND] CAPITALISM1 ?IS IS EXPRESS$ 9 AN 
OCCULT FA%ION1 BUT 9 ! FUTURE SOCIETY IT WILL TAKE ON AN OP5 & EVID5T 
EXPRESSION4 ,PEOPLE !MSELVES ACT DIRECTLY )9 !IR WORK GR\PS4 ,! WORK]S 
9 A FACTORY ELECT ONE ( !IR COMRADES AS A REPRES5TATIVE ( !IR WILL1 :O 
REMA9S 9 CONT9UAL CONTACT ) !M1 & CAN AT ANY TIME BE REPLAC$ BY 
ANO!R4 ,! DELEGATES >E RESPONSIBLE = DECISIONS CONC]N+ EV]Y?+ 
)9 !IR COMPET5CE & HOLD MEET+S :OSE COMPOSITION V>IES ACCORD+ TO 
:E!R ! AG5DA IS AB\T MATT]S RELAT+ TO A P>TICUL> PR(ESSION1 OR A 
P>TICUL> DI/RICT1 & SO =?4 ,IT IS FROM AMONG !SE DELEGATES ?AT ! 
C5TRAL DIRECTIVE BODIES >ISE 9 EA* >EA4 

,)9 SU* 9/ITUTIONS !RE IS NO ROOM = ANY K9D ( 
REPRES5TATION = ! B\RGEOISIE2 :OEV] DOES NOT WORK AS A MEMB] ( A 
PRODUCTION GR\P IS AUTOMATICALLY B>R$ FROM ! POSSIBILITY ( BE+ P>T ( 
! DECISION-MAK+ PROCESS1 )\T NE$+ TO BE EXCLUD$ BY =MAL VOT+ 
>RANGEM5TS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! =M] B\RGEOIS :O COLLABORATES 9 ! 
NEW SOCIETY ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITIES1 AS ! MANAG] ( A FACTORY1 = 
EXAMPLE1 CAN MAKE HIS VOICE HE>D 9 ! FACTORY ASSEMBLIES & WILL HAVE ! 
SAME DECISION-MAK+ P[] AS ANY O!R WORK]4 ,! PR(ESSIONS CONC]N$ ) 
G5]AL CULTURAL FUNCTIONS SU* AS TEA*]S OR DOCTORS1 =M !IR [N C\NCILS1 
:I* MAKE DECISIONS 9 !IR RESPECTIVE FIELDS ( $UCATION & HEAL? 9 
CONJUNCTION ) ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! WORK]S 9 !SE FIELDS1 :I* >E 
?US MANAG$ & REGULAT$ BY ALL4 ,9 EV]Y DOMA9 ( SOCIETY1 ! MEANS 
EMPLOY$ IS SELF-MANAGEM5T & ORGANIZATION FROM BEL[1 TO MOBILIZE ALL ! 
=CES ( ! PEOPLE = ! GREAT OBJECTIVE2 AT ! SUMMIT1 !SE =CES ( ! 
PEOPLE >E JO9$ TOGE!R 9 A C5TRAL GOV]N+ BODY1 :I* GU>ANTEES !IR 
PROP] UTILIZATION4 

,! C\NCIL SY/EM IS A /ATE ORGANIZATION )\T ! 
BUREAUCRACY ( P]MAN5T (FICIALS :I* MAKES ! ,/ATE AN ALI5 P[] SEP>ATE 
FROM ! PEOPLE4 ,! C\NCIL SY/EM REALIZES ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS' ASS]TION ?AT 
GOV]NM5T OV] PEOPLE WILL GIVE WAY TO ADM9I/RATION OV] ?+S4 ,(FICIAL 
PO/S 7:I* >E ALWAYS NECESS>Y = ADM9I/RATION7 :I* >E NOT ESPECIALLY 
CRUCIAL WILL BE ACCESSIBLE TO ANYONE :O HAS UND]GONE AN ELEM5T>Y TRA9+ 
PROGRAM4 ,! HI<] ADM9I/RATION IS 9 ! H&S ( ELECT$ DELEGATES1 SUBJECT 
TO IMM$IATE RECALL1 :O >E PAID ! SAME WAGE AS A WORK]4 ,IT C\LD HAPP5 
?AT DUR+ ! TRANSITION P]IOD ?IS PR9CIPLE MAY NOT BE TOTALLY & 
CONSI/5TLY IMPLEM5T$1 S9CE ! NECESS>Y ABILITIES WILL NOT BE F\ND 9 
EV]Y DELEGATE ALL ! TIME2 BUT :5 ! B\RGEOIS PRESS DELIB]ATELY GOES TO 
GROTESQUE L5G?S 9 ITS PRAISE = ! ABILITIES ( TODAY'S BUREAUCRATIC 
SY/EM1 IT IS WOR? RECALL+ ! FACT ?AT1 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#h1 ! WORK]S & 
SOLDI]S C\NCILS SUCCESSFULLY C>RI$ \T =MIDABLE TASKS BE=E :I* ! 
,/ATE & MILIT>Y BUREAUCRACIES QUAIL$4 

,S9CE ! C\NCILS COMB9E ! TASKS ( MANAGEM5T & EXECUTION1 
& S9CE ! DELEGATES !MSELVES MU/ C>RY \T ! DECISIONS !Y MAKE1 !RE 
IS NO PLACE = BUREAUCRATS OR C>E] POLITICIANS1 BO? ( :I* >E D5IZ5S ( 
! 9/ITUTIONS ( B\RGEOIS ,/ATE P[]4 ,! GOAL ( EV]Y POLITICAL P>TY1 
?AT IS1 ( EV]Y ORGANIZATION ( PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIANS1 IS TO BE ABLE TO 
TAKE ! ,/ATE MA*9]Y 9TO ITS H&S2 ?IS GOAL IS =EIGN TO ! ,COMMUNI/ 
,P>TY4 ,! PURPOSE ( ! LATT] IS NOT ! CONQUE/ ( P[] = ITSELF1 BUT TO 
%[ ! GOAL & ! WAY =W>D TO ! FI<T+ PROLET>IAT1 BY MEANS ( ! 
DISSEM9ATION ( COMMUNI/ PR9CIPLES1 T[>DS ! 5D ( E/ABLI%+ ! 
SY/EM ( WORK]S C\NCILS4 

,ON ?IS PO9T1 F9ALLY1 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & COMMUNISM >E 
OPPOS$ ) RESPECT TO !IR IMM$IATE PRACTICAL AIMS3 ! FIR/ SEEKS ! 
REORGANIZATION ( ! OLD B\RGEOIS ,/ATE2 ! SECOND1 A NEW POLITICAL 
SY/EM4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #a1 #bba 3 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY & ,COMMUNISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY & ,COMMUNISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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