,SLAVE ,PATROLS & ,CIVIL ,S]VANTS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,CRIME?,9C4 

,TEXT 3 

,! POLICE >E ! ABSOLUTE 5EMY4 ,GR\ND$ 9 SLAVE PATROLS 9 ! E>LY ,AM]ICAN ,S\?1 ! 9/ITUTION HAS AN UNBROK5 HI/ORY ( PROTECT+ & UPHOLD+ :ITE SUPREMACY4 ,REC5T MOVEM5TS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAVE CL>IFI$ ?IS L9EAGE ( RACI/ VIOL5CE1 BEG9N+ ) SLAVE PATROLS & CULM9AT+ 9 9DISCRIM9ATE POLICE KILL+S ( BLACK BODIES4 ,BUT :ITE SUPREMACY IS NOT ! ONLY FUNCTION ( ! POLICE3 ! HI/ORY ( ,BRITI% POLIC+ IS ONE ( CAPTUR+ & CONTROLL+ UNRULY WORK]S--( ! CREATION ( 0:ITE WORK+ CLASS0 SUBJECTS ?R\< A PROCESS ( 9CLUSION1 DISCIPL9E1 & $UCATION4 ,! POLICE HAVE A DUAL HI/ORY3 ONE ( VIOL5T EXCLUSION1 ONE ( 9SIDI\S 9CLUSION4 ,IF \R OPPOSITION TO ! POLICE RE/S ONLY ON !IR H]ITAGE ( RACISM OR CLASS OPPRESSION1 !N WE RISK ATTACK+ A SYMPTOM 9/EAD ( UPROOT+ ! :OLE4 ,WE >E AGA9/ ! POLICE NOT ONLY = !IR CLUBS & !IR GUNS1 BUT ALSO = ! WAYS !Y 9FILTRATE \R M9DS1 MAK+ US CITIZ5-COPS & UNWITT+ ACCOMPLICES4 

,!RE=E1 9/EAD ( TRAC+ ! HI/ORY ( POLIC+ FROM />T TO F9I%1 ,I (F] H]E A METAPHYSICAL HI/ORY ( ! POLICE1 A HI/ORY ?AT TAKES PLACE ON BO? SIDES ( ! ,ATLANTIC ,OCEAN1 9 ,BRITA9 & ! ,BRITI% COLONIES 9 ,AM]ICA4 ,FROM TWO EXEMPL>Y MOM5TS WE CAN TRACE SEP>ATE BUT 5TANGL$ LOGICS ( POLIC+--TWO SIGNATURES1 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! ORIG9S ( POLIC+ & FROM ITS CURR5T MANIFE/ATIONS4 ,! FIR/ IS A /ORY ( SLAVE PATROLS1 ( ANTI-,BLACKNESS & ! F\NDATIONS ( SLAV]Y ?AT UND]P9 :ITE CIVIL SOCIETY4 ,! SECOND IS A /ORY ( 9CLUSION1 ( C]TA9 BODIES BE+ 9CORPORAT$ 9TO CIVIL SOCIETY1 GRANT$ C]TA9 PRIVILEGES :ILE BE+ $UCAT$ & DISCIPL9$ 9TO NEW SUBJECTS4 ,ABSOLUTE VIOL5CE & CONT+5T VIOL5CE2 PUNI%M5T & DISCIPL9E2 RACISM & CYB]NETICS2 SLAVE PATROLS & CR[D CONTROL3 !SE >E SOME ( ! B9>IES ?AT CONT9UE 9 CONTEMPOR>Y POLIC+4 ,SEP>ATE BUT %>+ A COMMON BODY1 !SE CONT9U+ /ORIES >E LIKE ! TWO H&S ( ! /ATE3 ONE (F]S A FRI5DLY H& %AKE1 ! O!R EXT5DS ONLY A GUN4 

,WE BEG9 \R TALE 9 #a#h#a#i4 

,TWO ,MOM5TS ( ,POLIC+ 

  
,S\? ,C>OL9A1 #a#h#a#i4 

  

,COTTON PLANTATIONS =M$ ! BACKBONE ( ! ECONOMY4 ,! BLACK POPULATION \TNUMB]$ :ITES1 & :ITE FE> ( SLAVE 9SURRECTION WAS RAMPANT4 ,! ,S\? ,C>OL9A ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY 5ACT$ A LAW REQUIR+ ALL :ITE M5 OV] ! AGE ( #ah TO P>TICIPATE 9 SLAVE PATROLS1 PUNI%ABLE BY A F9E ( @s#b4 & #a.0 ( ! (F5D]S' LA/ TAXES4 .<#a.> ,SLAVE PATROLS 9 ,S\? ,C>OL9A1 :ILE ONGO+ S9CE #a#f#g#a1 TRANS=M$ 9 ?IS MOM5T FROM ! RESPONSIBILITY ( SLAVE [N]S TO ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ALL :ITE SOCIETY4 ,PATROLS RODE ?R\< ! C\NTRYSIDE & ! CITIES1 T]RORIZ+ ANY BLACK P]SON F\ND \TSIDE AFT] D>K1 *ECK+ PASSES1 & RAID+ HOMES 9 SE>* ( WEAPONS OR PLANS ( REVOLT4 ,! NEW LAW FOLL[$ TWO ATTEMPT$ 9SURRECTIONS1 & REFLECT$ A GR[+ FE> AMONG PROP]TI$ :ITES ( WIDESPREAD SLAVE REBELLIONS4 ,?IS LAW S]V$ TO DEPUTIZE ALL ( :ITE SOCIETY AGA9/ BLACK SLAVES & FRE$M54 

0,SLAVE PATROLS HAD FULL P[] & AU?ORITY TO 5T] ANY PLANTATION & BREAK OP5 ,NEGRO H\SES OR O!R PLACES :5 SLAVES W]E SUSPECT$ ( KEEP+ >MS2 TO PUNI% RUNAWAYS OR SLAVES F\ND \TSIDE !IR PLANTATIONS )\T A PASS2 TO :IP ANY SLAVE :O %\LD AFFRONT OR ABUSE !M 9 ! EXECUTION ( !IR DUTIES2 & TO APPREH5D & TAKE ANY SLAVE SUSPECT$ ( /EAL+ OR O!R CRIM9AL (F5SE1 & BR+ HIM TO ! NE>E/ MAGI/RATE40 .<#b.> 

,!SE SLAVE PATROLS GRADUALLY BECAME MORE PR(ESSIONALIZ$ & 9/ITUTIONALIZ$1 UNTIL EVOLV+ DIRECTLY 9TO ! MOD]N ,AM]ICAN POLICE =CE4 

,/4 ,PET]'S ,FIELD1 ,MAN*E/]1 ,GREAT ,BRITA91 ,AUGU/ #a#f1 #a#h#a#i4 

  

,SUN %ONE D[N ON A MASS MEET+ ( WORK+ M5 DEM&+ P>LIAM5T>Y RE=MS & SUFFRAGE 9 ,/4 ,PET]'S ,FIELD4 ,DRESS$ 9 !IR ,SUNDAY BE/1 ) /RICT ORD]S TO REMA9 PEACEFUL & RESPECTABLE1 #f1 WORK]S GA!R$ 9 =MATION TO HE> SPEE*ES & MAKE PLANS TO DEM&1 BY LEGAL MEANS1 P>LIAM5T>Y RE=MS4 ,FE>+ 9SURRECTION1 A COMB9ATION ( MILITIAS PEOPL$ BY %OP-KEEP]S & PRIVILEG$ TRADESM51 AS WELL AS MULTIPLE MILIT>Y =CES & CAVALRIES1 GA!R$ TO 0KEEP ! PEACE40 ,AS SOON AS ,H5RY ,HUNT BEGAN HIS SPEE*1 ! ,YEOMANRY MILITIAS *>G$2 A SURVIVOR DESCRIBES IT ?US3 

0,ON ! CAVALRY DRAW+ UP !Y W]E RECEIV$ ) A %\T ( GOOD-WILL1 AS ,I UND]/OOD IT1 ,!Y %\T$ AGA91 WAV+ !IR SAB]S OV] !IR HEADS2 & !N1 SLACK5+ RE91 & /RIK+ SPUR 9TO !IR /E$S1 !Y DA%$ =W>D & BEGAN CUTT+ ! PEOPLE4 ',/& FA/1' ,I SAID1 '!Y >E RID+ UPON US2 /& FA/4' ,& !RE WAS A G5]AL CRY 9 \R QU>T] ( ',/& FA/4' ,! CAVALRY W]E 9 CONFUSION3 !Y EVID5TLY C\LD NOT1 ) ALL ! WEI<T ( MAN & HORSE1 P5ETRATE ?AT COMPACT MASS ( HUMAN BE+S2 & !IR SAB]S W]E PLI$ TO HEW A WAY ?R\< NAK$ HELD-UP H&S & DEF5SELESS HEADS2 & !N *OPP$ LIMBS & W\ND-GAP+ SKULLS W]E SE52 & GROANS & CRIES W]E M+L$ ) ! D9 ( ?AT HORRID CONFUSION4 ',AH6 ,AH6' '= %AME6 = %AME6' WAS %\T$4 ,!N1 ',BREAK6 BREAK6 !Y >E KILL+ !M 9 FRONT1 & !Y CANNOT GET AWAY'2 & !RE WAS A G5]AL CRY ( 'BREAK6 BREAK6' ,= A MOM5T ! CR[D HELD BACK AS 9 A PAUSE2 !N WAS A RU%1 HEAVY & RESI/LESS AS A HEADLONG SEA1 & A S\ND LIKE L[ ?UND]1 ) SCREAMS1 PRAY]S1 & IMPRECATIONS FROM ! CR[D MOIL$ & SAB]-DOOM$ :O C\LD NOT ESCAPE40.<#c.> 

,! EV5T WAS LAT] TITL$ 0! ,PET]LOO ,MASSACRE10 A TONGUE-9-*EEK REF]5CE TO ! ,BATTLE ( ,WAT]LOO1 F\R YE>S PRIOR4 ,FIFTE5 PEOPLE W]E KILL$ & HUNDR$S MORE W\ND$ BY ! SAB]S & HORSES ( ! MILITIAS4 ,! IMM$IATE CONSEQU5CE WAS A NATIONWIDE CRACKD[N ON DISS5T1 BUT !RE WAS ALSO A PUBLIC OP9ION BACKLA%4 ,EV5 ! PETIT B\RGEOISIE PRES5T1 POLITICAL OPPON5TS ( ! WORK+ CLASS ,REPUBLICANS1 W]E HORRIFI$ BY ! 9DISCRIM9ATE VIOL5CE4 ,! /ATE & ! CAPITALI/S REQUIR$ ! WORK+ CLASS2 !Y MU/ BE CONTROLL$1 BUT NOT ]ADICAT$4 ,NEW TE*NIQUES W]E NE$$ TO GOV]N UNRULY CR[DS1 TO CONTROL !M & 9TEGRATE !M 9TO CIVIL SOCIETY4 ,! ,BRITI% GOV]NM5T CIT$ ! ,PET]LOO ,MASSACRE1 & ! NE$ = 0LESS-LE?AL0 =MS ( CR[D CONTROL1 = ! =MATION ( ! ,LONDON ,METROPOLITAN ,POLICE BY ,ROB]T ,PEEL4 

,SIGNATURES ( ,POLIC+ 

  

,DIFF]5T AS !Y >E1 !SE TWO MOM5TS >E 9EXTRICABLE4 ,FROM ! ,PET]LOO ,MASSACRE & SUBSEQU5T ,BRITI% POLICE RE=M WE CAN TRACE DISCIPL9>Y SOCIETY1 ! F\NDATIONS ( LIB]ALISM1 & ! SE$S ( CYB]NETIC & NEOLIB]AL SOCIAL CONTROL3 SUBJECTS MU/ BE ID5TIFI$1 $UCAT$ & 9CORPORAT$ 9TO SOCIETY4 ,BUT LIB]AL ,WE/]N SOCIETY1 ) ITS GOOD CITIZ5S1 ITS ,=DI/ WORK]S1 ITS NEOLIB]AL 5TREPR5EURS ( ! SELF1 CANNOT EXI/ )\T ! SLAVE PATROLS & :AT ,FRANK ,B4 ,WILD]SON1 ,I,I,I CALLS ! 0P>ADIGMATIC VIOL5CE0 ?AT SUFFUSES ,BLACK EXI/5CE4 ,?IS IS A VIOL5CE ?AT CAN BE ISSU$ AT ANY TIME1 )\T CAUSE3 NOT AS A PUNI%M5T = TRANSGRESSION1 BUT AS A PUNI%M5T = ONE'S EXI/5CE4 ,IF ! RESPONSE TO ! ,PET]LOO ,MASSACRE REPRES5TS ONE SIDE ( POLIC+1 CONC]N$ ) CIVILIZ+ & MANAG+ :ITE SOCIETY1 ! MOM5T ( SLAVE PATROLS & ! CONSCRIPTION ( ALL :ITE M5 9TO POLIC+ BLACK BODIES REPRES5TS ! O!R4  
  

,A METAPHYSICAL HI/ORY ( ! POLICE TAKES !SE TWO ELEM5TS ( POLIC+1 !SE TWO BEACONS1 & %9ES A LI<T ?R\< HI/ORY T[>DS !M4 ,IF ! LI<T IS BRI<T 5\<1 & TI<TLY FOCUS$ ON ! RI<T PLACES1 IT MI<T ALSO OBLIQUELY ILLUM9ATE O!R HIDD5 REEFS1 ?OSE SUBM>9E C\NT]REVOLUTIONS ?AT LURK JU/ BEL[ ! SURFACE 9 EV]Y RADICAL PROGRAM4  
  

,?IS HI/ORY DOES NOT SEEK TO BE CAUSAL1 OR L9E>1 BUT 9/EAD HI<LI<TS SIGNATURES ?AT %9E ) P>TICUL> CL>ITY4 ,! FIR/ SIGNATURE ( ! POLICE IS SLAVE PATROLS3 ! REQUIREM5T ( BLACK SOCIAL DEA? = :ITE CIVIL SOCIETY1 & ! 9DISCRIM9ATE RACI/ POLICE VIOL5CE ?AT CONT9UES TODAY4 ,! SECOND SIGNATURE IS ! MANAGEM5T ( CIVIL SOCIETY4 ,/>T+ FROM TWO DIFF]5T CONTEXTS--! ANTEBELLUM ,AM]ICAN ,S\? & 9DU/RIALIZ+ ,BRITA9--!SE SIGNATURES C>RY ?R\< TO ! PRES5T UNTIL !Y COMB9E 9 ! DUAL FUNCTION ( ! MOD]N POLICE3 MANAGEM5T & EXCLUSION2 CONT+5T VIOL5CE AGA9/ TRANSGRESSORS1 & ABSOLUTE VIOL5CE AGA9/ RACIALIZ$ BODIES4 ,! TE*NIQUES REQUIR$ BY !SE MOTIVES BLE$ 9TO ONE ANO!R1 :ILE ! ORIG9>Y SPLIT REMA9S4 ,WE SEE ?IS 9 ! EV]YDAY H>ASS+ & T>GET+ ( BLACK BODIES 79 POLICE %OOT+S1 /OP & FRISK POLICIES1 & MORE71 AS MU* AS 9 ! FRI5DLY POLICE PRES5CE ACCOMPANY+ ! REC5T ,WOM5'S ,M>*ES ACROSS ! C\NTRY4 

,SLAV]Y 9 ! ,NEW ,WORLD3 ,EXCLUSION1 ,SURVEILLANCE1 & ,SOCIAL ,DEA? 

  

,SLAVE PATROLS DID NOT BEG9 9 #a#i? C5TURY ,S\? ,C>OL9A1 ?\< !Y MAY HAVE REA*$ !IR SYMBOLIC APO!OSIS !RE4 ,BEG9N+ 9 ! #a#eS 9 ! NEWLY COLONIZ$ ,AM]ICAS1 COLONIZ]S BEGAN US+ SLAVES1 EI!R IMPORT$ FROM ,AFRICA OR CAPTUR$ FROM LOCAL 9DIG5\S POPULATIONS4 ,&1 CONSEQU5TLY1 SOME SLAVES TRI$ TO ESCAPE1 & ! FIR/ SE$S ( SLAVE PATROLS EM]G$1 MILITIAS ORGANIZ$ TO HUNT D[N RUNAWAY SLAVES1 PUNI% !M1 & BR+ !M BACK4 ,ONE ( ! FIR/ =MAL ORGANIZATIONS WAS F\ND$ 9 ! #a#e#cS 9 ,CUBA1 CALL$ ! ,SANTA ,H]M&AD OR ! ,HOLY ,BRO!RHOOD4 ,BUT1 = ! MO/ P>T1 !SE >RANGEM5TS T5D TO BE CASUAL & EXTRA-LEGAL1 COMPOS$ ( VOLUNTE]S OR HIR$ ?UGS4 

,9 #a#f#f#a1 ! ,B>BADOS ,SLAVE ,CODE WAS WRITT51 ONE ( ! FIR/ LEGAL FRAMEWORKS = MANAG+ SLAVES4 ,! ,SLAVE ,CODE CODIFI$ ! TREATM5T ( SLAVES1 & 9 P>TICUL> SPECIFI$ ! RESPONSIBILITIES ( :ITE M5 & 9D5TUR$ S]VANTS 9 MANAG+ & TRACK+ !M4 ,! NE$ = A =MAL >RANGEM5T1 & = ! ABILITY TO 9FLICT DIRECT RELATIONS ( =CE1 WAS HI<LI<T$ BY ! ,BRITI% GOV]NOR ( ,B>BADOS1 ,WILL\<BY3 

0,?\< !RE BE NO 5EMY ABROAD1 ! KEEP+ ( SLAVES 9 SUBJECTION MU/ /ILL BE PROVID$ =40 

,! NE$ TO MANAGE & VIOL5TLY CONTROL SLAVES L$1 ULTIMATELY1 TO ! IMPORTATION ( #b ,BRITI% SOLDI]S BETWE5 #afib & #a#g#b1 :O W]E TASK$ EXPLICITLY ) CONTROLL+ SLAVES4 ,IT'S WOR? NOT+ ?AT ,B>BADOS NEV] EXP]I5C$ SIGNIFICANT1 SUCCESSFUL SLAVE REVOLTS4 ,HAITI1 ON ! O!R H&1 :I* LACK$ AS 9T5SE A C\NT]9SURG5CY APP>ATUS1 SAW ! L>GE/ SUCCESSFUL SLAVE REBELLION 9 HI/ORY 9 #a#g#i#a4 

,!SE =CES >E ! PRECURSORS ( SLAVE PATROLS 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,S\?1 &1 SUBSEQU5TLY1 ( ! POLICE4 ,!Y W]E CONC]N$ ) TRACK+ & MANAG+ C]TA91 RACIALIZ$1 PEOPLE1 ) PREV5T+ 9SURG5CIES & UPRIS+S1 ) PROTECT+ PRIVATE PROP]TY & VIOL5TLY 5=C+ AN >RANGEM5T ?AT TURN$ C]TA9 HUMANS 9TO PROP]TY4 ,SLAVE PATROLS W5T ?R\< A V>IETY ( IT]ATIONS1 REGIONALLY & HI/ORICALLY1 BE=E WE REA* #a#h#a#i1 & ! M&ATORY CONSCRIPTION ( :ITE M54 ,?IS IS ! EXAMPLE P> EXCELL5CE ( ! LOGIC ?AT ,FRANK ,WILD]SON1 ,I,I,I DESCRIBES3 0:ITE PEOPLE'S SIGNIFY+ PRES5CE IS MANIFE/$ BY ! FACT ?AT !Y >E1 IF ONLY BY DEFAULT1 DEPUTIZ$ AGA9/ ?OSE :O DO MAGNETIZE BULLETS4 ,9 %ORT1 :ITE PEOPLE >E NOT SIMPLY 0PROTECT$0 BY ! POLICE1 !Y >E--9 !IR V]Y CORPOREALITY--! POLICE40 

,?IS LOGIC IS EXT5D$ ) ! 9TRODUCTION ( SLAVE PASSES 9 ! RAPIDLY 9DU/RIALIZ+ ,S\? & LANT]N LAWS 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY4 ,UNLIKE ,BRITA91 ) ITS UPROOT$ PROLET>IAT1 /RIPP$ ( !IR MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE ?R\< 5CLOSURE & S5T W&]+ 9TO ! CITIES LOOK+ = WORK1 & UNLIKE ! ,AM]ICAN ,NOR?1 ) ITS 9T]M9ABLE SUPPLY ( IMMIGRANTS S5T OV] FROM ,EUROPE AS A RESULT ( />VATION1 CRIM9ALIZATION1 OR P]SECUTION1 ! ,S\? WAS P>TICUL>LY DEVOID ( FREE1 L&LESS LABOR]S4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 SLAVE [N]S BEG9 R5T+ !IR SLAVES \T TO 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/S4 7,?IS PRACTICE1 9CID5TALLY1 NEV] 5D$1 BUT TODAY TAKES ! =M ( PRISON LABOR BE+ R5T$ \T TO V>I\S FACTORIES1 CORPORATIONS1 & AGRICULTURAL OP]ATIONS47 ,! 9CREAS+ MOBILITY ( SLAVES1 TRAVEL+ ON !IR [N TO FACTORIES1 ) PASSES FROM !IR PLANTATIONS1 L$ TO AN 9CREAS$ NE$ TO POLICE PUBLIC URBAN SPACES4 ,9CREAS+ MOBILITY ALSO REQUIR$ NEW]1 MORE COMPLEX TE*NOLOGIES = TRACK+ & ID5TIFY+ BODIES4 ,AT FIR/ !RE WAS ! H&WRITT5 PASS1 & !N1 9 V>I\S /ATES & AT V>I\S TIMES1 !RE W]E PR9T$ =MS1 METAL BADGES1 & O!R E>LY =MS ( ID5TIFICATION2 ! PRECURSORS TO PASSPORTS & /ATE ,I,DS ?AT WE ALL C>RY TODAY4.<#d.> 

,LIKEWISE1 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY1 0LANT]N LAWS0 9TRODUC$ 9 ! #a#h? C5TURY AFT] FAIL$ SLAVE 9SURRECTIONS REQUIR$ ALL SLAVES TO C>RY A LANT]N :5 TRAVEL+ 9 ! CITY AFT] D>K2 ,SIMONE ,BR[NE DESCRIBES ! LANT]N AS 0A PROS!SIS MADE M&ATORY AFT] D>K1 A TE*NOLOGY ?AT MADE IT POSSIBLE = ! BLACK BODY TO BE CON/ANTLY ILLUM9AT$ FROM DUSK TO DAWN1 MADE KN[ABLE1 LOCATABLE1 & CONTA9$ )9 ! CITY40.<#e.> ,SUBSEQU5T ADDITIONS TO ! LAW ALSO =BADE 0ASSEMBLY1 ! C>RY+ ( WEAPONS1 RID+ ON HORSEBACK ?R\< ! CITY BY 'TROTT+ FA/' OR 9 SOME O!R DISORD]LY FA%ION1 GAM+ & GAMBL+1 ALONG ) O!R REGULATIONS TO ! RACIALIZ$ BODY 9 ! CITY40 .<#f.> ,WE CAN SEE H]E ! CREATION NOT ONLY ( 0PUBLIC ORD]0 LAWS ?AT HAVE ALWAYS BE5 RACI/1 BUT ( CONDITIONS 9 :I* BLACK BODIES CAN BE F\ND GUILTY AT ANY TIME4 ,WE HAVE ONLY TO LOOK AT ,]IC ,G>N]'S MURD] BY ,NEW ,YORK ,POLICE = ! CRIME ( SELL+ UNTAX$ CIG>ETTES TO SEE ?AT ?IS LOGIC1 ) ITS VIOL5T & RACI/ CONSEQU5CES1 CONT9UES TODAY4 ,LIKEWISE1 LANT]N LAWS CONT9UE TODAY 9 ! =M ( FLOODLI<TS 9/ALL$ 9 OV]:ELM+LY ,BLACK & ,LAT9X H\S+ PROJECTS4 ,! LI<TS P\R 9TO AP>TM5TS1 FLOOD+ ! 9T]IOR ) LI<T & 5SUR+ ?AT ! RACI/ HI/ORY ( LI<T AS A DISCIPL9>Y APP>ATUS CONT9UES TO ?IS DAY4 ,!SE TE*NOLOGIES1 & !IR USES1 CONT9UE TO R5D] BLACK BODIES EXCEPTIONAL1 REM>KABLE1 & NOTABLE3 ALWAYS SUBJECT TO POLICE VIOL5CE1 :ITE P>ANOIA1 & CON/ANT SURVEILLANCE4 

,PASSPORTS & URBAN ILLUM9ATION ALIKE %>E !SE RACI/ ROOTS1 BUT HAVE EXT5D$ F> PA/ !IR ORIG9AL 9T5T4 ,ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! ,ATLANTIC1 9 ,FRANCE1 ,ALPHONSE ,B]TILLON CREAT$ HIS [N SY/EM ( BIOMETRIC MEASUREM5T & CONTROL TO CAT* RECIDIVI/ CRIM9ALS4 ,& N[1 WE ALL C>RY !SE M>K]S ( \R ID5TITY1 M&AT$ BY ! /ATE4 ,?R\< ?IS PROCESS1 ! /ATE USES PSEUDO-SCI5TIFIC ME?ODS TO JU/IFY EXI/+ OPPRESSION1 BY ID5TIFY+ C]TA9 PHYSICAL M>K]S1 L9K+ !M TO RACE & DEVIANCE1 & CREAT+ ! APPE>ANCE ( A NEUTRAL SOCIAL ORD]4 ,BUT BIOMETRIC ID5TIFICATION1 :ILE BEG9N+ 9 EXCLUD$ POPULATIONS1 QUICKLY SPREADS TO 5COMPASS ALL ( SOCIETY4 ,AS ! POLIC+ ( CYB]NETIC MANAGEM5T & ! POLIC+ ( VIOL5T :ITE SUPREMACY %>E TACTICS1 !Y BEG9 TO BLE$ 9TO ONE ANO!R4 ,9DIVIDUALS B5EFITT+ FROM :ITE SUPREMACY SUDD5LY F9D !MSELVES SUBJECT TO SOME ( ! SAME ME*ANISMS ( CONTROL4 ,?IS EXPLA9S 9 P>T ! ANGRY :ITE LIB]T>IAN1 :O CAN 9 ! SAME BREA? D5\NCE POLICE = 5=C+ GOV]NM5T REGULATIONS & ! 0CRIM9AL PROTE/]S0 :O FI<T !M1 OR ! 0BLUE LIVES MATT]0 SUPPORT] :O IS ALSO 9 AN ANTI-GOV]NM5T MILITIA4 

,C\NT]-9SURG5CY 9 ,EUROPE3 ,! ,CREATION ( ,:ITE ,CIVIL ,SOCIETY 

  

,T5 YE>S AFT] ! ,PET]LOO ,MASSACRE1 ,LONDON /ILL LACK$ A =MALIZ$ POLICE =CE4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! ,FR5* G5D>M]IE--MILIT>Y POLICE1 DIRECTLY 9VOLV$ 9 C\NT]-9SURG5CY EF=TS--,LONDON'S POLIC+ APP>ATUSES W]E SCATT]$ & UNPR(ESSIONAL1 CONSI/+ ( 7(T5 DRUNK7 NI<T-WAT*ES1 TAX-COLLECTORS1 ?IEF-TAK]S1 & DETECTIVES4 ,! PUBLIC BACKLA% FROM ! ,PET]LOO ,MASSACRE1 & A DESIRE TO APPE> DIFF]5T FROM ! OBVI\SLY REPRESSIVE FUNCTION ( ! G5D>M]IE1 L$ ! ,BRITI% ,P>LIAM5T TO CREATE ! ,LONDON ,METROPOLITAN ,POLICE 9 #a#h#b#i4 ,?IS POLICE =CE--PR(ESSIONAL1 UNI=M$1 & UN>M$--WAS L>GELY 9SPIR$ BY ,ROB]T ,PEEL'S ,ROYAL ,IRI% ,CON/ABUL>Y1 A POLICE =CE E/ABLI%$ 9 OCCUPI$ ,IREL&4 ,AS USUAL1 ME*ANISMS ( CONTROL & REPRESSION BEG9 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( SPECIFIC EXCLUD$ POPULATIONS--COLONIES1 SLAVES1 CRIM9ALS1 ETC4--& !N GRADUALLY EXP& TO 9CORPORATE ! 5TIRETY ( A POPULATION4 ,?IS IS A PROCESS ?AT CONT9UES TODAY1 AS REPRESSIVE TE*NIQUES DEVELOP$ BY ! ,U,S MILIT>Y 9 ,IRAQ AGA9/ POPUL> 9SURG5CIES >E BR\<T HOME TO MANAGE MASS PROTE/S1 OR :5 ! ,OAKL& POLICE RECEIV$ TRA9+ FROM ! ,BAHRA9I MILIT>Y 9 C\NT]-9SURG5CY & CR[D-CONTROL TE*NIQUES DUR+ ! ,OCCUPY MOVEM5T4 

,DESPITE !IR REPRESSIVE FUNCTION1 ! ,LONDON ,METROPOLITAN ,POLICE W]E1 FROM ! />T1 9T5D$ TO BE P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,ROB]T ,PEEL EMPHATICALLY BELIEV$ ?AT POLICE WORK %\LD BE 0P]=M$ BY WORK+-CLASS M51 SUP]VIS$ BY WORK+-CLASS M540.<#g.> ,:ILE !IR FUNCTION WAS PRIM>ILY ONE ( CR[D CONTROL1 !Y P>TICIPAT$ 9 DAILY PATROLS DESIGN$ TO FAMILI>IZE !MSELVES ) NEI<BORHOODS & COMMUNITIES--A PRECURSOR TO TODAY'S 0COMMUNITY POLIC+0 MODEL4 ,DAVID ,:ITEH\SE SUMS UP ! DIVISION NEATLY3 0,:5 ! ,LONDON POLICE W]E NOT CONC5TRAT$ 9TO SQUADS = CR[D CONTROL1 !Y W]E DISP]S$ \T 9TO ! CITY TO POLICE ! DAILY LIFE ( ! POOR & WORK+ CLASS4 ,?AT SUMS UP ! DI/9CTIVE DUAL FUNCTION ( MOD]N POLICE3 ,!RE IS ! DISP]S$ =M ( SURVEILLANCE & 9TIMIDATION ?AT'S DONE 9 ! NAME ( FI<T+ CRIME2 & !N !RE'S ! CONC5TRAT$ =M ( ACTIVITY TO TAKE ON /RIKES1 RIOTS1 & MAJOR DEMON/RATIONS40 

,! POLIC+ ( DAILY LIFE IS ( P>TICUL> 9T]E/ H]E4 ,) ! NEW CONC5TRATION ( L>GE POPULATIONS 9 ,LONDON CAME NEW ATTEMPTS TO USE \TDOOR & PUBLIC SPACE = COLLECTIVE NE$S4 ,WORK]S LIV$ 9 MIS]ABLE1 CRAMP$ CONDITIONS1 & MANY PEOPLE :O CAME TO CITIES DIDN'T HAVE WORK4 ,PEOPLE BEGAN TO USE PUBLIC SPACES = ASSEMBL+1 = 9=MAL M>KETS1 = SELL+ /OL5 GOODS1 & = 5T]TA9M5T4 ,POLICE PATROLS 5=C$ 0PUBLIC ORD]0 LAWS ?AT W]E DIRECT$ T[>DS ! POOR & ! WORK+ CLASS1 & AN 9T5SELY PATRI>*AL ,VICTORIAN MORALITY1 SPECIFICALLY REGULAT+ & CONTROLL+ ! MOVEM5T & ACTIVITY ( WOM5'S BODIES 9 PUBLIC4 

,:ILE !RE IS C]TA9LY SOME SIMIL>ITY H]E ) ! RACIALIZ$ 0PUBLIC ORD]0 POLIC+ 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY1 !RE IS AN IMPORTANT DIFF]5CE4 ,SLAVE PATROLS 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,S\?1 & PUBLIC ORD] POLIC+ 9 ,NOR!RN CITIES1 W]E BAS$ ON AN EXPLICITLY RACIAL ORD]3 IT WAS ! DUTY ( :ITE M5 & CITIZ5S TO APPREH5D & PUNI% SLAVES OR FRE$ ,BLACK PEOPLE :O W]E F\ND VIOLAT+ !SE ORD9ANCES4 ,9 ,LONDON1 H[EV]1 :ILE ! LAWS BE+ 5=C$ W]E CLE>LY BAS$ ON CLASS & G5D] DIVISIONS1 ?OSE DO+ ! 5=C+ W]E ALSO ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,ABSOLUTE VIOL5CE1 JU/IFI$ BY REAL OR IMAG9>Y TRANSGRESSIONS1 WAS NOT AN OPTION2 ! POLICE EX]CIS$ CONT+5T VIOL5CE1 9 A PROCESS ( CLASS SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,! BACKLA% FROM ! ,PET]LOO ,MASSACRE DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ! /ATE C\LD NOT TREAT CITIZ5S AS DISP5SABLE4 ,9/EAD1 CIVIL SOCIETY DEP5D$ ON AN $UCAT$1 CIVILIZ$1 & MANAG$ WORK+ CLASS4 

,ON ! RA9Y SPR+ DAY ( ,APRIL #a1 #a#h#d#h1 ! ,*>TI/S PLANN$ A MASS DEMON/RATION 9 ,K5N+TON ,COMMON4 ,9 MANY WAYS1 ! DEMON/RATION HAD SIMIL> GOALS1 ?\< MORE PROGRESS$1 TO ?AT 9 ,/4 ,PET]'S ,FIELD 9 #a#h#a#i4 ,AS 9 #a#h#a#i1 ! GOV]NM5T WAS FE>FUL ( ! CR[D--REVOLUTIONS SWEPT ,EUROPE 9 ?AT YE>1 %AK+ ! FEUDAL SY/EM TO ITS CORE4 ,AS 9 #a#h#a#i1 !RE WAS A L>GE MILIT>Y PRES5CE1 PREP>$ TO SQUA% DISS5T4 ,&1 AS 9 #a#h#a#i1 ! DEM&S ( ! CR[D W]E ESS5TIALLY DEMOCRATIC & RE=MI/--MALE SUFFRAGE1 ! ELIM9ATION ( PROP]TY REQUIREM5TS = MEMB]S ( ,P>LIAM5T1 & SO ON4 ,IT WAS A DEMON/RATION ( A P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 CLAMOR+ = P>TICIPATION 9 ! 9/ITUTIONS & /RUCTURES ?AT CON/ITUT$ CIVIL SOCIETY4 

,UNLIKE 9 #a#h#a#i1 H[EV]1 ! ,LONDON ,METROPOLITAN ,POLICE W]E PRES5T1 9CLUD+ ,ROB]T ,PEEL4 ,>M$ ) TRUN*EONS1 ORGANIZ$ 9TO DISCIPL9$ BATTALIONS1 ! POLICE W]E PREP>$ TO DISP]SE ! CR[D IF NECESS>Y4 ,BUT !RE WAS NO CAVALRY *>GE ?IS TIME1 NO SLA%+ ( SAB]S OR BLOOD SPILL$ 9 ! RA94 ,! CR[D WAS SMALL] ?AN ANTICIPAT$1 & !IR PLAN TO M>* ON ,P>LIAM5T WAS FOIL$ BY ! POLICE CORDON BLOCK+ A BRIDGE--AN E>LY KETTLE4 ,! ,LONDON ,POLICE ,COMMISSION] QUICKLY T>GET$ ONE ( ! LEAD]S ( ! ,*>TI/S & 9=M$ HIM ?AT !Y W\LD NOT BE ALL[$ TO CROSS ! BRIDGE2 ! LEAD] RETURN$ & SPOKE TO ! CR[D1 :I* DISP]S$ %ORTLY AFT]W>DS4 ,9 ?IS MOM5T1 JU/ AS 9 ! MASSACRE ( #ahai & ! M&ATORY SLAVE PATROLS 9 ,S\? ,C>OL9A1 LIES A CRY/ALLIZ$ MOM5T ( POLIC+--! BIR? ( S(T POLIC+4 ,ALL ( ! ELEM5TS W]E PRES5T 9 !IR E>LY =MS3 ! ?REAT ( OV]:ELM+ =CE2 ! CALM1 UNI=M$1 & DISCIPL9$ POLICE2 & ! /RATEGY ( 5LI/+ POLITICAL LEAD]S TO HELP MANAGE & DE-ESCALATE ! CR[D4 ,! GOAL ( ! POLICE WAS NOT TO ]ADICATE ! CR[D1 OR TO PUNI% !M = ASSEMBL+1 BUT TO PACIFY ! CR[D1 TO 5SURE ?AT !IR ASSEMBLY WAS R5D]$ RESPECTABLE & TOO?LESS4 

,:AT IS NOTABLE H]E IS ! 9V5TION ( A NEW TYPE ( POLIC+1 ONE ?AT CAN CLAIM ALLIANCE ) ! IDEA ( LIB]TY4 ,! ,BRITI% CIT$ !IR AV]SION TO ! POLITICAL & MILIT>Y POLICE ( ! ,FR5* G5D>M]IE 9 !IR CREATION ( A PR(ESSIONAL1 & PUBLIC1 POLICE =CE4 ,BUT ?IS RHETORIC ( LIB]TY & SELF-MANAGEM5T /ILL RELI$ ON A RACI/ GLOBAL REGIME ( SLAV]Y & COLONIZATION4 ,! 0LIB]TY0 ( ! ,BRITI%1 DEF5D$ BY PHILOSOPH]S LIKE ,JOHN ,/U>T ,MILL1 REQUIR$ COLONIAL SUBJECTS AS EXAMPLES TO CONTRA/ ) ! 0FREE0 ,BRITI% ONES1 AS WELL AS 9/ITUTIONS1 DISCIPL9ES1 &1 ( C\RSE1 ! POLICE1 TO CREATE A CIVIC SPH]E 9 :I* 0FRE$OM0 C\LD BE EX]CIS$4 ,! ,WE/]N IDEA ( LIB]TY WAS CONCEIV$ ( 9 ! %AD[ ( SLAV]Y & COLONIZATION4.<#h.> 

,TWO ,MODES ( ,POLIC+ 

  

,SO F> WE'VE CONTRA/$ A SIMPLE B9>Y ( POLICE ORIG9S3 SLAVE PATROLS 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,S\?1 & WORK+ CLASS DISCIPL9E 9 ,5GL&4 ,FROM ! =M]1 WE CAN TRACE A L9EAGE ( SOCIAL DEA?1 ( P>ADIGMATIC VIOL5CE1 ( A UNIV]SAL JU/IFICATION = VIOL5CE AGA9/ BLACK BODIES4 ,FROM ! LATT]1 WE CAN TRACE A POLICE :I*1 :ILE REPRESSIVE1 & :ILE ALWAYS VIOL5TLY ON ! SIDE ( PROP]TY & BOSSES1 CLAIMS TO BE P>T ( A WORK+ CLASS COMMUNITY4 ,NOT TOO LONG AGO1 LIB]ALS W]E CLAIM+ ?AT ! POLICE1 TOO1 W]E P>T ( ! #i#i.01 & !RE=E NOT ! 5EMY ( ! ,OCCUPY MOVEM5T4  
  

,9 ! :ITE IMAG9>Y1 ! IDEA REMA9S ?AT ONE CAN APPEAL TO ! GOV]NM5T & RE=M ! POLICE1 ?AT WE CAN IMPROVE \R LOT 9 SOCIETY4  
  

,! ,*>TI/S S\<T ! VOTE = !MSELVES1 :ILE IGNOR+ ! VIOL5T COLONIAL /RUCTURES ?AT SUPPORT$ !IR LIVES4 ,9 ?IS FRAM+1 ! POLICE MI<T EXI/ AS A LIMIT TO PU% AGA9/1 BUT NOT AS AN EXI/5TIAL ?REAT4 ,FRANK ,WILD]SON SUMS UP ?IS RELATION NEATLY 9 HIS CONDEMNATION ( SOCIALI/ COALITION POLITICS1 :I* >E 0ABLE TO IMAG9E ! SUBJECT ?AT TRANS=MS ITSELF 9TO A MASS ( ANTAGONI/IC ID5TITY =MATIONS1 =MATIONS ?AT CAN PRECIPITATE A CRISIS 9 WAGE SLAV]Y1 EXPLOITATION1 & HEGEMONY1 BUT444>E ASLEEP AT ! :EEL :5 ASK$ TO PROVIDE 5ABL+ ANTAGONISMS T[>D UNWAG$ SLAV]Y1 DESPOTISM1 & T]ROR40 

,?IS WILL+NESS ( :ITE PEOPLE TO ACCEPT ! REGULATIONS ( ! POLICE 9 EX*ANGE = SOME B5EFITS & PRIVILEGES EXPLA9S :Y ANTI-POLICE MOVEM5TS PRIM>ILY ]UPT 9 BLACK COMMUNITIES & COMMUNITIES ( COLOR4 ,! ,BLACK ,LIVES ,MATT] MOVEM5T HAS POPUL>IZ$ ! IDEA ?AT ! POLICE EVOLV$ FROM SLAVE PATROLS 9 ! ,S\?4 ,?IS IS AN IMPORTANT EVOLUTION & OP5S UP NEW SPACE = ANTI-POLICE MOVEM5TS TO GRAB HOLD 9 ! MA9/REAM4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 AN ANALYSIS ( ! POLICE ?AT UND]/&S !M ONLY AS EVOLV$ FROM SLAVE PATROLS1 & PRIM>ILY AS A TOOL ( :ITE SUPREMACY1 LEAVES US ) A P>TIAL /ORY4 ,IT IS A N>RATIVE ?AT IS P>TICUL>LY CONDUCIVE TO ALLY POLITICS3 IF ! POLICE >E PRIM>ILY BAD BECAUSE !Y >E RACI/1 !N ! ONLY ROLE = :ITE PEOPLE IS AS ALLIES4 ,ANTI-POLICE WORK !N EASILY BECOMES LIMIT$ BY A MORAL IMP]ATIVE ( *>ITY RA!R ?AN A /RATEGIC & E?ICAL L9KAGE ( /RUGGLES4 ,IT BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE = :ITE PEOPLE TO FI<T ! POLICE ON !IR [N T]MS1 & = US ALL TO F9D /R5G? TOGE!R1 FI<T+ BECAUSE \R CAUSES >E L9K$4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 ANALYZES ( SOCIAL CONTROL AS AN >RAY ( CYB]NETIC MANAGEM5T TE*NIQUES (T5 IGNORE ! V]Y REAL1 & V]Y BRUTAL1 VIOL5CE ?AT DEF9ES POLIC+ ( COMMUNITIES ( COLOR4 ,:5 ,DELEUZE & ,TIQQUN SPEAK ( 0S(T POLIC+0 OR ! WAYS ?AT SOCIAL M$IA DULLS \R S5SES & RE/RICTS \R POLITICAL IMAG9ATION1 !Y ]ASE ! JACKBOOTS ON ! GR\ND ( ! POLICE 9 COMMUNITIES ( COLOR OR RESI/ANCE4  
  

,IF WE UND]/& POLIC+ AS A SPECTRUM ( TACTICS & TE*NIQUES DRAWN FROM BO? SLAVE PATROLS & CIVIL S]VANTS1 !N WE BEG9 TO SEE ?AT POLIC+ ADAPTS ITSELF TO :AT IS SOCIALLY P]MISSIBLE4 ,?AT IS1 !Y USE ! VIOL5CE !Y CAN GET AWAY )4  
  

,?IS MODULATION ( VIOL5CE FLIES 9 ! FACE ( ! IDEA ?AT WE >E ALL EQUAL BE=E ! LAW4 ,! PROBLEM IS NOT ?AT ! LAW IS APPLI$ UNFAIRLY & NE$S TO BE RE=M$1 BUT ?AT LAW & POLIC+ REQUIRE ?IS DIFF]5TIATION4 ,JOHN ,/U>T ,MILL REALIZ$ ?IS FROM ! />T1 & BUILT IT 9TO HIS [N FRAMEWORK ( CIVILIZ$ LIB]TY4 ,LIB]TY WAS TO BE RES]V$ = ?OSE :O W]E RESPONSIBLE & HAD BE5 FULLY 9TEGRAT$ 9TO SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,AS ,LISA ,L[E PUTS IT1 ?IS =MULATION 0JU/IFI$1 9 ,MILL'S WRIT+S1 ! DESPOTISM ( COLONIAL RULE = ?OSE 'UNFIT' = REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T40.<#i.> ,WE SEE ?IS LOGIC AT PLAY EV]Y S+LE TIME POLITICIANS & POLICE CONDEMN ,BLACK COMMUNITIES = RIOT+1 EV]Y TIME ,TRUMP TALKS AB\T ! 0C>NAGE0 9 ,*ICAGO OR ,BALTIMORE AS JU/IFICATION = S5D+ 9 F$]AL AG5TS1 EV]Y TIME RI<T-W+ TROLLS CALL = ! POLICE TO USE LIVE AMMUNITION AGA9/ 0SAVAGE0 PROTE/]S4 

,A BETT] UND]/&+ ( POLIC+ & CONTROL ALL[S US TO DEVELOP A MORE NUANC$ CRITIQUE ( SOCIAL CONTROL1 CIVIL SOCIETY1 & :ITE SUPREMACY1 & TO DISCOV] MORE WAYS TO 9T]V5E 9 & DISRUPT ME*ANISMS ( CONTROL4  
  

,OPPOSITION TO ! POLICE MU/ NOT COME FROM AN AB/RACT MORALITY1 9 :I* ! PRIVILEG$ RECOGNIZE !IR UNJU/ IMPACT ON O!R COMMUNITIES1 BUT FROM \R %>$ NE$S & DESIRES--! POLICE /& BETWE5 ALL ( US & A FREE WORLD4  
  

,SEEK+ ! MORAL HI< GR\ND 9 ANTI-POLICE /RUGGLES WILL ONLY LEAD TO RESPECTABILITY POLITICS OR TO M9OR RE=MS ?AT 9TEGRATE SOME PRIVILEG$ FEW MORE FULLY 9TO :IT5ESS & CIVIL SOCIETY4 ,9/EAD ( SYMBOLIC PROTE/1 WE %\LD DISRUPT !IR ABILITY TO POLICE4 ,WE CAN SABOTAGE ! S(T MANAGEM5T & SURVEILLANCE 5ABL$ BY SOCIAL M$IA1 ! JAIL CELLS & POLICE C>S ?AT =M ! BACKBONE ( !IR CO]CIVE P[]1 & ! WEAPONS FACTORIES ?AT SUPPLY !M4 ,A FREE WORLD REQUIRES ! DE/RUCTION ( POLIC+4 

.<#a.> ,H4,M4 ,H5RY1,! ,POLICE ,CONTROL ( ! ,SLAVE 9 ,S\? ,C>OL9A 7,V&]BILT1 #a#i#a#d71 #cf 

.<#b.> ,P4,S4 ,FON] ,HI/ORY ( ,BLACK ,AM]ICANS FROM ,AFRICA TO ! ,EM]G5CE ( ! ,COTTON 

.<#c.> ,K+DOMS 7,WE/PORT3 ,GRE5WOOD1 #a#i#g#e71 #b#f2 ,HUMPHREY ,J5N+S1 ,P&AEMONIUM1 #a#f#f-#a#h#h#f3 ,! ,COM+ ( ! ,MA*9E AS ,SE5 BY ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,OBS]V]S 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,! ,FREE ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#e71 #aea 

.<#d.> ,*RI/IAN ,P>5TI1 ,! ,S(T ,CAGE3 ,SURVEILLANCE 9 ,AM]ICA FROM ,SLAV]Y TO ! ,W> ON ,T]ROR 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,BASIC ,BOOKS1 #b#c71 #a#c-#a#i 

.<#e.> ,SIMONE ,BR[NE1 ,D>K ,MATT]S3 ,ON ! ,SURVEILLANCE ( ,BLACKNESS4 7,DURHAM3 ,DUKE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #b#a#e7 #gi 

.<#f.> ,BR[NE1 #h 

.<#g.> ,CLIVE ,EMSLEY1 ,CRIME1 ,POLICE1 @& ,P5AL ,POLICY3 ,EUROPEAN ,EXP]I5CES #a#g#e-#a#i#d 7,OX=D3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #b#g71 #ai 

.<#h.> ,ALSO 9 ! %AD[ ( COMMODITIES & DEMOCRACY4 

.<#i.> ,LISA ,L[E1 ,! ,9TIMACIES ( ,F\R ,CONT95TS 7,DURHAM3 ,DUKE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #b#a#e71 #aac 

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