,SIGNS ( ,*ANGE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 

,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 
     

O ,9TRODUCTION 

      #ia ,WORDS2 #ffh ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,H[ ,WE ,LIVE ,& ,H[ ,WE ,MI<T ,LIVE 

      #i1#c#c#c ,WORDS2 #e#a1#g#i#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,:IGS1 ,DEMOCRATS1 ,& ,SOCIALI/S 

      #d1#c#d#g ,WORDS2 #b#e1#c#c ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,FEUDAL ,5GL& 

      #g1#b#b#a ,WORDS2 #d#a1#a#b#b ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,! ,HOPES ,( ,CIVILIZATION 

      #h1#a#c#b ,WORDS2 #d#g1#f#d#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,! ,AIMS ( ,>T 

      #f1#c#b#c ,WORDS2 #c#d1#g#d#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,USEFUL ,WORK ,V]SUS ,USELESS ,TOIL 

      #h1#e#g ,WORDS2 #d#g1#d#c#i ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,DAWN ( A ,NEW ,EPO* 

      #g1#e#d#a ,WORDS2 #d#b1#e#h ,*>ACT]S 

,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 

O ,9TRODUCTION 

,SIGNS ( ,*ANGE IS A COLLECTION ( TALKS & WRIT+ 
    = ! ,COMMONWEAL PRODUC$ 
    BY ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS DUR+ ! #a#h#hS1 & FIR/ PUBLI%$ AS A BOOK 9 
    #a#h#h#h4 ,TOGE!R !Y MAKE ! BE/ SUMM>IES ( ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS'S 
    FUSION ( ,M>XISM ) HIS DEEP KN[L$GE ( M$IEVAL HI/ORY & 
    HIS UNIQUE IDEAS ON >T & ! NATURE ( WORK4 
     
     

    ,?IS V]SION IS TAK5 FROM !  
    FROM ! #ahif ,LONGMANS1 ,GRE51 & ,CO4 $ITION1 ORIG9ALLY PREP>$ BY  
    ,DAVID ,PRICE = ,PROJECT ,GUT5B]G1 & CONV]T$ TO ,X,H,T,M,L BY ,GRAHAM ,SEAMAN4 
     
     

      ,9TRODUCTION BY ,GRAHAM ,SEAMAN1 #i? ,MAY #bc 
     

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,H[ ,WE ,LIVE ,& ,H[ ,WE ,MI<T ,LIVE 
#a4 ,H,[ ,W,E ,L,I,V,E ,& ,H,[ ,W,E ,M,I,<,T ,L,I,V,E 

,! WORD ,REVOLUTION1 :I* WE ,SOCIALI/S >E SO (T5 =C$ TO USE1 HAS A T]RIBLE S\ND 9 MO/ PEOPLE'S E>S1 EV5 :5 WE HAVE EXPLA9$ TO !M ?AT IT DOES NOT NECESS>ILY MEAN A *ANGE ACCOMPANI$ BY RIOT & ALL K9DS ( VIOL5CE1 & CANNOT MEAN A *ANGE MADE ME*ANICALLY & 9 ! TEE? ( OP9ION BY A GR\P ( M5 :O HAVE SOMEH[ MANAG$ TO SEIZE ON ! EXECUTIVE P[] = ! MOM5T4  ,EV5 :5 WE EXPLA9 ?AT WE USE ! WORD REVOLUTION 9 ITS ETYMOLOGICAL S5SE1 & MEAN BY IT A *ANGE 9 ! BASIS ( SOCIETY1 PEOPLE >E SC>$ AT ! IDEA ( SU* A VA/ *ANGE1 & BEG ?AT Y\ WILL SPEAK ( RE=M & NOT REVOLUTION4  ,AS1 H[EV]1 WE ,SOCIALI/S DO NOT AT ALL MEAN BY \R WORD REVOLUTION :AT !SE WOR?Y PEOPLE MEAN BY !IR WORD RE=M1 ,I CAN'T HELP ?9K+ ?AT IT W\LD BE A MI/AKE TO USE IT1 :ATEV] PROJECTS WE MI<T CONCEAL B5EA? ITS H>MLESS 5VELOPE4  ,SO WE WILL /ICK TO \R WORD1 :I* MEANS A *ANGE ( ! BASIS ( SOCIETY2 IT MAY FRI<T5 PEOPLE1 BUT IT WILL AT LEA/ W>N !M ?AT !RE IS SOME?+ TO BE FRI<T5$ AB\T1 :I* WILL BE NO LESS DANG]\S = BE+ IGNOR$2 & ALSO IT MAY 5C\RAGE SOME PEOPLE1 & WILL MEAN TO !M AT LEA/ NOT A FE>1 BUT A HOPE4  

,FE> & ,HOPE--?OSE >E ! NAMES ( ! TWO GREAT PASSIONS :I* RULE ! RACE ( MAN1 & ) :I* REVOLUTIONI/S HAVE TO DEAL2 TO GIVE HOPE TO ! MANY OPPRESS$ & FE> TO ! FEW OPPRESSORS1 ?AT IS \R BUS9ESS2 IF WE DO ! FIR/ & GIVE HOPE TO ! MANY1 ! FEW ,M,U,/ BE FRI<T5$ BY !IR HOPE2 O!RWISE WE DO NOT WANT TO FRI<T5 !M2 IT IS NOT REV5GE WE WANT = POOR PEOPLE1 BUT HAPP9ESS2 9DE$1 :AT REV5GE CAN BE TAK5 = ALL ! ?\S&S ( YE>S ( ! SUFF]+S ( ! POOR8  

,H[EV]1 MANY ( ! OPPRESSORS ( ! POOR1 MO/ ( !M1 WE WILL SAY1 >E NOT CONSCI\S ( !IR BE+ OPPRESSORS 7WE %ALL SEE :Y PRES5TLY72 !Y LIVE 9 AN ORD]LY1 QUIET WAY !MSELVES1 AS F> AS POSSIBLE REMOV$ FROM ! FEEL+S ( A ,ROMAN SLAVE-[N] OR A ,LEGREE2 !Y KN[ ?AT ! POOR EXI/1 BUT !IR SUFF]+S DO NOT PRES5T !MSELVES TO !M 9 A TR5*ANT & DRAMATIC WAY2 !Y !MSELVES HAVE TR\BLES TO BE>1 & !Y ?9K D\BTLESS ?AT TO BE> TR\BLE IS ! LOT ( HUMANITY1 NOR HAVE !Y ANY MEANS ( COMP>+ ! TR\BLES ( !IR LIVES ) ?OSE ( PEOPLE L[] 9 ! SOCIAL SCALE2 & IF EV] ! ?\<T ( ?OSE HEAVI] TR\BLES OBTRUDES ITSELF UPON !M1 !Y CONSOLE !MSELVES ) ! MAXIM ?AT PEOPLE DO GET US$ TO ! TR\BLES !Y HAVE TO BE>1 :ATEV] !Y MAY BE4  

,9DE$1 AS F> AS REG>DS 9DIVIDUALS AT LEA/1 ?AT IS BUT TOO TRUE1 SO ?AT WE HAVE AS SUPPORT]S ( ! PRES5T /ATE ( ?+S1 H[EV] BAD IT MAY BE1 FIR/ ?OSE COM=TABLE UNCONSCI\S OPPRESSORS :O ?9K ?AT !Y HAVE EV]Y?+ TO FE> FROM ANY *ANGE :I* W\LD 9VOLVE MORE ?AN ! S(TE/ & MO/ GRADUAL ( RE=MS1 & SECONDLY ?OSE POOR PEOPLE :O1 LIV+ H>D & ANXI\SLY AS !Y DO1 CAN H>DLY CONCEIVE ( ANY *ANGE = ! BETT] HAPP5+ TO !M1 & D>E NOT RISK ONE TITTLE ( !IR POOR POSSESSIONS 9 TAK+ ANY ACTION T[>DS A POSSIBLE BETT]+ ( !IR CONDITION2 SO ?AT :ILE WE CAN DO LITTLE ) ! RI* SAVE 9SPIRE !M ) FE>1 IT IS H>D 9DE$ TO GIVE ! POOR ANY HOPE4  ,IT IS1 !N1 NO LESS ?AN REASONABLE ?AT ?OSE :OM WE TRY TO 9VOLVE 9 ! GREAT /RUGGLE = A BETT] =M ( LIFE ?AN ?AT :I* WE N[ LEAD %\LD CALL ON US TO GIVE !M AT LEA/ SOME IDEA ( :AT ?AT LIFE MAY BE LIKE4  

,A REASONABLE REQUE/1 BUT H>D TO SATISFY1 S9CE WE >E LIV+ UND] A SY/EM ?AT MAKES CONSCI\S EF=T T[>DS RECON/RUCTION ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE3  IT IS NOT UNREASONABLE ON \R P>T TO ANSW]1 0,!RE >E C]TA9 DEF9ITE OB/ACLES TO ! REAL PROGRESS ( MAN2 WE CAN TELL Y\ :AT !SE >E2 TAKE !M AWAY1 & !N Y\ %ALL SEE40  

,H[EV]1 ,I PURPOSE N[ TO (F] MYSELF AS A VICTIM = ! SATISFACTION ( ?OSE :O CONSID] ?AT AS ?+S N[ GO WE HAVE AT LEA/ GOT SOME?+1 & >E T]RIFI$ AT ! IDEA ( LOS+ !IR HOLD ( ?AT1 LE/ !Y %\LD F9D !Y >E WORSE (F ?AN BE=E1 & HAVE NO?+4  ,YET 9 ! C\RSE ( MY 5DEAVOR TO %[ H[ WE MI<T LIVE1 ,I MU/ MORE OR LESS DEAL 9 NEGATIVES4  ,I MEAN TO SAY ,I MU/ PO9T \T :]E 9 MY OP9ION WE FALL %ORT 9 \R PRES5T ATTEMPTS AT DEC5T LIFE4  ,I MU/ ASK ! RI* & WELL-TO-DO :AT SORT ( A POSITION IT IS :I* !Y >E SO ANXI\S TO PRES]VE AT ANY CO/8 & IF1 AFT] ALL1 IT WILL BE SU* A T]RIBLE LOSS TO !M TO GIVE IT UP8 & ,I MU/ PO9T \T TO ! POOR ?AT !Y1 ) CAPACITIES = LIV+ A DIGNIFI$ & G5]\S LIFE1 >E 9 A POSITION :I* !Y CANNOT 5DURE )\T CONT9U$ DEGRADATION4  

,H[ DO WE LIVE1 !N1 UND] \R PRES5T SY/EM8  ,LET US LOOK AT IT A LITTLE4  

,& FIR/1 PLEASE TO UND]/& ?AT \R PRES5T SY/EM ( ,SOCIETY IS BAS$ ON A /ATE ( P]PETUAL W>4  ,DO ANY ( Y\ ?9K ?AT ?IS IS AS IT %\LD BE8  ,I KN[ ?AT Y\ HAVE (T5 BE5 TOLD ?AT ! COMPETITION1 :I* IS AT PRES5T ! RULE ( ALL PRODUCTION1 IS A GOOD ?+1 & /IMULATES ! PROGRESS ( ! RACE2 BUT ! PEOPLE :O TELL Y\ ?IS %\LD CALL COMPETITION BY ITS %ORT] NAME ( ,W,> IF !Y WI% TO BE HONE/1 & Y\ W\LD !N BE FREE TO CONSID] :E!R OR NO W> /IMULATES PROGRESS1 O!RWISE ?AN AS A MAD BULL *AS+ Y\ OV] Y\R [N G>D5 MAY DO4  ,W> OR COMPETITION1 :I*EV] Y\ PLEASE TO CALL IT1 MEANS AT ! BE/ PURSU+ Y\R [N ADVANTAGE AT ! CO/ ( SOME ONE ELSE'S LOSS1 & 9 ! PROCESS ( IT Y\ MU/ NOT BE SP>+ ( DE/RUCTION EV5 ( Y\R [N POSSESSIONS1 OR Y\ WILL C]TA9LY COME BY ! WORSE 9 ! /RUGGLE4 ,Y\ UND]/& ?AT P]FECTLY AS TO ! K9D ( W> 9 :I* PEOPLE GO \T TO KILL & BE KILL$2 ?AT SORT ( W> 9 :I* %IPS >E COMMISSION$1 = 9/ANCE1 0TO S9K1 BURN1 & DE/ROY20 BUT IT APPE>S ?AT Y\ >E NOT SO CONSCI\S ( ?IS WA/E ( GOODS :5 Y\ >E ONLY C>RY+ ON ?AT O!R W> CALL$ ,C,O,M,M,],C,E2 OBS]VE1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! WA/E IS !RE ALL ! SAME4  

,N[ LET US LOOK AT ?IS K9D ( W> A LITTLE CLOS]1 RUN ?R\< SOME ( ! =MS ( IT1 ?AT WE MAY SEE H[ ! 0BURN1 S9K1 & DE/ROY0 IS C>RI$ ON 9 IT4  

,FIR/1 Y\ HAVE ?AT =M ( IT CALL$ NATIONAL RIVALRY1 :I* 9 GOOD TRU? IS N[ADAYS ! CAUSE ( ALL GUNP[D] & BAYONET W>S :I* CIVILIZ$ NATIONS WAGE4  ,= YE>S PA/ WE ,5GLI% HAVE BE5 RA!R %Y ( !M1 EXCEPT ON ?OSE HAPPY OCCASIONS :5 WE C\LD C>RY !M ON AT NO SORT ( RISK TO \RSELVES1 :5 ! KILL+ WAS ALL ON ONE SIDE1 OR AT ALL EV5TS :5 WE HOP$ IT W\LD BE4  ,WE HAVE BE5 %Y ( GUNP[D] W> ) A RESPECTABLE 5EMY = A LONG :ILE1 & ,I WILL TELL Y\ :Y3  ,IT IS BECAUSE WE HAVE HAD ! LION'S-%>E ( ! WORLD-M>KET2 WE DIDN'T WANT TO FI<T = IT AS A NATION1 = WE HAD GOT IT2 BUT N[ ?IS IS *ANG+ 9 A MO/ SIGNIFICANT1 &1 TO A ,SOCIALI/1 A MO/ *E]+ WAY2 WE >E LOS+ OR HAVE LO/ ?AT LION'S %>E2 IT IS N[ A DESP]ATE 0COMPETITION0 BETWE5 ! GREAT NATIONS ( CIVILIZATION = ! WORLD-M>KET1 & TO-MORR[ IT MAY BE A DESP]ATE W> = ?AT 5D4  ,AS A RESULT1 ! FUR!R+ ( W> 7IF IT BE NOT ON TOO L>GE A SCALE7 IS NO LONG] CONF9$ TO ! HONOR- &-GLORY K9D ( OLD ,TORIES1 :O IF !Y MEANT ANY?+ AT ALL BY IT MEANT ?AT A ,TORY W> W\LD BE A GOOD OCCASION = DAMP+ D[N DEMOCRACY2 WE HAVE *ANG$ ALL ?AT1 & N[ IT IS QUITE ANO!R K9D ( POLITICIAN ?AT IS WONT TO URGE US ON TO 0PATRIOTISM0 AS 'TIS CALL$4  ,! LEAD]S ( ! ,PROGRESSIVE ,LIB]ALS1 AS !Y W\LD CALL !MSELVES1 LONG-HEAD$ P]SONS :O KN[ WELL 5\< ?AT SOCIAL MOVEM5TS >E GO+ ON1 :O >E NOT BL9D TO ! FACT ?AT ! WORLD WILL MOVE ) !IR HELP OR )\T IT2 !SE HAVE BE5 ! ,J+OES ( !SE LAT] DAYS4  ,I DON'T MEAN TO SAY !Y KN[ :AT !Y >E DO+3  POLITICIANS1 AS Y\ WELL KN[1 TAKE GOOD C>E TO %UT !IR EYES TO EV]Y?+ ?AT MAY HAPP5 SIX MON?S AHEAD2 BUT :AT IS BE+ DONE IS ?IS3  ?AT ! PRES5T SY/EM1 :I* ALWAYS MU/ 9CLUDE NATIONAL RIVALRY1 IS PU%+ US 9TO A DESP]ATE SCRAMBLE = ! M>KETS ON MORE OR LESS EQUAL T]MS ) O!R NATIONS1 BECAUSE1 ONCE MORE1 WE HAVE LO/ ?AT COMM& ( !M :I* WE ONCE HAD4 ,DESP]ATE IS NOT TOO /RONG A WORD4  ,WE %ALL LET ?IS IMPULSE TO SNAT* M>KETS C>RY US :I!R IT WILL1 :I!R IT MU/4  ,TO-DAY IT IS SUCCESSFUL BURGL>Y & DISGRACE1 TO-MORR[ IT MAY BE M]E DEFEAT & DISGRACE4  

,N[ ?IS IS NOT A DIGRESSION1 AL?\< 9 SAY+ ?IS ,I AM NE>] TO :AT IS G5]ALLY CALL$ POLITICS ?AN ,I %ALL BE AGA94  ,I ONLY WANT TO %[ Y\ :AT COMM]CIAL W> COMES TO :5 IT HAS TO DO ) =EIGN NATIONS1 & ?AT EV5 ! DULLE/ CAN SEE H[ M]E WA/E MU/ GO ) IT4  ,?AT IS H[ WE LIVE N[ ) =EIGN NATIONS1 PREP>$ TO RU9 !M )\T W> IF POSSIBLE1 ) IT IF NECESS>Y1 LET ALONE MEANTIME ! DISGRACEFUL EXPLOIT+ ( SAVAGE TRIBES & B>B>\S PEOPLES1 ON :OM WE =CE AT ONCE \R %ODDY W>ES & \R HYPOCRISY AT ! CANNON'S M\?4  

,WELL1 SURELY ,SOCIALISM CAN (F] Y\ SOME?+ 9 ! PLACE ( ALL ?AT4  ,IT CAN2 IT CAN (F] Y\ PEACE & FRI5D%IP 9/EAD ( W>4 ,WE MI<T LIVE UTT]LY )\T NATIONAL RIVALRIES1 ACKN[L$G+ ?AT :ILE IT IS BE/ = ?OSE :O FEEL ?AT !Y NATURALLY =M A COMMUNITY UND] ONE NAME TO GOV]N !MSELVES1 YET ?AT NO COMMUNITY 9 CIVILIZATION %\LD FEEL ?AT IT HAD 9T]E/S OPPOS$ ANY O!R1 !IR ECONOMICAL CONDITION BE+ AT ANY RATE SIMIL>2 SO ?AT ANY CITIZ5 ( ONE COMMUNITY C\LD FALL TO WORK & LIVE )\T DI/URBANCE ( HIS LIFE :5 HE WAS 9 A =EIGN C\NTRY1 & W\LD FIT 9TO HIS PLACE QUITE NATURALLY2 SO ?AT ALL CIVILIZ$ NATIONS W\LD =M ONE GREAT COMMUNITY1 AGREE+ TOGE!R AS TO ! K9D & AM\NT ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION NE$$2 WORK+ AT SU* & SU* PRODUCTION :]E IT C\LD BE BE/ PRODUC$2 AVOID+ WA/E BY ALL MEANS4  ,PLEASE TO ?9K ( ! AM\NT ( WA/E :I* !Y W\LD AVOID1 H[ MU* SU* A REVOLUTION W\LD ADD TO ! WEAL? ( ! WORLD6  ,:AT CREATURE ON E>? W\LD BE H>M$ BY SU* A REVOLUTION8 ,NAY1 W\LD NOT EV]YBODY BE ! BETT] = IT8  ,& :AT H9D]S IT8 ,I WILL TELL Y\ PRES5TLY4  

,MEANTIME LET US PASS FROM ?IS 0COMPETITION0 BETWE5 NATIONS TO ?AT BETWE5 0! ORGANIZ]S ( LABOR10 GREAT FIRMS1 JO9T-/OCK COMPANIES2 CAPITALI/S 9 %ORT1 & SEE H[ COMPETITION 0/IMULATES PRODUCTION0 AMONG !M3  9DE$ IT DOES DO ?AT2 BUT :AT K9D ( PRODUCTION8  ,WELL1 PRODUCTION ( SOME?+ TO SELL AT A PR(IT1 OR SAY PRODUCTION ( PR(ITS3  & NOTE H[ W> COMM]CIAL /IMULATES ?AT3  A C]TA9 M>KET IS DEM&+ GOODS2 !RE >E1 SAY1 A HUNDR$ MANUFACTUR]S :O MAKE ?AT K9D ( GOODS1 & EV]Y ONE ( !M W\LD IF HE C\LD KEEP ?AT M>KET TO HIMSELF2 & /RUGGLES DESP]ATELY TO GET AS MU* ( IT AS HE CAN1 ) ! OBVI\S RESULT ?AT PRES5TLY ! ?+ IS OV]DONE1 & ! M>KET IS GLUTT$1 & ALL ?AT FURY ( MANUFACTURE HAS TO S9K 9TO COLD A%ES4  ,DOESN'T ?AT SEEM SOME?+ LIKE W> TO Y\8  ,CAN'T Y\ SEE ! WA/E ( IT-- WA/E ( LABOR1 SKILL1 CUNN+1 WA/E ( LIFE 9 %ORT8  ,WELL1 Y\ MAY SAY1 BUT IT *EAP5S ! GOODS4  ,9 A S5SE IT DOES2 & YET ONLY APP>5TLY1 AS WAGES HAVE A T5D5CY TO S9K = ! ORD9>Y WORK] 9 PROPORTION AS PRICES S9K2 & AT :AT A CO/ DO WE GA9 ?IS APPE>ANCE ( *EAPNESS6  ,PLA9LY SPEAK+1 AT ! CO/ ( *EAT+ ! CONSUM] & />V+ ! REAL PRODUC] = ! B5EFIT ( ! GAMBL]1 :O USES BO? CONSUM] & PRODUC] AS HIS MIL* C[S4  ,I NE$N'T GO AT L5G? 9TO ! SUBJECT ( ADULT]ATION1 = EV]Y ONE KN[S :AT K9D ( A P>T IT PLAYS 9 ?IS SORT ( COMM]CE2 BUT REMEMB] ?AT IT IS AN ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y 9CID5T TO ! PRODUCTION ( PR(IT \T ( W>ES1 :I* IS ! BUS9ESS ( ! SO- CALL$ MANUFACTUR]2 & ?IS Y\ MU/ UND]/&1 ?AT1 TAK+ HIM 9 ! LUMP1 ! CONSUM] IS P]FECTLY HELPLESS AGA9/ ! GAMBL]2 ! GOODS >E =C$ ON HIM BY !IR *EAPNESS1 & ) !M A C]TA9 K9D ( LIFE :I* ?AT 5]GETIC1 ?AT AGGRESSIVE *EAPNESS DET]M9ES = HIM3  = SO F>-REA*+ IS ?IS CURSE ( COMM]CIAL W> ?AT NO C\NTRY IS SAFE FROM ITS RAVAGES2 ! TRADITIONS ( A ?\S& YE>S FALL BE=E IT 9 A MON?2 IT OV]RUNS A WEAK OR SEMI- B>B>\S C\NTRY1 & :ATEV] ROMANCE OR PLEASURE OR >T EXI/$ !RE1 IS TRODD5 D[N 9TO A MIRE ( SORDIDNESS & UGL9ESS2 ! ,9DIAN OR ,JAVANESE CRAFTSMAN MAY NO LONG] PLY HIS CRAFT LEISURELY1 WORK+ A FEW H\RS A DAY1 9 PRODUC+ A MAZE ( /RANGE BEAUTY ON A PIECE ( CLO?3  A /EAM-5G9E IS SET A-GO+ AT ,MAN*E/]1 & ?AT VICTORY OV] NATURE & A ?\S& /UBBORN DIFFICULTIES IS US$ = ! BASE WORK ( PRODUC+ A SORT ( PLA/] ( *9A-CLAY & %ODDY1 & ! ,ASIATIC WORK]1 IF HE IS NOT />V$ TO DEA? \TRI<T1 AS PL5TIFULLY HAPP5S1 IS DRIV5 HIMSELF 9TO A FACTORY TO L[] ! WAGES ( HIS ,MAN*E/] BRO!R WORK]1 & NO?+ ( *>ACT] IS LEFT HIM EXCEPT1 MO/ LIKE1 AN ACCUMULATION ( FE> & HATR$ ( ?AT TO HIM MO/ UNACC\NTABLE EVIL1 HIS ,5GLI% MA/]4 ,! ,S\? ,SEA ,ISL&] MU/ LEAVE HIS CANOE-C>V+1 HIS SWEET RE/1 & HIS GRACEFUL DANCES1 & BECOME ! SLAVE ( A SLAVE3  TR\S]S1 %ODDY1 RUM1 MISSION>Y1 & FATAL DISEASE--HE MU/ SWALL[ ALL ?IS CIVILIZATION 9 ! LUMP1 & NEI!R HIMSELF NOR WE CAN HELP HIM N[ TILL SOCIAL ORD] DISPLACES ! HIDE\S TYRANNY ( GAMBL+ ?AT HAS RU9$ HIM4  

,LET ?OSE BE TYPES ( ! CONSUM]3  BUT N[ = ! PRODUC]2 ,I MEAN ! REAL PRODUC]1 ! WORK]2 H[ DOES ?IS SCRAMBLE = ! PLUND] ( ! M>KET AFFECT HIM8  ,! MANUFACTUR]1 9 ! EAG]NESS ( HIS W>1 HAS HAD TO COLLECT 9TO ONE NEI<BORHOOD A VA/ >MY ( WORK]S1 HE HAS DRILL$ !M TILL !Y >E AS FIT AS MAY BE = HIS SPECIAL BRAN* ( PRODUCTION1 ?AT IS1 = MAK+ A PR(IT \T ( IT1 & ) ! RESULT ( !IR BE+ FIT = NO?+ ELSE3  WELL1 :5 ! GLUT COMES 9 ?AT M>KET HE IS SUPPLY+1 :AT HAPP5S TO ?IS >MY1 EV]Y PRIVATE 9 :I* HAS BE5 DEP5D+ ON ! /EADY DEM& 9 ?AT M>KET1 & ACT+1 AS HE C\LD NOT *OOSE BUT ACT1 AS IF IT W]E TO GO ON = EV]8  ,Y\ KN[ WELL :AT HAPP5S TO !SE M53 ! FACTORY DOOR IS %UT ON !M2 ON A V]Y L>GE P>T ( !M (T51 & AT ! BE/ ON ! RES]VE >MY ( LABOR1 SO BUSILY EMPLOY$ 9 ! TIME ( 9FLATION4  ,:AT BECOMES ( !M8  ,NAY1 WE KN[ ?AT WELL 5\< JU/ N[4  ,BUT :AT WE DON'T KN[1 OR DON'T *OOSE TO KN[1 IS1 ?AT ?IS RES]VE >MY ( LABOR IS AN ABSOLUTE NECESSITY = COMM]CIAL W>2 IF ,\,R MANUFACTUR]S HAD NOT GOT !SE POOR DEVILS :OM !Y C\LD DRAFT ON TO !IR MA*9ES :5 ! DEM& SWELL$1 O!R MANUFACTUR]S 9 ,FRANCE1 OR ,G]MANY1 OR ,AM]ICA1 W\LD /EP 9 & TAKE ! M>KET FROM !M4  

,SO Y\ SEE1 AS WE LIVE N[1 IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT A VA/ P>T ( ! 9DU/RIAL POPULATION %\LD BE EXPOS$ TO ! DANG] ( P]IODICAL SEMI-/>VATION1 & ?AT1 NOT = ! ADVANTAGE ( ! PEOPLE 9 ANO!R P>T ( ! WORLD1 BUT = !IR DEGRADATION & 5SLAVEM5T4  

,JU/ LET Y\R M9DS RUN = A MOM5T ON ! K9D ( WA/E :I* ?IS MEANS1 ?IS OP5+ UP ( NEW M>KETS AMONG SAVAGE & B>B>\S C\NTRIES :I* IS ! EXTREME TYPE ( ! =CE ( ! PR(IT-M>KET ON ! WORLD1 & Y\ WILL SURELY SEE :AT A HIDE\S NI<TM>E ?AT PR(IT-M>KET IS3  IT KEEPS US SWEAT+ & T]RIFI$ = \R LIVELIHOOD1 UNABLE TO READ A BOOK1 OR LOOK AT A PICTURE1 OR HAVE PLEASANT FIELDS TO WALK 91 OR TO LIE 9 ! SUN1 OR TO %>E 9 ! KN[L$GE ( \R TIME1 TO HAVE 9 %ORT EI!R ANIMAL OR 9TELLECTUAL PLEASURE1 & = :AT8 ?AT WE MAY GO ON LIV+ ! SAME SLAVI% LIFE TILL WE DIE1 9 ORD] TO PROVIDE = A RI* MAN :AT IS CALL$ A LIFE ( EASE & LUXURY2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 A LIFE SO EMPTY1 UN:OLESOME1 & DEGRAD$1 ?AT P]HAPS1 ON ! :OLE1 HE IS WORSE (F ?AN WE ! WORK]S >E3  & AS TO ! RESULT ( ALL ?IS SUFF]+1 IT IS LUCKIE/ :5 IT IS NO?+ AT ALL1 :5 Y\ CAN SAY ?AT ! W>ES HAVE DONE NOBODY ANY GOOD2 = (T5E/ !Y HAVE DONE MANY PEOPLE H>M1 & WE HAVE TOIL$ & GROAN$ & DI$ 9 MAK+ POISON & DE/RUCTION = \R FELL[-M54  

,WELL1 ,I SAY ALL ?IS IS W>1 & ! RESULTS ( W>1 ! W> ?IS TIME1 NOT ( COMPET+ NATIONS1 BUT ( COMPET+ FIRMS OR CAPITALI/ UNITS3  & IT IS ?IS W> ( ! FIRMS :I* H9D]S ! PEACE BETWE5 NATIONS :I* Y\ SURELY HAVE AGRE$ ) ME 9 ?9K+ IS SO NECESS>Y2 = Y\ MU/ KN[ ?AT W> IS ! V]Y BREA? ( ! NO/RILS ( !SE FI<T+ FIRMS1 & !Y HAVE N[1 9 \R TIMES1 GOT 9TO !IR H&S NE>LY ALL ! POLITICAL P[]1 & !Y B& TOGE!R 9 EA* C\NTRY 9 ORD] TO MAKE !IR RESPECTIVE GOV]NM5TS FULFILL JU/ TWO FUNCTIONS3  ! FIR/ IS AT HOME TO ACT AS A /RONG POLICE =CE1 TO KEEP ! R+ 9 :I* ! /RONG >E BEAT+ D[N ! WEAK2 ! SECOND IS TO ACT AS A PIRATICAL BODYGU>D ABROAD1 A PET>D TO EXPLODE ! DOORS :I* LEAD TO ! M>KETS ( ! WORLD3  M>KETS AT ANY PRICE ABROAD1 UN9T]F]$-) PRIVILEGE1 FALSELY CALL$ LAISSEZ-FAIRE7#a71 AT ANY PRICE AT HOME1 TO PROVIDE !SE IS ! SOLE BUS9ESS ( A GOV]NM5T SU* AS \R 9DU/RIAL CAPTA9S HAVE BE5 ABLE TO CONCEIVE (4  ,I MU/ N[ TRY TO %[ Y\ ! REASON ( ALL ?IS1 & :AT IT RE/S ON1 BY TRY+ TO ANSW] ! QUE/ION1 ,:Y HAVE ! PR(IT-MAK]S GOT ALL ?IS P[]1 OR AT LEA/ :Y >E !Y ABLE TO KEEP IT8  

,?AT TAKES US TO ! ?IRD =M ( W> COMM]CIAL3  ! LA/1 &1 ! ONE :I* ALL ! RE/ IS F\ND$ ON4  ,WE HAVE SPOK5 FIR/ ( ! W> ( RIVAL NATIONS2 NEXT ( ?AT ( RIVAL FIRMS3  WE HAVE N[ TO SPEAK ( RIVAL M54  ,AS NATIONS UND] ! PRES5T SY/EM >E DRIV5 TO COMPETE ) ONE ANO!R = ! M>KETS ( ! WORLD1 & AS FIRMS OR ! CAPTA9S ( 9DU/RY HAVE TO SCRAMBLE = !IR %>E ( ! PR(ITS ( ! M>KETS1 SO ALSO HAVE ! WORK]S TO COMPETE ) EA* O!R--= LIVELIHOOD2 & IT IS ?IS CON/ANT COMPETITION OR W> AMONG !M :I* 5ABLES ! PR(IT-GR9D]S TO MAKE !IR PR(ITS1 & BY MEANS ( ! WEAL? SO ACQUIR$ TO TAKE ALL ! EXECUTIVE P[] ( ! C\NTRY 9TO !IR H&S4  ,BUT H]E IS ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! POSITION ( ! WORK]S & ! PR(IT-MAK]S3 TO ! LATT]1 ! PR(IT-GR9D]S1 W> IS NECESS>Y2 Y\ CANNOT HAVE PR(IT-MAK+ )\T COMPETITION1 9DIVIDUAL1 CORPORATE1 & NATIONAL2 BUT Y\ MAY WORK = A LIVELIHOOD )\T COMPET+2 Y\ MAY COMB9E 9/EAD ( COMPET+4  

,I HAVE SAID W> WAS ! LIFE-BREA? ( ! PR(IT-MAK]S2 9 LIKE MANN]1 COMB9ATION IS ! LIFE ( ! WORK]S4  ,! WORK+-CLASSES OR PROLET>IAT CANNOT EV5 EXI/ AS A CLASS )\T COMB9ATION ( SOME SORT4  ,! NECESSITY :I* =C$ ! PR(IT-GR9D]S TO COLLECT !IR M5 FIR/ 9TO WORK%OPS WORK+ BY ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 & NEXT 9TO GREAT FACTORIES WORK$ BY MA*9]Y1 & SO GRADUALLY TO DRAW !M 9TO ! GREAT T[NS & C5T]S ( CIVILIZATION1 GAVE BIR? TO A DI/9CT WORK+-CLASS OR PROLET>IAT3  & ?IS IT WAS :I* GAVE !M !IR ,M,E,*,A,N,I,C,A,L EXI/5CE1 SO TO SAY4  ,BUT NOTE1 ?AT !Y >E 9DE$ COMB9$ 9TO SOCIAL GR\PS = ! PRODUCTION ( W>ES1 BUT ONLY AS YET ME*ANICALLY2 !Y DO NOT KN[ :AT !Y >E WORK+ AT1 NOR :OM !Y >E WORK+ =1 BECAUSE !Y >E COMB9+ TO PRODUCE W>ES ( :I* ! PR(IT ( A MA/] =MS AN ESS5TIAL P>T1 9/EAD ( GOODS = !IR [N USE3  AS LONG AS !Y DO ?IS1 & COMPETE ) EA* O!R = LEAVE TO DO IT1 !Y WILL BE1 & WILL FEEL !MSELVES TO BE1 SIMPLY A P>T ( ?OSE COMPET+ FIRMS ,I HAVE BE5 SPEAK+ (2 !Y WILL BE 9 FACT JU/ A P>T ( ! MA*9]Y = ! PRODUCTION ( PR(IT2 & SO LONG AS ?IS LA/S IT WILL BE ! AIM ( ! MA/]S OR PR(IT-MAK]S TO DECREASE ! M>KET VALUE ( ?IS HUMAN P>T ( ! MA*9]Y2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 S9CE !Y ALREADY HOLD 9 !IR H&S ! LABOR ( DEAD M5 9 ! =M ( CAPITAL & MA*9]Y1 IT IS !IR 9T]E/1 OR WE WILL SAY !IR NECESSITY1 TO PAY AS LITTLE AS !Y CAN HELP = ! LABOR ( LIV+ M5 :I* !Y HAVE TO BUY FROM DAY TO DAY3  & S9CE ! WORKM5 !Y EMPLOY HAVE NO?+ BUT !IR LABOR-P[]1 !Y >E COMPELL$ TO UND]BID ONE ANO!R = EMPLOYM5T & WAGES1 & SO 5ABLE ! CAPITALI/ TO PLAY HIS GAME4  

,I HAVE SAID ?AT1 AS ?+S GO1 ! WORK]S >E A P>T ( ! COMPET+ FIRMS1 AN ADJUNCT ( CAPITAL4  ,NEV]!LESS1 !Y >E ONLY SO BY COMPULSION2 &1 EV5 )\T !IR BE+ CONSCI\S ( IT1 !Y /RUGGLE AGA9/ ?AT COMPULSION & ITS IMM$IATE RESULTS1 ! L[]+ ( !IR WAGES1 ( !IR /&>D ( LIFE2 & ?IS !Y DO1 & MU/ DO1 BO? AS A CLASS & 9DIVIDUALLY3  JU/ AS ! SLAVE ( ! GREAT ,ROMAN LORD1 ?\< HE DI/9CTLY FELT HIMSELF TO BE A P>T ( ! H\SEHOLD1 YET COLLECTIVELY WAS A =CE 9 RES]VE = ITS DE/RUCTION1 & 9DIVIDUALLY /OLE FROM HIS LORD :5EV] HE C\LD SAFELY DO SO4  ,SO1 H]E1 Y\ SEE1 IS ANO!R =M ( W> NECESS>Y TO ! WAY WE LIVE N[1 ! W> ( CLASS AGA9/ CLASS1 :I*1 :5 IT RISES TO ITS HEI<T1 & IT SEEMS TO BE RIS+ AT PRES5T1 WILL DE/ROY ?OSE O!R =MS ( W> WE HAVE BE5 SPEAK+ (2 WILL MAKE ! POSITION ( ! PR(IT-MAK]S1 ( P]PETUAL COMM]CIAL W>1 UNT5ABLE2 WILL DE/ROY ! PRES5T SY/EM ( COMPETITIVE PRIVILEGE1 OR COMM]CIAL W>4  

,N[ OBS]VE1 ,I SAID ?AT TO ! EXI/5CE ( ! WORK]S IT WAS COMB9ATION1 NOT COMPETITION1 ?AT WAS NECESS>Y1 :ILE TO ?AT ( ! PR(IT-MAK]S COMB9ATION WAS IMPOSSIBLE1 & W> NECESS>Y4  ,! PRES5T POSITION ( ! WORK]S IS ?AT ( ! MA*9]Y ( COMM]CE1 OR 9 PLA9] WORDS ITS SLAVES2 :5 !Y *ANGE ?AT POSITION & BECOME FREE1 ! CLASS ( PR(IT-MAK]S MU/ CEASE TO EXI/2 & :AT WILL !N BE ! POSITION ( ! WORK]S8  ,EV5 AS IT IS !Y >E ! ONE NECESS>Y P>T ( SOCIETY1 ! LIFE-GIV+ P>T2 ! O!R CLASSES >E BUT HANG]S-ON :O LIVE ON !M4  ,BUT :AT %\LD !Y BE1 :AT WILL !Y BE1 :5 !Y1 ONCE = ALL1 COME TO KN[ !IR REAL P[]1 & CEASE COMPET+ ) ONE ANO!R = LIVELIHOOD8  ,I WILL TELL Y\3  !Y WILL BE SOCIETY1 !Y WILL BE ! COMMUNITY4 ,& BE+ SOCIETY--?AT IS1 !RE BE+ NO CLASS \TSIDE !M TO CONT5D )--!Y CAN !N REGULATE !IR LABOR 9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR [N REAL NE$S4  

,!RE IS MU* TALK AB\T SUPPLY & DEM&1 BUT ! SUPPLY & DEM& USUALLY MEANT IS AN >TIFICIAL ONE2 IT IS UND] ! SWAY ( ! GAMBL+ M>KET2 ! DEM& IS =C$1 AS ,I H9T$ ABOVE1 BE=E IT IS SUPPLI$2 NOR1 AS EA* PRODUC] IS WORK+ AGA9/ ALL ! RE/1 CAN ! PRODUC]S HOLD !IR H&S1 TILL ! M>KET IS GLUTT$ & ! WORK]S1 ?R[N \T ON ! /REETS1 HE> ?AT !RE HAS BE5 OV]-PRODUCTION1 AMID :I* OV]-PLUS ( UNSALEABLE GOODS !Y GO ILL-SUPPLI$ ) EV5 NECESS>IES1 BECAUSE ! WEAL? :I* !Y !MSELVES HAVE CREAT$ IS 0ILL-DI/RIBUT$10 AS WE CALL IT--?AT IS1 UNJU/LY TAK5 AWAY FROM !M4  

,:5 ! WORK]S >E SOCIETY !Y WILL REGULATE !IR LABOR1 SO ?AT ! SUPPLY & DEM& %ALL BE G5U9E1 NOT GAMBL+2 ! TWO WILL !N BE COMM5SURATE1 = IT IS ! SAME SOCIETY :I* DEM&S ?AT ALSO SUPPLIES2 !RE WILL BE NO MORE >TIFICIAL FAM9ES !N1 NO MORE POV]TY AMID OV]-PRODUCTION1 AMID TOO GREAT A /OCK ( ! V]Y ?+S :I* %\LD SUPPLY POV]TY & TURN IT 9TO WELL-BE+4  ,9 %ORT1 !RE WILL BE NO WA/E & !RE=E NO TYRANNY4  

,WELL1 N[1 :AT ,SOCIALISM (F]S Y\ 9 PLACE ( !SE >TIFICIAL FAM9ES1 ) !IR SO-CALL$ OV]-PRODUCTION1 IS1 ONCE MORE1 REGULATION ( ! M>KETS2 SUPPLY & DEM& COMM5SURATE2 NO GAMBL+1 & CONSEQU5TLY 7ONCE MORE7 NO WA/E2 NOT OV]WORK & WE>9ESS = ! WORK] ONE MON?1 & ! NEXT NO WORK & T]ROR ( />VATION1 BUT /EADY WORK & PL5TY ( LEISURE EV]Y MON?2 NOT *EAP M>KET W>ES1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ADULT]AT$ W>ES1 ) SC>CELY ANY ,G,O,O,D 9 !M1 M]E SCAFFOLD-POLES = BUILD+ UP PR(ITS2 NO LABOR W\LD BE SP5T ON SU* ?+S AS !SE1 :I* PEOPLE W\LD CEASE TO WANT :5 !Y CEAS$ TO BE SLAVES4  ,NOT !SE1 BUT SU* GOODS AS BE/ FULFILL$ ! REAL USES ( ! CONSUM]S1 W\LD LABOR BE SET TO MAKE2 = PR(IT BE+ ABOLI%$1 PEOPLE C\LD HAVE :AT !Y WANT$1 9/EAD ( :AT ! PR(IT-GR9D]S AT HOME & ABROAD =C$ !M TO TAKE4  

,= :AT ,I WANT Y\ TO UND]/& IS ?IS3  ?AT 9 EV]Y CIVILIZ$ C\NTRY AT LEA/ !RE IS PL5TY = ALL--IS1 OR AT ANY RATE MI<T BE4  ,EV5 ) LABOR SO MISDIRECT$ AS IT IS AT PRES5T1 AN EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION ( ! WEAL? WE HAVE W\LD MAKE ALL PEOPLE COMP>ATIVELY COM=TABLE2 BUT ?AT IS NO?+ TO ! WEAL? WE MI<T HAVE IF LABOR W]E NOT MISDIRECT$4  

,OBS]VE1 9 ! E>LY DAYS ( ! HI/ORY ( MAN HE WAS ! SLAVE ( HIS MO/ IMM$IATE NECESSITIES2 ,NATURE WAS MI<TY & HE WAS FEEBLE1 & HE HAD TO WAGE CON/ANT W> ) H] = HIS DAILY FOOD & SU* %ELT] AS HE C\LD GET4  ,HIS LIFE WAS B\ND D[N & LIMIT$ BY ?IS CON/ANT /RUGGLE2 ALL HIS MORALS1 LAWS1 RELIGION1 >E 9 FACT ! \TCOME & ! REFLECTION ( ?IS CEASELESS TOIL ( E>N+ HIS LIVELIHOOD4  ,TIME PASS$1 & LITTLE BY LITTLE1 /EP BY /EP1 HE GREW /RONG]1 TILL N[ AFT] ALL !SE AGES HE HAS ALMO/ COMPLETELY CONQU]$ ,NATURE1 & ONE W\LD ?9K %\LD N[ HAVE LEISURE TO TURN HIS ?\<TS T[>DS HI<] ?+S ?AN PROCUR+ TO-MORR['S D9N]4 ,BUT1 ALAS6 HIS PROGRESS HAS BE5 BROK5 & HALT+2 & ?\< HE HAS 9DE$ CONQU]$ ,NATURE & HAS H] =CES UND] HIS CONTROL TO DO :AT HE WILL )1 HE /ILL HAS HIMSELF TO CONQU]1 HE /ILL HAS TO ?9K H[ HE WILL BE/ USE ?OSE =CES :I* HE HAS MA/]$4  ,AT PRES5T HE USES !M BL9DLY1 FOOLI%LY1 AS ONE DRIV5 BY M]E FATE4 ,IT W\LD ALMO/ SEEM AS IF SOME PHANTOM ( ! CEASELESS PURSUIT ( FOOD :I* WAS ONCE ! MA/] ( ! SAVAGE WAS /ILL HUNT+ ! CIVILIZ$ MAN2 :O TOILS 9 A DREAM1 AS IT W]E1 HAUNT$ BY M]E DIM UNREAL HOPES1 BORNE ( VAGUE RECOLLECTIONS ( ! DAYS GONE BY4  ,\T ( ?AT DREAM HE MU/ WAKE1 & FACE ?+S AS !Y REALLY >E4  ,! CONQUE/ ( ,NATURE IS COMPLETE1 MAY WE NOT SAY8 & N[ \R BUS9ESS IS1 & HAS = LONG BE51 ! ORGANIZATION ( MAN1 :O WIELDS ! =CES ( ,NATURE4  ,NOR TILL ?IS IS ATTEMPT$ AT LEA/ %ALL WE EV] BE FREE ( ?AT T]RIBLE PHANTOM ( FE> ( />VATION :I*1 ) ITS BRO!R DEVIL1 DESIRE ( DOM9ATION1 DRIVES US 9TO 9JU/ICE1 CRUELTY1 & DA/>DL9ESS ( ALL K9DS3  TO CEASE TO FE> \R FELL[S & LE>N TO DEP5D ON !M1 TO DO AWAY ) COMPETITION & BUILD UP COOP]ATION1 IS \R ONE NECESSITY4  

,N[1 TO GET CLOS] TO DETAILS2 Y\ PROBABLY KN[ ?AT EV]Y MAN 9 CIVILIZATION IS WOR?1 SO TO SAY1 MORE ?AN HIS SK92 WORK+1 AS HE MU/ WORK1 SOCIALLY1 HE CAN PRODUCE MORE ?AN WILL KEEP HIMSELF ALIVE & 9 FAIR CONDITION2 & ?IS HAS BE5 SO = MANY C5TURIES1 FROM ! TIME1 9 FACT1 :5 W>R+ TRIBES BEGAN TO MAKE !IR CONQU]$ 5EMIES SLAVES 9/EAD ( KILL+ !M2 & ( C\RSE HIS CAPACITY ( PRODUC+ !SE EXTRAS HAS GONE ON 9CREAS+ FA/] & FA/]1 TILL TO-DAY ONE MAN WILL WEAVE1 = 9/ANCE1 AS MU* CLO? 9 A WEEK AS WILL CLO! A :OLE VILLAGE = YE>S3  & ! REAL QUE/ION ( CIVILIZATION HAS ALWAYS BE5 :AT >E WE TO DO ) ?IS EXTRA PRODUCE ( LABOR--A QUE/ION :I* ! PHANTOM1 FE> ( />VATION1 & ITS FELL[1 DESIRE ( DOM9ATION1 HAS DRIV5 M5 TO ANSW] PRETTY BADLY ALWAYS1 & WOR/ ( ALL P]HAPS 9 !SE PRES5T DAYS1 :5 ! EXTRA PRODUCE HAS GR[N ) SU* PRODIGI\S SPE$4  ,! PRACTICAL ANSW] HAS ALWAYS BE5 = MAN TO /RUGGLE ) HIS FELL[ = PRIVATE POSSESSION ( UNDUE %>ES ( !SE EXTRAS1 & ALL K9DS ( DEVICES HAVE BE5 EMPLOY$ BY ?OSE :O F\ND !MSELVES 9 POSSESSION ( ! P[] ( TAK+ !M FROM O!RS TO KEEP ?OSE :OM !Y HAD ROBB$ 9 P]PETUAL SUBJECTION2 & !SE LATT]1 AS ,I HAVE ALREADY H9T$1 HAD NO *ANCE ( RESI/+ ?IS FLEEC+ AS LONG AS !Y W]E FEW & SCATT]$1 & CONSEQU5TLY C\LD HAVE LITTLE S5SE ( !IR COMMON OPPRESSION4  ,BUT N[ ?AT1 [+ TO ! V]Y PURSUIT ( !SE UNDUE %>ES ( PR(IT1 OR EXTRA E>N+S1 M5 HAVE BECOME MORE DEP5D5T ON EA* O!R = PRODUCTION1 & HAVE BE5 DRIV51 AS ,I SAID BE=E1 TO COMB9E TOGE!R = ?AT 5D MORE COMPLETELY1 ! P[] ( ! WORK]S--?AT IS TO SAY1 ( ! ROBB$ OR FLEEC$ CLASS- -HAS 5ORM\SLY 9CREAS$1 & IT ONLY REMA9S = !M TO UND]/& ?AT !Y HAVE ?IS P[]4  ,:5 !Y DO ?AT !Y WILL BE ABLE TO GIVE ! RI<T ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION :AT IS TO BE DONE ) ! EXTRA PRODUCTS ( LABOR OV] & ABOVE :AT WILL KEEP ! LABOR] ALIVE TO LABOR3  :I* ANSW] IS1 ?AT ! WORK] WILL HAVE ALL ?AT HE PRODUCES1 & NOT BE FLEEC$ AT ALL3  & REMEMB] ?AT HE PRODUCES COLLECTIVELY1 & !RE=E HE WILL DO EFFECTIVELY :AT WORK IS REQUIR$ ( HIM ACCORD+ TO HIS CAPACITY1 & ( ! PRODUCE ( ?AT WORK HE WILL HAVE :AT HE NE$S2 BECAUSE1 Y\ SEE1 HE CANNOT ,U,S,E MORE ?AN HE NE$S--HE CAN ONLY ,W,A,/,E IT4  

,IF ?IS >RANGEM5T SEEMS TO Y\ PREPO/]\SLY IDEAL1 AS IT WELL MAY1 LOOK+ AT \R PRES5T CONDITION1 ,I MU/ BACK IT UP BY SAY+ ?AT :5 M5 >E ORGANIZ$ SO ?AT !IR LABOR IS NOT WA/$1 !Y WILL BE RELIEV$ FROM ! FE> ( />VATION & ! DESIRE ( DOM9ATION1 & WILL HAVE FRE$OM & LEISURE TO LOOK R\ND & SEE :AT !Y REALLY DO NE$4  

,N[ SOME?+ ( ?AT ,I CAN CONCEIVE = MY [N SELF1 & ,I WILL LAY MY IDEAS BE=E Y\1 SO ?AT Y\ MAY COMP>E !M ) Y\R [N1 ASK+ Y\ ALWAYS TO REMEMB] ?AT ! V]Y DIFF]5CES 9 M5'S CAPACITIES & DESIRES1 AFT] ! COMMON NE$ ( FOOD & %ELT] IS SATISFI$1 WILL MAKE IT EASI] TO DEAL ) !IR DESIRES 9 A COMMUNAL /ATE ( ?+S4  

,:AT IS IT ?AT ,I NE$1 !RE=E1 :I* MY SURR\ND+ CIRCUM/ANCES CAN GIVE ME--MY DEAL+S ) MY FELL[-M5--SETT+ ASIDE 9EVITABLE ACCID5TS :I* COOP]ATION & =E?\<T CANNOT CONTROL1 IF !RE BE SU*8  

,WELL1 FIR/ ( ALL ,I CLAIM GOOD HEAL?2 & ,I SAY ?AT A VA/ PROPORTION ( PEOPLE 9 CIVILIZATION SC>CELY EV5 KN[ :AT ?AT MEANS4  ,TO FEEL M]E LIFE A PLEASURE2 TO 5JOY ! MOV+ ONE'S LIMBS & EX]CIS+ ONE'S BODILY P[]S2 TO PLAY1 AS IT W]E1 ) SUN & W9D & RA92 TO REJOICE 9 SATISFY+ ! DUE BODILY APPETITES ( A HUMAN ANIMAL )\T FE> ( DEGRADATION OR S5SE ( WRONG-DO+3 YES1 & !RE)AL TO BE WELL =M$1 /RAI<T-LIMB$1 /RONGLY KNIT1 EXPRESSIVE ( C\NT5ANCE--TO BE1 9 A WORD1 BEAUTIFUL--?AT ALSO ,I CLAIM4  ,IF WE CANNOT HAVE ?IS CLAIM SATISFI$1 WE >E BUT POOR CREATURES AFT] ALL2 & ,I CLAIM IT 9 ! TEE? ( ?OSE T]RIBLE DOCTR9ES ( ASCETICISM1 :I*1 BORN ( ! DESPAIR ( ! OPPRESS$ & DEGRAD$1 HAVE BE5 = SO MANY AGES US$ AS 9/RUM5TS = ! CONT9UANCE ( ?AT OPPRESSION & DEGRADATION4  

,& ,I BELIEVE ?AT ?IS CLAIM = A HEAL?Y BODY = ALL ( US C>RIES ) IT ALL O!R DUE CLAIMS3  = :O KN[S :]E ! SE$S ( DISEASE :I* EV5 RI* PEOPLE SUFF] FROM W]E FIR/ S[N3  FROM ! LUXURY ( AN ANCE/OR1 P]HAPS2 YET (T51 ,I SUSPECT1 FROM HIS POV]TY4  ,& = ! POOR3  A DI/+UI%$ PHYSICI/ HAS SAID ?AT ! POOR SUFF] ALWAYS FROM ONE DISEASE--HUNG]2 & AT LEA/ ,I KN[ ?IS1 ?AT IF A MAN IS OV]WORK$ 9 ANY DEGREE HE CANNOT 5JOY ! SORT ( HEAL? ,I AM SPEAK+ (2 NOR CAN HE IF HE IS CONT9UALLY *A9$ TO ONE DULL R\ND ( ME*ANICAL WORK1 ) NO HOPE AT ! O!R 5D ( IT2 NOR IF HE LIVES 9 CONT9UAL SORDID ANXIETY = HIS LIVELIHOOD1 NOR IF HE IS ILL-H\S$1 NOR IF HE IS DEPRIV$ ( ALL 5JOYM5T ( ! NATURAL BEAUTY ( ! WORLD1 NOR IF HE HAS NO AMUSEM5T TO QUICK5 ! FL[ ( HIS SPIRITS FROM TIME TO TIME3  ALL !SE ?+S1 :I* T\* MORE OR LESS DIRECTLY ON HIS BODILY CONDITION1 >E BORN ( ! CLAIM ,I MAKE TO LIVE 9 GOOD HEAL?2 9DE$1 ,I SUSPECT ?AT !SE GOOD CONDITIONS MU/ HAVE BE5 9 =CE = SEV]AL G5]ATIONS BE=E A POPULATION 9 G5]AL WILL BE REALLY HEAL?Y1 AS ,I HAVE H9T$ ABOVE2 BUT ALSO ,I D\BT NOT ?AT 9 ! C\RSE ( TIME !Y W\LD1 JO9$ TO O!R CONDITIONS1 ( :I* MORE H]EAFT]1 GRADUALLY BRE$ SU* A POPULATION1 LIV+ 9 5JOYM5T ( ANIMAL LIFE AT LEA/1 HAPPY !RE=E1 & BEAUTIFUL ACCORD+ TO ! BEAUTY ( !IR RACE4  ,ON ?IS PO9T ,I MAY NOTE ?AT ! V]Y V>IATIONS 9 ! RACES ( M5 >E CAUS$ BY ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* !Y LIVE1 & ?\< 9 !SE R\<] P>TS ( ! WORLD WE LACK SOME ( ! ADVANTAGES ( CLIMATE & SURR\ND+S1 YET1 IF WE W]E WORK+ = LIVELIHOOD & NOT = PR(IT1 WE MI<T EASILY NEUTRALIZE MANY ( ! DISADVANTAGES ( \R CLIMATE1 AT LEA/ 5\< GIVE DUE SCOPE TO ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( \R RACE4  

,N[ ! NEXT ?+ ,I CLAIM IS $UCATION4  ,& Y\ MU/ NOT SAY ?AT EV]Y ,5GLI% *ILD IS $UCAT$ N[2 ?AT SORT ( $UCATION WILL NOT ANSW] MY CLAIM1 ?\< ,I *E]FULLY ADMIT IT IS SOME?+3 SOME?+1 & YET AFT] ALL ONLY CLASS $UCATION4  ,:AT ,I CLAIM IS LIB]AL $UCATION2 OPPORTUNITY1 ?AT IS1 TO HAVE MY %>E ( :ATEV] KN[L$GE !RE IS 9 ! WORLD ACCORD+ TO MY CAPACITY OR B5T ( M9D1 HI/ORICAL OR SCI5TIFIC2 & ALSO TO HAVE MY %>E ( SKILL ( H& :I* IS AB\T 9 ! WORLD1 EI!R 9 ! 9DU/RIAL H&ICRAFTS OR 9 ! F9E >TS2 PICTURE-PA9T+1 SCULPTURE1 MUSIC1 ACT+1 OR ! LIKE3  ,I CLAIM TO BE TAU<T1 IF ,I CAN BE TAU<T1 MORE ?AN ONE CRAFT TO EX]CISE = ! B5EFIT ( ! COMMUNITY4  ,Y\ MAY ?9K ?IS A L>GE CLAIM1 BUT ,I AM CLE> IT IS NOT TOO L>GE A CLAIM IF ! COMMUNITY IS TO HAVE ANY GA9 \T ( MY SPECIAL CAPACITIES1 IF WE >E NOT ALL TO BE BEAT5 D[N TO A DULL LEVEL ( M$IOCRITY AS WE >E N[1 ALL BUT ! V]Y /RONGE/ & T\<E/ ( US4  

,BUT ALSO ,I KN[ ?AT ?IS CLAIM = $UCATION 9VOLVES ONE = PUBLIC ADVANTAGES 9 ! %APE ( PUBLIC LIBR>IES1 S*OOLS1 & ! LIKE1 SU* AS NO PRIVATE P]SON1 NOT EV5 ! RI*E/1 C\LD COMM&3  BUT !SE ,I CLAIM V]Y CONFID5TLY1 BE+ SURE ?AT NO REASONABLE COMMUNITY C\LD BE> TO BE )\T SU* HELPS TO A DEC5T LIFE4  

,AGA91 ! CLAIM = $UCATION 9VOLVES A CLAIM = ABUNDANT LEISURE1 :I* ONCE MORE ,I MAKE ) CONFID5CE2 BECAUSE :5 ONCE WE HAVE %AK5 (F ! SLAV]Y ( PR(IT1 LABOR W\LD BE ORGANIZ$ SO UNWA/EFULLY ?AT NO HEAVY BURD5 W\LD BE LAID ON ! 9DIVIDUAL CITIZ5S2 EV]Y ONE ( :OM AS A MATT] ( C\RSE W\LD HAVE TO PAY HIS TOLL ( SOME OBVI\SLY USEFUL WORK4  ,AT PRES5T Y\ MU/ NOTE ?AT ALL ! AMAZ+ MA*9]Y :I* WE HAVE 9V5T$ HAS S]V$ ONLY TO 9CREASE ! AM\NT ( PR(IT-BE>+ W>ES2 9 O!R WORDS1 TO 9CREASE ! AM\NT ( PR(IT P\*$ BY 9DIVIDUALS = !IR [N ADVANTAGE1 P>T ( :I* PR(IT !Y USE AS CAPITAL = ! PRODUCTION ( MORE PR(IT1 ) EV] ! SAME WA/E ATTA*$ TO IT2 & P>T AS PRIVATE RI*ES OR MEANS = LUXURI\S LIV+1 :I* AGA9 IS %E] WA/E--IS 9 FACT TO BE LOOK$ ON AS A K9D ( BONFIRE ON :I* RI* M5 BURN UP ! PRODUCT ( ! LABOR !Y HAVE FLEEC$ FROM ! WORK]S BEYOND :AT !Y !MSELVES CAN USE4  ,SO ,I SAY ?AT1 9 SPITE ( \R 9V5TIONS1 NO WORK] WORKS UND] ! PRES5T SY/EM AN H\R ! LESS ON ACC\NT ( ?OSE LABOR-SAV+ MA*9ES1 SO- CALL$4  ,BUT UND] A HAPPI] /ATE ( ?+S !Y W\LD BE US$ SIMPLY = SAV+ LABOR1 ) ! RESULT ( A VA/ AM\NT ( LEISURE GA9$ = ! COMMUNITY TO BE ADD$ TO ?AT GA9$ BY ! AVOIDANCE ( ! WA/E ( USELESS LUXURY1 & ! ABOLITION ( ! S]VICE ( COMM]CIAL W>4  

,& ,I MAY SAY ?AT AS TO ?AT LEISURE1 AS ,I %\LD 9 NO CASE DO ANY H>M TO ANY ONE ) IT1 SO ,I %\LD (T5 DO SOME DIRECT GOOD TO ! COMMUNITY ) IT1 BY PRACTIC+ >TS OR OCCUPATIONS = MY H&S OR BRA9 :I* W\LD GIVE PLEASURE TO MANY ( ! CITIZ5S2 9 O!R WORDS1 A GREAT DEAL ( ! BE/ WORK DONE W\LD BE DONE 9 ! LEISURE TIME ( M5 RELIEV$ FROM ANY ANXIETY AS TO !IR LIVELIHOOD1 & EAG] TO EX]CISE !IR SPECIAL TAL5T1 AS ALL M51 NAY1 ALL ANIMALS >E4  

,N[1 AGA91 ?IS LEISURE W\LD 5ABLE ME TO PLEASE MYSELF & EXP& MY M9D BY TRAVEL+ IF ,I HAD A M9D TO IT3  BECAUSE1 SAY1 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT ,I W]E A %OEMAK]2 IF DUE SOCIAL ORD] W]E E/ABLI%$1 IT BY NO MEANS FOLL[S ?AT ,I %\LD ALWAYS BE OBLIG$ TO MAKE %OES 9 ONE PLACE2 A DUE AM\NT ( EASILY CONCEIVABLE >RANGEM5T W\LD 5ABLE ME TO MAKE %OES 9 ,ROME1 SAY1 = ?REE MON?S1 & TO COME BACK ) NEW IDEAS ( BUILD+1 GA!R$ FROM ! SI<T ( ! WORKS ( PA/ AGES1 AMONG O!R ?+S :I* W\LD P]HAPS BE ( S]VICE 9 ,LONDON4  

,BUT N[1 9 ORD] ?AT MY LEISURE MI<T NOT DEG5]ATE 9TO IDL5ESS & AIMLESSNESS1 ,I MU/ SET UP A CLAIM = DUE WORK TO DO4  ,NO?+ TO MY M9D IS MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ?IS DEM&1 & ,I MU/ ASK Y\R LEAVE TO SAY SOME?+ AB\T IT4  ,I HAVE M5TION$ ?AT ,I %\LD PROBABLY USE MY LEISURE = DO+ A GOOD DEAL ( :AT IS N[ CALL$ WORK2 BUT IT IS CLE> ?AT IF ,I AM A MEMB] ( A ,SOCIALI/ ,COMMUNITY ,I MU/ DO MY DUE %>E ( R\<] WORK ?AN ?IS--MY DUE %>E ( :AT MY CAPACITY 5ABLES ME TO DO1 ?AT IS2 NO FITT+ ( ME TO A ,PROCRU/EAN B$2 BUT EV5 ?AT %>E ( WORK NECESS>Y TO ! EXI/5CE ( ! SIMPLE/ SOCIAL LIFE MU/1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 :ATEV] ELSE IT IS1 BE REASONABLE WORK2 ?AT IS1 IT MU/ BE SU* WORK AS A GOOD CITIZ5 CAN SEE ! NECESSITY =2 AS A MEMB] ( ! COMMUNITY1 ,I MU/ HAVE AGRE$ TO DO IT4  

,TO TAKE TWO /RONG 9/ANCES ( ! CONTR>Y1 ,I WON'T SUBMIT TO BE DRESS$ UP 9 R$ & M>*$ (F TO %OOT AT MY ,FR5* OR ,G]MAN OR ,>AB FRI5D 9 A QU>REL ?AT ,I DON'T UND]/&2 ,I WILL REBEL SOON] ?AN DO ?AT4  

,NOR WILL ,I SUBMIT TO WA/E MY TIME & 5]GIES 9 MAK+ SOME TRIFL+ TOY :I* ,I KN[ ONLY A FOOL CAN DESIRE2 ,I WILL REBEL SOON] ?AN DO ?AT4  

,H[EV]1 Y\ MAY BE SURE ?AT 9 A /ATE ( SOCIAL ORD] ,I %ALL HAVE NO NE$ TO REBEL AGA9/ ANY SU* PIECES ( UNREASON2 ONLY ,I AM =C$ TO SPEAK FROM ! WAY WE LIVE TO ! WAY WE MI<T LIVE4  

,AGA91 IF ! NECESS>Y REASONABLE WORK BE ( A ME*ANICAL K9D1 ,I MU/ BE HELP$ TO DO IT BY A MA*9E1 NOT TO *EAP5 MY LABOR1 BUT SO ?AT AS LITTLE TIME AS POSSIBLE MAY BE SP5T UPON IT1 & ?AT ,I MAY BE ABLE TO ?9K ( O!R ?+S :ILE AM T5D+ ! MA*9E4 ,& IF ! WORK BE SPECIALLY R\< OR EXHAU/+1 Y\ WILL1 ,I AM SURE1 AGREE ) ME 9 SAY+ ?AT ,I MU/ TAKE TURNS 9 DO+ IT ) O!R PEOPLE2 ,I MEAN ,I MU/N'T1 = 9/ANCE1 BE EXPECT$ TO SP5D MY WORK+ H\RS ALWAYS AT ! BOTTOM ( A COAL-PIT4  ,I ?9K SU* WORK AS ?AT \<T TO BE L>GELY VOLUNTE] WORK1 & DONE1 AS ,I SAY1 9 SPELLS4  ,& :AT ,I SAY ( V]Y R\< WORK ,I SAY ALSO ( NA/Y WORK4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,I %\LD ?9K V]Y LITTLE ( ! MANHOOD ( A /\T & HEAL?Y MAN :O DID NOT FEEL A PLEASURE 9 DO+ R\< WORK2 ALWAYS SUPPOS+ HIM TO WORK UND] ! CONDITIONS ,I HAVE BE5 SPEAK+ (--NAMELY1 FEEL+ ?AT IT WAS USEFUL 7& CONSEQU5TLY HONOR$71 & ?AT IT WAS NOT CONT9U\S OR HOPELESS1 & ?AT HE WAS REALLY DO+ IT ( HIS [N FREE WILL4  

,! LA/ CLAIM ,I MAKE = MY WORK IS ?AT ! PLACES ,I WORK$ 91 FACTORIES OR WORK%OPS1 %\LD BE PLEASANT1 JU/ AS ! FIELDS :]E \R MO/ NECESS>Y WORK IS DONE >E PLEASANT4  ,BELIEVE ME !RE IS NO?+ 9 ! WORLD TO PREV5T ?IS BE+ DONE1 SAVE ! NECESSITY ( MAK+ PR(ITS ON ALL W>ES2 9 O!R WORDS1 ! W>ES >E *EAP5$ AT ! EXP5SE ( PEOPLE BE+ =C$ TO WORK 9 CR[D$1 UN:OLESOME1 SQUALID1 NOISY D5S3  ?AT IS TO SAY1 !Y >E *EAP5$ AT ! EXP5SE ( ! WORKMAN'S LIFE4  

,WELL1 SO MU* = MY CLAIMS AS TO MY ,N,E,C,E,S,S,>,Y WORK1 MY TRIBUTE TO ! COMMUNITY4  ,I BELIEVE PEOPLE W\LD F9D1 AS !Y ADVANC$ 9 !IR CAPACITY = C>RY+ ON SOCIAL ORD]1 ?AT LIFE SO LIV$ WAS MU* LESS EXP5SIVE ?AN WE N[ CAN HAVE ANY IDEA (2 & ?AT1 AFT] A LITTLE1 PEOPLE W\LD RA!R BE ANXI\S TO SEEK WORK ?AN TO AVOID IT2 ?AT \R WORK+ H\RS W\LD RA!R BE M]RY P>TIES ( M5 & MAIDS1 Y\NG M5 & OLD 5JOY+ !MSELVES OV] !IR WORK1 ?AN ! GRUMPY WE>9ESS IT MO/LY IS N[4  ,!N W\LD COME ! TIME = ! NEW BIR? ( >T1 SO MU* TALK$ (1 SO LONG DEF]R$2 PEOPLE C\LD NOT HELP %[+ !IR MIR? & PLEASURE 9 !IR WORK1 & W\LD BE ALWAYS WI%+ TO EXPRESS IT 9 A TANGIBLE & MORE OR LESS 5DUR+ =M1 & ! WORK%OP W\LD ONCE MORE BE A S*OOL ( >T1 :OSE 9FLU5CE NO ONE C\LD ESCAPE FROM4  

,&1 AGA91 ?AT WORD >T LEADS ME TO MY LA/ CLAIM1 :I* IS ?AT ! MAT]IAL SURR\ND+S ( MY LIFE %\LD BE PLEASANT1 G5]\S1 & BEAUTIFUL2 ?AT ,I KN[ IS A L>GE CLAIM1 BUT ?IS ,I WILL SAY AB\T IT1 ?AT IF IT CANNOT BE SATISFI$1 IF EV]Y CIVILIZ$ COMMUNITY CANNOT PROVIDE SU* SURR\ND+S = ALL ITS MEMB]S1 ,I DO NOT WANT ! WORLD TO GO ON2 IT IS A M]E MIS]Y ?AT MAN HAS EV] EXI/$4  ,I DO NOT ?9K IT POSSIBLE UND] ! PRES5T CIRCUM/ANCES TO SPEAK TOO /RONGLY ON ?IS PO9T4  ,I FEEL SURE ?AT ! TIME WILL COME :5 PEOPLE WILL F9D IT DIFFICULT TO BELIEVE ?AT A RI* COMMUNITY SU* AS \RS1 HAV+ SU* COMM& OV] EXT]NAL ,NATURE1 C\LD HAVE SUBMITT$ TO LIVE SU* A MEAN1 %ABBY1 DIRTY LIFE AS WE DO4  

,& ONCE = ALL1 !RE IS NO?+ 9 \R CIRCUM/ANCES SAVE ! HUNT+ ( PR(IT ?AT DRIVES US 9TO IT4  ,IT IS PR(IT :I* DRAWS M5 9TO 5ORM\S UNMANAGEABLE AGGREGATIONS CALL$ T[NS1 = 9/ANCE2 PR(IT :I* CR[DS !M UP :5 !Y >E !RE 9TO QU>T]S )\T G>D5S OR OP5 SPACES2 PR(IT :I* WON'T TAKE ! MO/ ORD9>Y PRECAUTIONS AGA9/ WRAPP+ A :OLE DI/RICT 9 A CL\D ( SULFUR\S SMOKE2 :I* TURNS BEAUTIFUL RIV]S 9TO FIL?Y SEW]S2 :I* CONDEMNS ALL BUT ! RI* TO LIVE 9 H\SES IDIOTICALLY CRAMP$ & CONF9$ AT ! BE/1 & AT ! WOR/ 9 H\SES = :OSE WRET*$NESS !RE IS NO NAME4  

,I SAY IT IS ALMO/ 9CR$IBLE ?AT WE %\LD BE> SU* CRASS /UPIDITY AS ?IS2 NOR %\LD WE IF WE C\LD HELP IT4  ,WE %ALL NOT BE> IT :5 ! WORK]S GET \T ( !IR HEADS ?AT !Y >E BUT AN APP5DAGE TO PR(IT-GR9D+1 ?AT ! MORE PR(ITS ?AT >E MADE ! MORE EMPLOYM5T AT HI< WAGES !RE WILL BE = !M1 & ?AT !RE=E ALL ! 9CR$IBLE FIL?1 DISORD]1 & DEGRADATION ( MOD]N CIVILIZATION >E SIGNS ( !IR PROSP]ITY4  ,SO F> FROM ?AT1 !Y >E SIGNS ( !IR SLAV]Y4  ,:5 !Y >E NO LONG] SLAVES !Y WILL CLAIM AS A MATT] ( C\RSE ?AT EV]Y MAN & EV]Y FAMILY %\LD BE G5]\SLY LODG$2 ?AT EV]Y *ILD %\LD BE ABLE TO PLAY 9 A G>D5 CLOSE TO ! PLACE HIS P>5TS LIVE 92 ?AT ! H\SES %\LD BY !IR OBVI\S DEC5CY & ORD] BE ORNAM5TS TO ,NATURE1 NOT DISFIGUREM5TS ( IT2 = ! DEC5CY & ORD] ABOVE-M5TION$ :5 C>RI$ TO ! DUE PIT* W\LD MO/ ASSUR$LY LEAD TO BEAUTY 9 BUILD+4  ,ALL ?IS1 ( C\RSE1 W\LD MEAN ! PEOPLE--?AT IS1 ALL SOCIETY--DULY ORGANIZ$1 HAV+ 9 ITS [N H&S ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 TO BE ,[,N,$ BY NO 9DIVIDUAL1 BUT US$ BY ALL AS OCCASION CALL$ = ITS USE1 & CAN ONLY BE DONE ON ?OSE T]MS2 ON ANY O!R T]MS PEOPLE WILL BE DRIV5 TO ACCUMULATE PRIVATE WEAL? = !MSELVES1 & ?US1 AS WE HAVE SE51 TO WA/E ! GOODS ( ! COMMUNITY & P]PETUATE ! DIVISION 9TO CLASSES1 :I* MEANS CONT9UAL W> & WA/E4  

,AS TO :AT EXT5T IT MAY BE NECESS>Y OR DESIRABLE = PEOPLE UND] SOCIAL ORD] TO LIVE 9 COMMON1 WE MAY DIFF] PRETTY MU* ACCORD+ TO \R T5D5CIES T[>DS SOCIAL LIFE4  ,= MY P>T ,I CAN'T SEE :Y WE %\LD ?9K IT A H>D%IP TO EAT ) ! PEOPLE WE WORK )2 ,I AM SURE ?AT AS TO MANY ?+S1 SU* AS VALUABLE BOOKS1 PICTURES1 & SPL5DOR ( SURR\ND+S1 WE %ALL F9D IT BETT] TO CLUB \R MEANS TOGE!R2 & ,I MU/ SAY ?AT (T5 :5 ,I HAVE BE5 SICK5$ BY ! /UPIDITY ( ! MEAN IDIOTIC RABBIT W>R5S ?AT RI* M5 BUILD = !MSELVES 9 ,BAYSWAT] & ELSE:]E1 ,I CONSOLE MYSELF ) VISIONS ( ! NOBLE COMMUNAL HALL ( ! FUTURE1 UNSP>+ ( MAT]IALS1 G5]\S 9 WOR?Y ORNAM5T1 ALIVE ) ! NOBLE/ ?\<TS ( \R TIME1 & ! PA/1 EMBODI$ 9 ! BE/ >T :I* A FREE & MANLY PEOPLE C\LD PRODUCE2 SU* AN ABODE ( MAN AS NO PRIVATE 5T]PRISE C\LD COME ANY:]E NE> = BEAUTY & FITNESS1 BECAUSE ONLY COLLECTIVE ?\<T & COLLECTIVE LIFE C\LD *]I% ! ASPIRATIONS :I* W\LD GIVE BIR? TO ITS BEAUTY1 OR HAVE ! SKILL & LEISURE TO C>RY !M \T4  ,I = MY P>T %\LD ?9K IT MU* ! REV]SE ( A H>D%IP IF ,I HAD TO READ MY BOOKS & MEET MY FRI5DS 9 SU* A PLACE2 NOR DO ,I ?9K ,I AM BETT] (F TO LIVE 9 A VULG> /UCCO$ H\SE CR[D$ ) UPHOL/]Y ?AT ,I DESPISE1 9 ALL RESPECTS DEGRAD+ TO ! M9D & 5]VAT+ TO ! BODY TO LIVE 91 SIMPLY BECAUSE ,I CALL IT MY [N1 OR MY H\SE4  

,IT IS NOT AN ORIG9AL REM>K1 BUT ,I MAKE IT H]E1 ?AT MY HOME IS :]E ,I MEET PEOPLE ) :OM ,I SYMPA?IZE1 :OM ,I LOVE4  

,WELL1 ?AT IS MY OP9ION AS A MIDDLE-CLASS MAN4  ,:E!R A WORK+- CLASS MAN W\LD ?9K HIS FAMILY POSSESSION ( HIS WRET*$ LITTLE ROOM BETT] ?AN HIS %>E ( ! PALACE ( :I* ,I HAVE SPOK51 ,I MU/ LEAVE TO HIS OP9ION1 & TO ! IMAG9ATIONS ( ! MIDDLE CLASS1 :O P]HAPS MAY SOMETIMES CONCEIVE ! FACT ?AT ! SAID WORK] IS CRAMP$ = SPACE & COM=T--SAY ON WA%+-DAY4  

,BE=E ,I LEAVE ?IS MATT] ( ! SURR\ND+S ( LIFE1 ,I WI% TO MEET A POSSIBLE OBJECTION4  ,I HAVE SPOK5 ( MA*9]Y BE+ US$ FREELY = RELEAS+ PEOPLE FROM ! MORE ME*ANICAL & REPULSIVE P>T ( NECESS>Y LABOR2 & ,I KN[ ?AT TO SOME CULTIVAT$ PEOPLE1 PEOPLE ( ! >TI/IC TURN ( M9D1 MA*9]Y IS P>TICUL>LY DI/A/EFUL1 & !Y WILL BE APT TO SAY Y\ WILL NEV] GET Y\R SURR\ND+S PLEASANT SO LONG AS Y\ >E SURR\ND$ BY MA*9]Y4  ,I DON'T QUITE ADMIT ?AT2 IT IS ! ALL[+ MA*9ES TO BE \R MA/]S & NOT \R S]VANTS ?AT SO 9JURES ! BEAUTY ( LIFE N[ADAYS4  ,9 O!R WORDS1 IT IS ! TOK5 ( ! T]RIBLE CRIME WE HAVE FALL5 9TO ( US+ \R CONTROL ( ! P[]S ( ,NATURE = ! PURPOSE ( 5SLAV+ PEOPLE1 WE C>ELESS MEANTIME ( H[ MU* HAPP9ESS WE ROB !IR LIVES (4  

,YET = ! CONSOLATION ( ! >TI/S ,I WILL SAY ?AT ,I BELIEVE 9DE$ ?AT A /ATE ( SOCIAL ORD] W\LD PROBABLY LEAD AT FIR/ TO A GREAT DEVELOPM5T ( MA*9]Y = REALLY USEFUL PURPOSES1 BECAUSE PEOPLE WILL /ILL BE ANXI\S AB\T GETT+ ?R\< ! WORK NECESS>Y TO HOLD+ SOCIETY TOGE!R2 BUT ?AT AFT] A :ILE !Y WILL F9D ?AT !RE IS NOT SO MU* WORK TO DO AS !Y EXPECT$1 & ?AT !N !Y WILL HAVE LEISURE TO RECONSID] ! :OLE SUBJECT2 & IF IT SEEMS TO !M ?AT A C]TA9 9DU/RY W\LD BE C>RI$ ON MORE PLEASANTLY AS REG>DS ! WORK]1 & MORE EFFECTUALLY AS REG>DS ! GOODS1 BY US+ H&-WORK RA!R ?AN MA*9]Y1 !Y WILL C]TA9LY GET RID ( !IR MA*9]Y1 BECAUSE IT WILL BE POSSIBLE = !M TO DO SO4  ,IT ISN'T POSSIBLE N[2 WE >E NOT AT LIB]TY TO DO SO2 WE >E SLAVES TO ! MON/]S :I* WE HAVE CREAT$4  ,& ,I HAVE A K9D ( HOPE ?AT ! V]Y ELABORATION ( MA*9]Y 9 A SOCIETY :OSE PURPOSE IS NOT ! MULTIPLICATION ( LABOR1 AS IT N[ IS1 BUT ! C>RY+ ON ( A PLEASANT LIFE1 AS IT W\LD BE UND] SOCIAL ORD]-- ?AT ! ELABORATION ( MA*9]Y1 ,I SAY1 WILL LEAD ! SIMPLIFICATION ( LIFE1 & SO ONCE MORE TO ! LIMITATION ( MA*9]Y4  

,WELL1 ,I WILL N[ LET MY CLAIMS = DEC5T LIFE /& AS ,I HAVE MADE !M4  ,TO SUM !M UP 9 BRIEF1 !Y >E3  ,FIR/1 A HEAL?Y BODY2 SECOND1 AN ACTIVE M9D 9 SYMPA?Y ) ! PA/1 ! PRES5T1 & ! FUTURE2 ?IRDLY1 OCCUPATION FIT = A HEAL?Y BODY & AN ACTIVE M9D2 & F\R?LY1 A BEAUTIFUL WORLD TO LIVE 94  

,!SE >E ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE :I* ! REF9$ MAN ( ALL AGES HAS SET BE=E HIM AS ! ?+ ABOVE ALL O!RS TO BE ATTA9$4  ,TOO (T5 HE HAS BE5 SO FOIL$ 9 !IR PURSUIT ?AT HE HAS TURN$ LONG+ EYES BACKW>D TO ! DAYS BE=E CIVILIZATION1 :5 MAN'S SOLE BUS9ESS WAS GETT+ HIMSELF FOOD FROM DAY TO DAY1 & HOPE WAS DORMANT 9 HIM1 OR AT LEA/ C\LD NOT BE EXPRESS$ BY HIM4  

,9DE$1 IF CIVILIZATION 7AS MANY ?9K7 =BIDS ! REALIZATION ( ! HOPE TO ATTA9 SU* CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 !N CIVILIZATION =BIDS MANK9D TO BE HAPPY2 & IF ?AT BE ! CASE1 !N LET US /IFLE ALL ASPIRATIONS T[>DS PROGRESS--NAY1 ALL FEEL+S ( MUTUAL GOOD-WILL & AFFECTION BETWE5 M5--& SNAT* EA* ONE ( US :AT WE CAN FROM ! HEAP ( WEAL? ?AT FOOLS CREATE = ROGUES TO GR[ FAT ON2 OR BETT] /ILL1 LET US AS SPE$ILY AS POSSIBLE F9D SOME MEANS ( DY+ LIKE M51 S9CE WE >E =BIDD5 TO LIVE LIKE M54  

,RA!R1 H[EV]1 TAKE C\RAGE1 & BELIEVE ?AT WE ( ?IS AGE1 9 SPITE ( ALL ITS TORM5T & DISORD]1 HAVE BE5 BORN TO A WOND]FUL H]ITAGE FA%ION$ ( ! WORK ( ?OSE ?AT HAVE GONE BE=E US2 & ?AT ! DAY ( ! ORGANIZATION ( MAN IS DAWN+4  ,IT IS NOT WE :O CAN BUILD UP ! NEW SOCIAL ORD]2 ! PA/ AGES HAVE DONE ! MO/ ( ?AT WORK = US2 BUT WE CAN CLE> \R EYES TO ! SIGNS ( ! TIMES1 & WE %ALL !N SEE ?AT ! ATTA9M5T ( A GOOD CONDITION ( LIFE IS BE+ MADE POSSIBLE = US1 & ?AT IT IS N[ \R BUS9ESS TO /RET* \T \R H&S TO TAKE IT4  

,& H[8  ,*IEFLY1 ,I ?9K1 BY $UCAT+ PEOPLE TO A S5SE ( !IR REAL CAPACITIES AS M51 SO ?AT !Y MAY BE ABLE TO USE TO !IR [N GOOD ! POLITICAL P[] :I* IS RAPIDLY BE+ ?RU/ UPON !M2 TO GET !M TO SEE ?AT ! OLD SY/EM ( ORGANIZ+ LABOR ,= ,9,D,I,V,I,D,U,A,L ,P,R,(,I,T IS BECOM+ UNMANAGEABLE1 & ?AT ! :OLE PEOPLE HAVE N[ GOT TO *OOSE BETWE5 ! CONFUSION RESULT+ FROM ! BREAK UP ( ?AT SY/EM & ! DET]M9ATION TO TAKE 9 H& ! LABOR N[ ORGANIZ$ = PR(IT1 & USE ITS ORGANIZATION = ! LIVELIHOOD ( ! COMMUNITY3  TO GET PEOPLE TO SEE ?AT 9DIVIDUAL PR(IT-MAK]S >E NOT A NECESSITY = LABOR BUT AN OB/RUCTION TO IT1 & ?AT NOT ONLY OR *IEFLY BECAUSE !Y >E ! P]PETUAL P5SION]S ( LABOR1 AS !Y >E1 BUT RA!R BECAUSE ( ! WA/E :I* !IR EXI/5CE AS A CLASS NECESSITATES4  ,ALL ?IS WE HAVE TO TEA* PEOPLE1 :5 WE HAVE TAU<T \RSELVES2 & ,I ADMIT ?AT ! WORK IS LONG & BURD5SOME2 AS ,I BEGAN BY SAY+1 PEOPLE HAVE BE5 MADE SO TIMOR\S ( *ANGE BY ! T]ROR ( />VATION ?AT EV5 ! UNLUCKIE/ ( !M >E /OLID & H>D TO MOVE4  ,H>D AS ! WORK IS1 H[EV]1 ITS REW>D IS NOT D\BTFUL4  ,! M]E FACT ?AT A BODY ( M51 H[EV] SMALL1 >E B&$ TOGE!R AS ,SOCIALI/ MISSION>IES %[S ?AT ! *ANGE IS GO+ ON4  ,AS ! WORK+-CLASSES1 ! REAL ORGANIC P>T ( SOCIETY1 TAKE 9 !SE IDEAS1 HOPE WILL >ISE 9 !M1 & !Y WILL CLAIM *ANGES 9 SOCIETY1 MANY ( :I* D\BTLESS WILL NOT T5D DIRECTLY T[>DS !IR EMANCIPATION1 BECAUSE !Y WILL BE CLAIM$ )\T DUE KN[L$GE ( ! ONE ?+ NECESS>Y TO CLAIM1 ,E,Q,U,A,L,I,T,Y ,( ,C,O,N,D,I,T,I,O,N2 BUT :I* 9DIRECTLY WILL HELP TO BREAK UP \R ROTT5 %AM SOCIETY1 :ILE ?AT CLAIM = EQUALITY ( CONDITION WILL BE MADE CON/ANTLY & ) GR[+ L\DNESS TILL IT ,M,U,/ BE LI/5$ TO1 & !N AT LA/ IT WILL ONLY BE A /EP OV] ! BORD] & ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD WILL BE SOCIALIZ$2 &1 LOOK+ BACK ON :AT HAS BE51 WE %ALL BE A/ONI%$ TO ?9K ( H[ LONG WE SUBMITT$ TO LIVE AS WE LIVE N[4  

,FOOTNOTES3  

#a4 
 ,FALSELY2 BECAUSE ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES HAVE AT !IR BACK ! =CE ( ! ,EXECUTIVE BY MEANS ( :I* TO COMPEL ! UNPRIVILEG$ TO ACCEPT !IR T]MS2 IF ?IS IS 0FREE COMPETITION0 !RE IS NO MEAN+ 9 WORDSBACK4 

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,:IGS1 ,DEMOCRATS1 ,& ,SOCIALI/S 

,:AT IS ! /ATE ( P>TIES 9 ,5GL& TO-DAY8  ,H[ %ALL WE 5UM]ATE !M8  ,! ,:IGS1 :O /& FIR/ ON ! LI/ 9 MY TITLE1 >E CONSID]$ G5]ALLY TO BE ! SURVIVAL ( AN OLD HI/ORICAL P>TY ONCE LOOK$ ON AS HAV+ DEMOCRATIC T5D5CIES1 BUT N[ ! HOPE ( ALL :O W\LD /& SOB]LY ON ! ANCI5T WAYS4  ,BESIDES !SE1 !RE >E ,TORIES ALSO1 ! DESC5DANTS ( ! /\T DEF5D]S ( ,*UR* & ,/ATE & ! DIV9E RI<T ( K+S4  

,N[1 ,I DON'T MEAN TO SAY BUT ?AT AT ! BACK ( ?IS ANCI5T NAME ( ,TORY !RE LIES A GREAT MASS ( G5U9E ,CONS]VATIVE FEEL+1 HELD BY PEOPLE :O1 IF !Y HAD !IR [N WAY1 W\LD PLAY SOME RA!R FANTA/IC TRICKS1 ,I FANCY2 NAY1 EV5 MI<T 9 ! C\RSE ( TIME BE SOME:AT R\< ) SU* PEOPLE AS >E 9 ?IS HALL AT PRES5T7#c74  ,BUT ?IS FEEL+1 AFT] ALL1 IS ONLY A S5TIM5T N[2 ALL PRACTICAL HOPE HAS DI$ \T ( IT1 & !SE WOR?Y PEOPLE ,C,A,N,N,O,T HAVE !IR [N WAY4  ,IT IS TRUE ?AT !Y ELECT MEMB]S ( ,P>LIAM5T1 :O TALK V]Y BIG TO PLEASE !M1 & SOMETIMES EV5 !Y MANAGE TO GET A ,GOV]NM5T 9TO P[] ?AT NOM9ALLY REPRES5TS !IR S5TIM5T1 BUT :5 ?AT HAPP5S ! SAID ,GOV]NM5T IS =C$1 EV5 :5 ITS P>TY HAS A MAJORITY 9 ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS1 TO TAKE A MU* L[] /&PO9T ?AN ! HI< ,TORY IDEAL2 ! UTMO/ ?AT ! REAL ,TORY P>TY CAN DO1 EV5 :5 BACK$ BY ! ,PRIMROSE ,LEAGUE & ITS %AM HI]>*Y1 IS TO DELUDE ! ELECTORS TO RETURN ,TORIES TO ,P>LIAM5T TO PASS MEASURES MORE AK9 TO ,RADICALISM ?AN ! ,:IGS DUR/ ATTEMPT1 SO ?AT1 ?\< !RE >E ,TORIES1 !RE IS NO ,TORY P>TY 9 ,5GL&4  

,ON ! O!R H&1 !RE IS A P>TY1 :I* ,I CAN CALL = ! PRES5T BY NO O!R NAME ?AN ,:IG1 :I* IS BO? NUM]\S & V]Y P[]FUL1 & :I* DOES1 9 FACT1 GOV]N ,5GL&1 & TO MY M9D WILL ALWAYS DO SO AS LONG AS ! PRES5T CON/ITUTIONAL ,P>LIAM5T LA/S4  ,( C\RSE1 LIKE ALL P>TIES IT 9CLUDES M5 ( V>I\S %ADES ( OP9ION1 FROM ! ,TORY-T9T$ ,:IGG]Y ( ,LORD ,SALISBURY TO ! ,RADICAL-T9T$ ,:IGG]Y ( ,MR4 ,*AMB]LA9'S PRES5T TAIL4  ,NEI!R DO ,I MEAN TO SAY ?AT !Y >E CONSCI\S ( BE+ A UNIT$ P>TY2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! GR\PS WILL SOMETIMES OPPOSE EA* O!R FURI\SLY AT ELECTIONS1 & P]HAPS ! MORE SIMPLE-M9D$ ( !M REALLY ?9K ?AT IT IS A MATT] ( IMPORTANCE TO ! NATION :I* SECTION ( !M MAY BE 9 P[]2 BUT !Y MAY ALWAYS BE RECKON$ UPON TO BE 9 !IR PLACES & VOTE AGA9/ ANY MEASURE :I* C>RIES ) IT A REAL ATTACK ON \R CON/ITUTIONAL SY/EM2 SURELY V]Y NATURALLY1 S9CE !Y >E !RE = NO O!R PURPOSE ?AN TO DO SO4  ,!Y >E1 & ALWAYS MU/ BE1 CONSCI\S DEF5D]S ( ! PRES5T SY/EM1 POLITICAL & ECONOMICAL1 AS LONG AS !Y HAVE ANY COHESION AS ,TORIES1 ,:IGS1 ,LIB]ALS1 OR EV5 ,RADICALS4  ,NOT ONE ( !M PROBABLY W\LD GO SU* A V]Y %ORT J\RNEY T[>DS REVOLUTION AS ! ABOLITION ( ! ,H\SE ( ,LORDS4  ,A ONE-*AMB] ,P>LIAM5T W\LD SEEM TO !M AN IMPI\S HORROR1 & ! ABOLITION ( ! MON>*Y !Y W\LD CONSID] A S]I\S 9CONV5I5CE TO ! ,LONDON TRADESMAN4  

,N[ ?IS IS ! REAL ,P>LIAM5T>Y ,P>TY1 AT PRES5T DIVID$ 9TO J>R+ SECTIONS UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! SURVIVAL ( ! P>TY W>F>E ( ! LA/ FEW G5]ATIONS1 BUT :I* ALREADY %[S SIGNS ( S9K+ ITS DIFF]5CES SO AS TO (F] A SOLID FRONT ( RESI/ANCE TO ! GR[+ 9/9CT :I* ON ITS SIDE WILL BE=E LONG RESULT 9 A P>TY CLAIM+ FULL ECONOMICAL AS WELL AS POLITICAL FRE$OM = ! :OLE PEOPLE4  

,BUT IS !RE NO?+ 9 ,P>LIAM5T1 OR SEEK+ 5TRANCE TO IT1 EXCEPT ?IS V>I\SLY T9T$ ,:IGG]Y1 ?IS ,H>LEQU9 ( ,REACTION8  ,WELL1 9SIDE ,P>LIAM5T1 SETT+ ASIDE ! ,IRI% P>TY1 :I* IS1 WE MAY N[ WELL HOPE1 M]ELY TEMPOR>ILY !RE1 !RE IS NOT MU*4  ,IT IS NOT AMONG PEOPLE ( 0WEAL? & LOCAL 9FLU5CE10 :O ,I SEE >E SUPPOS$ TO BE ! ONLY AVAILABLE C&IDATES = ,P>LIAM5T ( A RECOGNIZ$ P>TY1 ?AT Y\ WILL F9D ! ELEM5TS ( REVOLUTION4  ,WE WILL GRANT ?AT !RE >E SOME FEW G5U9E ,DEMOCRATS !RE1 & LET !M PASS4  ,BUT \TSIDE !RE >E UND\BT$LY MANY :O >E G5U9E ,DEMOCRATS1 & :O HAVE IT 9 !IR HEADS ?AT IT IS BO? POSSIBLE & DESIRABLE TO CAPTURE ! CON/ITUTIONAL ,P>LIAM5T & TURN IT 9TO A REAL POPUL> ASSEMBLY1 :I*1 ) ! PEOPLE BEH9D IT1 MI<T LEAD US PEACEABLY & CON/ITUTIONALLY 9TO ! GREAT ,REVOLUTION :I* ALL ,?,\,<,T,F,U,L M5 DESIRE TO BR+ AB\T2 ALL ?\<TFUL M51 ?AT IS1 :O DO NOT BELONG TO ! CONSCI\SLY CYNICAL ,TORIES1 I4E41 M5 DET]M9$1 :E!R IT BE JU/ OR UNJU/1 GOOD = HUMANITY OR BAD = IT1 TO KEEP ! PEOPLE D[N AS LONG AS !Y CAN1 :I* !Y HOPE1 V]Y NATURALLY1 WILL BE AS LONG AS !Y LIVE4  

,TO CAPTURE ,P>LIAM5T & TURN IT 9TO A POPUL> BUT CON/ITUTIONAL ASSEMBLY IS1 ,I MU/ CONCLUDE1 ! ASPIRATION ( ! G5U9E ,DEMOCRATS :]EV] !Y MAY BE F\ND2 ?AT IS !IR IDEA ( ! FIR/ /EP ( ! ,DEMOCRATIC POLICY4  ,! QUE/IONS TO BE ASK$ ( ?IS1 AS ( ALL O!R POLICIES1 >E FIR/1 ,:AT IS ! 5D PROPOS$ BY IT8 & SECONDLY1 ,>E !Y LIKELY TO SUCCE$8  ,AS TO ! 5D PROPOS$1 ,I ?9K !RE IS MU* DIFF]5CE ( OP9ION4  ,SOME ,DEMOCRATS W\LD ANSW] FROM ! M]ELY POLITICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 & SAY3  ,UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 PAYM5T ( MEMB]S1 ANNUAL ,P>LIAM5TS1 ABOLITION ( ! ,H\SE ( ,LORDS1 ABOLITION ( ! MON>*Y1 & SO =?4  ,I W\LD ANSW] ?IS BY SAY+3  ,AFT] ALL1 !SE >E NOT 5DS1 BUT MEANS TO AN 5D2 & PASS+ BY ! FACT ?AT ! LA/ TWO >E NOT CON/ITUTIONAL MEASURES1 & SO C\LD NOT BE BR\<T AB\T )\T ACTUAL REBELLION1 ,I W\LD SAY IF Y\ HAD GA9$ ALL !SE ?+S1 & MORE1 ALL Y\ W\LD HAVE DONE W\LD HAVE BE5 TO E/ABLI% ! ASC5DANCY ( ! ,DEMOCRATIC P>TY2 HAV+ SO E/ABLI%$ IT1 Y\ W\LD !N HAVE TO F9D \T BY ! USUAL P>TY MEANS :AT ?AT ,DEMOCRATIC P>TY MEANT1 & Y\ W\LD F9D ?AT Y\R TRIUMPH 9 M]E POLITICS W\LD LEAD Y\ BACK AGA9 EXACTLY TO ! PLACE Y\ />T$ FROM4  ,Y\ W\LD BE ,:IGS UND] A DIFF]5T NAME4  ,MON>*Y1 ,H\SE ( ,LORDS1 P5SIONS1 /&+ >MY1 & ! RE/ ( IT1 >E ONLY SUPPORTS TO ! PRES5T SOCIAL SY/EM--! ,P,R,I,V,I,L,E,G,E BAS$ ON ! WAGES & CAPITAL SY/EM ( PRODUCTION--& >E WOR? NO?+ EXCEPT AS SUPPORTS TO IT4  ,IF Y\ >E DET]M9$ TO SUPPORT ?AT SY/EM1 !RE=E1 Y\ HAD BETT] LEAVE !SE ?+S ALONE4  ,! REAL MA/]S ( ,SOCIETY1 ! REAL TYRANTS ( ! PEOPLE1 >E ! ,L&LORDS & ,CAPITALI/S1 :OM Y\R POLITICAL TRIUMPH W\LD NOT 9T]F]E )4  

,!N1 AS N[1 !RE W\LD BE A PROLET>IAT & A MONEY$ CLASS4 ,!N1 AS N[1 IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE SOMETIMES = A DILIG5T1 5]GETIC MAN1 ) HIS M9D SET :OLLY ON SU* SUCCESS1 TO CLIMB \T ( ! PROLET>IAT 9TO ! MONEY$ CLASS1 !RE TO SWEAT AS HE ONCE WAS SWEAT$2 :I*1 MY FRI5DS1 IS1 IF Y\ WILL EXCUSE ! WORD1 Y\R RIDICUL\S IDEA ( FRE$OM ( CONTRACT4  

,! SOLE & UTMO/ SUCCESS ( Y\R POLICY W\LD BE ?AT IT MI<T RAISE UP A /RONG OPPOSITION TO ! CONDITION ( ?+S :I* IT W\LD BE Y\R FUNCTION TO UPHOLD2 BUT MO/ PROBABLY SU* OPPOSITION W\LD /ILL BE \TSIDE ,P>LIAM5T1 & NOT 9 IT2 Y\ W\LD HAVE MADE A REVOLUTION1 PROBABLY NOT )\T BLOOD%$1 ONLY TO %[ PEOPLE ! NECESSITY = ANO!R REVOLUTION ! V]Y NEXT DAY4  

,WILL Y\ ?9K ! EXAMPLE ( ,AM]ICA TOO TRITE8  ,ANYH[1 CONSID] IT6  ,A C\NTRY ) UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 NO K+1 NO ,H\SE ( ,LORDS1 NO PRIVILEGE AS Y\ FONDLY ?9K2 ONLY A LITTLE /&+ >MY1 *IEFLY US$ = ! MURD] ( R$-SK9S2 A DEMOCRACY AFT] Y\R MODEL2 & ) ALL ?AT1 A SOCIETY CORRUPT TO ! CORE1 & AT ?IS MOM5T 5GAG$ 9 SUPPRESS+ FRE$OM ) JU/ ! SAME RECKLESS BRUTALITY & BL9D IGNORANCE AS ! ,CZ> ( ALL ! ,RUSSIAS USES7#d74  

,BUT IT WILL BE SAID1 & C]TA9LY ) MU* TRU?1 ?AT NOT ALL ! ,DEMOCRATS >E = M]E POLITICAL RE=M4  ,I SAY ?AT ,I BELIEVE ?AT ?IS IS TRUE1 & IT IS A V]Y IMPORTANT TRU? TOO4  ,I WILL GO F>!R1 & WILL SAY ?AT ALL ?OSE ,DEMOCRATS :O CAN BE DI/+UI%$ FROM ,:IGS DO 9T5D SOCIAL RE=MS :I* !Y HOPE WILL SOME:AT ALT] ! RELATIONS ( ! CLASSES T[>DS EA* O!R2 & !RE IS1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 AMONG ,DEMOCRATS A LEAN+ T[>DS A K9D ( LIMIT$ ,/ATE-,SOCIALISM1 & IT IS ?R\< ?AT ?AT !Y HOPE TO BR+ AB\T A PEACEFUL REVOLUTION1 :I*1 IF IT DOES NOT 9TRODUCE A CONDITION ( EQUALITY1 WILL AT LEA/ MAKE ! WORK]S BETT] (F & CONT5T$ ) !IR LOT4  

,!Y HOPE TO GET A BODY ( REPRES5TATIVES ELECT$ TO ,P>LIAM5T1 & BY !M TO GET MEASURE AFT] MEASURE PASS$ :I* WILL T5D T[>DS ?IS GOAL2 NOR W\LD SOME ( !M1 P]HAPS MO/ ( !M1 BE DISCONT5T$ IF BY ?IS MEANS WE C\LD GLIDE 9TO COMPLETE ,/ATE- ,SOCIALISM4  ,I ?9K ?AT ! PRES5T ,DEMOCRATS >E WIDELY T+$ ) ?IS IDEA1 & TO ME IT IS A MATT] ( HOPE ?AT IT IS SO2 :ATEV] ( ]ROR !RE IS 9 IT1 IT MEANS ADVANCE BEYOND ! COMPLETE B>R5NESS ( ! M]E POLITICAL PROGRAM4  

,YET ,I MU/ PO9T \T TO !SE SEMI-,SOCIALI/ ,DEMOCRATS ?AT 9 ! FIR/ PLACE !Y WILL BE MADE ! CAT'S-PAW ( SOME ( ! WILI] ( ! ,:IGS4  ,!RE >E SEV]AL ( !SE MEASURES :I* LOOK TO SOME ,SOCIALI/IC1 AS1 = 9/ANCE1 ! ALLOTM5TS S*EME1 & O!R S*EMES T5D+ T[>D PEASANT PROPRIETOR%IP1 COOP]ATION1 & ! LIKE1 BUT :I* AFT] ALL1 9 SPITE ( !IR B5EVOL5T APPE>ANCE1 >E REALLY WEAPONS 9 ! H&S ( REACTION>IES1 HAV+ = !IR REAL OBJECT ! CREATION ( A NEW MIDDLE-CLASS MADE \T ( ! WORK+-CLASS & AT !IR EXP5SE2 ! RAIS+1 9 %ORT1 ( A NEW >MY AGA9/ ! ATTACK ( ! DIS9H]IT$4  

,!RE IS NO 5D TO ?IS K9D ( DODGE1 NOR WILL BE APP>5TLY TILL !RE IS AN 5D ( ! CLASS :I* TRIES IT ON2 & A GREAT MANY ( ! ,DEMOCRATS WILL BE AMUS$ & ABSORB$ BY IT FROM TIME TO TIME4 ,!Y CALL ?IS SORT ( NONS5SE 0PRACTICAL20 IT ,S,E,E,M,S LIKE DO+ SOME?+1 :ILE ! /EADY PROPAG&A ( A PR9CIPLE :I* MU/ PREVAIL 9 ! 5D IS1 ACCORD+ TO !M1 DO+ NO?+1 & IS UNPRACTICAL4  ,= ! RE/1 IT IS NOT LIKELY TO BECOME DANG]\S1 FUR!R ?AN AS IT CLOGS ! :EELS ( ! REAL MOVEM5T SOME:AT1 BECAUSE IT IS SOMETIMES A M]E PIECE ( REACTION1 AS :51 = 9/ANCE1 IT TAKES ! =M ( PEASANT PROPRIETOR%IP1 FLY+ RI<T 9 ! FACE ( ! COMM]CIAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! DAY1 :I* T5DS EV] MORE & MORE T[>DS ! AGGREGATION ( CAPITAL1 !REBY SMOO?+ ! WAY = ! ORGANIZ$ POSSESSION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION BY ! WORK]S :5 ! TRUE REVOLUTION %ALL COME3 :ILE1 ON ! O!R H&1 :5 ?IS ATTEMPT TO MANUFACTURE A NEW MIDDLE-CLASS TAKES ! =M ( COOP]ATION & ! LIKE1 IT IS NOT DANG]\S1 BECAUSE IT MEANS NO?+ MORE ?AN A SLI<TLY ALT]$ =M ( JO9T-/OCK]Y1 & EV]YBODY ALMO/ IS BEG9N+ TO SEE ?IS4 ,! GRE$ ( M5 /IMULAT$ BY ! SPECTACLE ( PR(IT-MAK+ ALL >\ND !M1 & ALSO BY ! BURD5 ( ! 9T]E/ ON ! MONEY :I* !Y HAVE BE5 OBLIG$ TO BORR[1 WILL NOT ALL[ !M EV5 TO APPROA* A TRUE SY/EM ( COOP]ATION4  ,?OSE B5EFIT$ BY ! TRANSACTION PRES5TLY BECOME EAG] %>EHOLD]S 9 A COMM]CIAL SPECULATION1 & IF !Y >E WORK+-M51 AS !Y (T5 >E1 !Y >E ALSO CAPITALI/S4  ,! 5ORM\S COMM]CIAL SUCCESS ( ! GREAT CO- OP]ATIVE SOCIETIES1 & ! ABSOLUTE NO-EFFECT ( ?AT SUCCESS ON ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS ( ! WORK]S1 >E SUFFICI5T TOK5S ( :AT ?IS NONPOLITICAL COOP]ATION MU/ COME TO3  0,NO?+--IT %ALL NOT BE LESS40  

,BUT AGA91 IT MAY BE SAID1 SOME ( ! ,DEMOCRATS GO F>!R ?AN ?IS2 !Y TAKE UP ACTUAL PIECES ( ,SOCIALISM1 & >E MORE ?AN 9CL9$ TO SUPPORT !M4  ,NATIONALIZATION ( ! L&1 OR ( RAILWAYS1 OR CUMULATIVE TAXATION ON 9COMES1 OR LIMIT+ ! RI<T ( 9H]ITANCE1 OR NEW FACTORY LAWS1 OR ! RE/RICTION BY LAW ( ! DAY'S LABOR--ONE ( !SE1 OR MORE ?AN ONE SOMETIMES1 ! ,DEMOCRATS WILL SUPPORT1 & SEE ABSOLUTE SALVATION 9 !SE ONE OR TWO PLANKS ( ! PLAT=M4  ,ALL ?IS ,I ADMIT1 & ONCE AGA9 SAY IT IS A HOPEFUL SIGN1 & YET ONCE AGA9 ,I SAY !RE IS A SN>E 9 IT--A SNAKE LIES LURK+ 9 ! GRASS4  

,?OSE :O ?9K ?AT !Y CAN DEAL ) \R PRES5T SY/EM 9 ?IS PIECEMEAL WAY V]Y MU* UND]RATE ! /R5G? ( ! TREM5D\S ORGANIZATION UND] :I* WE LIVE1 & :I* APPO9TS TO EA* ( US HIS PLACE1 & IF WE DO NOT *ANCE TO FIT IT1 GR9DS US D[N TILL WE DO4  ,NO?+ BUT A TREM5D\S =CE CAN DEAL ) ?IS =CE2 IT WILL NOT SUFF] ITSELF TO BE DISMEMB]$1 NOR TO LOSE ANY?+ :I* REALLY IS ITS ESS5CE )\T PUTT+ =? ALL ITS =CE 9 RESI/ANCE2 RA!R ?AN LOSE ANY?+ :I* IT CONSID]S ( IMPORTANCE1 IT WILL PULL ! RO( ( ! WORLD D[N UPON ITS HEAD4 ,=1 9DE$1 ,I GRANT !SE SEMI-,SOCIALI/ ,DEMOCRATS ?AT !RE IS ONE HOPE = !IR TAMP]+ PIECEMEAL ) \R ,SOCIETY2 IF BY *ANCE !Y CAN EXCITE PEOPLE 9TO S]I\SLY1 H[EV] BL9DLY1 CLAIM+ ONE OR O!R ( !SE ?+S 9 QUE/ION1 & C\LD BE SUCCESSFUL 9 ,P>LIAM5T 9 DRIV+ IT ?R\<1 !Y W\LD C]TA9LY DRAW ON A GREAT CIVIL W>1 & SU* A W> ONCE LET LOOSE W\LD NOT 5D BUT EI!R ) ! FULL TRIUMPH ( ,SOCIALISM OR ITS EXT9CTION = ! PRES5T2 IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO LIMIT ! AIM ( ! /RUGGLE2 NOR CAN WE EV5 GUESS AT ! C\RSE :I* IT W\LD TAKE1 EXCEPT ?AT IT C\LD NOT BE A MATT] ( COMPROMISE4  ,BUT SUPPOSE ! ,DEMOCRATIC P>TY PEACEABLY SUCCESSFUL ON ?IS NEW BASIS ( SEMI-,/ATE ,SOCIALISM1 :AT W\LD IT ALL MEAN8  ,ATTEMPTS TO BALANCE ! TWO CLASSES :OSE 9T]E/S >E OPPOS$ TO EA* O!R1 A M]E IGNOR+ ( ?IS ANTAGONISM :I* HAS L$ US ?R\< SO MANY C5TURIES TO :]E WE >E N[1 & !N1 AFT] A P]IOD ( DISAPPO9TM5T & DISA/]1 ! NAK$ CONFLICT ONCE MORE2 A REVOLUTION MADE1 & ANO!R IMM$IATELY NECESS>Y ON ITS MORR[6  

,YET1 9DE$1 IT WILL NOT COME TO ?AT2 =1 :ATEV] MAY BE ! AIMS ( ! ,DEMOCRATS1 !Y WILL NOT SUCCE$ 9 GETT+ !MSELVES 9TO A POSITION FROM :5CE !Y C\LD MAKE ! ATTEMPT TO REALIZE !M4  ,I HAVE SAID !RE >E ,TORIES & YET NO REAL ,TORY P>TY2 SO ALSO IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT !RE >E ,DEMOCRATS BUT NO ,DEMOCRATIC P>TY2 AT PRES5T !Y >E US$ BY ! LEAD]S ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y FACTIONS1 & ALSO KEPT AT A DI/ANCE BY !M FROM ANY REAL P[]4  ,IF !Y BY HOOK OR CROOK MANAG$ TO GET A NUMB] ( MEMB]S 9TO ,P>LIAM5T1 !Y W\LD F9D \T !IR DIFF]5CES V]Y SPE$ILY UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( P>TY RULE2 9 PO9T ( FACT1 ! ,DEMOCRATS >E NOT A P>TY2 BECAUSE !Y HAVE NO PR9CIPLES O!R ?AN ! OLD ,:IG- ,RADICAL ONES1 EXT5D$ 9 SOME CASES SO AS TO TAKE 9 A LITTLE SEMI- ,SOCIALISM :I* ! M>* ( EV5TS HAS =C$ ON !M--?AT IS1 !Y GRAVITATE ON ONE SIDE TO ! ,:IGS & ON ! O!R TO ! ,SOCIALI/S4  ,:5EV]1 IF EV]1 !Y BEG9 TO BE A P[] 9 ! ELECTIONS & GET MEMB]S 9 ! ,H\SE1 ! TEMPTATION TO BE MEMB]S ( A REAL LIVE P>TY :I* MAY HAVE ! GOV]NM5T ( ! C\NTRY 9 ITS H&S1 ! TEMPTATION TO :AT IS 7FACETI\SLY1 ,I SUPPOSE7 CALL$ PRACTICAL POLITICS1 WILL BE TOO MU* = MANY1 EV5 ( ?OSE :O GRAVITATE T[>DS ,SOCIALISM2 A QUASI-,DEMOCRATIC P>LIAM5T>Y P>TY1 !RE=E1 W\LD PROBABLY BE M]ELY A RECRUIT+ GR\ND1 A NURS]Y = ! LEFT W+ ( ! ,:IGS2 ?\< IT W\LD 9DE$ LEAVE BEH9D SOME SMALL NUCLEUS ( OPPOSITION1 ! PR9CIPLES ( :I*1 H[EV]1 W\LD BE VAGUE & FLOAT+1 SO ?AT IT W\LD BE BUT A P[]LESS GR\P AFT] ALL4  

,! FUTURE ( ! CON/ITUTIONAL ,P>LIAM5T1 !RE=E1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 IS A P]PETUAL ,:IG ,RUMP1 :I* WILL YIELD TO PRESSURE :5 M]E POLITICAL RE=MS >E ATTEMPT$ TO BE GOT \T ( IT1 BUT WILL BE QUITE IMMOVABLE T[>DS ANY REAL *ANGE 9 SOCIAL & ECONOMICAL MATT]S2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 SO F> AS IT MAY BE CONSCI\S ( ! ATTACK2 = ,I GRANT ?AT IT MAY BE ,B,E,T,R,A,Y,$ 9TO PASS+ SEMI-,/ATE- ,SOCIALI/IC MEASURES1 :I* WILL DO ?IS AM\NT ( GOOD1 ?AT !Y WILL HELP TO 5TANGLE COMM]CE 9 DIFFICULTIES1 & SO ADD TO DISCONT5T BY CREAT+ SUFF]+2 SUFF]+ ( :I* ! PEOPLE WILL NOT UND]/& ! CAUSES DEF9ITELY1 BUT :I* !IR 9/9CT WILL TELL !M TRULY IS BR\<T AB\T BY ,G,O,V,],N,M,5,T1 & ?AT1 TOO1 ! ONLY K9D ( GOV]NM5T :I* !Y CAN HAVE SO LONG AS ! CON/ITUTIONAL ,P>LIAM5T LA/S4  

,N[1 IF Y\ ?9K ,I HAVE EXAGG]AT$ ! P[] ( ! ,:IGS1 ?AT IS1 ( SOLID1 DEAD1 UNMOV+ RESI/ANCE TO PROGRESS1 ,I MU/ CALL Y\R ATT5TION TO ! EV5TS ( ! LA/ FEW WEEKS4  ,H]E HAS BE5 A MEASURE ( PACIFICATION PROPOS$2 AT ! LEA/ & WOR/ AN ATTEMPT TO 5T] UPON A PACIFICATION ( A WE>Y & MIS]ABLE QU>REL MANY C5TURIES OLD4  ,! ,BRITI% PEOPLE1 9 SPITE ( !IR H]$IT>Y PREJUDICE AGA9/ ! ,IRI%1 W]E NOT AV]SE TO ! MEASURE2 ! ,TORIES W]E1 AS USUAL1 P[]LESS AGA9/ IT2 YET SO /RONG HAS BE5 ! VIS 9]TIAE ( ,:IGG]Y ?AT IT HAS WON A NOTABLE VICTORY OV] COMMON-S5SE & S5TIM5T COMB9$1 & HAS DRAWN OV] TO IT A SECTION ( ?OSE HI!RTO KN[N AS ,RADICALS1 & PROBABLY W\LD HAVE DRAWN ALL ,RADICALS OV] BUT = ! P]SONAL ASC5DANCY ( ,MR4 ,GLAD/ONE4  ,! ,:IGS1 SEE+1 IF BUT DIMLY1 ?AT ?IS ,IRI% ,9DEP5D5CE MEANT AN ATTACK ON PROP]TY1 HAVE BE5 SUCCESSFUL 9 SNAT*+ ! PROMIS$ PEACE \T ( ! PEOPLE'S H&S1 & 9 PREP>+ ALL K9DS ( 5TANGLEM5T & CONFUSION = US = A LONG :ILE 9 !IR /EADY RESI/ANCE TO EV5 ! BEG9N+S ( REVOLUTION4  

,?IS1 !RE=E1 IS :AT ,P>LIAM5T LOOKS TO ME3  A SOLID C5TRAL P>TY1 ) M]E NEBUL\S OPPOSITION ON ! RI<T H& & ON ! LEFT4  ,! PEOPLE GOV]N$2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 FAIR PLAY AMONG !MSELVES = ! MONEY-PRIVILEG$ CLASSES TO MAKE ! MO/ ( !IR PRIVILEGE1 & TO FI<T /URDILY ) EA* O!R 9 DO+ SO2 BUT ! GOV]NM5T CONCEAL$ AS MU* AS POSSIBLE1 & ALSO AS LONG AS POSSIBLE2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! GOV]NM5T RE/+ ON AN ASSUM$ NECESS>Y ET]NITY ( PRIVILEGE TO MONOPOLIZE ! MEANS ( ! FRUCTIFICATION ( LABOR4  

,= SO LONG AS ?AT ASSUMPTION IS ACCEPT$ BY ! IGNORANCE ( ! PEOPLE1 ! ,GREAT ,:IG ,RUMP WILL REMA9 9EXPUGNABLE1 BUT AS SOON AS ! PEOPLE'S EYES >E OP5$1 EV5 P>TIALLY--& !Y BEG9 TO UND]/& ! MEAN+ ( ! WORDS1 ! ,EMANCIPATION ( ,LABOR--WE %ALL BEG9 TO HAVE AN ASSUR$ HOPE ( ?R[+ (F ! BASE/ & MO/ SORDID TYRANNY :I* ! WORLD HAS YET SE51 ! TYRANNY ( SO- CALL$ ,CON/ITUTIONALISM4  

,H[1 !N1 >E ! PEOPLE'S EYES TO BE OP5$8  ,BY ! =CE EVOLV$ FROM ! F9AL TRIUMPH & CONSEQU5T CORRUPTION ( ,COMM]CIAL ,:IGG]Y1 :I* =CE WILL 9CLUDE 9 IT A RECOGNITION ( ITS CON/RUCTIVE ACTIVITY BY 9TELLIG5T PEOPLE ON ! ONE H&1 & ON ! O!R HALF-BL9D 9/9CTIVE /RUGGLES TO USE ITS DE/RUCTIVE ACTIVITY ON ! P>T ( ?OSE :O SUFF] & HAVE NOT BE5 ALL[$ TO ?9K2 &1 TO BOOT1 A GREAT DEAL ?AT GOES BETWE5 ?OSE TWO EXTREMES4  

,9 ?IS TURMOIL1 ALL ?OSE :O CAN BE TRULY CALL$ ,SOCIALI/S WILL BE 9VOLV$4  ,! MOD]N DEVELOPM5T ( ! GREAT CLASS-/RUGGLE HAS =C$ US TO ?9K1 \R ?\<TS =CE US TO SPEAK1 & \R HOPES =CE US TO TRY TO GET A HE>+ FROM ! PEOPLE4  ,NOR CAN ONE TELL H[ F> \R WORDS WILL C>RY1 SO TO SAY4  ,! MO/ MOD]ATE EXPOSITION ( \R PR9CIPLES WILL BE> ) IT ! SE$S ( DISRUPTION2 NOR CAN WE TELL :AT =M ?AT DISRUPTION WILL TAKE4  

,ONE & ALL1 !N1 WE >E RESPONSIBLE = ! 5UNCIATION ( ,SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLES & ( ! CONSEQU5CES :I* MAY FL[ FROM !IR G5]AL ACCEPTANCE1 :ATEV] ?AT MAY BE4  ,?IS RESPONSIBILITY NO ,SOCIALI/ CAN %AKE (F BY DECL>ATIONS AGA9/ PHYSICAL =CE & 9 FAVOR ( CON/ITUTIONAL ME?ODS ( AGITATION2 WE >E ATTACK+ ! ,CON/ITUTION ) ! V]Y BEG9N+S1 ! M]E LISP+S1 ( ,SOCIALISM4  

,:IGG]Y1 !RE=E1 9 ITS V>I\S =MS1 IS ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ,CON/ITUTIONALISM--IS ! \TW>D EXPRESSION ( MONOPOLY & CONSEQU5T >TIFICIAL RE/RA9TS ON LABOR & LIFE2 & !RE IS ONLY ONE EXPRESSION ( ! =CE :I* WILL DE/ROY ,:IGG]Y1 & ?AT IS ,SOCIALISM2 & ON ! RI<T H& & ON ! LEFT ,TORYISM & ,RADICALISM WILL MELT 9TO ,:IGG]Y-->E DO+ SO N[--& ,SOCIALISM HAS GOT TO ABSORB ALL ?AT IS NOT ,:IG 9 ,RADICALISM4  

,!N COMES ! QUE/ION1 ,:AT IS ! POLICY ( ,SOCIALISM8  ,IF ,TORYISM & ,DEMOCRACY >E ONLY NEBUL\S MASSES ( OPPOSITION TO ! SOLID C5T] ( ,:IGG]Y1 :AT CAN WE CALL ,SOCIALISM8  

,WELL1 AT PRES5T1 9 ,5GL& AT LEA/1 ,SOCIALISM IS NOT A P>TY1 BUT A SECT4  ,?AT IS SOMETIMES BR\<T AGA9/ IT AS A TAUNT2 BUT ,I AM NOT DISMAY$ BY IT2 = ,I CAN CONCEIVE ( A SECT--NAY1 ,I HAVE HE>D ( ONE--BECOM+ A V]Y =MIDABLE P[]1 & BECOM+ SO BY D9T ( ITS LONG REMA9+ A SECT4  ,SO ,I ?9K IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE ?AT ,SOCIALISM WILL REMA9 A SECT TILL ! V]Y EVE ( ! LA/ /ROKE ?AT COMPLETES ! REVOLUTION1 AFT] :I* IT WILL MELT 9TO ! NEW ,SOCIETY4  ,& IS IT NOT SECTS1 BODIES ( DEF9ITE1 UNCOMPROMIS+ PR9CIPLES1 ?AT LEAD US 9TO REVOLUTIONS8  ,WAS IT NOT SO 9 ! ,CROMWELLIAN TIMES8  ,NAY1 HAVE NOT ! ,F5IAN SECT1 EV5 9 \R [N DAYS1 MADE ,HOME ,RULE POSSIBLE8  ,!Y MAY GIVE BIR? TO P>TIES1 ?\< NOT P>TIES !MSELVES4  ,& :AT %\LD A SECT LIKE WE >E HAVE TO DO 9 ! P>LIAM5T>Y /RUGGLE--WE :O HAVE AN IDEAL TO KEEP ALWAYS BE=E \RSELVES & O!RS1 & :O CANNOT ACCEPT COMPROMISE2 :O CAN SEE NO?+ ?AT CAN GIVE US RE/ = A M9UTE SAVE ! EMANCIPATION ( LABOR1 :I* WILL BE BR\<T AB\T BY ! WORK]S GA9+ POSSESSION ( ALL ! MEANS ( ! FRUCTIFICATION ( LABOR2 & :O1 EV5 :5 ?AT IS GA9$1 %ALL HAVE PURE ,COMMUNISM AHEAD TO /RIVE =8  

,:AT >E WE TO DO1 !N8  ,/& BY & LOOK ON8  ,NOT EXACTLY4  ,YET WE MAY LOOK ON O!R PEOPLE DO+ !IR WORK :ILE WE DO \RS4  ,!Y >E ALREADY BEG9N+1 AS ,I HAVE SAID1 TO /UMBLE AB\T ) ATTEMPTS AT ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM4  ,LET !M MAKE !IR EXP]IM5TS & BLUND]S1 & PREP>E ! WAY = US BY SO DO+4  ,& \R [N BUS9ESS8  ,WELL1 WE- -SECT OR P>TY1 OR GR\P ( SELF-SEEK]S1 MADM51 & POETS1 :I* Y\ WILL-->E AT LEA/ ! ONLY SET ( PEOPLE :O HAVE BE5 ABLE TO SEE ?AT !RE IS & HAS BE5 A GREAT CLASS-/RUGGLE GO+ ON4 ,FUR!R1 WE CAN SEE ?AT ?IS CLASS-/RUGGLE CANNOT COME TO AN 5D TILL ! CLASSES !MSELVES DO3  ONE CLASS MU/ ABSORB ! O!R4 ,:I*1 !N8  ,SURELY ! USEFUL ONE1 ! ONE ?AT ! WORLD LIVES BY1 & ON4  ,! BUS9ESS ( ! PEOPLE AT PRES5T IS TO MAKE IT IMPOSSIBLE = ! USELESS1 NON-PRODUC+ CLASS TO LIVE2 :ILE ! BUS9ESS ( ,CON/ITUTIONALISM IS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 TO MAKE IT POSSIBLE = !M TO LIVE4  ,& \R BUS9ESS IS TO HELP TO MAKE ! PEOPLE ,C,O,N,S,C,I,\,S ( ?IS GREAT ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! PEOPLE & ,CON/ITUTIONALISM2 & MEANTIME TO LET ,CON/ITUTIONALISM GO ON ) ITS GOV]NM5T UNHELP$ BY US AT LEA/1 UNTIL IT AT LA/ BECOMES ,C,O,N,S,C,I,\,S ( ITS BURD5 ( ! PEOPLE'S HATE1 ( ! PEOPLE'S KN[L$GE ?AT IT IS DIS9H]IT$1 :I* WE %ALL HAVE DONE \R BE/ TO FUR!R BY ANY MEANS ?AT WE C\LD4  

,AS TO ,SOCIALI/S 9 ,P>LIAM5T1 !RE >E TWO WORDS AB\T ?AT4  ,IF !Y GO !RE TO TAKE A P>T 9 C>RY+ ON ,CON/ITUTIONALISM BY PALLIAT+ ! EVILS ( ! SY/EM1 & SO HELP+ \R RUL]S TO BE> !IR BURD5 ( GOV]NM5T1 ,I = ONE1 & SO F> AS !IR ACTION !RE9 GOES1 CANNOT CALL !M ,SOCIALI/S AT ALL4  ,BUT IF !Y GO !RE ) ! 9T5TION ( DO+ :AT !Y CAN T[>DS ! DISRUPTION ( ,P>LIAM5T1 ?AT IS A MATT] ( TACTICS = ! TIME BE+2 BUT EV5 H]E ,I CANNOT HELP SEE+ ! DANG] ( !IR BE+ S$UC$ FROM !IR TRUE ]R&1 & ,I FE> ?AT !Y MI<T BECOME1 ON ! T]MS ABOVE M5TION$1 SIMPLY SUPPORT]S ( ! V]Y ?+ !Y SET \T TO UNDO4  

,I SAY ?AT \R WORK LIES QUITE \TSIDE ,P>LIAM5T1 & IT IS TO HELP TO $UCATE ! PEOPLE BY EV]Y & ANY MEANS ?AT MAY BE EFFECTIVE2 & ! KN[L$GE WE HAVE TO HELP !M TO IS ?REEFOLD--TO KN[ !IR [N1 TO KN[ H[ TO TAKE !IR [N1 & TO KN[ H[ TO USE !IR [N4  

,FOOTNOTES3  

#b4  
,READ AT ! ,CONF]5CE CONV5$ BY ! ,FABIAN ,SOCIETY AT ,S\? ,PLACE ,9/ITUTE1 ,JUNE #a#a1 #a#h#h#fBACK4 

#c4 
,!Y ,H,A,V,E BE5 0RA!R R\<10 Y\ MAY SAY1 & HAVE DONE MORE ?AN M]ELY HOLD !IR S5TIM5TAL POSITION4  ,WELL1 ,I /ILL SAY 7,FEBRU>Y #a#h#h#h7 ?AT ! PRES5T OP5 TYRANNY :I* S5DS POLITICAL OPPON5TS TO PRISON1 BO? 9 ,5GL& & ,IREL&1 & BREAKS ,RADICAL HEADS 9 ! /REET = ATTEMPT+ TO ATT5D POLITICAL MEET+S1 IS NOT ,TORY1 BUT ,:IG2 NOT ! OLD ,TORY 0DIV9E RI<T ( K+S10 BUT ! NEW ,TORY1 I4E41 ,TORY-T9T$ ,:IG1 0DIV9E RI<T ( PROP]TY0 MADE ,BLOODY ,SUNDAY POSSIBLE4  ,I ADMIT ?AT ,I DID NOT EXPECT 9 #ahhf ?AT WE %\LD 9 #ahhg & #ahhh BE HAV+ SU* A BRILLIANT EXAMPLE ( ! TYRANNY ( A P>LIAM5T>Y MAJORITY2 9 FACT1 ,I DID NOT RECKON ON ! =CE ( ! IMP5ETRABLE /UPIDITY ( ! ,PRIGS 9 ALLIANCE ) ! ,:IGS M>*+ UND] ! RA!R RAGG$ BANN] ( %AM ,TORYISMBACK4 

#d4 
 ,AS TRUE N[ 7,FEBRU>Y #a#h#h#h7 AS !N3  ! MURD] ( ! ,*ICAGO ,AN>*I/S1 TO WIT 

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,FEUDAL ,5GL& 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! ,NORMAN ,CONQUE/ F\ND A C]TA9 K9D ( FEUDALITY 9 EXI/5CE 9 ,5GL&--A FEUDALITY :I* WAS DEVELOP$ FROM ! CU/OMS ( ! ,TEUTONIC TRIBES ) NO ADMIXTURE ( ,ROMAN LAW2 & ALSO ?AT EV5 BE=E ! ,CONQUE/ ?IS C\NTRY WAS SL[LY BEG9N+ TO BE MIX$ UP ) ! AFFAIRS ( ! ,CONT95T ( ,EUROPE1 & ?AT NOT ONLY ) ! K9DR$ NATIONS ( ,SC&9AVIA1 BUT ) ! ,ROMANIZ$ C\NTRIES ALSO4  ,BUT ! ,CONQUE/ ( ,DUKE ,WILLIAM DID 9TRODUCE ! COMPLETE ,FEUDAL SY/EM 9TO ! C\NTRY2 & IT ALSO CONNECT$ IT BY /RONG BONDS TO ! ,ROMANIZ$ C\NTRIES1 & YET BY SO DO+ LAID ! FIR/ F\NDATIONS ( NATIONAL FEEL+ 9 ,5GL&4 ,! ,5GLI% FELT !IR K9%IP ) ! ,NORSEM5 OR ! ,DANES1 & DID NOT SUFF] FROM !IR CONQUE/S :5 !Y HAD BECOME COMPLETE1 & :51 CONSEQU5TLY1 M]E IMM$IATE VIOL5CE HAD DISAPPE>$ FROM !M2 !IR FEEL+ WAS TRIBAL RA!R ?AN NATIONAL2 BUT !Y C\LD HAVE NO S5SE ( TRIBAL UNITY ) ! V>I$ POPULATIONS ( ! PROV9CES :I* M]E DYNA/ICAL EV5TS HAD /RUNG TOGE!R 9TO ! DOM9ION1 ! MANOR1 ONE MAY SAY1 ( ! =EIGN PR9CES ( ,NORM&Y & ,ANJ\2 &1 AS ! K+S :O RUL$ !M GRADUALLY GOT PU%$ \T ( !IR ,FR5* POSSESSIONS1 ,5GL& BEGAN TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! DOM9ATION ( M5 FELT TO BE =EIGN]S1 & SO GRADUALLY BECAME CONSCI\S ( H] SEP>ATE NATIONALITY1 ?\< /ILL ONLY 9 A FA%ION1 AS ! MANOR ( AN ,5,G,L,I,% LORD4  

,IT IS BEYOND ! SCOPE ( ?IS PIECE TO GIVE ANY?+ LIKE A CONNECT$ /ORY1 EV5 ( ! SLI<TE/1 ( ! C\RSE ( EV5TS BETWE5 ! CONQUE/ ( ,DUKE ,WILLIAM & ! FULLY DEVELOP$ M$IEVAL P]IOD ( ! F\RTE5? C5TURY1 :I* IS ! ,5GL& ?AT ,I HAVE BE=E MY EYES AS ,M$IEVAL OR ,FEUDAL4  ,?AT P]IOD ( ! F\RTE5? C5TURY UNIT$ ! DEVELOPM5TS ( ! ELEM5TS :I* HAD BE5 /IRR+ 9 ,EUROPE S9CE ! F9AL FALL ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 & ,5GL& %>$ 9 ! G5]AL FEEL+ & SPIRIT ( ! AGE1 AL?\<1 FROM ITS POSITION1 ! C\RSE ( ITS HI/ORY1 & TO A C]TA9 EXT5T ! LIVES ( ITS PEOPLE1 W]E DIFF]5T4  ,IT IS TO ?IS P]IOD1 !RE=E1 ?AT ,I WI% 9 ! LONG RUN TO CALL Y\R ATT5TION1 & ,I WILL ONLY SAY SO MU* AB\T ! E>LI] P]IOD AS MAY BE NECESS>Y TO EXPLA9 H[ ! PEOPLE ( ,5GL& GOT 9TO ! POSITION 9 :I* !Y W]E F\ND BY ! ,/ATUTE ( ,LABOR]S 5ACT$ BY ,$W>D ,I,I,I41 & ! ,PEASANTS' ,REBELLION 9 ! TIME ( HIS GR&SON & SUCCESSOR1 ,RI*>D ,I,I4  

,UND\BT$LY1 !N1 ! ,NORMAN ,CONQUE/ MADE A COMPLETE BREAK 9 ! CONT9UITY ( ! HI/ORY ( ,5GL&4  ,:5 ! ,LONDON]S AFT] ! ,BATTLE ( ,HA/+S ACCEPT$ ,DUKE ,WILLIAM = !IR K+1 NO D\BT !Y ?\<T ( HIM AS OCCUPY+ MU* ! SAME POSITION AS ?AT ( ! NEWLY SLA9 ,H>OLD2 OR AT ANY RATE !Y LOOK$ ON HIM AS BE+ SU* A K+ ( ,5GL& AS ,KNUT ! ,DANE1 :O HAD ALSO CONQU]$ ! C\NTRY2 & PROBABLY ,WILLIAM HIMSELF ?\<T NO O!RWISE2 BUT ! EV5T WAS QUITE DIFF]5T2 = ON ! ONE H&1 NOT ONLY WAS HE A MAN ( /RONG *>ACT]1 ABLE1 MA/]FUL1 & A GREAT SOLDI] 9 ! MOD]N S5SE ( ! WORD1 BUT HE HAD AT HIS BACK HIS WEAL?Y DUK$OM ( ,NORM&Y1 :I* HE HAD HIMSELF R$UC$ TO OB$I5CE & ORGANIZ$2 &1 ON ! O!R H&1 ,5GL& LAY BE=E HIM1 UNORGANIZ$1 YET /UBBORNLY REBELLI\S TO HIM2 ITS V]Y DISORGANIZATION & WANT ( A C5T] MAK+ IT MORE DIFFICULT TO DEAL ) BY M]ELY OV]RUNN+ IT ) AN >MY LEVI$ = ?AT PURPOSE1 & BACK$ BY A BODY ( H\SE- C>LES OR GU>DS1 :I* W\LD HAVE BE5 ! ME?OD ( A ,SC&9AVIAN OR NATIVE K+ 9 DEAL+ ) HIS REBELLI\S SUBJECTS4  ,DUKE ,WILLIAM'S NECESSITIES & 9/9CTS COMB9$ L$ HIM 9TO A V]Y DIFF]5T C\RSE ( ACTION1 :I* DET]M9$ ! FUTURE DE/9Y ( ! C\NTRY4  ,:AT HE DID WAS TO QU>T] UPON ,5GL& AN >MY ( FEUDAL VASSALS DRAWN FROM HIS OB$I5T DUK$OM1 & TO H& OV] TO !M ! LORD%IP ( ! L& ( ,5GL& 9 RETURN = !IR MILIT>Y S]VICE TO HIM1 ! SUZ]A9 ( !M ALL4  ,!NCE=W>D1 IT WAS UND] ! RULE ( !SE =EIGN L&LORDS ?AT ! PEOPLE ( ,5GL& HAD TO DEVELOP4  

,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! C\NTRY AS A ,TEUTONIC PEOPLE WAS *ECK$ & TURN$ ASIDE BY ?IS EV5T4  ,DUKE ,WILLIAM BR\<T1 9 FACT1 HIS ,NORM&Y 9TO ,5GL&1 :I* WAS !REBY *ANG$ FROM A ,TEUTONIC PEOPLE 7,OLD-,NORSE !OD71 ) ! TRIBAL CU/OM>Y LAW /ILL 9 USE AMONG !M1 9TO A PROV9CE ( ,ROMANIZ$ ,FEUDAL ,EUROPE1 A PIECE ( ,FRANCE1 9 %ORT2 & ?\< 9 TIME %E DID GR[ 9TO ANO!R ,5GL& AGA91 %E MISS$ = EV] 9 H] LAWS1 & /ILL MORE 9 H] LANGUAGE & H] LIT]ATURE1 ! *ANCE ( DEVELOP+ 9TO A GREAT HOMOG5E\S ,TEUTONIC PEOPLE 9FUS$ USEFULLY ) A MIXTURE ( ,CELTIC BLOOD4  

,H[EV]1 ?IS /EP :I* ,DUKE ,WILLIAM WAS =C$ TO TAKE FUR!R 9FLU5C$ ! FUTURE ( ! C\NTRY BY CREAT+ ! GREAT ORD] ( ! ,B>ONAGE1 & ! HI/ORY ( ! E>LY P]IOD ( ,5GL& IS PRETTY MU* ?AT ( ! /RUGGLE ( ! K+ ) ! ,B>ONAGE & ! ,*UR*4  ,= ,WILLIAM FIX$ ! TYPE ( ! SUCCESSFUL ,5GLI% M$IEVAL K+1 ( :OM ,H5RY ,I,I4 & ,$W>D ,I4 W]E ! MO/ NOTABLE EXAMPLES AFT]W>DS4  ,IT WAS1 9 FACT1 ) HIM ?AT ! /RUGGLE T[>DS MON>*ICAL BUREAUCRACY BEGAN1 :I* WAS *ECK$ BY ! B>ONS1 :O EXTORT$ ,MAGNA ,*>TA FROM ,K+ ,JOHN1 & AFT]W>DS BY ! REVOLT HEAD$ BY ,SIMON DE ,MONT=T 9 ,H5RY ,I,I,I4'S REIGN2 WAS C>RI$ ON VIGOR\SLY BY ,$W>D ,I41 & F9ALLY SUCCESSFULLY F9I%$ BY ,H5RY ,V,I,I4 AFT] ! LONG FACTION-FI<T ( ! ,W>S ( ! ,ROSES HAD WEAK5$ ! FEUDAL LORDS SO MU* ?AT !Y C\LD NO LONG] ASS]T !MSELVES AGA9/ ! MON>*Y4  

,AS TO ! O!R POLITICAL /RUGGLE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ! CONTE/ BETWE5 ! ,CR[N & ! ,*UR*1 TWO ?+S >E TO BE NOT$2 FIR/1 ?AT AT LEA/ 9 ! E>LI] P]IOD ! ,*UR* WAS ON ! POPUL> SIDE4  ,?OMAS ,BECKETT WAS CANONIZ$1 IT IS TRUE1 =MALLY & BY REGUL> DECREE2 BUT HIS MEMORY WAS HELD SO DE> BY ! PEOPLE ?AT HE W\LD PROBABLY HAVE BE5 CANONIZ$ 9=MALLY BY !M IF ! HOLY SEAT AT ,ROME HAD REFUS$ TO DO SO4  ,! SECOND ?+ TO BE NOT$ AB\T ! DISPUTE IS ?IS1 ?AT IT WAS NO CONTE/ ( PR9CIPLE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! M$IEVAL !ORY ( LIFE & RELIGION1 ! ,*UR* & ! ,/ATE W]E ONE 9 ESS5CE1 & BUT SEP>ATE MANIFE/ATIONS ( ! ,K+DOM ( ,GOD UPON E>?1 :I* WAS P>T ( ! ,K+DOM ( ,GOD 9 HEAV54  ,! K+ WAS AN (FIC] ( ?AT REALM & A LIEGEMAN ( ,GOD4  ,! DOCTOR ( LAWS & ! DOCTOR ( PHYSIC P>TOOK 9 A DEGREE ( ! PRIE/LY *>ACT]4  ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,*UR* WAS NOT )DRAWN FROM ! EV]YDAY LIFE ( M52 ! DIVISION 9TO A WORLDLY & SPIRITUAL LIFE1 NEI!R ( :I* HAD MU* TO DO ) ! O!R1 WAS A CREATION ( ! PROTE/ANTISM ( ! ,RE=MATION1 & HAD NO PLACE 9 ! PRACTICE AT LEA/ ( ! M$IEVAL ,*UR*1 :I* WE CANNOT TOO C>EFULLY REMEMB] IS LITTLE MORE REPRES5T$ BY MOD]N ,CA?OLICISM ?AN BY MOD]N ,PROTE/ANTISM4  ,! CONTE/1 !RE=E1 BETWE5 ! ,CR[N & ! ,*UR* WAS A M]E BICK]+ BETWE5 TWO BODIES1 )\T ANY ESS5TIAL ANTAGONISM BETWE5 !M1 AS TO H[ F> ! ADM9I/RATION ( EI!R REA*$2 NEI!R DREAM$ ( SUBORD9AT+ ONE TO ! O!R1 F> LESS ( EXT+UI%+ ONE BY ! O!R4  

,! HI/ORY ( ! ,CRUSADES1 BY-!-WAY1 ILLU/RATES V]Y EMPHATICALLY ?IS POSITION ( ! ,*UR* 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4  ,! F\NDATION ( ?AT /RANGE FEUDAL K+DOM ( ,J]USALEM1 :OSE V]Y COAT ( >MS WAS A SOLECISM 9 H]ALDRY1 :OSE K+ HAD PREC$5CE1 9 VIRTUE ( HIS PLACE AS LORD ( ! C5T] ( ,*RI/IANITY1 OV] ALL O!R K+S & PR9CES2 ! ORD]S ( M5-AT->MS V[$ TO POV]TY & *A/ITY1 LIKE ! ,TEMPL>S & ,KNI<TS ( ,/4 ,JOHN2 & ABOVE ALL ! UNQUE/ION+ S5SE ( DUTY ?AT URG$ M5 ( ALL CLASSES & K9DS 9TO ! HOLY W>1 %[ H[ /RONGLY ! IDEA ( ,GOD'S ,K+DOM ON ! E>? HAD TAK5 HOLD ( ALL M5'S M9DS 9 ! E>LY ,MIDDLE ,AGES4  ,AS TO ! RESULT ( ! ,CRUSADES1 !Y C]TA9LY HAD !IR 9FLU5CE ON ! SOLIDIFICATION ( ,EUROPE & ! GREAT FEUDAL SY/EM1 AT ! HEAD ( :I*1 9 !ORY AT LEA/1 W]E ! ,POPE & ! ,KAIS]4  ,= ! RE/1 ! 9T]C\RSE ) ! ,EA/ GAVE ,EUROPE AN OPPORTUNITY ( %>+ 9 ! ME*ANICAL CIVILIZATION ( ! PEOPLES ORIG9ALLY DOM9AT$ BY ! ,>ABS1 & 9FUS$ BY ! >T ( ,BYZANTIUM & ,P]SIA1 NOT )\T SOME T9CTURE ( ! CULTIVATION ( ! LATT] CLASSICAL P]IOD4  

,! /IR & MOVEM5T ALSO ( ! ,CRUSADES1 & ! NECESSITIES 9 :I* !Y 9VOLV$ ! PR9CES & !IR B>ONS1 FUR!R$ ! UPW>D MOVEM5T ( ! CLASSES ?AT LAY BEL[ ! FEUDAL VASSALS1 GREAT & LITTLE2 ! PR9CIPAL OPPORTUNITY = :I* MOVEM5T1 H[EV]1 9 ,5GL&1 WAS GIV5 BY ! CONT9U\S /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! ,CR[N & ! ,*UR* & ,B>ONAGE4  

,! E>LY ,NORMAN K+S1 EV5 IMM$IATELY AFT] ! DEA? ( ! ,CONQU]OR1 F\ND !MSELVES 9VOLV$ 9 ?IS /RUGGLE1 & W]E =C$ TO AVAIL !MSELVES ( ! HELP ( :AT HAD N[ BECOME ! 9F]IOR TRIBE--! NATIVE ,5GLI%1 TO WIT4  ,H5RY ,I41 AN ABLE & AMBITI\S MAN1 UND]/OOD ?IS SO CLE>LY ?AT HE MADE A DI/9CT BID = ! FAVOR ( ! 9F]IOR TRIBE BY M>RY+ AN ,5GLI% PR9CESS2 & IT WAS BY MEANS ( ! HELP ( HIS ,5GLI% SUBJECTS ?AT HE CONQU]$ HIS ,NORMAN SUBJECTS1 & ! FIELD ( ,T5*EBRAY1 :I* PUT ! COP+-/ONE ON HIS SUCCESS1 WAS FELT BY ! ,5GLI% PEOPLE AS AN ,5GLI% VICTORY OV] ! OPPRESS+ TRIBE ) :I* ,DUKE ,WILLIAM HAD OV]:ELM$ ! ,5GLI% PEOPLE4  ,IT WAS DUR+ ?IS K+'S REIGN & UND] !SE 9FLU5CES ?AT ! TRAD+ & 9DU/RIAL CLASSES BEGAN TO RISE SOME:AT4  ,! M]*ANT GILDS W]E N[ 9 !IR P]IOD ( GREATE/ P[]1 & HAD BUT JU/ BEGUN1 9 ,5GL& AT LEA/1 TO DEVELOP 9TO ! CORPORATIONS ( ! T[NS2 BUT ! T[NS !MSELVES W]E BEG9N+ TO GA9 !IR FRE$OM & TO BECOME AN IMPORTANT ELEM5T 9 ! SOCIETY ( ! TIME1 AS LITTLE BY LITTLE !Y ASS]T$ !MSELVES AGA9/ ! >BITR>Y RULE ( ! FEUDAL LORDS1 LAY OR ECCLESIA/ICAL3  = AS TO ! LATT]1 IT MU/ BE REMEMB]$ ?AT ! ,*UR* 9CLUD$ 9 H]SELF ! ORD]S OR CLASSES 9TO :I* LAY SOCIETY WAS DIVID$1 & :ILE BY ITS L[] CL]GY ( ! P>I%ES & BY ! FRI>S IT T\*$ ! PEOPLE1 ITS UPP] CL]GY W]E SIMPLY FEUDAL LORDS2 & AS ! RELIGI\S F]VOR ( ! HI<] CL]GY1 :I* WAS M>K$ 5\< 9 ! E>LI] P]IOD ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES 79 ,ANSELM1 = EXAMPLE71 FAD$ \T1 !Y BECAME MORE & MORE M]E L&LORDS1 AL?\< FROM ! CONDITIONS ( !IR L&LORDISM1 LIV+ AS !Y DID ON !IR L& & AMID ( !IR T5ANTS1 !Y W]E LESS OPPRESSIVE ?AN ! LAY L&LORDS4  

,! ORD] & PROGRESS ( ,H5RY ,I4'S REIGN1 :I* M>KS ! TRANSITION FROM ! M]E MILIT>Y CAMP ( ! ,CONQU]OR TO ! M$IEVAL ,5GL& ,I HAVE TO DWELL UPON1 WAS FOLL[$ BY ! P]IOD ( M]E CONFUSION & MIS]Y :I* ACCOMPANI$ ! ACCESSION ( ! PR9CES ( ,ANJ\ TO ! ?RONE ( ,5GL&4  ,9 ?IS P]IOD ! B>ONS WIDELY BECAME M]E VIOL5T & ILLEGAL ROBB]S2 & ! CA/LES ) :I* ! L& WAS DOTT$1 & :I* W]E BEGUN UND] ! AUSPICES ( ! ,CONQU]OR AS MILIT>Y PO/S1 BECAME M]E D5S ( /RONG-?IEVES4  

,NO D\BT ?IS MADE ! BUS9ESS ( ! NEXT ABLE K+1 ,H5RY ,I,I41 ! EASI]4  ,HE WAS A /AUN* MAN ( BUS9ESS1 & TURN$ HIMSELF ) HIS :OLE S\L T[>DS ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ORD] & ! CONSOLIDATION ( ! MON>*Y1 :I* ACCORD+LY TOOK A GREAT /RIDE UND] HIM T[>DS ITS ULTIMATE GOAL ( BUREAUCRACY4  ,HE W\LD PROBABLY HAVE C>RI$ ! BUS9ESS /ILL F>!R1 S9CE 9 HIS CONTE/ ) ! ,*UR*1 9 SPITE ( ! CANONIZATION ( ,BECKETT & ! K+'S =MAL P5ANCE AT HIS TOMB1 HE HAD 9 FACT GA9$ A VICTORY = ! ,CR[N :I* IT NEV] REALLY LO/ AGA92 BUT 9 HIS DAYS ,5GL& WAS ONLY A P>T ( ! VA/ DOM9ION ( HIS ,H\SE1 :I* 9CLUD$ MORE ?AN HALF ( ,FRANCE1 & HIS /RUGGLE ) HIS FEUDATORIES & ! ,FR5* K+1 :I* S[$ ! SE$ ( ! LOSS ( ?AT DOM9ION TO ! ,5GLI% ,CR[N1 TOOK UP MU* ( HIS LIFE1 & F9ALLY BEAT HIM4  

,HIS TWO IMM$IATE SUCCESSORS1 ,RI*>D ,I4 & ,JOHN1 W]E GOOD SPECIM5S ( ! *IEFS ( !IR L9E1 ALMO/ ALL ( :OM W]E V]Y ABLE M51 HAV+ EV5 A T\* ( G5IUS 9 !M1 BUT !RE)AL W]E SU* WANTON BLACKGU>DS & SC\NDRELS ?AT ONE IS ALMO/ =C$ TO APPLY ! !OLOGICAL WORD 0WICK$NESS0 TO !M4  ,SU* *>ACT]S BELONG SPECIALLY TO !IR TIMES1 F]TILE AS !Y W]E BO? ( GREAT QUALITIES & ( SC\NDRELISM1 & 9 :I* \R [N SPECIAL VICE ( HYPOCRISY WAS 5TIRELY LACK+4  ,JOHN1 ! SECOND ( !SE TWO PE/S1 PUT ! COP+-/ONE ON ! VILLANY ( HIS FAMILY1 & LO/ HIS ,FR5* DOM9ION 9 ! LUMP4  

,UND] SU* RASCALS AS !SE CAME ! TURN ( ! ,B>ONAGE2 & !Y1 L$ BY ,/EPH5 ,LANGTON1 ! >*BI%OP :O HAD BE5 ?RU/ ON ! UNWILL+ K+ BY ! ,POPE1 UNIT$ TOGE!R & =C$ FROM HIM HIS ASS5T TO ,MAGNA ,*>TA1 ! GREAT1 ?OR\<LY WELL-CONSID]$ DE$1 :I* IS CONV5TIONALLY CALL$ ! F\NDATION ( ,5GLI% ,LIB]TY1 BUT :I* CAN ONLY CLAIM TO BE SO ON ! GR\ND ?AT IT WAS ! CONFIRMATION & SEAL ( ! COMPLETE FEUDAL SY/EM 9 ,5GL&1 & PUT ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! VASSALS1 ! GREAT FEUDATORIES1 & ! K+ ON A /ABLE BASIS2 S9CE IT CREAT$1 OR AT LEA/ CONFIRM$1 ORD] AMONG !SE PRIVILEG$ CLASSES1 AMONG :OM1 9DE$1 IT RECOGNIZ$ ! T[NS TO A C]TA9 EXT5T AS P>T ( ! GREAT FEUDAL HI]>*Y3  SO ?AT EV5 BY ?IS TIME !Y HAD BEGUN TO ACQUIRE /ATUS 9 ?AT HI]>*Y4  

,SO ,JOHN PASS$ AWAY1 & BECAME NOT LONG AFT] AN ALMO/ MY?ICAL P]SONAGE1 ! TYPE ( ! BAD K+4  ,!RE >E /ILL BALLADS1 & PROSE /ORIES D$UC$ FROM !SE BALLADS1 9 EXI/5CE1 :I* TELL ! TALE ( ?IS /RANGE MON/] AS ! ,5GLI% PEOPLE IMAG9$ IT4  

,AS !Y BELONG TO ! LIT]ATURE ( ! F\RTE5? C5TURY1 ! P]IOD ,I HAVE UND]TAK5 TO TELL Y\ AB\T SPECIALLY1 ,I WILL GIVE Y\ ONE ( ! LATT] ( !SE CONC]N+ ! DEA? ( ,K+ ,JOHN1 = :OM ! PEOPLE IMAG9$ A MORE DRAMATIC CAUSE ( DEA? ?AN M]E 9DIGE/ION1 ( :I* 9 ALL PROBABILITY HE REALLY DI$2 & Y\ MAY TAKE IT = A SPECIM5 ( POPUL> LIT]ATURE ( ! F\RTE5? C5TURY4  

,I CAN H]E MAKE BOLD TO QUOTE FROM MEMORY1 )\T DEP>T+ V]Y WIDELY FROM ! OLD TEXT1 S9CE ! QUA9T WORD+ ( ! ORIG9AL1 & ! SPIRIT ( BOLD & BLUNT H]OISM :I* IT BREA!S1 HAVE FIX$ IT 9 MY M9D = EV]4  

,! K+1 Y\ MU/ REMEMB]1 HAD HALT$ AT ,SW9E/EAD ,ABBEY1 9 ,L9COLN%IRE1 9 HIS RETREAT FROM ! HO/ILE B>ONS & !IR ,FR5* ALLIES1 & HAD LO/ ALL HIS BAGGAGE BY ! SURPRISE ( ! ADVANC+ TIDE 9 ! ,WA%2 SO ?AT HE MI<T WELL BE 9 A SOME:AT S\R MOOD4  

,SAYS ! TALE3  ,SO ! K+ W5T TO MEAT 9 ! HALL1 & BE=E HIM WAS A LOAF2 & HE LOOK$ GRIMLY ON IT & SAID1 ',= H[ MU* IS SU* A LOAF SOLD 9 ?IS REALM8'  

',SIR1 = ONE P5NY1' SAID !Y4  

,!N ! K+ SMOTE ! BO>D ) HIS FI/ & SAID1 ',BY ,GOD1 IF ,I LIVE = ONE YE> SU* A LOAF %ALL BE SOLD = TWELVE P5CE6'  

,?AT HE>D ONE ( ! MONKS :O /OOD !REBY1 & HE ?\<T & CONSID]$ ?AT HIS H\R & TIME TO DIE WAS COME1 & ?AT IT W\LD BE A GOOD DE$ TO SLAY SO CRUEL A K+ & SO EVIL A LORD4  

,SO HE W5T 9TO ! G>D5 & PLUCK$ PLUMS & TOOK \T ( !M ! /ELES .</ALKS.>1 & DID V5OM 9 !M EA* ONE2 & HE CAME BE=E ! K+ & SAT ON HIS KNEE1 & SAID3  

',SIR1 BY ,/4 ,AU/91 ?IS IS FRUIT ( \R G>D54'  

,!N ! K+ LOOK$ EVILLY ON HIM & SAID1 ',ASSAY !M1 MONK6'  

,SO ! MONK TOOK & ATE !RE(1 NOR *ANG$ C\NT5ANCE ANY :IT3 & ! K+ ATE !REAFT]4  

,BUT PRES5TLY AFT]W>DS ! MONK SWELL$ & TURN$ BLUE1 & FELL D[N & DI$ BE=E ! K+3  !N WAX$ ! K+ SICK AT HE>T1 & HE ALSO SWELL$ & DI$1 & SO HE 5D$ HIS DAYS4  

,= A :ILE AFT] ! DEA? ( ,JOHN & ! ACCESSION ( ,H5RY ,I,I,I4 ! ,B>ONAGE1 /R5G!N$ BY ! GREAT ,*>T] & ) A WEAK & WAYW>D K+ ON ! ?RONE1 MADE !IR /EP =W>D 9 P[] & POPUL>ITY1 & ! FIR/ S]I\S *ECK TO ! T5D5CY TO MON>*ICAL BUREAUCRACY1 A K9D ( ELEM5T>Y >I/OCRATIC CON/ITUTION1 WAS IMPOS$ UPON ! WEAKNESS ( ,H5RY ,I,I,I4  ,UND] ?IS MOVEM5T ( ! B>ONS1 :O 9 !IR TURN HAD TO SEEK = ! SUPPORT ( ! PEOPLE1 ! T[NS MADE A FRE% /EP 9 ADVANCE1 & ,SIMON DE ,MONT=T1 ! LEAD] ( :AT = WANT ( A BETT] WORD MU/ BE CALL$ ! POPUL> P>TY1 WAS =C$ BY HIS CIRCUM/ANCES TO SUMMON TO HIS ,P>LIAM5T CITIZ5S FROM ! BOR\<S4  ,E>L ,SIMON WAS ONE ( ?OSE M5 ?AT COME TO ! FRONT 9 VIOL5T TIMES1 & HE ADD$ REAL NOBILITY ( *>ACT] TO /R5G? ( WILL & P]SI/5CE4  ,HE BECAME ! H]O ( ! PEOPLE1 :O W5T NE> TO CANONIZ+ HIM AFT] HIS DEA?4  ,BUT ! MON>*Y WAS TOO /RONG = HIM & HIS REALLY ADVANC$ PROJECTS1 :I* BY NO MEANS SQU>$ ) ! HOPES ( ! ,B>ONAGE 9 G5]AL3  & :5 ,PR9CE ,$W>D1 AFT]W>DS ,$W>D ,I41 GR[N TO HIS FULL M5TAL /ATURE1 CAME TO ! HELP ( ! ,CR[N ) HIS UNSCRUPUL\S BUS9ESS ABILITY1 ! /RUGGLE WAS SOON OV]2 & ) ,EVE%AM FIELD ! MON>*Y BEGAN TO TAKE A NEW /RIDE1 & ! LONGE/ YET TAK51 T[>DS BUREAUCRACY4  

,$W>D ,I4 IS REMEMB]$ BY US *IEFLY = ! /RUGGLE HE C>RI$ ON ) ! ,SCOT* ,B>ONAGE = ! FEUDAL SUZ]A9TY ( ?AT K+DOM1 & ! C5TURIES ( ANIMOSITY BETWE5 ! TWO C\NTRIES :I* ?AT /RUGGLE DREW ON4  ,BUT HE HAS O!R CLAIMS TO \R ATT5TION BESIDES ?IS4  

,AT FIR/1 & REMEMB]+ ! RU?LESSNESS ( MANY ( HIS ACTS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,SCOT* W>1 ONE IS APT TO LOOK UPON HIM AS A SOME:AT P$ANTIC TYRANT & A GOOD SOLDI]1 ) SOME?+ LIKE A DA% ( HYPOCRISY BEYOND HIS TIME ADD$4  ,BUT1 LIKE ! ,ANGEV9E K+S ,I WAS SPEAK+ ( JU/ N[1 HE WAS A COMPLETELY *>ACT]I/IC PRODUCT ( HIS TIME4  ,HE WAS NOT A HYPOCRITE PROBABLY1 AFT] ALL1 9 SPITE ( HIS TE>S %$ AFT] HE HAD IRRETRIEVABLY LO/ A GAME1 OR AFT] HE HAD WON ONE BY /]N CRUELTY4  ,!RE WAS A DA% ( REAL ROMANCE 9 HIM1 :I* M+L$ CURI\SLY ) HIS LAWY]-LIKE QUALITIES4  ,HE WAS1 P]HAPS1 ! MAN ( ALL M5 :O REPRES5T$ MO/ COMPLETELY ! F9I%$ FEUDAL SY/EM1 & :O TOOK IT MO/ TO HE>T4 ,HIS LAW1 HIS ROMANCE1 & HIS RELIGION1 HIS SELF-COMM&1 & HIS T]RIBLE FURY W]E ALL A P>T ( ?IS 9NATE FEUDALISM1 & EX]CIS$ )9 ITS LIMITS2 & WE MU/ SUPPOSE ?AT HE ?OR\<LY FELT HIS RESPONSIBILITY AS ! *IEF ( HIS FEUDATORIES1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME HE HAD NO IDEA ( HIS HAV+ ANY RESPONSIBILITIES T[>DS ! L[] P>T ( HIS SUBJECTS4  ,SU* A MAN WAS SPECIALLY SUIT$ TO C>RY+ ON ! T5D5CY TO BUREAUCRATIC C5TRALIZATION1 :I* CULM9AT$ 9 ! ,TUDOR MON>*Y4  ,HE HAD HIS /RUGGLE ) ! ,B>ONAGE1 BUT H>D AS IT WAS1 HE WAS SURE NOT TO C>RY IT BEYOND ! DUE LIMITS ( FEUDALISM2 TO ?AT HE WAS ALWAYS LOYAL4  ,HE HAD SLA9 ,E>L ,SIMON BE=E HE WAS K+1 :ILE HE WAS BUT HIS FA!R'S G5]AL2 BUT ,E>L ,SIMON'S WORK DID NOT DIE ) HIM1 & H5CE=W>D1 :ILE ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES & !IR FEUDAL HI]>*Y LA/$1 IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE = EI!R K+ OR B>ONS TO DO ANY?+ :I* W\LD S]I\SLY 9JURE EA* O!R'S POSITION2 ! /RUGGLE 5D$ 9 HIS REIGN 9 A BALANCE ( P[] 9 ,5GL& :I*1 ON ! ONE H&1 PREV5T$ ANY GREAT FEUDATORY BECOM+ A RIVAL ( ! K+1 AS HAPP5$ 9 SEV]AL 9/ANCES 9 ,FRANCE1 & ON ! O!R H& PREV5T$ ! K+ LAPS+ 9TO A M]E DESPOTIC MON>*4  

,I HAVE SAID ?AT BUREAUCRACY TOOK A GREAT /RIDE 9 ,$W>D'S REIGN1 BUT IT REA*$ ITS LIMITS UND] FEUDALISM AS F> AS ! NOBLES W]E CONC]N$4  ,PEACE & ORD] WAS E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T P[]S ( ! GOV]N+ CLASSES2 H5CE=W>D1 ! /RUGGLE IS BETWE5 !M & ! GOV]N$2 ?AT /RUGGLE WAS N[ TO BECOME OBVI\S2 ! L[] TRIBE WAS RIS+ 9 IMPORTANCE2 IT WAS BECOM+ RI*] = FLEEC+1 BUT ALSO IT WAS BEG9N+ TO HAVE SOME P[]2 ?IS L$ ! K+ FIR/1 & AFT]W>DS ! B>ONS1 TO ATTACK IT DEF9ITELY2 IT WAS RI* 5\< TO PAY = ! TR\BLE ( BE+ ROBB$1 & NOT YET /RONG 5\< TO DEF5D ITSELF ) OP5 SUCCESS1 AL?\< ! SL[] & LESS %[Y SUCCESS ( GR[? DID NOT FAIL IT4 ,! 9/RUM5T ( ATTACK 9 ! H&S ( ! B>ONS WAS ! ORD9>Y FEUDAL PRIVILEGE1 ! LOGICAL C>RY+ \T ( S]FDOM2 BUT ?IS ATTACK TOOK PLACE TWO REIGNS LAT]4  ,WE %ALL COME TO ?AT FUR!R ON4  ,! ATTACK ON ! L[] TRIBE :I* WAS N[ GR[+ 9TO IMPORTANCE WAS 9 ?IS REIGN MADE BY ! K+2 & HIS 9/RUM5T WAS--,P>LIAM5T4  

,I HAVE TOLD Y\ ?AT ,SIMON DE ,MONT=T MADE SOME ATTEMPT TO GET ! BURGESSES TO SIT 9 HIS ,P>LIAM5T1 BUT IT WAS LEFT TO ,$W>D ,I4 TO LAY ! F\NDATIONS FIRMLY ( P>LIAM5T>Y REPRES5TATION1 :I* HE US$ = ! PURPOSE ( AUGM5T+ ! P[] ( ! ,CR[N & CRU%+ ! RIS+ LIB]TY ( ! T[NS1 ?\< ( C\RSE HIS DIRECT AIM WAS SIMPLY AT--MONEY4  

,! ,GREAT ,C\NCIL ( ! ,REALM WAS PURELY FEUDAL2 IT WAS COMPOS$ ( ! FEUDATORIES ( ! K+1 !ORETICALLY ( ALL ( !M1 PRACTICALLY ( ! GREAT ONES ONLY4  ,IT WAS1 9 FACT1 ! C\NCIL ( ! CONQU]+ TRIBE ) !IR *IEF AT ITS HEAD2 ! MATT]S ( ! DUE FEUDAL TRIBUTE1 AIDS1 RELIEFS1 F9ES1 SCUTAGE1 & ! LIKE--9 %ORT1 ! K+'S REV5UE DUE FROM HIS M5--W]E SETTL$ 9 ?IS C\NCIL AT ONCE & 9 ! LUMP4  ,BUT ! 9F]IOR TRIBE1 ?\< NOT REPRES5T$ !RE1 EXI/$1 &1 AS A=ESAID1 WAS GR[+ RI*1 & ! K+ HAD TO GET !IR MONEY \T ( !IR PURSES DIRECTLY2 :I*1 AS !Y W]E NOT REPRES5T$ AT ! C\NCIL1 HE HAD TO DO BY MEANS ( HIS (FIC]S 7! %]IFFS7 DEAL+ ) !M ONE AFT] ANO!R1 :I* WAS A TR\BLESOME JOB2 = ! M5 W]E /IFF-NECK$ & QUITE DIS9CL9$ TO P>T ) !IR MONEY2 & ! ROBB]Y HAV+ TO BE DONE ON ! SPOT1 SO TO SAY1 5C\NT]$ ALL SORTS ( OPPOSITION3 &1 9 FACT1 IT WAS ! MONEY NE$S BO? ( B>ON1 BI%OP1 & K+ :I* HAD BE5 ! *IEF 9/RUM5T 9 FUR!R+ ! PROGRESS ( ! T[NS4  ,! T[NS W\LD BE PRESS$ BY !IR LORDS1 K+1 OR B>ON1 OR BI%OP1 AS IT MI<T BE1 & !Y W\LD SEE !IR ADVANTAGE & /RIKE A B>GA94  ,= Y\ >E NOT TO IMAG9E ?AT BECAUSE !RE WAS A DEAL ( VIOL5CE GO+ ON 9 ?OSE TIMES !RE WAS NO RESPECT = LAW2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 !RE WAS A QUITE EXAGG]AT$ RESPECT = IT IF IT CAME )9 ! F\R CORN]S ( ! FEUDAL FEEL+1 & ! RESULT ( ?IS FEEL+ ( RESPECT WAS ! CON/ANT /RUGGLE = ,/,A,T,U,S ON ! P>T ( ! T[N%IPS & O!R ASSOCIATIONS ?R\<\T ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4  

,WELL1 ! BUR<]S W\LD SAY1 0',TIS H>D TO PAY ?IS MONEY1 BUT WE WILL PUT \RSELVES \T TO PAY IT IF Y\ WILL DO SOME?+ = US 9 RETURN2 LET1 = EXAMPLE1 \R M5 BE TRI$ 9 \R [N C\RT1 & ! V]DICT BE ( ONE ( COMPURGATION 9/EAD ( WAG] ( BATTLE10 & SO =?1 & SO =?4  

,ALL ?IS SORT ( DETAIL$ B>GA9+ WAS1 9 FACT1 A SAFEGU>D = ! LOCAL LIB]TIES1 SO F> AS !Y W5T1 ( ! T[NS & %IRES1 & DID NOT SUIT ! K+'S VIEWS ( LAW & ORD] AT ALL2 & SO BEGAN ! CU/OM ( ! %]IFF 7! K+'S (FIC]1 :O HAD TAK5 ! PLACE ( ! E>L ( ! ,ANGLO-,SAXON P]IOD7 SUMMON+ ! BURGESSES TO ! C\NCIL1 :I* BURGESSES Y\ MU/ UND]/& W]E NOT ELECT$ AT ! FOLKMOTES ( ! T[N1 OR HUNDR$1 BUT 9 A SORT ( HOLE-&-CORN] WAY BY A FEW ( ! BIGG] M5 ( ! PLACE4  ,:AT ! K+ PRACTICALLY SAID WAS ?IS3  0,I WANT Y\R MONEY1 & ,I CANNOT BE = EV] WRANGL+ ) Y\ /UBBORN *URLES AT HOME !RE1 & LI/5+ TO ALL Y\R /ORIES ( H[ POOR Y\ >E1 & :AT Y\ WANT2 NO1 ,I WANT Y\ TO BE ,R,E,P,R,E,S,5,T,$4  ,S5D ME UP FROM EA* ONE ( Y\R COMMUNES A MAN OR TWO :OM ,I CAN BULLY OR CAJOLE OR BRIBE TO SIGN AWAY Y\R SUB/ANCE = Y\40  

,UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES IT IS NO WOND] ?AT ! T[NS W]E NOT V]Y EAG] 9 ! CAUSE ( ,R,E,P,R,E,S,5,T,A,T,I,O,N4  ,IT WAS NO EASY JOB TO GET !M TO COME UP TO ,LONDON M]ELY TO CONSULT AS TO ! K9D ( SAUCE ) :I* !Y W]E TO BE EAT54  ,H[EV]1 !Y DID COME 9 SOME NUMB]S1 & BY ! YE> #abie SOME?+ LIKE A %AD[ ( \R PRES5T ,P>LIAM5T WAS ON FOOT4  ,NOR NE$ !RE BE MU* MORE SAID AB\T ?IS 9/ITUTION2 AS TIME W5T ON ITS FUNCTIONS GOT GRADUALLY EXT5D$ BY ! PETITION = ! R$RESS ( GRIEVANCES ACCOMPANY+ ! GRANT+ ( MONEY1 BUT IT WAS G5]ALLY TO BE RECKON$ ON AS SUBS]VI5T TO ! WILL ( ! K+1 :O D[N TO ! LAT] ,TUDOR P]IOD PLAY$ SOME V]Y QUE] TUNES ON ?IS CON/ITUTIONAL 9/RUM5T4  

,$W>D ,I4 GAVE PLACE TO HIS SON1 :O AGA9 WAS ( ! TYPE ( K+ :O HAD HI!RTO GIV5 ! OPPORTUNITY TO ! B>ONS = !IR TURN ( ADVANCEM5T 9 ! CON/ITUTIONAL /RUGGLE2 & 9 E>LI] TIMES NO D\BT !Y W\LD HAVE TAK5 FULL ADVANTAGE ( ! CIRCUM/ANCES2 AS IT WAS !Y HAD LITTLE TO GA94  ,! K+ DID HIS BE/ TO ?R[ (F ! RE/RA9T ( ! FEUDAL CON/ITUTION1 & TO GOV]N SIMPLY AS AN ABSOLUTE MON>*4  ,AFT] A TIME ( APP>5T SUCCESS HE FAIL$1 ( C\RSE1 & ONLY SUCCE$$ 9 CONFIRM+ ! LEGAL RI<TS ( FEUDALISM BY BR++ AB\T HIS [N =MAL DEPOSITION AT ! H&S ( ! ,B>ONAGE1 AS A *IEF :O1 HAV+ BROK5 ! COMPACT ) HIS FEUDATORIES1 HAD NECESS>ILY =FEIT$ HIS RI<T4  ,IF WE COMP>E HIS CASE ) ?AT ( ,*>LES ,I4 WE %ALL F9D ?IS DIFF]5CE 9 IT1 BESIDES ! OBVI\S ONE ?AT ,$W>D WAS HELD RESPONSIBLE TO HIS FEUDATORIES & ,*>LES T[>DS ! UPP] MIDDLE CLASSES1 ! SQUIRE>*Y1 AS REPRES5T$ BY ,P>LIAM5T2 ?AT ,*>LES WAS CONDEMN$ BY A LAW CREAT$ = ! PURPOSE1 SO TO SAY1 & EVOLV$ FROM ! PR9CIPLE ( ! REPRES5TATION ( ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES1 :ILE ,$W>D'S DEPOSITION WAS ! REAL LOGICAL \TCOME ( ! CONFIRM$ FEUDAL SY/EM1 & WAS PRACTICALLY LEGAL & REGUL>4  

,! SUCCESSOR ( ! DEPOS$ K+1 ! ?IRD ,$W>D1 U%]S 9 ! COMPLETE & C5TRAL P]IOD ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES 9 ,5GL&4  ,! FEUDAL SY/EM IS COMPLETE3  ! LIFE & SPIRIT ( ! C\NTRY HAS DEVELOP$ 9TO A CONDITION IF NOT QUITE 9DEP5D5T1 YET QUITE =GETFUL1 ON ! ONE H& ( ! IDEAS & CU/OMS ( ! ,CELTIC & ,TEUTONIC TRIBES1 & ON ! O!R ( ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE4  ,! ,MIDDLE ,AGES HAVE GR[N 9TO MANHOOD2 ?AT MANHOOD HAS AN >T ( ITS [N1 :I*1 ?\< DEVELOP$ /EP BY /EP FROM ?AT ( ,OLD ,ROME & ,NEW ,ROME1 & EMBRAC+ ! /RANGE MY/ICISM & DREAMY BEAUTY ( ! ,EA/1 HAS =GOTT5 BO? ITS FA!R & ITS MO!R1 & /&S ALONE TRIUMPHANT1 ! LOVELIE/1 BRI<TE/1 & GAYE/ ( ALL ! CREATIONS ( ! HUMAN M9D & H&4  

,IT HAS A LIT]ATURE ( ITS [N TOO1 SOME:AT AK9 TO ITS >T1 YET 9F]IOR TO IT1 & LACK+ ITS UNITY1 S9CE !RE IS A D\BLE /REAM 9 IT4  ,ON ! ONE H& IS ! C\RT POET1 ! G5TLEMAN1 ,*AUC]1 ) HIS ,ITALIANIZ+ MET]S1 & HIS =MAL RECOGNITION ( ! CLASSICAL /ORIES2 ON :I*1 9DE$1 HE BUILDS A SUP]/RUCTURE ( ! QUA9TE/ & MO/ UNADULT]AT$ M$IEVALISM1 AS GAY & BRI<T AS ! >*ITECTURE :I* HIS EYES BEHELD & HIS P5 PICTUR$ = US1 SO CLE>1 DEF9$1 & ELEGANT IT IS2 A SUNNY WORLD EV5 AMID ITS VIOL5CE & PASS+ TR\BLES1 LIKE ?OSE ( A HAPPY *ILD1 ! WOR/ ( !M AN AMUSEM5T RA!R ?AN A GRIEF TO ! ONLOOK]S2 A WORLD ?AT SC>CELY NE$$ HOPE 9 ITS EAG] LIFE ( ADV5TURE & LOVE1 AMID ! SUNLIT BLOSSOM+ MEAD[S1 & GRE5 WOODS1 & :ITE BEGILD$ MANOR-H\SES4  ,A K9DLY & HUMAN MUSE IS ,*AUC]'S1 NEV]!LESS1 9T]E/$ 9 & AMUS$ BY ALL LIFE1 BUT ( H] V]Y NATURE DEVOID ( /RONG ASPIRATIONS = ! FUTURE2 & ?AT ALL ! MORE1 S9CE1 ?\< ! /RONG DEVOTION & FI]CE PIETY ( ! RUD] ,MIDDLE ,AGES HAD BY ?IS TIME WAN$1 & ! ,*UR* WAS MORE (T5 LI<TLY MOCK$ AT ?AN EI!R FE>$ OR LOV$1 /ILL ! ,H,A,B,I,T ( LOOK+ ON ?IS LIFE AS P>T ( ANO!R YET REMA9$3  ! WORLD IS FAIR & FULL ( ADV5TURE2 K9D M5 & TRUE & NOBLE >E 9 IT TO MAKE ONE HAPPY2 FOOLS ALSO TO LAU< AT1 & RASCALS TO BE RESI/$1 YET NOT :OLLY CONDEMN$2 & :5 ?IS WORLD IS OV] WE %ALL /ILL GO ON LIV+ 9 ANO!R :I* IS A P>T ( ?IS4  ,LOOK AT ALL ! PICTURE1 NOTE ALL & LIVE 9 ALL1 & BE AS M]RY AS Y\ MAY1 NEV] =GETT+ ?AT Y\ >E ALIVE & ?AT IT IS GOOD TO LIVE4  

,?AT IS ! SPIRIT ( ,*AUC]'S POETRY2 BUT ALONGSIDE ( IT EXI/$ YET ! BALLAD POETRY ( ! PEOPLE1 :OLLY UNT\*$ BY C\RTLY ELEGANCE & CLASSICAL P$ANTRY2 RUDE 9 >T BUT NEV] CO>SE1 TRUE TO ! BACKBONE2 9/9CT ) 9DIGNATION AGA9/ WRONG1 & !REBY EXPRESS+ ! HOPE ?AT WAS 9 IT2 A PROTE/ ( ! POOR AGA9/ ! RI*1 ESPECIALLY 9 ?OSE SONGS ( ! ,=E/]S1 :I* HAVE BE5 CALL$ ! M$IEVAL EPIC ( REVOLT2 NO MORE GLOOMY ?AN ! G5TLEMAN'S POETRY1 YET *E]FUL FROM C\RAGE1 & NOT CONT5T4  ,HALF A DOZ5 /ANZAS ( IT >E WOR? A C>TLOAD ( ! :9+ 9TROSPECTIVE LYRICS ( TO-DAY2 & HE :O1 :5 HE HAS MA/]$ ! SLI<T DIFF]5CES ( LANGUAGE FROM \R [N DAILY SPEE*1 IS NOT MOV$ BY IT1 DOES NOT UND]/& :AT TRUE POETRY MEANS NOR :AT ITS AIM IS4  

,!RE IS A ?IRD ELEM5T 9 ! LIT]ATURE ( ?IS TIME :I* Y\ MAY CALL ,LOLL>D POETRY1 ! GREAT EXAMPLE ( :I* IS ,WILLIAM ,LANGL&'S 0,PI]S ,PL[MAN40  ,IT IS NO BAD CORRECTIVE TO ,*AUC]1 & 9 ,=,M AT LEA/ BELONGS :OLLY TO ! POPUL> SIDE2 BUT IT SEEMS TO ME TO %[ SYMPTOMS ( ! SPIRIT ( ! RIS+ MIDDLE CLASS1 & CA/S BE=E IT ! %AD[ ( ! NEW MA/] ?AT WAS COM+ =W>D = ! WORKMAN'S OPPRESSION4  ,BUT ,I MU/ LEAVE :AT MORE ,I HAVE TO SAY ON ?IS SUBJECT ( ! >T & LIT]ATURE ( ! F\RTE5? C5TURY = ANO!R OCCASION4  ,9 :AT ,I HAVE JU/ SAID1 ,I ONLY WANT$ TO PO9T \T TO Y\ ?AT ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES HAD BY ?IS TIME COME TO ! FULLE/ GR[?2 & ?AT !Y C\LD EXPRESS 9 A =M :I* WAS ALL !IR [N1 ! IDEAS & LIFE ( ! TIME4  

,?AT TIME WAS 9 A S5SE BRILLIANT & PROGRESSIVE1 & ! LIFE ( ! WORK] 9 IT WAS BETT] ?AN IT EV] HAD BE51 & MI<T COMP>E ) ADVANTAGE ) :AT IT BECAME 9 AFT] P]IODS & ) :AT IT IS N[2 & 9DE$1 LOOK+ BACK UPON IT1 !RE >E SOME M9DS & SOME MOODS ?AT CANNOT HELP REGRETT+ IT1 & >E NOT P>TICUL>LY SC>$ BY ! IDEA ( ITS VIOL5CE & ITS LACK ( ACCURATE KN[L$GE ( SCI5TIFIC DETAIL4  

,H[EV]1 ONE ?+ IS CLE> TO US N[1 ! K9D ( ?+ :I* NEV] IS CLE> TO MO/ PEOPLE LIV+ 9 SU* P]IODS--NAMELY1 ?AT :ATEV] IT WAS1 IT C\LD NOT LA/1 BUT MU/ *ANGE 9TO SOME?+ ELSE4  

,! COMPLETE FEUDALISM ( ! F\RTE5? C5TURY FELL1 AS SY/EMS ALWAYS FALL1 BY ITS [N CORRUPTION1 & BY DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9NATE SE$S ( *ANGE1 SOME ( :I* 9DE$ HAD LA9 ASLEEP DUR+ C5TURIES1 TO WAKE UP 9TO ACTIVITY LONG AFT] ! EV5TS :I* HAD CREAT$ !M W]E =GOTT54  

,! FEUDAL SY/EM WAS NATURALLY ONE ( OP5 W>2 & ! ALLIANCES1 M>RIAGES1 & O!R DEAL+S1 FAMILY ) FAMILY1 MADE BY ! K+ & POT5TATES1 W]E ALWAYS LEAD+ !M 9TO W> BY GIV+ !M LEGAL CLAIMS1 OR AT LEA/ CLAIMS ?AT C\LD BE LEGALLY PLEAD$1 TO ! DOMA9S ( O!R LORDS1 :O TOOK ADVANTAGE ( !IR BE+ ON ! SPOT1 ( !IR /R5G? 9 M5 OR MONEY1 OR !IR POPUL>ITY ) ! ,B>ONAGE1 TO GIVE IMM$IATE EFFECT TO ,!,I,R CLAIMS4  ,SU* A W> WAS ?AT BY :I* ,$W>D ,I4 DREW ON ,5GL& ! 5MITY ( ! ,SCOT*2 & SU* AGA9 WAS ! GREAT W> :I* ,$W>D ,I,I,I4 5T]$ 9TO ) ,FRANCE4  ,Y\ MU/ NOT SUPPOSE ?AT !RE WAS ANY?+ 9 ?IS W> ( A NATIONAL1 F> LESS ( A RACE1 *>ACT]4  ,! LA/ S]IES ( W>S BE=E ?IS TIME ,I AM N[ SPEAK+ (1 9 :I* RACE FEEL+S C\NT$ = MU*1 WAS ! ,CRUSADES4  ,?IS ,FR5* W>1 ,I SAY1 WAS NEI!R NATIONAL1 RACIAL1 OR TRIBAL2 IT WAS ! PRIVATE BUS9ESS ( A LORD ( ! MANOR1 CLAIM+ :AT HE CONSID]$ HIS LEGAL RI<TS ( ANO!R LORD1 :O HAD1 AS HE ?\<T1 USURP$ !M2 & ?IS CLAIM HIS LOYAL FEUDATORIES W]E B\ND TO TAKE UP = HIM2 LOYALTY TO A FEUDAL SUP]IOR1 NOT PATRIOTISM TO A C\NTRY1 WAS ! VIRTUE :I* ,$W>D ,I,I,I4'S SOLDI]S HAD TO (F]1 IF !Y HAD ANY CALL TO BE VIRTU\S 9 ?AT RESPECT4  

,?IS W> ONCE />T$ WAS H>D TO DROP1 P>TLY BECAUSE ( ! SUCCESS ?AT ,$W>D HAD 9 IT1 FALL+ AS HE DID ON ,FRANCE ) ! =CE ( A C\NTRY SO MU* MORE HOMOG5E\S ?AN IT2 & NO D\BT IT WAS A W> V]Y DISA/R\S TO BO? C\NTRIES1 & SO MAY BE RECKON$ AS AMONG ! CAUSES :I* BROKE UP ! FEUDAL SY/EM4  

,BUT ! REAL CAUSES ( ?AT BREAKUP LAY MU* DEEP] ?AN ?AT4  ,! SY/EM WAS NOT CAPABLE ( EXPANSION 9 PRODUCTION2 IT WAS1 9 FACT1 AS LONG AS ITS 9TEGRITY REMA9$ UNT\*$1 AN >MY F$ BY SLAVES1 :O C\LD NOT BE PROP]LY & CLOSELY EXPLOIT$2 ITS FREE M5 PROP] MI<T DO SOME?+ ELSE 9 !IR LEISURE1 & SO PRODUCE >T & LIT]ATURE1 BUT !IR TRUE BUS9ESS AS MEMB]S ( A CONQU]+ TRIBE1 !IR CONC]T$ BUS9ESS1 WAS TO FI<T4  ,!RE WAS1 9DE$1 A FR+E ( PEOPLE BETWE5 ! S]F & ! FREE NOBLE :O PRODUC$ ! MATT]S ( H&ICRAFT :I* W]E NE$$ = ! LATT]1 BUT DELIB]ATELY1 &1 AS WE %\LD N[ ?9K1 WA/EFULLY2 & AS !SE CRAFTSM5 & TRAD]S BEGAN TO GR[ 9TO IMPORTANCE & TO PU% !MSELVES1 AS !Y C\LD NOT HELP DO+1 9TO ! FEUDAL HI]>*Y1 AS !Y ACQUIR$ ,/,A,T,U,S1 SO ! SICKNESS ( ! FEUDAL SY/EM 9CREAS$ ON IT1 & ! %AD[ ( ! COM+ COMM]CIALISM FELL UPON IT4  

,?AT ANY SET ( PEOPLE :O C\LD CLAIM TO BE O!R ?AN ! PROP]TY ( FREE M5 %\LD NOT HAVE DEF9ITE RI<TS DIFF]5TIAT$ %>PLY FROM ?OSE ( O!R GR\PS1 WAS AN IDEA ?AT DID NOT OCCUR TO ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES2 !RE=E1 AS SOON AS M5 CAME 9TO EXI/5CE ?AT W]E NOT S]FS & W]E NOT NOBLES1 !Y HAD TO /RUGGLE = /ATUS BY ORGANIZ+ !MSELVES 9TO ASSOCIATIONS ?AT %\LD COME TO BE ACKN[L$G$ MEMB]S ( ! GREAT FEUDAL HI]>*Y2 = 9DEF9ITE & NEGATIVE FRE$OM WAS NOT ALL[$ TO ANY P]SON 9 ?OSE DAYS2 IF Y\ HAD NOT /ATUS Y\ DID NOT EXI/ EXCEPT AS AN \TLAW4  

,?IS IS1 BRIEFLY SPEAK+1 ! MOTIVE P[] ( NECESSITY ?AT LAY BEH9D ! /RUGGLE ( ! T[N CORPORATIONS & CRAFT-GILDS TO BE FREE1 A /RUGGLE :I*1 ?\< IT WAS TO RESULT 9 ! BREAK+ UP ( ! M$IEVAL HI]>*Y1 BEGAN BY AN APPE>ANCE ( /R5G!N+ IT BY ADD+ TO ITS MEMB]S1 9CREAS+ ITS P[] ( PRODUCTION1 & SO MAK+ IT MORE /ABLE = ! TIME BE+4  

,AB\T ?IS /RUGGLE1 & ! K9D ( LIFE :I* ACCOMPANI$ IT1 ,I MAY HAVE TO WRITE ANO!R TIME1 & SO WILL NOT SAY MORE AB\T IT H]E4 ,EXCEPT ?IS1 ?AT IT WAS MU* FUR!R$ BY ! *ANGE ?AT GRADUALLY TOOK PLACE BETWE5 ! L&LORDS & ! CLASS ON :OM ALL SOCIETY RE/$1 ! S]FS4  ,!SE AT FIR/ W]E M5 :O HAD NO MORE RI<TS ?AN *ATTEL SLAVES HAD1 EXCEPT ?AT MO/LY1 AS P>T ( ! /OCK ( ! MANOR1 !Y C\LD NOT BE SOLD (F IT2 !Y HAD TO DO ALL ! WORK ( ! MANOR1 & TO E>N !IR [N LIVELIHOOD (F IT AS !Y BE/ C\LD4  ,BUT AS ! P[] ( PRODUCTION 9CREAS$1 [+ TO BETT] ME?ODS ( WORK+1 & AS ! C\NTRY GOT TO BE MORE SETTL$1 !IR TASK-WORK BECAME EASI] ( P]=MANCE & !IR [N L& MORE PRODUCTIVE TO !M2 & ?AT T5D5CY TO ! DEF9ITION & DIFF]5TIATION ( RI<TS1 MOREOV]1 WAS AT WORK = !IR B5EFIT1 & ! CU/OM ( ! MANOR DEF9$ :AT !IR S]VICES W]E1 & !Y BEGAN TO ACQUIRE RI<TS4  ,FROM ?AT TIME !Y CEAS$ TO BE PURE S]FS1 & BEGAN TO T5D T[>DS BECOM+ T5ANTS1 AT FIR/ PAY+ PURELY & SIMPLY ,S,],V,I,C,E = !IR HOLD+S1 BUT GRADUALLY COMMUT+ ?AT S]VICE = F9ES & MONEY PAYM5T--= R5T1 9 %ORT4  

,T[>DS ! CLOSE ( ! F\RTE5? C5TURY1 AFT] ! C\NTRY HAD BE5 DEPOPULAT$ BY ! ,BLACK ,DEA?1 & IMPOV]I%$ BY ! LONG W>1 ! FEUDAL LORDS ( !SE COPYHOLD]S & T5ANTS BEGAN TO REGRET ! SLACKNESS ) :I* !IR PR$ECESSORS HAD EXPLOIT$ !IR ,P,R,O,P,],T,Y1 ! S]FS1 & TO CONSID] ?AT UND] ! NEW COMM]CIAL LI<T :I* HAD BEGUN TO DAWN UPON !M ,!,Y C\LD DO IT MU* BETT] IF !Y ONLY HAD !IR PROP]TY A LITTLE MORE 9 H&2 BUT IT WAS TOO LATE1 = !IR PROP]TY HAD ACQUIR$ RI<TS1 & !RE)AL HAD GOT /RANGE VISIONS 9TO !IR HEADS ( A TIME MU* BETT] ?AN ?AT 9 :I* !Y LIV$1 :5 EV5 ?OSE RI<TS %\LD BE SUPPLANT$ BY A CONDITION ( ?+S 9 :I* ! ASS]TION ( RI<TS = ANY ONE SET ( M5 %\LD NO LONG] BE NE$$1 S9CE ALL M5 %\LD BE FREE TO 5JOY ! FRUITS ( !IR [N LABOR4  

,( ?AT CAME ! GREAT EPISODE ( ! ,PEASANTS' ,W>1 L$ BY M5 LIKE ,WAT ,TYL]1 ,JACK ,/RAW1 & ,JOHN ,BALL1 :O 9DE$1 ) ?OSE !Y L$1 SUFF]$ = D>+ TO BE BE=E !IR TIME1 = ! REVOLT WAS PUT D[N ) CRUELTY WOR?Y ( AN ,IRI% L&LORD OR A SWEAT+ CAPITALI/ ( ! PRES5T DAY2 BUT1 NEV]!LESS1 S]FDOM CAME TO AN 5D 9 ,5GL&1 IF NOT BECAUSE ( ! REVOLT1 YET BECAUSE ( ! EV5TS ?AT MADE IT1 & !REBY A DEA?-W\ND WAS 9FLICT$ ON ! FEUDAL SY/EM4  

,FROM ?AT TIME ONW>D ! C\NTRY1 PASS+ ?R\< ! V>I\S TR\BLES ( A NEW ,FR5* W> ( ,H5RY ,V4'S TIME1 & ! ,W> ( ! ,ROSES1 DID NOT HE$ !SE FACTION FI<TS MU*4  

,! WORKM5 GREW 9 PROSP]ITY1 BUT ALSO !Y BEGAN TO RISE 9TO A NEW CLASS1 & A CLASS B5EA? !M ( M]E LABOR]S :O W]E NOT S]FS BEGAN TO =M1 & TO LAY ! F\NDATIONS ( CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION4  

,5GL& GOT C>RI$ 9TO ! RIS+ CURR5T ( COMM]CIALISM1 & ! RI* M5 & L&LORDS TO TURN !IR ATT5TION TO ! PRODUCTION ( PR(IT 9/EAD ( ! PRODUCTION ( LIVELIHOOD2 ! GILD-LESS J\RNEYMAN & ! L&LESS LABOR] SL[LY CAME 9TO EXI/5CE2 ! L&LORD GOT RID ( HIS T5ANTS ALL HE C\LD1 TURN$ TILLAGE 9TO PA/URE1 & SWEAT$ ! PA/URES TO DEA? 9 HIS EAG]NESS = WOOL1 :I* = HIM MEANT MONEY & ! BRE$+ ( MONEY2 TILL AT LA/ ! PLACE ( ! S]F1 :I* HAD /OOD EMPTY1 AS IT W]E1 DUR+ A C]TA9 TRANSITION P]IOD1 DUR+ :I* ! NON-CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION WAS EXP&+ UP TO ITS UTMO/ LIMIT1 WAS FILL$ BY ! PROLET>IAN WORK+ = ! S]VICE ( A MA/] 9 A NEW FA%ION1 A FA%ION :I* EXPLOIT$ & 7WOE WOR? ! :ILE67 EXPLOITS HIM V]Y MU* MORE COMPLETELY ?AN ! CU/OMS ( ! MANOR ( ! FEUDAL P]IOD4  

,! LIFE ( ! WORK] & ! PRODUCTION ( GOODS 9 ?IS TRANSITION P]IOD1 :5 ,FEUDAL SOCIETY WAS SICK5+ = ITS 5D1 IS A DIFFICULT & WIDE SUBJECT ?AT REQUIRES SEP>ATE TREATM5T2 AT PRES5T ,I WILL LEAVE ! M$IEVAL WORKMAN AT ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( ?AT P]IOD :I* F\ND HIM A S]F B\ND TO ! MANOR1 & :I* LEFT HIM G5]ALLY A YEOMAN OR AN >TISAN %>+ ! COLLECTIVE ,/,A,T,U,S ( HIS GILD4  

,! WORKMAN ( TO-DAY1 IF HE C\LD REALIZE ! POSITION ( HIS =]UNN]1 HAS SOME REASON TO 5VY HIM3  ! FEUDAL S]F WORK$ H>D1 & LIV$ POORLY1 & PRODUC$ A R\< LIVELIHOOD = HIS MA/]2 :]EAS ! MOD]N WORKMAN1 WORK+ H>D] /ILL1 & LIV+ LITTLE IF ANY BETT] ?AN ! S]F1 PRODUCES = HIS MA/] A /ATE ( LUXURY ( :I* ! OLD LORD ( ! MANOR NEV] DREAM$4  ,! WORKMAN'S P[]S ( PRODUCTION >E MULTIPLI$ A ?\S&FOLD2 HIS [N LIVELIHOOD REMA9S PRETTY MU* :]E IT WAS4  ,! BALANCE GOES TO HIS MA/] & ! CR[D ( USELESS1 DRAGGL$-TAIL$ KNAVES & FOOLS :O P&] TO HIS IDIOTIC %AM DESIRES1 & :O1 UND] ! PRET5TI\S TITLE ( ! 9TELLECTUAL P>T ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 HAVE 9 !IR TURN TAK5 ! PLACE ( ! M$IEVAL JE/]4  

,TRULY1 IF ! ,POSITIVI/ MOTTO1 0,LIVE = O!RS10 BE TAK5 9 />K LIT]ALITY1 ! MOD]N WORKMAN %\LD BE A GOOD & WISE MAN1 S9CE HE HAS NO *ANCE ( LIV+ = HIMSELF6  

,& YET1 ,I WI% HE W]E WIS] /ILL2 WISE 5\< TO MAKE AN 5D ( ! PREA*+ ( 0,LIVE ON O!RS10 :I* IS ! MOTTO SET =? BY COMM]CIALISM TO H] FAVOR$ *ILDR54  

,YET 9 ONE ?+ ! MOD]N PROLET>IAN HAS AN ADVANTAGE OV] ! M$IEVAL S]F1 & ?AT ADVANTAGE IS A WORLD 9 ITSELF4  ,MANY A C5TURY LAY BETWE5 ! S]F & SUCCESSFUL REVOLT1 & ?\< HE TRI$ IT MANY A TIME & NEV] LO/ HE>T1 YET ! COM+ *ANGE :I* HIS M>TYRDOM HELP$ ON WAS NOT TO BE = HIM YET1 BUT = ! NEW MA/]S ( HIS SUCCESSORS4  ,) US IT IS DIFF]5T4  ,A FEW YE>S ( WE>ISOME /RUGGLE AGA9/ APA?Y & IGNORANCE2 A YE> OR TWO ( GR[+ HOPE--& !N :O KN[S8  ,P]HAPS A FEW MON?S1 OR P]HAPS A FEW DAYS ( ! OP5 /RUGGLE AGA9/ BRUTE =CE1 ) ! MASK (F ITS FACE1 & ! SWORD 9 ITS H&1 & !N WE >E OV] ! B>4  

,:O KN[S1 ,I SAY8  ,YET ?IS WE KN[1 ?AT AHEAD ( US1 ) NO?+ BETWIXT US EXCEPT SU* 9CID5TS AS >E NECESS>Y TO ITS DEVELOPM5T1 LIES ! 9EVITABLE SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 :I* WILL BR+ AB\T ! 5D ( MA/]Y & ! TRIUMPH ( FELL[%IP4  

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,! ,HOPES ,( ,CIVILIZATION 

,EV]Y AGE HAS HAD ITS HOPES1 HOPES ?AT LOOK TO SOME?+ BEYOND ! LIFE ( ! AGE ITSELF1 HOPES ?AT TRY TO PI]CE 9TO ! FUTURE2 &1 /RANGE TO SAY1 ,I BELIEVE ?AT ?OSE HOPES HAVE BE5 /RONG] NOT 9 ! HEYDAY ( ! EPO* :I* HAS GIV5 !M BIR?1 BUT RA!R 9 ITS DECAD5CE & TIMES ( CORRUPTION3  9 SOB] TRU? IT MAY WELL BE ?AT !SE HOPES >E BUT A REFLECTION 9 ?OSE ?AT LIVE HAPPILY & COM=TABLY ( ! VA9 LONG+S ( ?OSE O!RS :O SUFF] ) LITTLE P[] ( EXPRESS+ !IR SUFF]+S 9 AN AUDIBLE VOICE3 :5 ALL GOES WELL ! HAPPY WORLD =GETS !SE PEOPLE & !IR DESIRES1 SURE AS IT IS ?AT !IR WOES >E NOT DANG]\S TO !M ! WEAL?Y3  :]EAS :5 ! WOES & GRIEF ( ! POOR BEG9 TO RISE TO A PO9T BEYOND ! 5DURANCE ( M51 FE> CONSCI\S OR UNCONSCI\S FALLS UPON ! RI*1 & !Y BEG9 TO LOOK AB\T !M TO SEE :AT !RE MAY BE AMONG ! ELEM5TS ( !IR SOCIETY :I* MAY BE US$ AS PALLIATIVES = ! MIS]Y :I*1 LONG EXI/+ & EV] GR[+ GREAT] AMONG ! SLAVES ( ?AT SOCIETY1 IS N[ AT LA/ =C+ ITSELF ON ! ATT5TION ( ! MA/]S4  ,TIMES ( *ANGE1 DISRUPTION1 & REVOLUTION >E NATURALLY TIMES ( HOPE ALSO1 & NOT SELDOM ! HOPES ( SOME?+ BETT] TO COME >E ! FIR/ TOK5S ?AT TELL PEOPLE ?AT REVOLUTION IS AT H&1 ?\< COMMONLY SU* TOK5S >E NO MORE BELIEV$ ?AN ,CASS&RA'S PROPHECIES1 OR >E EV5 TAK5 9 A CONTR>Y S5SE BY ?OSE :O HAVE ANY?+ TO LOSE2 S9CE !Y LOOK UPON !M AS SIGNS ( ! PROSP]ITY ( ! TIMES1 & ! LONG 5DURANCE ( ?AT /ATE ( ?+S :I* IS SO K9D TO !M4  ,LET US !N SEE :AT ! HOPES ( CIVILIZATION >E LIKE TO-DAY3  = 9DE$ ,I PURPOSE SPEAK+ ( \R [N TIMES *IEFLY1 & WILL LEAVE = ! PRES5T ALL M5TION ( ?AT OLD] CIVILIZATION :I* WAS DE/ROY$ BY ! HEAL?Y B>B>ISM \T ( :I* \R PRES5T SOCIETY HAS GR[N4  

,YET A FEW WORDS MAY BE NECESS>Y CONC]N+ ! BIR? ( \R PRES5T EPO* & ! HOPES IT GAVE RISE TO1 & :AT HAS BECOME ( !M3 ?AT WILL NOT TAKE US V]Y F> BACK 9 HI/ORY2 AS TO MY M9D \R MOD]N CIVILIZATION BEG9S ) ! /IRR+ P]IOD AB\T ! TIME ( ! ,RE=MATION 9 ,5GL&1 ! TIME :I* 9 ! !N MORE IMPORTANT C\NTRIES ( ! ,CONT95T IS KN[N AS ! P]IOD ( ! ,R5AISSANCE1 ! SO-CALL$ NEW-BIR? ( >T & LE>N+4  

,& FIR/ REMEMB] ?AT ?IS P]IOD 9CLUDES ! DEA?-?ROES ( FEUDALISM1 ) ALL ! GOOD & EVIL :I* ?AT SY/EM BORE ) IT4 ,= C5TURIES PA/ ITS 5D WAS GETT+ READY BY ! GRADUAL WEAK5+ ( ! BONDS ( ! GREAT HI]>*Y :I* HELD M5 TOGE!R3  ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ?OSE BONDS W]E1 !ORETICALLY AT LEA/1 P]SONAL RI<TS & P]SONAL DUTIES BETWE5 SUP]IOR & 9F]IOR ALL D[N ! SCALE2 EA* MAN WAS BORN1 SO TO SAY1 SUBJECT TO !SE CONDITIONS1 & ! M]E ACCID5TS ( HIS LIFE C\LD NOT FREE HIM FROM !M3 COMM]CE1 9 \R S5SE ( ! WORD1 !RE WAS NONE2 CAPITALI/IC MANUFACTURE1 CAPITALI/IC EX*ANGE WAS UNKN[N3  TO BUY GOODS *EAP ?AT Y\ MI<T SELL !M DE> WAS A LEGAL (F5SE 7=E/ALL+73  TO BUY GOODS 9 ! M>KET 9 ! MORN+ & TO SELL !M 9 ! AFT]NOON 9 ! SAME PLACE WAS NOT ?\<T A USEFUL OCCUPATION & WAS =BIDD5 UND] ! NAME ( REGRAT+2 USURY1 9/EAD ( LEAD+ AS N[ DIRECTLY TO ! HI<E/ (FICES ( ! ,/ATE1 WAS ?\<T WRONG1 & ! PR(IT ( IT MO/LY FELL TO ! *OS5 PEOPLE ( ,GOD3 ! ROBB]Y ( ! WORK]S1 ?\<T NECESS>Y !N AS N[ TO ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! ,/ATE1 WAS C>RI$ \T QUITE CRUDELY )\T ANY CONCEALM5T OR EXCUSE BY >BITR>Y TAXATION OR OP5 VIOL5CE3  ON ! O!R H&1 LIFE WAS EASY1 & COMMON NECESS>IES PL5TE\S2 ! HOLIDAYS ( ! ,*UR* W]E HOLIDAYS 9 ! MOD]N S5SE ( ! WORD1 D[NRI<T PLAY-DAYS1 & !RE W]E N9ETY-SIX OBLIGATORY ONES3  NOR W]E ! PEOPLE TAME & %EEP-LIKE1 BUT AS R\<-H&$ & BOLD A SET ( GOOD FELL[S AS EV] RUBB$ ?R\< LIFE UND] ! SUN4  

,I REMEMB] ?REE PASSAGES1 FROM CONTEMPOR>Y HI/ORY OR GOSSIP1 AB\T ! LIFE ( ?OSE TIMES :I* LUCK HAS LEFT US1 & :I* ILLU/RATE CURI\SLY ! *ANGE ?AT HAS TAK5 PLACE 9 ! HABITS ( ,5GLI%M54  ,A LADY WRIT+ FROM ,NORFOLK #d YE>S AGO TO H] HUSB& 9 ,LONDON1 AMID V>I\S COMMISSIONS = TAPE/RIES1 GROC]IES1 & G[NS1 BIDS HIM ALSO NOT TO =GET TO BR+ BACK ) HIM A GOOD SUPPLY ( CROSS-B[S & BOLTS1 S9CE ! W9D[S ( !IR HALL W]E TOO L[ TO BE H&Y = LONG-B[ %OOT+4  ,A ,G]MAN TRAVEL]1 WRIT+ QUITE AT ! 5D ( ! M$IEVAL P]IOD1 SPEAKS ( ! ,5GLI% AS ! LAZIE/ & PR\DE/ PEOPLE & ! BE/ COOKS 9 ,EUROPE4  ,A ,SPANI% AMBASSADOR AB\T ! SAME P]IOD SAYS1 0,!SE ,5GLI% LIVE 9 H\SES BUILT ( /ICKS & MUD7#e71 BUT !RE9 !Y F>E AS PL5TE\SLY AS LORDS40  

,9DE$1 ,I CONFESS ?AT IT IS ) A /RANGE EMOTION ?AT ,I RECALL !SE TIMES & TRY TO REALIZE ! LIFE ( \R =EFA!RS1 M5 :O W]E NAM$ LIKE \RSELVES1 SPOKE NE>LY ! SAME TONGUE1 LIV$ ON ! SAME SPOTS ( E>?1 & !RE)AL W]E AS DIFF]5T FROM US 9 MANN]S1 HABITS1 WAYS ( LIFE & ?\<T1 AS ?\< !Y LIV$ 9 ANO!R PLANET4  ,! V]Y FACE ( ! C\NTRY HAS *ANG$2 NOT M]ELY ,I MEAN 9 ,LONDON & ! GREAT MANUFACTUR+ C5T]S1 BUT ?R\< ! C\NTRY G5]ALLY2 !RE IS NO PIECE ( ,5GLI% GR\ND1 EXCEPT SU* PLACES AS ,SALISBURY ,PLA91 BUT BE>S WITNESS TO ! AMAZ+ *ANGE :I* #d YE>S HAS BR\<T UPON US4  

,NOT SELDOM ,I PLEASE MYSELF ) TRY+ TO REALIZE ! FACE ( M$IEVAL ,5GL&2 ! MANY *ASES & GREAT WOODS1 ! /RET*ES ( COMMON TILLAGE & COMMON PA/URE QUITE UN5CLOS$2 ! R\< HUSB&RY ( ! TILL$ P>TS1 ! UNIMPROV$ BRE$S ( CATTLE1 %EEP1 & SW9E2 ESPECIALLY ! LATT]1 SO LANK & LONG & LA?Y1 LOOK+ SO /RANGE TO US2 ! /R+S ( PACKHORSES ALONG ! BRIDLE- ROADS1 ! SCANT9ESS ( ! :EEL-ROADS1 SC>CE ANY EXCEPT ?OSE LEFT BY ! ,ROMANS1 & ?OSE MADE FROM MONA/]Y TO MONA/]Y3  ! SC>CITY ( BRIDGES1 & PEOPLE US+ F]RIES 9/EAD1 OR =DS :]E !Y C\LD2 ! LITTLE T[NS1 WELL BE*UR*$1 (T5 WALL$2 ! VILLAGES JU/ :]E !Y >E N[ 7EXCEPT = ?OSE ?AT HAVE NO?+ BUT ! *UR* LEFT TO TELL ( !M71 BUT BETT] & MORE POPUL\S2 !IR *UR*ES1 SOME BIG & H&SOME1 SOME SMALL & CURI\S1 BUT ALL CR[D$ ) ALT>S & FURNITURE1 & GAY ) PICTURES & ORNAM5T2 ! MANY RELIGI\S H\SES1 ) !IR GLORI\S >*ITECTURE2 ! BEAUTIFUL MANOR-H\SES1 SOME ( !M CA/LES ONCE1 & SURVIVALS FROM AN E>LI] P]IOD2 SOME NEW & ELEGANT2 SOME \T ( ALL PROPORTION SMALL = ! IMPORTANCE ( !IR LORDS4  ,H[ /RANGE IT W\LD BE TO US IF WE C\LD BE L&$ 9 F\RTE5? C5TURY ,5GL&2 UNLESS WE SAW ! CRE/ ( SOME FAMILI> HILL1 LIKE ?AT :I* YET BE>S UPON IT A SYMBOL ( AN ,5GLI% TRIBE1 & FROM :I*1 LOOK+ D[N ON ! PLA9 :]E ,ALFR$ WAS BORN1 ,I ONCE HAD MANY SU* POND]+S1 WE %\LD NOT KN[ 9TO :AT C\NTRY ( ! WORLD WE W]E COME3  ! NAME IS LEFT1 SC>CE A ?+ ELSE4  

,& :5 ,I ?9K ( ?IS IT QUICK5S MY HOPE ( :AT MAY BE3  EV5 SO IT WILL BE ) US 9 TIME TO COME2 ALL WILL HAVE *ANG$1 & ANO!R PEOPLE WILL BE DWELL+ H]E 9 ,5GL&1 :O1 AL?\< !Y MAY BE ( \R BLOOD & BE> \R NAME1 WILL WOND] H[ WE LIV$ 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4  

,WELL1 UND] ALL ?AT RIGIDLY ORD]$ CA/E SOCIETY ( ! F\RTE5? C5TURY1 ) ITS R\< PL5TY1 ITS SAUNT]+ LIFE1 ITS COOL ACCEPTANCE ( RUD5ESS & VIOL5CE1 !RE WAS GO+ ON A KE5 /RUGGLE ( CLASSES :I* C>RI$ ) IT ! HOPE ( PROGRESS ( ?OSE DAYS3  ! S]FS GRADUALLY GETT+ FRE$1 & BECOM+ SOME ( !M ! T[N POPULATION1 ! FIR/ J\RNEYM51 OR 0FREE-LABOR]S10 SO CALL$1 SOME ( !M ! COPYHOLD]S ( AGRICULTURAL L&3  ! CORPORATIONS ( ! T[NS GA!R$ P[]1 ! CRAFT-GILDS GREW 9TO P]FECTION & CORRUPTION1 ! P[] ( ! ,CR[N 9CREAS$1 ATT5D$ ) NASC5T BUREAUCRACY2 9 %ORT1 ! MIDDLE CLASS WAS =M+ UND]NEA? ! \TW>D %[ ( FEUDALISM /ILL 9TACT3  & ALL WAS GETT+ READY = ! BEG9N+ ( ! GREAT COMM]CIAL EPO* 9 :OSE ,L,A,T,T,] DAYS ,I W\LD FA9 HOPE WE >E LIV+4  ,?AT EPO* BEGAN ) ! PORT5T\S *ANGE ( AGRICULTURE :I* MEANT CULTIVAT+ = PR(IT 9/EAD ( = LIVELIHOOD1 & :I* C>RI$ ) IT ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! ,P,E,O,P,L,E FROM ! L&1 ! EXT9CTION ( ! YEOMAN1 & ! RISE ( ! CAPITALI/ F>M]2 & ! GR[? ( ! T[N POPULATION1 :I*1 SWELL$ BY ! DRIFT ( ! L&LESS VAGABONDS & MA/]LESS M51 GREW 9TO A DEF9ITE PROLET>IAT OR CLASS ( FREE-WORKM52 & !IR EXI/5CE MADE ?AT ( ! EMBRYO CAPITALI/-MANUFACTUR] ALSO POSSIBLE2 & ! REIGN ( COMM]CIAL CONTRACT & CA% PAYM5T BEGAN TO TAKE ! PLACE ( ! OLD FEUDAL HI]>*Y1 ) ITS MANY-L9K$ *A9 ( P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,! LATT] HALF ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 ! REIGN ( ,*>LES ,I,I41 SAW ! LA/ BL[ /RUCK AT ?IS FEUDAL SY/EM1 :5 ! L&[N]S' MILIT>Y S]VICE WAS ABOLI%$1 & !Y BECAME SIMPLE [N]S ( PROP]TY ?AT HAD NO DUTIES ATTA*$ TO IT SAVE ! PAYM5T ( A L&-TAX4  

,! HOPES ( ! E>LY P>T ( ! COMM]CIAL P]IOD MAY BE READ 9 ALMO/ EV]Y BOOK ( ! TIME1 EXPRESS$ 9 V>I\S DEGREES ( DULL OR AMUS+ P$ANTRY1 & %[ A NAIF >ROGANCE & CONTEMPT ( ! TIMES JU/ PA/ ?R\< :I* NO?+ BUT ! UTMO/ SIMPLICITY ( IGNORANCE C\LD HAVE ATTA9$ TO4  ,BUT ! TIMES W]E /IRR+1 & GAVE BIR? TO ! MO/ P[]FUL 9DIVIDUALITIES 9 MANY BRAN*ES ( LIT]ATURE1 & ,MORE & ,CAMPANELLA1 AT LEA/ FROM ! MID/ ( ! EXUB]ANT TRIUMPH ( Y\NG COMM]CIALISM1 GAVE TO ! WORLD PROPHETIC HOPES ( TIMES YET TO COME :5 ?AT COMM]CIALISM ITSELF %\LD HAVE GIV5 PLACE TO ! SOCIETY :I* WE HOPE WILL BE ! NEXT TRANS=M ( CIVILIZATION 9TO SOME?+ ELSE2 9TO A NEW SOCIAL LIFE4  

,?IS P]IOD ( E>LY & EXUB]ANT HOPES PASS$ 9TO ! NEXT /AGE ( SOB] REALIZATION ( MANY ( !M1 = COMM]CE GREW & GREW1 & MOLD$ ALL SOCIETY TO ITS NE$S3  ! WORKMAN ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY WORK$ /ILL AS AN 9DIVIDUAL ) LITTLE COOP]ATION1 & SC>CE ANY DIVISION ( LABOR3  BY ! 5D ( ! SEV5TE5? HE HAD BECOME ONLY A P>T ( A GR\P :I* BY ?AT TIME WAS 9 ! H&ICRAFTS ! REAL UNIT ( PRODUCTION2 DIVISION ( LABOR EV5 AT ?AT P]IOD HAD QUITE DE/ROY$ HIS 9DIVIDUALITY1 & ! WORK] WAS BUT P>T ( A MA*9E3  ALL ?R\< ! EI<TE5? C5TURY ?IS SY/EM W5T ON PROGRESS+ T[>DS P]FECTION1 TILL TO MO/ M5 ( ?AT P]IOD1 TO MO/ ( ?OSE :O W]E 9 ANY WAY CAPABLE ( EXPRESS+ !IR ?\<TS1 CIVILIZATION HAD ALREADY REA*$ A HI< /AGE ( P]FECTION1 & WAS C]TA9 TO GO ON FROM BETT] TO BETT]4  

,!SE HOPES W]E NOT ON ! SURFACE ( A V]Y REVOLUTION>Y K9D1 BUT NEV]!LESS ! CLASS /RUGGLE /ILL W5T ON1 & QUITE OP5LY TOO2 = ! REMA9S ( FEUDALITY1 AID$ BY ! M]E MASK & GRIMACE ( ! RELIGION1 :I* WAS ONCE A REAL P>T ( ! FEUDAL SY/EM1 HAMP]$ ! PROGRESS ( COMM]CE SORELY1 & SEEM$ A ?\S&FOLD MORE P[]FUL ?AN IT REALLY WAS2 BECAUSE 9 SPITE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE !RE WAS REALLY A COV]T ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! P[]FUL MIDDLE CLASSES :O W]E ! *ILDR5 ( COMM]CE & !IR OLD MA/]S ! >I/OCRACY2 AN UNCONSCI\S UND]/&+ BETWE5 !M RA!R1 9 ! MID/ ( !IR CONTE/1 ?AT C]TA9 MATT]S W]E TO BE RESPECT$ EV5 BY ! ADVANC$ P>TY3  ! CONTE/ & CIVIL W> BETWE5 ! K+ & ! COMMONS 9 ,5GL& 9 ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY ILLU/RATES ?IS WELL3  ! CAUTION ) :I* PRIVILEGE WAS ATTACK$ 9 ! BEG9N+ ( ! /RUGGLE1 ! UNWILL+NESS ( ALL ! LEAD]S SAVE A FEW 5?USIA/S TO C>RY MATT]S TO !IR LOGICAL CONSEQU5CES1 EV5 :5 ! M>* ( EV5TS HAD DEVELOP$ ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 >I/OCRATIC PRIVILEGE & MIDDLE-CLASS FRE$OM ( CONTRACT 7SO CALL$72 F9ALLY1 ! CRY/ALLIZATION ( ! NEW ORD] CONQU]$ BY ! SWORD ( ,NASEBY 9TO A MONGREL CONDITION ( ?+S BETWE5 PRIVILEGE & B\RGEOIS FRE$OM1 ! DEFEAT & GRIEF ( ! PURI/ ,REPUBLICANS1 & ! HORROR AT & SWIFT EXT9CTION ( ! ,LEVEL]S1 ! PIONE]S ( ,SOCIALISM 9 ?AT DAY1 ALL PO9T TO ! FACT ?AT ! 0P>TY ( PROGRESS10 AS WE %\LD CALL IT N[1 WAS DET]M9$ AFT] ALL ?AT PRIVILEGE %\LD NOT BE ABOLI%$ FUR!R ?AN ITS [N /&PO9T4  

,! SEV5TE5? C5TURY 5D$ 9 ! GREAT ,:IG REVOLUTION 9 ,5GL&1 &1 AS ,I SAID1 COMM]CE ?ROVE & GREW 5ORM\SLY1 & ! P[] ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES 9CREAS$ PROPORTIONATELY & ALL ?+S SEEM$ GO+ SMOO?LY ) !M1 TILL AT LA/ 9 ,FRANCE ! CULM9AT+ CORRUPTION ( A SOCIETY1 /ILL NOM9ALLY EXI/+ = ! B5EFIT ( ! PRIVILEG$ >I/OCRACY1 =C$ !IR H&3  ! OLD ORD] ( ?+S1 BACK$ AS IT WAS BY ! P[] ( ! EXECUTIVE1 BY ?AT SEMBLANCE ( OV]:ELM+ PHYSICAL =CE :I* IS ! REAL & ONLY CEM5T ( A SOCIETY F\ND$ ON ! SLAV]Y ( ! MANY--! >I/OCRATIC P[]1 SEEM$ /RONG & ALMO/ 9EXPUGNABLE3  & S9CE ANY /ICK WILL DO TO BEAT A DOG )1 ! MIDDLE CLASSES 9 ,FRANCE W]E =C$ TO TAKE UP ! FIR/ /ICK ?AT LAY READY TO H& IF !Y W]E NOT TO GIVE WAY TO ! >I/OCRATS1 :I* 9DE$ ! :OLE EVOLUTION ( HI/ORY =BADE !M TO DO4  ,!RE=E1 AS 9 ,5GL& 9 ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 ! MIDDLE CLASSES ALLI$ !MSELVES TO RELIGI\S & REPUBLICAN1 & EV5 COMMUNI/IC 5?USIA/S1 ) ! 9T5TION1 FIRM ?\< UNEXPRESS$1 TO KEEP !M D[N :5 !Y HAD M\NT$ TO P[] BY !IR MEANS1 SO 9 ,FRANCE !Y HAD TO ALLY !MSELVES ) ! PROLET>IAT2 :I*1 %AMEFULLY OPPRESS$ & DEGRAD$ AS IT HAD BE51 N[ = ! FIR/ TIME 9 HI/ORY BEGAN TO FEEL ITS P[]1 ! P[] ( NUMB]S3  BY MEANS ( ?IS HELP !Y TRIUMPH$ OV] >I/OCRATIC PRIVILEGE1 BUT1 ON ! O!R H&1 AL?\< ! PROLET>IAT WAS SPE$ILY R$UC$ AGA9 TO A POSITION NOT MU* BETT] ?AN ?AT IT HAD HELD BE=E ! REVOLUTION1 ! P>T IT PLAY$ !RE9 GAVE A NEW & T]RIBLE *>ACT] TO ?AT REVOLUTION1 & FROM ?AT TIME =W>D ! CLASS /RUGGLE 5T]$ ON TO A NEW PHASE2 ! MIDDLE CLASSES HAD GA9$ A COMPLETE VICTORY1 :I* 9 ,FRANCE C>RI$ ) IT ALL ! \TW>D SIGNS ( VICTORY1 ?\< 9 ,5GL& !Y *OSE TO CONSID] A C]TA9 P>T ( !MSELVES AN >I/OCRACY1 :O HAD 9DE$ LITTLE SIGNS ( >I/OCRACY AB\T !M EI!R = GOOD OR = EVIL1 BE+ 9 V]Y FEW CASES ( LONG DESC5T1 & BE+ 9 !IR MANN]S & IDEAS UNMI/AKABLY B\RGEOIS4  

,SO WAS ACCOMPLI%$ ! SECOND ACT ( ! GREAT CLASS /RUGGLE ) :OSE FIR/ ACT BEGAN ! AGE ( COMM]CE2 AS TO ! HOPES ( ?IS P]IOD ( ! REVOLUTION WE ALL KN[ H[ EXTRAVAGANT !Y W]E2 :AT A COMPLETE REG5]ATION ( ! WORLD WAS EXPECT$ TO RESULT FROM ! ABOLITION ( ! GROSSE/ =M ( PRIVILEGE2 & ,I MU/ SAY ?AT1 BE=E WE MOCK AT ! EXTRAVAGANCE ( ?OSE HOPES1 WE %\LD TRY TO PUT \RSELVES 9 ! PLACE ( ?OSE ?AT HELD !M1 & TRY TO CONCEIVE H[ ! PRIVILEGE ( ! OLD NOBLESSE MU/ HAVE GALL$ ! RESPECTABLE WELL-TO-DO PEOPLE ( ?AT TIME4  ,WELL1 ! REASONABLE P>T ( ?OSE HOPES W]E REALIZ$ BY ! REVOLUTION2 9 O!R WORDS1 IT ACCOMPLI%$ :AT IT REALLY AIM$ AT1 ! FREE+ ( COMM]CE FROM ! FETT]S ( %AM FEUDALITY2 OR1 9 O!R WORDS1 ! DE/RUCTION ( >I/OCRATIC PRIVILEGE4  ,! MORE EXTRAVAGANT P>T ( ! HOPES EXPRESS$ BY ! EI<TE5? C5TURY REVOLUTION W]E VAGUE 5\<1 & T5D$ 9 ! DIRECTION ( SUPPOS+ ?AT ! WORK+ CLASSES W\LD BE B5EFIT$ BY :AT WAS TO ! 9T]E/ ( ! MIDDLE CLASS 9 SOME WAY QUITE UNEXPLA9$--BY A K9D ( MAGIC1 ONE MAY SAY--:I* WELF>E ( ! WORK]S1 AS IT WAS NEV] DIRECTLY AIM$ AT1 BUT ONLY HOP$ = BY ! WAY1 SO ALSO DID NOT COME AB\T BY ANY SU* MAGICAL MEANS1 & ! TRIUMPHANT MIDDLE CLASSES BEGAN GRADUALLY TO F9D !MSELVES LOOK$ UPON NO LONG] AS REBELLI\S S]VANTS1 BUT AS OPPRESSIVE MA/]S4  

,! MIDDLE CLASS HAD FRE$ COMM]CE FROM H] FETT]S ( PRIVILEGE1 & HAD FRE$ ?\<T FROM H] FETT]S ( !OLOGY1 AT LEA/ P>TIALLY2 BUT IT HAD NOT FRE$1 NOR ATTEMPT$ TO FREE1 LABOR FROM ITS FETT]S4  ,! LEAD]S ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 EV5 AMID ! FE>S1 SUSPICIONS & SLAU<T] ( ! ,T]ROR1 UPHELD ! RI<TS ( 0PROP]TY0 SO CALL$1 ?\< A NEW PIONE] OR PROPHET APPE>$ 9 ,FRANCE1 ANALOG\S 9 SOME RESPECTS TO ! ,LEVEL]S ( ,CROMWELL'S TIME1 BUT1 AS MI<T BE EXPECT$1 F> MORE ADVANC$ & REASONABLE ?AN !Y W]E4  ,GRAC*US ,BABEUF & HIS FELL[S W]E TREAT$ AS CRIM9ALS1 & DI$ OR SUFF]$ ! TORTURE ( PRISON = ATTEMPT+ TO PUT 9TO PRACTICE ?OSE WORDS :I* ! ,REPUBLIC /ILL C>RI$ ON ITS BANN]S1 & ,LIB]TY1 ,FRAT]NITY1 & ,EQUALITY W]E 9T]PRET$ 9 A MIDDLE-CLASS1 OR IF Y\ PLEASE A ,JESUITICAL1 S5SE1 AS ! REW>DS ( SUCCESS = ?OSE :O C\LD /RUGGLE 9TO AN EXCLUSIVE CLASS2 & AT LA/ PROP]TY HAD TO BE DEF5D$ BY A MILIT>Y ADV5TUR]1 & ! ,REVOLUTION SEEM$ TO HAVE 5D$ ) ,NAPOLEONISM4  

,NEV]!LESS1 ! ,REVOLUTION WAS NOT DEAD1 NOR WAS IT POSSIBLE TO SAY ?US F> & NO FUR!R TO ! RIS+ TIDE4  ,COMM]CE1 :I* HAD CREAT$ ! PROP]TYLESS PROLET>IAT ?R\<\T CIVILIZATION HAD /ILL ANO!R P>T TO PLAY1 :I* IS NOT YET PLAY$ \T2 %E HAD & HAS TO TEA* ! WORK]S TO KN[ :AT !Y >E2 TO $UCATE !M1 TO CONSOLIDATE !M1 & NOT ONLY TO GIVE !M ASPIRATIONS = !IR ADVANCEM5T AS A CLASS1 BUT TO MAKE MEANS = !M TO REALIZE ?OSE ASPIRATIONS4  ,ALL ?IS %E DID1 NOR LOIT]$ 9 H] WORK EI!R2 FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ! HI/ORY ( CIVILIZATION IS REALLY ! HI/ORY ( ! LA/ ( ! CLASS-/RUGGLES :I* WAS 9AUGURAT$ BY ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION2 & ,5GL&1 :O ALL ?R\< ! TIMES ( ! ,REVOLUTION & ! ,CAES>ISM :I* FOLL[$ IT APPE>$ TO BE ! /EADY FOE ( ,REVOLUTION1 WAS REALLY AS /EADILY FUR!R+ IT2 H] NATURAL CONDITIONS1 H] /ORE ( COAL & M9]ALS1 H] TEMP]ATE CLIMATE1 EXT5SIVE SEA-BO>D & MANY H>BORS1 & LA/LY H] POSITION AS ! \TPO/ ( ,EUROPE LOOK+ 9TO ,AM]ICA ACROSS ! OCEAN1 DOOM$ H] TO BE = A TIME AT LEA/ ! MI/RESS ( ! COMM]CE ( ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD1 & ITS AG5T ) B>B>\S & SEMI-B>B>\S C\NTRIES4  ,! NECESSITIES ( ?IS DE/9Y DROVE H] 9TO ! IMPLACABLE W> ) ,FRANCE1 A W> :I*1 NOM9ALLY WAG$ ON BEHALF ( MON>*ICAL PR9CIPLES1 WAS REALLY1 ?\< D\BTLESS UNCONSCI\SLY1 C>RI$ ON = ! POSSESSION ( ! =EIGN & COLONIAL M>KETS4  ,%E CAME \T VICTORI\S FROM ?AT W>1 & FULLY PREP>$ TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION :I* HAD BE5 GO+ ON ! :ILE1 & :I* ,I N[ ASK Y\ TO NOTE4  

,I HAVE SAID ?AT ! EI<TE5? C5TURY P]FECT$ ! SY/EM ( LABOR :I* TOOK ! PLACE ( ! M$IEVAL SY/EM1 UND] :I* A WORKMAN 9DIVIDUALLY C>RI$ HIS PIECE ( WORK ALL ?R\< ITS V>I\S /AGES FROM ! FIR/ TO ! LA/4  

,?IS NEW SY/EM1 ! FIR/ *ANGE 9 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION S9CE ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 IS KN[N AS ! SY/EM ( DIVISION ( LABOR1 :]E91 AS ,I SAID1 ! UNIT ( LABOR IS A GR\P1 NOT A MAN2 ! 9DIVIDUAL WORKMAN 9 ?IS SY/EM IS KEPT LIFE-LONG AT ! P]=MANCE ( SOME TASK QUITE PETTY 9 ITSELF1 & :I* HE SOON MA/]S1 & HAV+ MA/]$ IT HAS NO?+ MORE TO DO BUT TO GO ON 9CREAS+ HIS SPE$ ( H& UND] ! SPUR ( COMPETITION ) HIS FELL[S1 UNTIL HE HAS BECOME ! P]FECT MA*9E :I* IT IS HIS ULTIMATE DUTY TO BECOME1 S9CE )\T ATTA9+ TO ?AT 5D HE MU/ DIE OR BECOME A PAUP]4 ,Y\ CAN WELL IMAG9E H[ ?IS GLORI\S 9V5TION ( DIVISION ( LABOR1 ?IS COMPLETE DE/RUCTION ( 9DIVIDUALITY 9 ! WORKMAN1 & HIS APP>5T HOPELESS 5SLAVEM5T TO HIS PR(IT-GR9D+ MA/]1 /IMULAT$ ! HOPES ( CIVILIZATION2 PROBABLY MORE HYMNS HAVE BE5 SUNG 9 PRAISE ( DIVISION ( LABOR1 MORE S]MONS PREA*$ AB\T IT1 ?AN HAVE DONE HOMAGE TO ! PRECEPT1 0DO UNTO O!RS AS YE W\LD !Y %\LD DO UNTO Y\40  

,TO DROP ALL IRONY1 SURELY ?IS WAS ONE ( ?OSE /AGES ( CIVILIZATION AT :I* ONE MI<T WELL SAY ?AT1 IF IT WAS TO /OP !RE1 IT WAS A PITY ?AT IT HAD EV] GOT SO F>4  ,I HAVE HAD TO /UDY BOOKS & ME?ODS ( WORK ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY A GOOD DEAL1 ,FR5* *IEFLY2 & ,I MU/ SAY ?AT ! IMPRESSION MADE ON ME BY ?AT /UDY IS ?AT ! EI<TE5? C5TURY >TISAN MU/ HAVE BE5 A T]RIBLE PRODUCT ( CIVILIZATION1 & QUITE 9 A CONDITION TO GIVE RISE TO ,H,O,P,E,S--( ! TOR*1 ! PIKE1 & ! GUILLOT9E4  

,H[EV]1 CIVILIZATION WAS NOT GO+ TO /OP !RE2 HAV+ TURN$ ! MAN 9TO A MA*9E1 ! NEXT /AGE = COMM]CE TO AIM AT WAS TO CONTRIVE MA*9ES :I* W\LD WIDELY DISP5SE ) HUMAN LABOR2 NOR WAS ?IS AIM ALTOGE!R DISAPPO9T$4  

,N[1 AT FIR/ SI<T IT W\LD SEEM ?AT HAV+ GOT ! WORKMAN 9TO SU* A PLI<T AS HE WAS1 AS ! SLAVE ( DIVISION ( LABOR1 ?IS NEW 9V5TION ( MA*9ES :I* %\LD FREE HIM FROM A P>T ( HIS LABOR AT LEA/1 C\LD BE NO?+ TO HIM BUT AN UNMIX$ BLESS+4  ,D\BTLESS IT WILL PROVE TO HAVE BE5 SO 9 ! 5D1 :5 C]TA9 9/ITUTIONS HAVE BE5 SWEPT AWAY :I* MO/ PEOPLE N[ LOOK ON AS ET]NAL2 BUT A LONGI% TIME HAS PASS$ DUR+ :I* ! WORKMAN'S HOPES ( CIVILIZATION HAVE BE5 DISAPPO9T$1 = ?OSE :O 9V5T$ ! MA*9ES1 OR RA!R :O PR(IT$ BY !IR 9V5TION1 DID NOT AIM AT ! SAV+ ( LABOR 9 ! S5SE ( R$UC+ ! LABOR :I* EA* MAN HAD TO DO1 BUT1 FIR/ TAK+ IT = GRANT$ ?AT EV]Y WORKMAN W\LD HAVE TO WORK AS LONG AS HE C\LD /& UP TO IT1 AIM$1 UND] ?OSE CONDITIONS ( LABOR1 AT PRODUC+ ! UTMO/ POSSIBLE AM\NT ( GOODS :I* !Y C\LD SELL AT A PR(IT4  

,NE$ ,I DWELL ON ! FACT ?AT1 UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! 9V5TION ( ! MA*9ES HAS B5EFIT$ ! WORKMAN BUT LITTLE EV5 TO ?IS DAY8  

,NAY1 AT FIR/ !Y MADE HIS POSITION WORSE ?AN IT HAD BE53  =1 BE+ ?RU/ ON ! WORLD V]Y SUDD5LY1 !Y DI/9CTLY BR\<T AB\T AN 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION1 *ANG+ EV]Y?+ SUDD5LY & COMPLETELY2 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTIV5ESS WAS 9CREAS$ PRODIGI\SLY1 BUT SO F> FROM ! WORK]S REAP+ ! B5EFIT ( ?IS1 !Y W]E ?R[N \T ( WORK 9 5ORM\S NUMB]S1 :ILE ?OSE :O W]E /ILL EMPLOY$ W]E R$UC$ FROM ! POSITION ( SKILL$ >TISANS TO ?AT ( UNSKILL$ LABOR]S3  ! AIMS ( !IR MA/]S BE+1 AS ,I SAID1 TO MAKE A PR(IT1 !Y DID NOT TR\BLE !MSELVES AB\T ?IS AS A CLASS1 BUT TOOK IT = GRANT$ ?AT IT WAS SOME?+ ?AT C\LDN'T BE HELP$ & DIDN'T HURT ,!,M2 NOR DID !Y ?9K ( (F]+ TO ! WORK]S ?AT COMP5SATION = H>ASS$ 9T]E/S :I* !Y HAVE S9CE MADE A PO9T ( CLAIM+ SO L\DLY = !MSELVES4  

,?IS WAS ! /ATE ( ?+S :I* FOLL[$ ON ! CONCLUSION ( ,EUROPEAN PEACE1 & EV5 ?AT PEACE ITSELF RA!R MADE MATT]S WORSE ?AN BETT]1 BY ! SUDD5 CESSATION ( ALL W> 9DU/RIES1 & ! ?R[+ ON TO ! M>KET MANY ?\S&S ( SOLDI]S & SAILORS3  9 %ORT1 AT NO P]IOD ( ,5GLI% HI/ORY WAS ! CONDITION ( ! WORK]S WORSE ?AN 9 ! E>LY YE>S ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4  

,!RE SEEM DUR+ ?IS P]IOD TO HAVE BE5 TWO CURR5TS ( HOPE ?AT HAD REF]5CE TO ! WORK+ CLASSES3  ! FIR/ AFFECT$ ! MA/]S1 ! SECOND ! M54  

,9 ,5GL&1 &1 9 :AT ,I AM SAY+ ( ?IS P]IOD1 ,I AM *IEFLY ?9K+ ( ,5GL&1 ! HOPES ( ! RI*] CLASSES RAN HI<2 & NO WOND]2 = ,5GL& HAD BY ?IS TIME BECOME ! MI/RESS ( ! M>KETS ( ! WORLD1 & ALSO1 AS ! PEOPLE ( ?AT P]IOD W]E NEV] WE>Y ( BOA/+1 ! WORK%OP ( ! WORLD3  ! 9CREASE 9 ! RI*ES ( ! C\NTRY WAS 5ORM\S1 EV5 AT ! E>LY P]IOD ,I AM ?9K+ ( N[--PRIOR TO '#d#h1 ,I MEAN--?\< IT 9CREAS$ MU* MORE SPE$ILY 9 TIMES ?AT WE HAVE ALL SE53  BUT P>T ( ! JUBILANT HOPES ( ?IS NEWLY RI* MAN CONC]N$ HIS S]VANTS1 ! 9/RUM5TS ( HIS =TUNE3  IT WAS HOP$ ?AT ! POPULATION 9 G5]AL W\LD GR[ WIS]1 BETT] $UCAT$1 ?RIFTI]1 MORE 9DU/RI\S1 MORE COM=TABLE2 = :I* HOPE !RE WAS SURELY SOME F\NDATION1 S9CE MAN'S MA/]Y OV] ! =CES ( ,NATURE WAS GR[+ YE>LY T[>DS COMPLETION2 BUT Y\ SEE !SE B5EVOL5T G5TLEM5 SUPPOS$ ?AT !SE HOPES W\LD BE REALIZ$ P]HAPS BY SOME UNEXPLA9$ MAGIC AS A=ESAID1 OR P]HAPS BY ! WORK+-CLASSES1 ,A,T ,!,I,R ,[,N ,E,X,P,5,S,E1 BY ! EX]CISE ( VIRTUES SUPPOS$ TO BE SPECIALLY SUIT$ TO !IR CONDITION1 & CALL$1 BY !IR MA/]S1 0?RIFT0 & 09DU/RY40 ,= ?IS LATT] SUPPOSITION !RE WAS NO F\NDATION3  9DE$1 ! POOR WRET*ES :O W]E ?R[N \T ( WORK BY ! TRIUMPHANT M>* ( COMM]CE HAD P]=CE WORN ?RIFT ?READB>E1 & C\LD H>DLY BETT] !IR EXPLOITS 9 ,?,A,T DIRECTION2 :ILE AS TO ?OSE :O WORK$ 9 ! FACTORIES1 OR :O =M$ ! FR+E ( LABOR ELSE:]E1 9DU/RY WAS NO NEW GOSPEL TO !M1 S9CE !Y ALREADY WORK$ AS LONG AS !Y C\LD WORK )\T DY+ AT ! LOOM1 ! SP9DLE1 OR ! /I?Y4 ,!Y = !IR P>T HAD !IR HOPES1 VAGUE 5\< AS TO !IR ULTIMATE AIM1 BUT EXPRESS$ 9 ! PASS+ DAY BY A V]Y OBVI\S T5D5CY TO REVOLT3  ?IS T5D5CY TOOK V>I\S =MS1 :I* ,I CANNOT DWELL ON H]E1 BUT SETTL$ D[N AT LA/ 9TO ,*>TISM3  AB\T :I* ,I MU/ SPEAK A FEW WORDS3  BUT FIR/ ,I MU/ M5TION1 ,I CAN SC>CE DO MORE1 ! HONOR$ NAME ( ,ROB]T ,[51 AS REPRES5TATIVE ( ! NOBL] HOPES ( HIS DAY1 JU/ AS ,MORE WAS ( HIS1 & ! LIFT] ( ! TOR* ( ,SOCIALISM AMID ! D>K DAYS ( ! CONFUSION CONSEQU5T ON ! RECKLESS GRE$ ( ! E>LY P]IOD ( ! GREAT FACTORY 9DU/RIES4  

,?AT ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* MAN LIV$ C\LD AFFECT HIS LIFE & HIS DE$S 9F9ITELY1 ?AT NOT SELFI% GRE$ & CEASELESS CONT5TION1 BUT BRO!RHOOD & COOP]ATION W]E ! BASES ( TRUE SOCIETY1 WAS ! GOSPEL :I* HE PREA*$ & ALSO PRACTIC$ ) A S+LE-HE>T$NESS1 DEVOTION1 & F]VOR ( HOPE :I* HAVE NEV] BE5 SURPASS$3  HE WAS ! EMBODI$ HOPE ( ! DAYS :5 ! ADVANCE ( KN[L$GE & ! SUFF]+S ( ! PEOPLE ?RU/ REVOLUTION>Y HOPE UPON ?OSE ?9K]S :O W]E NOT 9 SOME =M OR O!R 9 ! PAY ( ! SORDID MA/]S ( SOCIETY4  

,AS TO ! ,*>TI/ AGITATION1 !RE IS ?IS TO BE SAID ( IT1 ?AT IT WAS ?OR\<LY A WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T1 & IT WAS CAUS$ BY ! SIMPLE/ & MO/ P[]FUL ( ALL CAUSES--HUNG]4  ,IT IS NOTEWOR?Y ?AT IT WAS /RONGE/1 ESPECIALLY 9 ITS E>LI] DAYS1 9 ! ,NOR!RN & ,MIDL& MANUFACTUR+ DI/RICTS--?AT IS1 9 ! PLACES :I* FELT ! DI/RESS CAUS$ BY ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION MO/ SORELY & DIRECTLY2 IT SPRANG UP ) P>TICUL> VIGOR 9 ! YE>S IMM$IATELY FOLL[+ ! GREAT ,RE=M ,BILL2 & IT HAS BE5 REM>K$ ?AT DISAPPO9TM5T ( ! HOPES :I* ?AT MEASURE HAD *]I%$ HAD SOME?+ TO DO ) ITS BITT]NESS4  ,AS IT W5T ON1 OBVI\S CAUSES = FAILURE W]E DEVELOP$ 9 IT2 SELF-SEEK+ LEAD]%IP2 FUTILE DISCUSSION ( ! MEANS ( MAK+ ! *ANGE1 BE=E ORGANIZATION ( ! P>TY WAS P]FECT$2 BL9D FE> ( ULTIMATE CONSEQU5CES ON ! P>T ( SOME1 BL9D DISREG>D TO IMM$IATE CONSEQU5CES ON ! P>T ( O!RS2 !SE W]E ! SURFACE REASONS = ITS FAILURE3  BUT IT W\LD HAVE TRIUMPH$ OV] ALL !SE & ACCOMPLI%$ REVOLUTION 9 ,5GL&1 IF IT HAD NOT BE5 = CAUSES DEEP] & MORE VITAL ?AN !SE4  ,*>TISM DIFF]$ FROM M]E ,RADICALISM 9 BE+ A CLASS MOVEM5T2 BUT ITS AIM WAS AFT] ALL POLITICAL RA!R ?AN SOCIAL4 ,! ,SOCIALISM ( ,ROB]T ,[5 FELL %ORT ( ITS OBJECT BECAUSE IT DID NOT UND]/& ?AT1 AS LONG AS !RE IS A PRIVILEG$ CLASS 9 POSSESSION ( ! EXECUTIVE P[]1 !Y WILL TAKE GOOD C>E ?AT !IR ECONOMICAL POSITION1 :I* 5ABLES !M TO LIVE ON ! UNPAID LABOR ( ! PEOPLE1 IS NOT TAMP]$ )3  ! HOPES ( ! ,*>TI/S W]E DISAPPO9T$ BECAUSE !Y DID NOT UND]/& ?AT TRUE POLITICAL FRE$OM IS IMPOSSIBLE TO PEOPLE :O >E ECONOMICALLY 5SLAV$3  !RE IS NO FIR/ & SECOND 9 !SE MATT]S1 ! TWO MU/ GO H& 9 H& TOGE!R3  WE CANNOT LIVE AS WE WILL1 & AS WE %\LD1 AS LONG AS WE ALL[ PEOPLE TO ,G,O,V,],N US :OSE 9T]E/ IT IS ?AT WE %\LD LIVE AS ,!,Y WILL1 & BY NO MEANS AS WE %\LD2 NEI!R IS IT ANY USE CLAIM+ ! RI<T TO MANAGE \R [N BUS9ESS UNLESS WE >E PREP>$ TO HAVE SOME BUS9ESS ( \R [N3  !SE TWO AIMS UNIT$ MEAN ! FUR!R+ ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE TILL ALL CLASSES >E ABOLI%$--! DIVORCE ( ONE FROM ! O!R IS FATAL TO ANY HOPE ( SOCIAL ADVANCEM5T4  

,*>TISM !RE=E1 ?\< A G5U9E POPUL> MOVEM5T1 WAS 9COMPLETE 9 ITS AIMS & KN[L$GE2 ! TIME WAS NOT YET COME & IT C\LD NOT TRIUMPH OP5LY2 BUT IT W\LD BE A MI/AKE TO SAY ?AT IT FAIL$ UTT]LY3  AT LEA/ IT KEPT ALIVE ! HOLY FLAME ( DISCONT5T2 IT MADE IT POSSIBLE = US TO ATTA9 TO ! POLITICAL GOAL ( DEMOCRACY1 & !REBY TO ADVANCE ! CAUSE ( ! PEOPLE BY ! GA9 ( A /AGE FROM :5CE C\LD BE SE5 ! FRE% GA9 TO BE AIM$ AT4  

,I HAVE SAID ?AT ! TIME = REVOLUTION HAD NOT !N COME3  ! GREAT WAVE ( COMM]CIAL SUCCESS W5T ON SWELL+1 & ?\< ! CAPITALI/S W\LD IF !Y HAD D>$ HAVE 5GROSS$ ! :OLE ( ! ADVANTAGES !REBY GA9$ AT ! EXP5SE ( !IR WAGE SLAVES1 ! ,*>TI/ REVOLT W>N$ !M ?AT IT WAS NOT SAFE TO ATTEMPT IT4  ,!Y W]E ,=,C,$ TO TRY TO ALLAY DISCONT5T BY PALLIATIVE MEASURES4  ,!Y HAD TO ALL[ ,FACTORY ,ACTS TO BE PASS$ REGULAT+ ! H\RS & CONDITIONS ( LABOR ( WOM5 & *ILDR51 & CONSEQU5TLY ( M5 ALSO 9 SOME ( ! MORE IMPORTANT & CONSOLIDAT$ 9DU/RIES2 !Y W]E ,=,C,$ TO REPEAL ! F]OCI\S LAWS AGA9/ COMB9ATION AMONG ! WORKM52 SO ?AT ! ,TRADES ,UNIONS WON = !MSELVES A LEGAL POSITION & BECAME A P[] 9 ! LABOR QUE/ION1 & W]E ABLE BY MEANS ( /RIKES & ?REATS ( /RIKES TO REGULATE ! WAGES GRANT$ TO ! WORK]S1 & TO RAISE ! /&>D ( LIVELIHOOD = A C]TA9 P>T ( ! SKILL$ WORKM5 & ! LABOR]S ASSOCIAT$ ) !M3 ?\< ! MA9 P>T ( ! UNSKILL$1 9CLUD+ ! AGRICULTURAL WORKM51 W]E NO BETT] (F ?AN BE=E4  

,?US WAS DAMP$ D[N ! FLAME ( A DISCONT5T VAGUE 9 ITS AIMS1 & PASSIONATELY CRY+ \T = :AT1 IF GRANT$1 IT C\LD NOT HAVE US$3 TW5TY YE>S AGO ANY ONE H9T+ AT ! POSSIBILITY ( S]I\S CLASS DISCONT5T 9 ?IS C\NTRY W\LD HAVE BE5 LOOK$ UPON AS A MADMAN2 9 FACT1 ! WELL-TO-DO & CULTIVAT$ W]E QUITE UNCONSCI\S 7AS MANY /ILL >E7 ?AT !RE WAS ANY CLASS DI/9CTION 9 ?IS C\NTRY O!R ?AN :AT WAS MADE BY ! RAGS & CA/ CLO!S ( FEUDALISM1 :I* 9 A P]FUNCTORY MANN] !Y /ILL ATTACK$4  

,!RE WAS NO SIGN ( REVOLUTION>Y FEEL+ 9 ,5GL& TW5TY YE>S AGO3  ! MIDDLE CLASS W]E SO RI* ?AT !Y HAD NO NE$ TO HOPE = ANY?+--BUT A HEAV5 :I* !Y DID NOT BELIEVE 93  ! WELL-TO-DO WORK+ M5 DID NOT HOPE1 S9CE !Y W]E NOT P9*$ & HAD NO MEANS ( LE>N+ !IR DEGRAD$ POSITION3  & LA/LY1 ! DRUDGES ( ! PROLET>IAT HAD SU* HOPE AS *>ITY1 ! HOSPITAL1 ! WORKH\SE1 & K9D DEA? AT LA/ C\LD (F] !M4  

,9 ?IS /OCK-JOBB]S' HEAV5 LET US LEAVE \R DE> C\NTRYM5 = A LITTLE1 :ILE ,I SAY A FEW WORDS AB\T ! AFFAIRS ( ! PEOPLE ON ! CONT95T ( ,EUROPE4  ,?+S W]E NOT QUITE SO SMOO? = ! FLEEC] !RE3  ,SOCIALI/ ?9K]S & WRIT]S HAD >IS5 AB\T ! SAME TIME AS ,ROB]T ,[52 ,/4 ,SIMON1 ,PR\DHON1 ,F\RI] & HIS FOLL[]S KEPT UP ! TRADITIONS ( HOPE 9 ! MID/ ( A B\RGEOIS WORLD4  ,AMONG !SE ,F\RI] IS ! ONE ?AT CALLS = MO/ ATT5TION3  S9CE HIS DOCTR9E ( ! NECESSITY & POSSIBILITY ( MAK+ LABOR ATTRACTIVE IS ONE :I* ,SOCIALISM CAN BY NO MEANS DO )\T4  ,FRANCE ALSO KEPT UP ! REVOLUTION>Y & 9SURRECTION>Y TRADITION1 ! RESULT ( SOME?+ LIKE HOPE /ILL F]M5T+ AMONG ! PROLET>IAT3  %E FELL AT LA/ 9TO ! CLUT*ES ( A SECOND ,CAES>ISM DEVELOP$ BY ! BASE/ SET ( %>P]S1 SW9DL]S1 & H>LOTS ?AT EV] 9SULT$ A C\NTRY1 & ( :OM \R [N HAPPY B\RGEOIS AT HOME MADE H]OES & H]O9ES3  ! HIDE\S OP5 CORRUPTION ( ,P>ISIAN SOCIETY1 TO :I*1 ,I REPEAT1 \R RESPECTABLE CLASSES ACCORD$ HE>TFELT SYMPA?Y1 WAS F9ALLY SWEPT AWAY BY ! HORRORS ( A RACE W>3  ! DEFEATS & DISGRACES ( ?IS W> DEVELOP$1 ON ! ONE H&1 AN 9CREASE 9 ! WOOD5 IMPLACABILITY & BAS5ESS ( ! ,FR5* B\RGEOIS1 BUT ON ! O!R MADE WAY = REVOLUTION>Y HOPE TO SPR+ AGA91 FROM :I* RESULT$ ! ATTEMPT TO E/ABLI% SOCIETY ON ! BASIS ( ! FRE$OM ( LABOR1 :I* WE CALL ! ,COMMUNE ( ,P>IS ( #a#h#g#a4  ,:ATEV] MI/AKES OR IMPRUD5CES W]E MADE 9 ?IS ATTEMPT1 & ALL W>S BLOSSOM ?ICK ) SU* MI/AKES1 ,I WILL LEAVE ! REACTION>Y 5EMIES ( ! PEOPLE'S CAUSE TO PUT =W>D3  ! IMM$IATE & OBVI\S RESULT WAS ! SLAU<T] ( ?\S&S ( BRAVE & HONE/ REVOLUTIONI/S AT ! H&S ( ! RESPECTABLE CLASSES1 ! LOSS 9 FACT ( AN >MY = ! POPUL> CAUSE3  BUT WE MAY BE SURE ?AT ! RESULTS ( ! ,COMMUNE WILL NOT /OP !RE3  TO ALL ,SOCIALI/S ?AT H]OIC ATTEMPT WILL GIVE HOPE & >DOR 9 ! CAUSE AS LONG AS IT IS TO BE WON2 WE FEEL AS ?\< ! ,P>IS WORKMAN HAD /RIV5 TO BR+ ! DAY-DAWN = US1 & HAD LIFT$ US ! SUN'S RIM OV] ! HORIZON1 NEV] TO SET 9 UTT] D>KNESS AGA93  ( SU* ATTEMPTS ONE MU/ SAY1 ?AT ?\< ?OSE :O P]I%$ 9 !M MI<T HAVE BE5 PUT 9 A BETT] PLACE 9 ! BATTLE1 YET AFT] ALL BRAVE M5 NEV] DIE = NO?+1 :5 !Y DIE = PR9CIPLE4  

,LET US %IFT FROM ,FRANCE TO ,G]MANY BE=E WE GET BACK TO ,5GL& AGA91 & CONCLUDE ) A FEW WORDS AB\T \R HOPES AT ! PRES5T DAY4  ,TO ,G]MANY WE [E ! S*OOL ( ECONOMI/S1 AT :OSE HEAD /&S ! NAME ( ,K>L ,M>X1 :O HAVE MADE MOD]N ,SOCIALISM :AT IT IS3  ! E>LI] ,SOCIALI/ WRIT]S & PREA*]S BAS$ !IR HOPES ON MAN BE+ TAU<T TO SEE ! DESIRABL5ESS ( COOP]ATION TAK+ ! PLACE ( COMPETITION1 & ADOPT+ ! *ANGE VOLUNT>ILY & CONSCI\SLY1 & !Y TRU/$ TO S*EMES MORE OR LESS >TIFICIAL BE+ TRI$ & ACCEPT$1 AL?\< SU* S*EMES W]E NECESS>ILY CON/RUCT$ \T ( ! MAT]IALS :I* CAPITALI/IC SOCIETY (F]$3 BUT ! NEW S*OOL1 />T+ ) AN HI/ORICAL VIEW ( :AT HAD BE51 & SEE+ ?AT A LAW ( EVOLUTION SWAY$ ALL EV5TS 9 IT1 WAS ABLE TO PO9T \T TO US ?AT ! EVOLUTION WAS /ILL GO+ ON1 & ?AT1 :E!R ,SOCIALISM BE DESIRABLE OR NOT1 IT IS AT LEA/ 9EVITABLE4  ,H]E !N WAS AT LA/ A HOPE ( A DIFF]5T K9D TO ANY ?AT HAD GONE BE=E IT2 & ! ,G]MAN & ,AU/RIAN WORKM5 W]E NOT SL[ TO LE>N ! LESSON F\ND$ ON ?IS !ORY2 FROM BE+ ONE ( ! MO/ BACKW>D C\NTRIES 9 ,EUROPE 9 ! MOVEM5T1 BE=E ,LASSALLE />T$ HIS ,G]MAN WORKMAN'S P>TY 9 #a#h#f#c1 ,G]MANY SOON BECAME ! LEAD] 9 IT3  ,BISM>CK'S REPRESSIVE LAW HAS ONLY ACT$ ON OP9ION !RE1 AS ! ROLL] DOES TO ! GR[+ GRASS--MADE IT FIRM] & /RONG]2 & :ATEV] VICISSITUDES MAY BE ! FATE ( ! P>TY AS A P>TY1 !RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT ,SOCIALI/IC OP9ION IS FIRMLY E/ABLI%$ !RE1 & ?AT :5 ! TIME IS RIPE = IT ?AT OP9ION WILL EXPRESS ITSELF 9 ACTION4  

,N[1 9 ALL ,I HAVE BE5 SAY+1 ,I HAVE BE5 WANT+ Y\ TO TRACE ! FACT ?AT1 EV] S9CE ! E/ABLI%M5T ( COMM]CIALISM ON ! RU9S ( FEUDALITY1 !RE HAS BE5 GR[+ A /EADY FEEL+ ON ! P>T ( ! WORK]S ?AT !Y >E A CLASS DEALT ) AS A CLASS1 & 9 LIKE MANN] TO DEAL ) O!RS2 & ?AT AS ?IS CLASS FEEL+ HAS GR[N1 SO ALSO HAS GR[N ) IT A CONSCI\SNESS ( ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 !IR CLASS & ! CLASS :I* EMPLOYS IT1 AS ! PHRASE GOES2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 :I* LIVES BY MEANS ( ITS LABOR4  

,N[ IT IS JU/ ?IS GR[+ CONSCI\SNESS ( ! FACT ?AT AS LONG AS !RE EXI/S 9 SOCIETY A PROP]TI$ CLASS LIV+ ON ! LABOR ( A PROP]TYLESS ONE1 !RE ,M,U,/ BE A /RUGGLE ALWAYS GO+ ON BETWE5 ?OSE TWO CLASSES--IT IS JU/ ! DAWN+ KN[L$GE ( ?IS FACT :I* %\LD %[ US :AT CIVILIZATION CAN HOPE =--NAMELY1 TRANS=MATION 9TO TRUE SOCIETY1 9 :I* !RE WILL NO LONG] BE CLASSES ) !IR NECESS>Y /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE & SUP]IORITY3 = ! ANTAGONISM ( CLASSES :I* BEGAN 9 ALL SIMPLICITY BETWE5 ! MA/] & ! *ATTEL SLAVE ( ANCI5T SOCIETY1 & WAS CONT9U$ BETWE5 ! FEUDAL LORD & ! S]F ( M$IEVAL SOCIETY1 HAS GRADUALLY BECOME ! CONT5TION BETWE5 ! CAPITALI/ DEVELOP$ FROM ! WORKMAN ( ! LA/-NAM$ P]IOD1 & ! WAGE-E>N]3  9 ! =M] /RUGGLE ! RISE ( ! >TISAN & VILL5AGE T5ANT CREAT$ A NEW CLASS1 ! MIDDLE CLASS1 :ILE ! PLACE ( ! OLD S]F WAS FILL$ BY ! PROP]TYLESS LABOR]1 ) :OM ! MIDDLE CLASS1 :I* HAS ABSORB$ ! >I/OCRACY1 IS N[ FACE TO FACE3  ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! CLASSES !RE=E IS ONCE AGA9 A SIMPLE ONE1 AS 9 ! DAYS ( ! CLASSICAL PEOPLES2 BUT S9CE !RE IS NO LONG] ANY /RONG RACE LEFT \T ( CIVILIZATION1 AS 9 ! TIME ( ! DISRUPTION ( ,ROME1 ! :OLE /RUGGLE 9 ALL ITS SIMPLICITY BETWE5 ?OSE :O HAVE & ?OSE :O LACK IS ,),9 CIVILIZATION4  

,MOREOV]1 ! CAPITALI/ OR MOD]N SLAVE-[N] HAS BE5 =C$ BY HIS V]Y SUCCESS1 AS WE HAVE SE51 TO ORGANIZE HIS SLAVES1 ! WAGE- E>N]S1 9TO A COOP]ATION = PRODUCTION SO WELL >RANG$ ?AT IT REQUIRES LITTLE BUT HIS [N ELIM9ATION TO MAKE IT A F\NDATION = COMMUNAL LIFE3  9 ! TEE? ALSO ( ! EXP]I5CE ( PA/ AGES1 HE HAS BE5 COMPELL$ TO ALL[ A MODICUM ( $UCATION TO ! PROP]TYLESS1 & HAS NOT EV5 BE5 ABLE TO DEPRIVE !M :OLLY ( POLITICAL RI<TS2 HIS [N ADVANCE 9 WEAL? & P[] HAS BR$ = HIM ! V]Y 5EMY :O IS DOOM$ TO MAKE AN 5D ( HIM4  

,BUT WILL !RE BE ANY NEW CLASS TO TAKE ! PLACE ( ! PRES5T PROLET>IAT :5 ?AT HAS TRIUMPH$1 AS IT MU/ DO1 OV] ! PRES5T PRIVILEG$ CLASS8  ,WE CANNOT =ESEE ! FUTURE1 BUT WE MAY FAIRLY HOPE NOT3  AT LEA/ WE CANNOT SEE ANY SIGNS ( SU* A NEW CLASS =M+4  ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO SEE H[ DE/RUCTION ( PRIVILEGE CAN /OP %ORT ( ABSOLUTE EQUALITY ( CONDITION2 PURE ,COMMUNISM IS ! LOGICAL D$UCTION FROM ! IMP]FECT =M ( ! NEW SOCIETY1 :I* IS G5]ALLY DIFF]5TIAT$ FROM IT AS ,SOCIALISM4  

,MEANTIME1 IT IS ?IS SIMPLICITY & DIRECTNESS ( ! GR[+ CONTE/ :I* ABOVE ALL ?+S PRES5TS ITSELF AS A T]ROR TO ! CONS]VATIVE 9/9CT ( ! PRES5T DAY4  ,MANY AMONG ! MIDDLE CLASS :O >E S9C]ELY GRIEV$ & %OCK$ AT ! CONDITION ( ! PROLET>IAT :I* CIVILIZATION HAS CREAT$1 & EV5 AL>M$ BY ! FRI<TFUL 9EQUALITIES :I* IT FO/]S1 DO NEV]!LESS %UDD] BACK FROM ! IDEA ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 & /RIVE TO %UT !IR EYES TO ! FACT ?AT IT IS GO+ ON4  ,!Y TRY TO ?9K ?AT PEACE IS NOT ONLY POSSIBLE1 BUT NATURAL1 BETWE5 ! TWO CLASSES1 ! V]Y ESS5CE ( :OSE EXI/5CE IS ?AT EA* CAN ONLY ?RIVE BY :AT IT MANAGES TO =CE ! O!R TO YIELD TO IT4  ,!Y PROPOSE TO !MSELVES ! IMPOSSIBLE PROBLEM ( RAIS+ ! 9F]IOR OR EXPLOIT$ CLASSES 9TO A POSITION 9 :I* !Y WILL CEASE TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! SUP]IOR CLASSES1 :ILE ! LATT] WILL NOT CEASE TO EXPLOIT !M4  ,?IS ABSURD POSITION DRIVES !M 9TO ! CONCOCTION ( S*EMES = BETT]+ ! CONDITION ( ! WORK+ CLASSES AT !IR [N EXP5SE1 SOME ( !M FUTILE1 SOME M]ELY FANTA/IC2 OR !Y MAY BE DIVID$ AGA9 9TO ?OSE :I* PO9T \T ! ADVANTAGES & PLEASURES ( 9VOLUNT>Y ASCETICISM1 & REACTION>Y PLANS = IMPORT+ ! CONDITIONS ( ! PRODUCTION & LIFE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES 7:OLLY MISUND]/OOD BY !M1 BY ! WAY7 9TO ! PRES5T SY/EM ( ! CAPITALI/ F>M]1 ! GREAT 9DU/RIES1 & ! UNIV]SAL WORLD- M>KET4  ,SOME SEE A SOLUTION ( ! SOCIAL PROBLEM 9 %AM CO- OP]ATION1 :I* IS M]ELY AN IMPROV$ =M ( JO9T-/OCK]Y3 O!RS PREA* ?RIFT TO 7PREC>I\S7 9COMES ( EI<TE5 %ILL+S A WEEK1 & 9DU/RY TO M5 KILL+ !MSELVES BY 9*ES 9 WORK+ OV]TIME1 OR TO M5 :OM ! LABOR-M>KET HAS REJECT$ AS NOT WANT$3  O!RS BEG ! PROLET>IANS NOT TO BRE$ SO FA/2 AN 9JUNCTION ! COMPLIANCE ) :I* MI<T BE AT FIR/ ( ADVANTAGE TO ! PROLET>IANS !MSELVES 9 !IR PRES5T CONDITION1 BUT W\LD C]TA9LY UNDO ! CAPITALI/S1 IF IT W]E C>RI$ TO ANY L5G?S1 & W\LD LEAD ?R\< RU9 & MIS]Y TO ! VIOL5T \TBREAK ( ! V]Y REVOLUTION :I* !SE TIMID PEOPLE >E SO ANXI\S TO =EGO4  

,!N !RE >E O!RS :O1 LOOK+ BACK ON ! PA/1 & P]CEIV+ ?AT ! WORKM5 ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES LIV$ 9 MORE COM=T & SELF- RESPECT ?AN \RS DO1 EV5 ?\< !Y W]E SUBJECT$ TO ! CLASS RULE ( M5 :O W]E LOOK$ ON AS ANO!R ORD] ( BE+S ?AN !Y1 ?9K ?AT IF ?OSE CONDITIONS ( LIFE C\LD BE REPRODUC$ UND] \R BETT] POLITICAL CONDITIONS ! QUE/ION W\LD BE SOLV$ = A TIME AT LEA/4  ,!IR S*EMES MAY BE SUMM$ UP 9 ATTEMPTS1 MORE OR LESS PREPO/]\SLY FUTILE1 TO GRAFT A CLASS ( 9DEP5D5T PEASANTS ON \R SY/EM ( WAGES & CAPITAL4  ,!Y DO NOT UND]/& ?AT ?IS SY/EM ( 9DEP5D5T WORKM51 PRODUC+ ALMO/ 5TIRELY = ! CONSUMPTION ( !MSELVES & !IR NEI<BORS1 & EXPLOIT$ BY ! UPP] CLASSES BY OBVI\S TAXES ON !IR LABOR1 :I* WAS NOT O!RWISE ORGANIZ$ OR 9T]F]$ ) BY ! EXPLOIT]S1 WAS :AT 9 PA/ TIMES TOOK ! PLACE ( \R SY/EM1 9 :I* ! WORK]S SELL !IR LABOR 9 ! COMPETITIVE M>KET TO MA/]S :O HAVE 9 !IR H&S ! :OLE ORGANIZATION ( ! M>KETS1 & ?AT !SE TWO SY/EMS >E MUTUALLY DE/RUCTIVE4  

,O!RS AGA9 BELIEVE 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( />T+ FROM \R PRES5T WORKH\SE SY/EM1 = ! RAIS+ ( ! L[E/ P>T ( ! WORK+ POPULATION 9TO A BETT] CONDITION1 BUT DO NOT TR\BLE !MSELVES AS TO ! POSITION ( ! WORK]S :O >E FAIRLY ABOVE ! CONDITION ( PAUP]ISM1 OR CONSID] :AT P>T !Y WILL PLAY 9 ! CONTE/ = A BETT] LIVELIHOOD4  ,&1 LA/LY1 QUITE A L>GE NUMB] ( WELL- 9T5TION$ P]SONS BELONG+ TO ! RI*] CLASSES BELIEVE1 ?AT 9 A SOCIETY ?AT COMPELS COMPETITION = LIVELIHOOD1 & HOLDS \T TO ! WORK]S AS A /IMULUS TO EX]TION ! HOPE ( !IR RIS+ 9TO A MONOPOLI/ CLASS ( NON-PRODUC]S1 IT IS YET POSSIBLE TO 0MORALIZE0 CAPITAL 7TO USE A SLANG PHRASE ( ! ,POSITIVI/S73  ?AT IS TO SAY1 ?AT A S5TIM5T IMPORT$ FROM A RELIGION :I* LOOKS UPON ANO!R WORLD AS ! TRUE SPH]E ( ACTION = MANK9D1 WILL OV]RIDE ! NECESSITIES ( \R DAILY LIFE 9 ?IS WORLD4  ,?IS CURI\S HOPE IS F\ND$ ON ! FEEL+ ?AT A S5TIM5T ANTAGONI/IC TO ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( COMM]CIALISM EXI/S & IS GA9+ GR\ND1 & ?AT ?IS S5TIM5T IS AN 9DEP5D5T GR[? ( ! E?ICS ( ! PRES5T EPO*4  ,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 ADMITT+ ITS EXI/5CE1 AS ,I ?9K WE MU/ DO1 IT IS ! BIR? ( ! S5SE ( 9SECURITY :I* IS ! %AD[ CA/ BE=E BY ! APPROA*+ DISSOLUTION ( MOD]N SOCIETY F\ND$ ON WAGE-SLAV]Y4  

,! GREAT] P>T ( !SE S*EMES AIM1 ?\< SELDOM ) ! CONSCI\SNESS ( !IR PROMOT]S1 AT ! CREATION ( A NEW MIDDLE- CLASS \T ( ! WAGE-E>N+ CLASS1 & AT !IR EXP5SE1 JU/ AS ! PRES5T MIDDLE-CLASS WAS DEVELOP$ \T ( ! S]F-POPULATION ( ! E>LY ,MIDDLE ,AGES4  ,IT MAY BE POSSIBLE ?AT SU* A ,F,U,R,!,R DEVELOPM5T ( ! MIDDLE-CLASS LIES BE=E US1 BUT IT WILL NOT BE BR\<T AB\T BY ANY SU* >TIFICIAL MEANS AS ! ABOVEM5TION$ S*EMES4  ,IF IT COMES AT ALL1 IT MU/ BE PRODUC$ BY EV5TS1 :I* AT PRES5T WE CANNOT =ESEE1 ACT+ ON \R COMM]CIAL SY/EM1 & REVIVIFY+ = A LITTLE TIME1 MAYBE1 ?AT ,CAPITALI/ ,SOCIETY :I* N[ SEEMS SICK5+ T[>DS ITS 5D4  

,= :AT IS VISIBLE BE=E US 9 !SE DAYS IS ! COMPETITIVE COMM]CIAL SY/EM KILL+ ITSELF BY ITS [N =CE3  PR(ITS LESS5+1 BUS9ESSES GR[+ BIGG] & BIGG]1 ! SMALL EMPLOY] ( LABOR ?RU/ \T ( HIS FUNCTION1 & ! AGGREGATION ( CAPITAL 9CREAS+ ! NUMB]S ( ! L[] MIDDLE-CLASS FROM ABOVE RA!R ?AN FROM BEL[1 BY DRIV+ ! SMALL] MANUFACTUR] 9TO ! POSITION ( A M]E S]VANT TO ! BIGG]4  ,! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR ALSO 9CREAS+ \T ( ALL PROPORTION TO ! CAPACITY ( ! CAPITALI/S TO MANAGE ! M>KET OR DEAL ) ! LABOR SUPPLY3 LACK ( EMPLOYM5T !RE=E BECOM+ *RONIC1 & DISCONT5T !RE)AL4  

,ALL ?IS ON ! ONE H&4  ,ON ! O!R1 ! WORKM5 CLAIM+ EV]Y:]E POLITICAL EQUALITY1 :I* CANNOT LONG BE D5I$2 & $UCATION SPREAD+1 SO ?AT :AT BETWE5 ! IMPROVEM5T 9 ! $UCATION ( ! WORK+-CLASS & ! CONT9U$ AMAZ+ FATUITY ( ?AT ( ! UPP] CLASSES1 !RE IS A DI/9CT T5D5CY TO EQUALIZATION H]E2 &1 AS ,I HAVE H9T$ ABOVE1 ALL HI/ORY %[S US :AT A DANG] TO SOCIETY MAY BE A CLASS AT ONCE $UCAT$ & SOCIALLY DEGRAD$3  ?\<1 9DE$1 NO HI/ORY HAS YET %[N US--:AT IS SWIFTLY ADVANC+ UPON US--A CLASS :I*1 ?\< IT %ALL HAVE ATTA9$ KN[L$GE1 %ALL LACK UTT]LY ! REF9EM5T & SELF- RESPECT :I* COME FROM ! UNION ( KN[L$GE ) LEISURE & EASE ( LIFE4  ,! GR[? ( SU* A CLASS MAY WELL MAKE ! 0CULTUR$0 PEOPLE ( TO-DAY TREMBLE4  

,:ATEV]1 !RE=E1 ( UN=ESE5 & UNCONCEIV$-( MAY LIE 9 ! WOMB ( ! FUTURE1 !RE IS NO?+ VISIBLE BE=E US BUT A DECAY+ SY/EM1 ) NO \TLOOK BUT EV]-9CREAS+ 5TANGLEM5T & BL9DNESS1 & A NEW SY/EM1 ,SOCIALISM1 ! HOPE ( :I* IS EV] GR[+ CLE>] 9 M5'S M9DS--A SY/EM :I* NOT ONLY SEES H[ LABOR CAN BE FRE$ FROM ITS PRES5T FETT]S1 & ORGANIZ$ UNWA/EFULLY1 SO AS TO PRODUCE ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE AM\NT ( WEAL? = ! COMMUNITY & = EV]Y MEMB] ( IT1 BUT :I* BE>S ) IT ITS [N E?ICS & RELIGION & ES!TICS3  ?AT IS ! HOPE & PROMISE ( A NEW & HI<] LIFE 9 ALL WAYS4  ,SO ?AT EV5 IF ?OSE UN=ESE5 ECONOMICAL EV5TS ABOVE SPOK5 ( W]E TO HAPP51 & PUT (F = A :ILE ! 5D ( \R ,CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 ! LATT] W\LD DRAG ITSELF ALONG AS AN ANOMALY CURS$ BY ALL1 A M]E CLOG ON ! ASPIRATIONS ( HUMANITY4  

,IT IS NOT LIKELY ?AT IT WILL COME TO ?AT3  9 ALL PROBABILITY ! LOGICAL \TCOME ( ! LATT] DAYS ( ,CAPITALISM WILL GO /EP BY /EP ) ITS ACTUAL HI/ORY3  :ILE ALL M51 EV5 ITS DECL>$ 5EMIES1 WILL BE WORK+ TO BR+ ,SOCIALISM AB\T1 ! AIMS ( ?OSE :O HAVE LE>N$ TO BELIEVE 9 ! C]TA9TY & B5EFIC5CE ( ITS ADV5T WILL BECOME CLE>]1 !IR ME?ODS = REALIZ+ IT CLE>] ALSO1 & AT LA/ READY TO H&4  ,!N WILL COME ?AT OP5 ACKN[L$GM5T = ! NECESSITY ( ! *ANGE 7AN ACKN[L$GM5T COM+ FROM ! 9TELLIG5CE ( CIVILIZATION7 :I* IS COMMONLY CALL$ ,REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS NO USE PROPHESY+ AS TO ! EV5TS :I* WILL ACCOMPANY ?AT REVOLUTION1 BUT TO A REASONABLE MAN IT SEEMS UNLIKELY TO ! LA/ DEGREE1 OR WE WILL SAY IMPOSSIBLE1 ?AT A MORAL S5TIM5T WILL 9DUCE ! PROPRIET>Y CLASSES--?OSE :O LIVE BY ,[,N,+ ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION :I* ! UNPRIVILEG$ CLASSES MU/ NE$S ,U,S,E--TO YIELD UP ?IS PRIVILEGE UNCOMPELL$2 ALL ONE CAN HOPE IS ?AT !Y WILL SEE ! IMPLICIT ?REAT ( COMPULSION 9 ! EV5TS ( ! DAY1 & SO YIELD ) A GOOD GRACE TO ! T]RIBLE NECESSITY ( =M+ P>T ( A WORLD 9 :I* ALL1 9CLUD+ !MSELVES1 WILL WORK HONE/LY & LIVE EASILY4  

,FOOTNOTES3 

#e4 
,I SUPPOSE HE WAS SPEAK+ ( ! FRAME H\SES ( ,K5T4 

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,! ,AIMS ( ,>T 

,9 CONSID]+ ! ,AIMS ( ,>T1 ?AT IS1 :Y M5 TOILSOMELY *]I% & PRACTICE ,>T1 ,I F9D MYSELF COMPELL$ TO G5]ALIZE FROM ! ONLY SPECIM5 ( HUMANITY ( :I* ,I KN[ ANY?+2 TO WIT1 MYSELF4  ,N[1 :5 ,I ?9K ( :AT IT IS ?AT ,I DESIRE1 ,I F9D ?AT ,I CAN GIVE IT NO O!R NAME ?AN HAPP9ESS4  ,I WANT TO BE HAPPY :ILE ,I LIVE2 = AS = DEA?1 ,I F9D ?AT1 NEV] HAV+ EXP]I5C$ IT1 ,I HAVE NO CONCEPTION ( :AT IT MEANS1 & SO CANNOT EV5 BR+ MY M9D TO BE> UPON IT4  ,I KN[ :AT IT IS TO LIVE2 ,I CANNOT EV5 GUESS :AT IT IS TO BE DEAD4  ,WELL1 !N1 ,I WANT TO BE HAPPY1 & EV5 SOMETIMES1 SAY G5]ALLY1 TO BE M]RY2 & ,I F9D IT DIFFICULT TO BELIEVE ?AT ?AT IS NOT ! UNIV]SAL DESIRE3  SO ?AT1 :ATEV] T5DS T[>DS ?AT 5D ,I *]I% ) ALL MY BE/ 5DEAVOR4  ,N[1 :5 ,I CONSID] MY LIFE FUR!R1 ,I F9D \T1 OR SEEM TO1 ?AT IT IS UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( TWO DOM9AT+ MOODS1 :I* = LACK ( BETT] WORDS ,I MU/ CALL ! MOOD ( 5]GY & ! MOOD ( IDL5ESS3  !SE TWO MOODS >E N[ ONE1 N[ ! O!R1 ALWAYS CRY+ \T 9 ME TO BE SATISFI$4  ,:5 ! MOOD ( 5]GY IS UPON ME1 ,I MU/ BE DO+ SOME?+1 OR ,I BECOME MOPI% & UNHAPPY2 :5 ! MOOD ( IDL5ESS IS ON ME1 ,I F9D IT H>D 9DE$ IF ,I CANNOT RE/ & LET MY M9D W&] OV] ! V>I\S PICTURES1 PLEASANT OR T]RIBLE1 :I* MY [N EXP]I5CE OR MY COMMUN+ ) ! ?\<TS ( O!R M51 DEAD OR ALIVE1 HAVE FA%ION$ 9 IT2 & IF CIRCUM/ANCES WILL NOT ALL[ ME TO CULTIVATE ?IS MOOD ( IDL5ESS1 ,I F9D ,I MU/ AT ! BE/ PASS ?R\< A P]IOD ( PA9 TILL ,I CAN MANAGE TO /IMULATE MY MOOD ( 5]GY TO TAKE ITS PLACE & MAKE ME HAPPY AGA94  ,& IF ,I HAVE NO MEANS :]E) TO R\SE UP ?AT MOOD ( 5]GY TO DO ITS DUTY 9 MAK+ ME HAPPY1 & ,I HAVE TO TOIL :ILE ! IDLE MOOD IS UPON ME1 !N AM ,I UNHAPPY 9DE$1 & ALMO/ WI% MYSELF DEAD1 ?\< ,I DO NOT KN[ :AT ?AT MEANS4  

,FUR!RMORE1 ,I F9D ?AT :ILE 9 ! MOOD ( IDL5ESS MEMORY AMUSES ME1 9 ! MOOD ( 5]GY HOPE *E]S ME2 :I* HOPE IS SOMETIMES BIG & S]I\S1 & SOMETIMES TRIVIAL1 BUT ?AT )\T IT !RE IS NO HAPPY 5]GY4  ,AGA91 ,I F9D ?AT :ILE ,I CAN SOMETIMES SATISFY ?IS MOOD BY M]ELY EX]CIS+ IT 9 WORK ?AT HAS NO RESULT BEYOND ! PASS+ H\R--9 PLAY1 9 %ORT--YET ?AT IT PRES5TLY WE>IES ( ?AT & GETS LANGUID1 ! HOPE !RE9 BE+ TOO TRIVIAL1 & SOMETIMES EV5 SC>CELY REAL2 & ?AT ON ! :OLE1 TO SATISFY MY MA/] ! MOOD1 ,I MU/ EI!R BE MAK+ SOME?+ OR MAK+ BELIEVE TO MAKE IT4  

,WELL1 ,I BELIEVE ?AT ALL M5'S LIVES >E COMP\ND$ ( !SE TWO MOODS 9 V>I\S PROPORTIONS1 & ?AT ?IS EXPLA9S :Y !Y HAVE ALWAYS1 ) MORE OR LESS ( TOIL1 *]I%$ & PRACTIC$ >T4  

,:Y %\LD !Y HAVE T\*$ IT ELSE1 & SO ADD$ TO ! LABOR :I* !Y C\LD NOT *OOSE BUT DO 9 ORD] TO LIVE8  ,IT MU/ HAVE BE5 DONE = !IR PLEASURE1 S9CE IT HAS ONLY BE5 9 V]Y ELABORATE CIVILIZATIONS ?AT A MAN C\LD GET O!R M5 TO KEEP HIM ALIVE M]ELY TO PRODUCE WORKS ( >T1 :]EAS ALL M5 ?AT HAVE LEFT ANY SIGNS ( !IR EXI/5CE BEH9D !M HAVE PRACTIC$ >T4  

,I SUPPOSE1 9DE$1 ?AT NOBODY WILL BE 9CL9$ TO D5Y ?AT ! 5D PROPOS$ BY A WORK ( >T IS ALWAYS TO PLEASE ! P]SON :OSE S5SES >E TO BE MADE CONSCI\S ( IT4  ,IT WAS DONE ,= SOME ONE :O WAS TO BE MADE HAPPI] BY IT2 HIS IDLE OR RE/FUL MOOD WAS TO BE AMUS$ BY IT1 SO ?AT ! VACANCY :I* IS ! BESETT+ EVIL ( ?AT MOOD MI<T GIVE PLACE TO PLEAS$ CONTEMPLATION1 DREAM+1 OR :AT Y\ WILL2 & BY ?IS MEANS HE W\LD NOT SO SOON BE DRIV5 9TO HIS WORKFUL OR 5]GETIC MOOD3  HE W\LD HAVE MORE 5JOYM5T1 & BETT]4  

,! RE/RA9+ ( RE/LESSNESS1 !RE=E1 IS CLE>LY ONE ( ! ESS5TIAL AIMS ( >T1 & FEW ?+S C\LD ADD TO ! PLEASURE ( LIFE MORE ?AN ?IS4  ,!RE >E1 TO MY KN[L$GE1 GIFT$ PEOPLE N[ ALIVE :O HAVE NO O!R VICE ?AN ?IS ( RE/LESSNESS1 & SEEM+LY NO O!R CURSE 9 !IR LIVES TO MAKE !M UNHAPPY3  BUT ?AT IS 5\<2 IT IS 0! LITTLE RIFT )9 ! LUTE40  ,RE/LESSNESS MAKES !M HAPLESS M5 & BAD CITIZ5S4  

,BUT GRANT+1 AS ,I SUPPOSE Y\ ALL WILL DO1 ?AT ?IS IS A MO/ IMPORTANT FUNCTION = >T TO FULFILL1 ! QUE/ION NEXT COMES1 AT :AT PRICE DO WE OBTA9 IT8  ,I HAVE ADMITT$ ?AT ! PRACTICE ( >T HAS ADD$ TO ! LABOR ( MANK9D1 ?\< ,I BELIEVE 9 ! LONG RUN IT WILL NOT DO SO2 BUT 9 ADD+ TO ! LABOR ( MAN HAS IT ADD$1 SO F>1 TO HIS PA98  ,!RE ALWAYS HAVE BE5 PEOPLE :O W\LD AT ONCE SAY YES TO ?AT QUE/ION2 SO ?AT !RE HAVE BE5 & >E TWO SETS ( PEOPLE :O DISLIKE & CONTEMN >T AS AN EMB>RASS+ FOLLY4  ,BESIDES ! PI\S ASCETICS1 :O LOOK UPON IT AS A WORLDLY 5TANGLEM5T :I* PREV5TS M5 FROM KEEP+ !IR M9DS FIX$ ON ! *ANCES ( !IR 9DIVIDUAL HAPP9ESS OR MIS]Y 9 ! NEXT WORLD2 :O1 9 %ORT1 HATE >T1 BECAUSE !Y ?9K ?AT IT ADDS TO MAN'S E>?LY HAPP9ESS-- BESIDES !SE1 !RE >E ALSO PEOPLE :O1 LOOK+ ON ! /RUGGLE ( LIFE FROM ! MO/ REASONABLE PO9T ?AT !Y KN[ (1 CONTEMN ! >TS BECAUSE !Y ?9K ?AT !Y ADD TO MAN'S SLAV]Y BY 9CREAS+ ! SUM ( HIS PA9FUL LABOR3  IF ?IS W]E ! CASE1 IT W\LD /ILL1 TO MY M9D1 BE A QUE/ION :E!R IT MI<T NOT BE WOR? ! :ILE TO 5DURE ! EXTRA PA9 ( LABOR = ! SAKE ( ! EXTRA PLEASURE ADD$ TO RE/2 ASSUM+1 = ! PRES5T1 EQUALITY ( CONDITION AMONG M54  ,BUT IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT IT IS NOT ! CASE ?AT ! PRACTICE ( >T ADDS TO PA9FUL LABOR2 NAY MORE1 ,I BELIEVE ?AT1 IF IT DID1 >T W\LD NEV] HAVE >IS5 AT ALL1 W\LD C]TA9LY NOT BE DISC]NIBLE1 AS IT IS1 AMONG PEOPLES 9 :OM ONLY ! G]MS ( CIVILIZATION EXI/4  ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,I BELIEVE ?AT >T CANNOT BE ! RESULT ( EXT]NAL COMPULSION2 ! LABOR :I* GOES TO PRODUCE IT IS VOLUNT>Y1 & P>TLY UND]TAK5 = ! SAKE ( ! LABOR ITSELF1 P>TLY = ! SAKE ( ! HOPE ( PRODUC+ SOME?+ :I*1 :5 DONE1 %ALL GIVE PLEASURE TO ! US] ( IT4  ,OR1 AGA91 ?IS EXTRA LABOR1 :5 IT IS EXTRA1 IS UND]TAK5 ) ! AIM ( SATISFY+ ?AT MOOD ( 5]GY BY EMPLOY+ IT TO PRODUCE SOME?+ WOR? DO+1 & :I*1 !RE=E1 WILL KEEP BE=E ! WORK] A LIVELY HOPE :ILE HE IS WORK+2 & ALSO BY GIV+ IT WORK TO DO 9 :I* !RE IS ABSOLUTE IMM$IATE PLEASURE4  ,P]HAPS IT IS DIFFICULT TO EXPLA9 TO ! NON->TI/IC CAPACITY ?AT ?IS DEF9ITE S5SU\S PLEASURE IS ALWAYS PRES5T 9 ! H&IWORK ( ! DEFT WORKMAN :5 HE IS WORK+ SUCCESSFULLY1 & ?AT IT 9CREASES 9 PROPORTION TO ! FRE$OM & 9DIVIDUALITY ( ! WORK4  ,ALSO Y\ MU/ UND]/& ?AT ?IS PRODUCTION ( >T1 & CONSEQU5T PLEASURE 9 WORK1 IS NOT CONF9$ TO ! PRODUCTION ( MATT]S :I* >E WORKS ( >T ONLY1 LIKE PICTURES1 /ATUES1 & SO =?1 BUT HAS BE5 & %\LD BE A P>T ( ALL LABOR 9 SOME =M OR O!R3  SO ONLY WILL ! CLAIMS ( ! MOOD ( 5]GY BE SATISFI$4  

,!RE=E ! ,AIM ( ,>T IS TO 9CREASE ! HAPP9ESS ( M51 BY GIV+ !M BEAUTY & 9T]E/ ( 9CID5T TO AMUSE !IR LEISURE1 & PREV5T !M WE>Y+ EV5 ( RE/1 & BY GIV+ !M HOPE & BODILY PLEASURE 9 !IR WORK2 OR1 %ORTLY1 TO MAKE MAN'S WORK HAPPY & HIS RE/ FRUITFUL4  ,CONSEQU5TLY1 G5U9E >T IS AN UNMIX$ BLESS+ TO ! RACE ( MAN4  

,BUT AS ! WORD 0G5U9E0 IS A L>GE QUALIFICATION1 ,I MU/ ASK LEAVE TO ATTEMPT TO DRAW SOME PRACTICAL CONCLUSIONS FROM ?IS ASS]TION ( ! ,AIMS ( ,>T1 :I* WILL1 ,I SUPPOSE1 OR 9DE$ HOPE1 LEAD US 9TO SOME CONTROV]SY ON ! SUBJECT2 BECAUSE IT IS FUTILE 9DE$ TO EXPECT ANY ONE TO SPEAK AB\T >T1 EXCEPT 9 ! MO/ SUP]FICIAL WAY1 )\T 5C\NT]+ ?OSE SOCIAL PROBLEMS :I* ALL S]I\S M5 >E ?9K+ (2 S9CE >T IS & MU/ BE1 EI!R 9 ITS ABUNDANCE OR ITS B>R5NESS1 9 ITS S9C]ITY OR ITS HOLL[NESS1 ! EXPRESSION ( ! SOCIETY AMONG :I* IT EXI/S4  

,FIR/1 !N1 IT IS CLE> TO ME ?AT1 AT ! PRES5T TIME1 ?OSE :O LOOK WIDE/ AT ?+S & DEEPE/ 9TO !M >E QUITE DISSATISFI$ ) ! PRES5T /ATE ( ! >TS1 AS !Y >E ALSO ) ! PRES5T CONDITION ( SOCIETY4  ,?IS ,I SAY 9 ! TEE? ( ! SUPPOS$ REVIVIFICATION ( >T :I* HAS TAK5 PLACE ( LATE YE>S3  9 FACT1 ?AT V]Y EXCITEM5T AB\T ! >TS AMONG A P>T ( ! CULTIVAT$ PEOPLE ( TO-DAY DOES BUT %[ ON H[ FIRM A BASIS ! DISSATISFACTION ABOVE M5TION$ RE/S4  ,=TY YE>S AGO !RE WAS MU* LESS TALK AB\T >T1 MU* LESS PRACTICE ( IT1 ?AN !RE IS N[2 & ?AT IS SPECIALLY TRUE ( ! >*ITECTURAL >TS1 :I* ,I %ALL MO/LY HAVE TO SPEAK AB\T N[4  ,PEOPLE HAVE CONSCI\SLY /RIV5 TO RAISE ! DEAD 9 >T S9CE ?AT TIME1 & ) SOME SUP]FICIAL SUCCESS4  ,NEV]!LESS1 9 SPITE ( ?IS CONSCI\S EF=T1 ,I MU/ TELL Y\ ?AT ,5GL&1 TO A P]SON :O CAN FEEL & UND]/& BEAUTY1 WAS A LESS GRIEV\S PLACE TO LIVE 9 !N ?AN IT IS N[2 & WE :O FEEL :AT >T MEANS KN[ WELL1 ?\< WE DO NOT (T5 D>E TO SAY SO1 ?AT =TY YE>S H5CE IT WILL BE A MORE GRIEV\S PLACE TO US ?AN IT IS N[ IF WE /ILL FOLL[ UP ! ROAD WE >E ON4  ,LESS ?AN =TY YE>S AGO--AB\T ?IRTY--,I FIR/ SAW ! CITY ( ,R\51 !N /ILL 9 ITS \TW>D ASPECT A PIECE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES3  NO WORDS CAN TELL Y\ H[ ITS M+L$ BEAUTY1 HI/ORY1 & ROMANCE TOOK HOLD ON ME2 ,I CAN ONLY SAY ?AT1 LOOK+ BACK ON MY PA/ LIFE1 ,I F9D IT WAS ! GREATE/ PLEASURE ,I HAVE EV] HAD3  & N[ IT IS A PLEASURE :I* NO ONE CAN EV] HAVE AGA93  IT IS LO/ TO ! WORLD = EV]4  ,AT ?AT TIME ,I WAS AN UND]GRADUATE ( ,OX=D4 ,?\< NOT SO A/\ND+1 SO ROMANTIC1 OR AT FIR/ SI<T SO M$IEVAL AS ! ,NORMAN CITY1 ,OX=D 9 ?OSE DAYS /ILL KEPT A GREAT DEAL ( ITS E>LI] LOVEL9ESS3  & ! MEMORY ( ITS GRAY /REETS AS !Y !N W]E HAS BE5 AN ABID+ 9FLU5CE & PLEASURE 9 MY LIFE1 & W\LD BE GREAT] /ILL IF ,I C\LD ONLY =GET :AT !Y >E N[--A MATT] ( F> MORE IMPORTANCE ?AN ! SO-CALL$ LE>N+ ( ! PLACE C\LD HAVE BE5 TO ME 9 ANY CASE1 BUT :I*1 AS IT WAS1 NO ONE TRI$ TO TEA* ME1 & ,I DID NOT TRY TO LE>N4  ,S9CE !N ! GU>DIANS ( ?IS BEAUTY & ROMANCE SO F]TILE ( $UCATION1 ?\< PR(ESS$LY 5GAG$ 9 0! HI<] $UCATION0 7AS ! FUTILE SY/EM ( COMPROMISES :I* !Y FOLL[ IS NICK-NAM$71 HAVE IGNOR$ IT UTT]LY1 HAVE MADE ITS PRES]VATION GIVE WAY TO ! PRESSURE ( COMM]CIAL EXIG5CIES1 & >E DET]M9$ APP>5TLY TO DE/ROY IT ALTOGE!R4  ,!RE IS ANO!R PLEASURE = ! WORLD GONE D[N ! W9D2 H]E1 AGA91 ! BEAUTY & ROMANCE HAVE BE5 USELESSLY1 CAUSELESSLY1 MO/ FOOLI%LY ?R[N AWAY4  

,!SE TWO CASES >E GIV5 SIMPLY BECAUSE !Y HAVE BE5 FIX$ 9 MY M9D2 !Y >E BUT TYPES ( :AT IS GO+ ON EV]Y:]E ?R\<\T CIVILIZATION3  ! WORLD IS EV]Y:]E GR[+ UGLI] & MORE COMMONPLACE1 9 SPITE ( ! CONSCI\S & V]Y /R5U\S EF=TS ( A SMALL GR\P ( PEOPLE T[>DS ! REVIVAL ( >T1 :I* >E SO OBVI\SLY \T ( JO9T ) ! T5D5CY ( ! AGE ?AT1 :ILE ! UNCULTIVAT$ HAVE NOT EV5 HE>D ( !M1 ! MASS ( ! CULTIVAT$ LOOK UPON !M AS A JOKE1 & EV5 ?AT !Y >E N[ BEG9N+ TO GET TIR$ (4  

,N[1 IF IT BE TRUE1 AS ,I HAVE ASS]T$1 ?AT G5U9E >T IS AN UNMIX$ BLESS+ TO ! WORLD1 ?IS IS A S]I\S MATT]2 = AT FIR/ SI<T IT SEEMS TO %[ ?AT !RE WILL SOON BE NO >T AT ALL 9 ! WORLD1 :I* WILL ?US LOSE AN UNMIX$ BLESS+2 IT CAN ILL AF=D TO DO ?AT1 ,I ?9K4  

,= >T1 IF IT HAS TO DIE1 HAS WORN ITSELF \T1 & ITS AIM WILL BE A ?+ =GOTT52 & ITS AIM WAS TO MAKE WORK HAPPY & RE/ FRUITFUL4  ,IS ALL WORK TO BE UNHAPPY1 ALL RE/ UNFRUITFUL1 !N8 ,9DE$1 IF >T IS TO P]I%1 ?AT WILL BE ! CASE1 UNLESS SOME?+ IS TO TAKE ITS PLACE--SOME?+ AT PRES5T UNNAM$1 UNDREAM$ (4  

,I DO NOT ?9K ?AT ANY?+ WILL TAKE ! PLACE ( >T2 NOT ?AT ,I D\BT ! +5UITY ( MAN1 :I* SEEMS TO BE B\NDLESS 9 ! DIRECTION ( MAK+ HIMSELF UNHAPPY1 BUT BECAUSE ,I BELIEVE ! SPR+S ( >T 9 ! HUMAN M9D TO BE DEA?LESS1 & ALSO BECAUSE IT SEEMS TO ME EASY TO SEE ! CAUSES ( ! PRES5T OBLIT]ATION ( ! >TS4  

,= WE CIVILIZ$ PEOPLE HAVE NOT GIV5 !M UP CONSCI\SLY1 OR ( \R FREE WILL2 WE HAVE BE5 ,=,C,$ TO GIVE !M UP4  ,P]HAPS ,I CAN ILLU/RATE ?AT BY ! DETAIL ( ! APPLICATION ( MA*9]Y TO ! PRODUCTION ( ?+S 9 :I* >TI/IC =M ( SOME SORT IS POSSIBLE4 ,:Y DOES A REASONABLE MAN USE A MA*9E8  ,SURELY TO SAVE HIS LABOR4 ,!RE >E SOME ?+S :I* A MA*9E CAN DO AS WELL AS A MAN'S H&1 ,P,L,U,S A TOOL1 CAN DO !M4  ,HE NE$ NOT1 = 9/ANCE1 GR9D HIS CORN 9 A H&-QU]N2 A LITTLE TRICKLE ( WAT]1 A :EEL1 & A FEW SIMPLE CONTRIVANCES WILL DO IT ALL P]FECTLY WELL1 & LEAVE HIM FREE TO SMOKE HIS PIPE & ?9K1 OR TO C>VE ! H&LE ( HIS KNIFE4  ,?AT1 SO F>1 IS UNMIX$ GA9 9 ! USE ( A MA*9E--ALWAYS1 M9D Y\1 SUPPOS+ EQUALITY ( CONDITION AMONG M52 NO >T IS LO/1 LEISURE OR TIME = MORE PLEASURABLE WORK IS GA9$4  ,P]HAPS A P]FECTLY REASONABLE & FREE MAN W\LD /OP !RE 9 HIS DEAL+S ) MA*9]Y2 BUT SU* REASON & FRE$OM >E TOO MU* TO EXPECT1 SO LET US FOLL[ \R MA*9E-9V5TOR A /EP F>!R4  ,HE HAS TO WEAVE PLA9 CLO?1 & F9DS DO+ SO DULLI% ON ! ONE H&1 & ON ! O!R ?AT A P[]-LOOM WILL WEAVE ! CLO? NE>LY AS WELL AS A H&-LOOM3 SO1 9 ORD] TO GA9 MORE LEISURE OR TIME = MORE PLEASURABLE WORK1 HE USES A P[]-LOOM1 & =EGOES ! SMALL ADVANTAGE ( ! LITTLE EXTRA >T 9 ! CLO?4  ,BUT SO DO+1 AS F> AS ! >T IS CONC]N$1 HE HAS NOT GOT A PURE GA92 HE HAS MADE A B>GA9 BETWE5 >T & LABOR1 & GOT A MAKE%IFT AS A CONSEQU5CE4  ,I DO NOT SAY ?AT HE MAY NOT BE RI<T 9 SO DO+1 BUT ?AT HE HAS LO/ AS WELL AS GA9$4  ,N[1 ?IS IS AS F> AS A MAN :O VALUES >T & IS REASONABLE W\LD GO 9 ! MATT] ( MA*9]Y ,A,S ,L,O,N,G ,A,S ,H,E ,W,A,S ,F,R,E,E--?AT IS1 WAS NOT ,=,C,$ TO WORK = ANO!R MAN'S PR(IT2 SO LONG AS HE WAS LIV+ 9 A SOCIETY ,?,A,T ,H,A,D ,A,C,C,E,P,T,$ ,E,Q,U,A,L,I,T,Y ,( ,C,O,N,D,I,T,I,O,N4  ,C>RY ! MA*9E US$ = >T A /EP F>!R1 & HE BECOMES AN UNREASONABLE MAN1 IF HE VALUES >T & IS FREE4  ,TO AVOID MISUND]/&+1 ,I MU/ SAY ?AT ,I AM ?9K+ ( ! MOD]N MA*9E1 :I* IS AS IT W]E ALIVE1 & TO :I* ! MAN IS AUXILI>Y1 & NOT ( ! OLD MA*9E1 ! IMPROV$ TOOL1 :I* IS AUXILI>Y TO ! MAN1 & ONLY WORKS AS LONG AS HIS H& IS ?9K+2 ?\< ,I WILL REM>K1 ?AT EV5 ?IS ELEM5T>Y =M ( MA*9E HAS TO BE DROPP$ :5 WE COME TO ! HI<] & MORE 9TRICATE =MS ( >T4  ,WELL1 AS TO ! MA*9E PROP] US$ = >T1 :5 IT GETS TO ! /AGE ABOVE DEAL+ ) A NECESS>Y PRODUCTION ?AT HAS ACCID5TALLY SOME BEAUTY AB\T IT1 A REASONABLE MAN ) A FEEL+ = >T WILL ONLY USE IT :5 HE IS =C$ TO4  ,IF HE ?9KS HE W\LD LIKE ORNAM5T1 = 9/ANCE1 & KN[S ?AT ! MA*9E CANNOT DO IT PROP]LY1 & DOES NOT C>E TO SP5D ! TIME TO DO IT PROP]LY1 :Y %\LD HE DO IT AT ALL8  ,HE WILL NOT DIM9I% HIS LEISURE = ! SAKE ( MAK+ SOME?+ HE DOES NOT WANT UNLESS SOME MAN OR B& ( M5 =CE HIM TO IT2 SO HE WILL EI!R GO )\T ! ORNAM5T1 OR SACRIFICE SOME ( HIS LEISURE TO HAVE IT G5U9E4  ,?AT WILL BE A SIGN ?AT HE WANTS IT V]Y MU*1 & ?AT IT WILL BE WOR? HIS TR\BLE3  9 :I* CASE1 AGA91 HIS LABOR ON IT WILL NOT BE M]E TR\BLE1 BUT WILL 9T]E/ & PLEASE HIM BY SATISFY+ ! NE$S ( HIS MOOD ( 5]GY4  

,?IS1 ,I SAY1 IS H[ A REASONABLE MAN W\LD ACT IF HE W]E FREE FROM MAN'S COMPULSION2 NOT BE+ FREE1 HE ACTS V]Y DIFF]5TLY4  ,HE HAS LONG PASS$ ! /AGE AT :I* MA*9ES >E ONLY US$ = DO+ WORK REPULSIVE TO AN AV]AGE MAN1 OR = DO+ :AT C\LD BE AS WELL DONE BY A MA*9E AS A MAN1 & HE 9/9CTIVELY EXPECTS A MA*9E TO BE 9V5T$ :5EV] ANY PRODUCT ( 9DU/RY BECOMES S\<T AFT]4  ,HE IS ! SLAVE TO MA*9]Y2 ! NEW MA*9E ,M,U,/ BE 9V5T$1 & :5 9V5T$ HE ,M,U,/--,I WILL NOT SAY USE IT1 BUT BE US$ BY IT1 :E!R HE LIKES IT OR NOT4  

,BUT :Y IS HE ! SLAVE TO MA*9]Y8  ,BECAUSE HE IS ! SLAVE TO ! SY/EM = :OSE EXI/5CE ! 9V5TION ( MA*9]Y WAS NECESS>Y4  

,& N[ ,I MU/ DROP1 OR RA!R HAVE DROPP$1 ! ASSUMPTION ( ! EQUALITY ( CONDITION1 & REM9D Y\ ?AT1 ?\< 9 A S5SE WE >E ALL ! SLAVES ( MA*9]Y1 YET ?AT SOME M5 >E SO DIRECTLY )\T ANY METAPHOR AT ALL1 & ?AT !SE >E JU/ ?OSE ON :OM ! GREAT BODY ( ! >TS DEP5DS--! WORKM54  ,IT IS NECESS>Y = ! SY/EM :I* KEEPS !M 9 !IR POSITION AS AN 9F]IOR CLASS ?AT !Y %\LD EI!R BE !MSELVES MA*9ES OR BE ! S]VANTS TO MA*9ES1 9 NO CASE HAV+ ANY 9T]E/ 9 ! WORK :I* !Y TURN \T4  ,TO !IR EMPLOY]S !Y >E1 SO F> AS !Y >E WORKM51 A P>T ( ! MA*9]Y ( ! WORK%OP OR ! FACTORY2 TO !MSELVES !Y >E PROLET>IANS1 HUMAN BE+S WORK+ TO LIVE ?AT !Y MAY LIVE TO WORK3  !IR P>T ( CRAFTSM51 ( MAK]S ( ?+S BY !IR [N FREE WILL1 IS PLAY$ \T4  

,AT ! RISK ( BE+ ACCUS$ ( S5TIM5TALITY1 ,I WILL SAY ?AT S9CE ?IS IS SO1 S9CE ! WORK :I* PRODUCES ! ?+S ?AT %\LD BE MATT]S ( >T IS BUT A BURD5 & A SLAV]Y1 ,I EXULT 9 ?IS AT LEA/1 ?AT IT CANNOT PRODUCE >T2 ?AT ALL IT CAN DO LIES BETWE5 />K UTILIT>IANISM & IDIOTIC %AM4  

,OR 9DE$ IS ?AT M]ELY S5TIM5TAL8  ,RA!R1 ,I ?9K1 WE :O HAVE LE>N$ TO SEE ! CONNECTION BETWE5 9DU/RIAL SLAV]Y & ! DEGRADATION ( ! >TS HAVE LE>N$ ALSO TO HOPE = A FUTURE = ?OSE >TS2 S9CE ! DAY WILL C]TA9LY COME :5 M5 WILL %AKE (F ! YOKE1 & REFUSE TO ACCEPT ! M]E >TIFICIAL COMPULSION ( ! GAMBL+ M>KET TO WA/E !IR LIVES 9 CEASELESS & HOPELESS TOIL2 & :5 IT DOES COME1 !IR 9/9CTS = BEAUTY & IMAG9ATION SET FREE ALONG ) !M1 WILL PRODUCE SU* >T AS !Y NE$2 & :O CAN SAY ?AT IT WILL NOT AS F> SURPASS ! >T ( PA/ AGES AS ?AT DOES ! POOR RELICS ( IT LEFT US BY ! AGE ( COMM]CE8  

,A WORD OR TWO ON AN OBJECTION :I* HAS (T5 BE5 MADE TO ME :5 ,I HAVE BE5 TALK+ ON ?IS SUBJECT4  ,IT MAY BE SAID1 & IS (T51 ,Y\ REGRET ! >T ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES 7AS 9DE$ ,I DO71 BUT ?OSE :O PRODUC$ IT W]E NOT FREE2 !Y W]E S]FS1 OR GILD-CRAFTSM5 SURR\ND$ BY BRAZ5 WALLS ( TRADE RE/RICTIONS2 !Y HAD NO POLITICAL RI<TS1 & W]E EXPLOIT$ BY !IR MA/]S1 ! NOBLE CA/E1 MO/ GRIEV\SLY4  ,WELL1 ,I QUITE ADMIT ?AT ! OPPRESSION & VIOL5CE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES HAD ITS EFFECT ON ! >T ( ?OSE DAYS1 ITS %ORTCOM+S >E TRACEABLE TO !M2 !Y REPRESS$ >T 9 C]TA9 DIRECTIONS1 ,I DO NOT D\BT ?AT2 & = ?AT REASON ,I SAY1 ?AT :5 WE %AKE (F ! PRES5T OPPRESSION AS WE %OOK (F ! OLD1 WE MAY EXPECT ! >T ( ! DAYS ( REAL FRE$OM TO RISE ABOVE ?AT ( ?OSE OLD VIOL5T DAYS4  ,BUT ,I DO SAY ?AT IT WAS POSSIBLE !N TO HAVE SOCIAL1 ORGANIC1 HOPEFUL PROGRESSIVE >T2 :]EAS N[ SU* POOR SCRAPS ( IT AS >E LEFT >E ! RESULT ( 9DIVIDUAL & WA/EFUL /RUGGLE1 >E RETROSPECTIVE & PESSIMI/IC4  ,& ?IS HOPEFUL >T WAS POSSIBLE AMID ALL ! OPPRESSION ( ?OSE DAYS1 BECAUSE ! 9/RUM5TS ( ?AT OPPRESSION W]E GROSSLY OBVI\S1 & W]E EXT]NAL TO ! WORK ( ! CRAFTSMAN4  ,!Y W]E LAWS & CU/OMS OBVI\SLY 9T5D$ TO ROB HIM1 & OP5 VIOL5CE ( ! HI<WAY- ROBB]Y K9D4  ,9 %ORT1 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION WAS NOT ! 9/RUM5T US$ = ROBB+ ! 0L[] CLASSES20 IT IS N[ ! MA9 9/RUM5T US$ 9 ?AT HONORABLE PR(ESSION4  ,! M$IEVAL CRAFTSMAN WAS FREE 9 HIS WORK1 !RE=E HE MADE IT AS AMUS+ TO HIMSELF AS HE C\LD2 & IT WAS HIS PLEASURE & NOT HIS PA9 ?AT MADE ALL ?+S BEAUTIFUL ?AT W]E MADE1 & LAVI%$ TREASURES ( HUMAN HOPE & ?\<T ON EV]Y?+ ?AT MAN MADE1 FROM A CA!DRAL TO A PORRIDGE- POT4  ,COME1 LET US PUT IT 9 ! WAY LEA/ RESPECTFUL TO ! M$IEVAL CRAFTSMAN1 MO/ POLITE TO ! MOD]N 0H&30 ! POOR DEVIL ( ! F\RTE5? C5TURY1 HIS WORK WAS ( SO LITTLE VALUE ?AT HE WAS ALL[$ TO WA/E IT BY ! H\R 9 PLEAS+ HIMSELF--& O!RS2 BUT \R HI<LY-/RUNG ME*ANIC1 HIS M9UTES >E TOO RI* ) ! BURD5 ( P]PETUAL PR(IT = HIM TO BE ALL[$ TO WA/E ONE ( !M ON >T2 ! PRES5T SY/EM WILL NOT ALL[ HIM--CANNOT ALL[ HIM--TO PRODUCE WORKS ( >T4  

,SO ?AT !RE HAS >IS5 ?IS /RANGE PH5OM5ON1 ?AT !RE IS N[ A CLASS ( LADIES & G5TLEM51 V]Y REF9$ 9DE$1 ?\< NOT P]HAPS AS WELL 9=M$ AS IS G5]ALLY SUPPOS$1 & ( ?IS REF9$ CLASS !RE >E MANY :O DO REALLY LOVE BEAUTY & 9CID5T-- I4E41 >T1 & W\LD MAKE SACRIFICES TO GET IT2 & !SE >E L$ BY >TI/S ( GREAT MANUAL SKILL & HI< 9TELLECT1 =M+ ALTOGE!R A L>GE BODY ( DEM& = ! >TICLE4  ,& YET ! SUPPLY DOES NOT COME4  ,YES1 & MOREOV]1 ?IS GREAT BODY ( 5?USIA/IC DEM&]S >E NO M]E POOR & HELPLESS PEOPLE1 IGNORANT FI%]-PEASANTS1 HALF- MAD MONKS1 SCATT]-BRA9$ SANSCULOTTES--NONE ( ?OSE1 9 %ORT1 ! EXPRESSION ( :OSE NE$S HAS %AK5 ! WORLD SO (T5 BE=E1 & WILL DO YET AGA94  ,NO1 !Y >E ( ! RUL+ CLASSES1 ! MA/]S ( M51 :O CAN LIVE )\T LABOR1 & HAVE ABUNDANT LEISURE TO S*EME \T ! FULFILLM5T ( !IR DESIRES2 & YET ,I SAY !Y CANNOT HAVE ! >T :I* !Y SO MU* LONG =1 ?\< !Y HUNT IT AB\T ! WORLD SO H>D1 S5TIM5TALIZ+ ! SORDID LIVES ( ! MIS]ABLE PEASANTS ( ,ITALY & ! />V+ PROLET>IANS ( H] T[NS1 N[ ?AT ALL ! PICTURESQU5ESS HAS DEP>T$ FROM ! POOR DEVILS ( \R [N C\NTRY-SIDE1 & ( \R [N SLUMS4  ,9DE$1 !RE IS LITTLE ( REALITY LEFT !M ANY:]E1 & ?AT LITTLE IS FA/ FAD+ AWAY BE=E ! NE$S ( ! MANUFACTUR] & HIS RAGG$ REGIM5T ( WORK]S1 & BE=E ! 5?USIASM ( ! >*AEOLOGICAL RE/OR] ( ! DEAD PA/4  ,SOON !RE WILL BE NO?+ LEFT EXCEPT ! LY+ DREAMS ( HI/ORY1 ! MIS]ABLE WRECKAGE ( \R MUSEUMS & PICTURE- GALL]IES1 & ! C>EFULLY GU>D$ 9T]IORS ( \R ES!TIC DRAW+-ROOMS1 UNREAL & FOOLI%1 FITT+ WITNESSES ( ! LIFE ( CORRUPTION ?AT GOES ON !RE1 SO P9*$ & MEAG] & C[>DLY1 ) ITS CONCEALM5T & IGNOR+1 RA!R ?AN RE/RA9T (1 NATURAL LONG+S2 :I* DOES NOT =BID ! GRE$Y 9DULG5CE 9 !M IF IT CAN BUT BE DEC5TLY HIDD54  

,! >T !N IS GONE1 & CAN NO MORE BE 0RE/OR$0 ON ITS OLD L9ES ?AN A M$IEVAL BUILD+ CAN BE4  ,! RI* & REF9$ CANNOT HAVE IT ?\< !Y W\LD1 & ?\< WE WILL BELIEVE MANY ( !M W\LD4 ,& :Y8  ,BECAUSE ?OSE :O C\LD GIVE IT TO ! RI* >E NOT ALL[$ BY ! RI* TO DO SO4  ,9 ONE WORD1 SLAV]Y LIES BETWE5 US & >T4  

,I HAVE SAID AS MU* AS ?AT ! AIM ( >T WAS TO DE/ROY ! CURSE ( LABOR BY MAK+ WORK ! PLEASURABLE SATISFACTION ( \R IMPULSE T[>DS 5]GY1 & GIV+ TO ?AT 5]GY HOPE ( PRODUC+ SOME?+ WOR? ITS EX]CISE4  

,N[1 !RE=E1 ,I SAY1 ?AT S9CE WE CANNOT HAVE >T BY /RIV+ AFT] ITS M]E SUP]FICIAL MANIFE/ATION1 S9CE WE CAN HAVE NO?+ BUT ITS %AM BY SO DO+1 !RE YET REMA9S = US TO SEE H[ IT W\LD BE IF WE LET ! %AD[ TAKE C>E ( ITSELF & TRY1 IF WE CAN1 TO LAY HOLD ( ! SUB/ANCE4  ,= MY P>T ,I BELIEVE1 ?AT IF WE TRY TO REALIZE ! AIMS ( >T )\T MU* TR\BL+ \RSELVES :AT ! ASPECT ( ! >T ITSELF %ALL BE1 WE %ALL F9D WE %ALL HAVE :AT WE WANT AT LA/3  :E!R IT IS TO BE CALL$ >T OR NOT1 IT WILL AT LEA/ BE ,L,I,F,E2 &1 AFT] ALL1 ?AT IS :AT WE WANT4  ,IT MAY LEAD US 9TO NEW SPL5DORS & BEAUTIES ( VISIBLE >T2 TO >*ITECTURE ) MANIFOLD$ MAGNIFIC5CE FREE FROM ! CURI\S 9COMPLET5ESS & FAIL+S ( ?AT :I* ! OLD] TIMES HAVE PRODUC$--TO PA9T+1 UNIT+ TO ! BEAUTY :I* M$IEVAL >T ATTA9$ ! REALISM :I* MOD]N >T AIMS AT2 TO SCULPTURE1 UNIT+ ! BEAUTY ( ! ,GREEK & ! EXPRESSION ( ! ,R5AISSANCE ) SOME ?IRD QUALITY YET UNDISCOV]$1 SO AS TO GIVE US ! IMAGES ( M5 & WOM5 SPL5DIDLY ALIVE1 YET NOT DISQUALIFI$ FROM MAK+1 AS ALL TRUE SCULPTURE %\LD1 >*ITECTURAL ORNAM5T4  ,ALL ?IS IT MAY DO2 OR1 ON ! O!R H&1 IT MAY LEAD US 9TO ! DES]T1 & >T MAY SEEM TO BE DEAD AMID US2 OR FEEBLY & UNC]TA9LY TO BE /RUGGL+ 9 A WORLD :I* HAS UTT]LY =GOTT5 ITS OLD GLORIES4  

,= MY P>T1 ) >T AS IT N[ IS1 ,I CANNOT BR+ MYSELF TO ?9K ?AT IT MU* MATT]S :I* ( !SE DOOMS AWAITS IT1 SO LONG AS EA* BE>S ) IT SOME HOPE ( :AT IS TO COME2 S9CE H]E1 AS 9 O!R MATT]S1 !RE IS NO HOPE SAVE 9 ,REVOLUTION4  ,! OLD >T IS NO LONG] F]TILE1 NO LONG] YIELDS US ANY?+ SAVE ELEGANTLY POETICAL REGRETS2 BE+ B>R51 IT HAS BUT TO DIE1 & ! MATT] ( MOM5T N[ IS1 AS TO H[ IT %ALL DIE1 :E!R ,) HOPE OR ,),\,T IT4  

,:AT IS IT1 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT HAS DE/ROY$ ! ,R\51 ! ,OX=D ( ,M,Y ELEGANT POETIC REGRET8  ,HAS IT P]I%$ = ! B5EFIT ( ! PEOPLE1 EI!R SL[LY YIELD+ TO ! GR[? ( 9TELLIG5T *ANGE & NEW HAPP9ESS8 OR HAS IT BE51 AS IT W]E1 ?UND]/RICK5 BY ! TRAG$Y :I* MO/LY ACCOMPANIES SOME GREAT NEW BIR?8  ,NOT SO4 ,NEI!R PHALANG/]E NOR DYNAMITE HAS SWEPT ITS BEAUTY AWAY1 ITS DE/ROY]S HAVE NOT BE5 EI!R ! PHILAN?ROPI/ OR ! ,SOCIALI/1 ! COOP]ATOR OR ! AN>*I/4  ,IT HAS BE5 SOLD1 & AT A *EAP PRICE 9DE$3  MUDDL$ AWAY BY ! GRE$ & 9COMPET5CE ( FOOLS :O DO NOT KN[ :AT LIFE & PLEASURE MEAN1 :O WILL NEI!R TAKE !M !MSELVES NOR LET O!RS HAVE !M4  ,?AT IS :Y ! DEA? ( ?AT BEAUTY W\NDS US SO3  NO MAN ( S5SE OR FEEL+ W\LD D>E TO REGRET SU* LOSSES IF !Y HAD BE5 PAID = BY NEW LIFE & HAPP9ESS = ! PEOPLE4  ,BUT !RE IS ! PEOPLE /ILL AS IT WAS BE=E1 /ILL FAC+ = ITS P>T ! MON/] :O DE/ROY$ ALL ?AT BEAUTY1 & :OSE NAME IS ,COMM]CIAL ,PR(IT4  

,I REPEAT1 ?AT EV]Y SCRAP ( G5U9E >T WILL FALL BY ! SAME H&S IF ! MATT] ONLY GOES ON LONG 5\<1 AL?\< A %AM >T MAY BE LEFT 9 ITS PLACE1 :I* MAY V]Y WELL BE C>RI$ ON BY DILETTANTI F9E G5TLEM5 & LADIES )\T ANY HELP FROM BEL[2 &1 TO SPEAK PLA9LY1 ,I FE> ?AT ?IS GIBB]+ <O/ ( ! REAL ?+ W\LD SATISFY A GREAT MANY ( ?OSE :O N[ ?9K !MSELVES LOV]S ( >T2 ?\< IT IS NOT DIFFICULT TO SEE A LONG VI/A ( ITS DEGRADATION TILL IT %ALL BECOME AT LA/ A M]E LAU<+-/OCK2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 IF ! ?+ W]E TO GO ON3  ,I MEAN1 IF >T W]E TO BE = EV] ! AMUSEM5T ( ?OSE :OM WE N[ CALL LADIES & G5TLEM54  

,BUT = MY P>T ,I DO NOT ?9K IT WILL GO ON LONG 5\< TO REA* SU* DEP?S AS ?AT2 & YET ,I %\LD BE HYPOCRITICAL IF ,I W]E TO SAY ?AT ,I ?\<T ?AT ! *ANGE 9 ! BASIS ( SOCIETY1 :I* W\LD 5FRAN*ISE LABOR & MAKE M5 PRACTICALLY EQUAL 9 CONDITION1 W\LD LEAD US BY A %ORT ROAD TO ! SPL5DID NEW BIR? ( >T :I* ,I HAVE M5TION$1 ?\< ,I FEEL QUITE C]TA9 ?AT IT W\LD NOT LEAVE :AT WE N[ CALL >T UNT\*$1 S9CE ! AIMS ( ?AT REVOLUTION DO 9CLUDE ! AIMS ( >T--VIZ41 ABOLI%+ ! CURSE ( LABOR4  

,I SUPPOSE ?AT ?IS IS :AT IS LIKELY TO HAPP52 ?AT MA*9]Y WILL GO ON DEVELOP+1 ) ! PURPOSE ( SAV+ M5 LABOR1 TILL ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE ATTA9 REAL LEISURE 5\< TO BE ABLE TO APPRECIATE ! PLEASURE ( LIFE2 TILL1 9 FACT1 !Y HAVE ATTA9$ SU* MA/]Y OV] ,NATURE ?AT !Y NO LONG] FE> />VATION AS A P5ALTY = NOT WORK+ MORE ?AN 5\<4  ,:5 !Y GET TO ?AT PO9T !Y WILL D\BTLESS TURN !MSELVES & BEG9 TO F9D \T :AT IT IS ?AT !Y REALLY WANT TO DO4  ,!Y W\LD SOON F9D \T ?AT ! LESS WORK !Y DID 7! LESS WORK UNACCOMPANI$ BY >T1 ,I MEAN71 ! MORE DESIRABLE A DWELL+-PLACE ! E>? W\LD BE2 !Y W\LD ACCORD+LY DO LESS & LESS WORK1 TILL ! MOOD ( 5]GY1 ( :I* ,I BEGAN BY SPEAK+1 URG$ !M ON AFRE%3  BUT BY ?AT TIME ,NATURE1 RELIEV$ BY ! RELAXATION ( MAN'S WORK1 W\LD BE RECOV]+ H] ANCI5T BEAUTY1 & BE TEA*+ M5 ! OLD /ORY ( >T4  ,& AS ! ,>TIFICIAL ,FAM9E1 CAUS$ BY M5 WORK+ = ! PR(IT ( A MA/]1 & :I* WE N[ LOOK UPON AS A MATT] ( C\RSE1 W\LD HAVE LONG DISAPPE>$1 !Y W\LD BE FREE TO DO AS !Y *OSE1 & !Y W\LD SET ASIDE !IR MA*9ES 9 ALL CASES :]E ! WORK SEEM$ PLEASANT OR DESIRABLE = H&IWORK2 TILL 9 ALL CRAFTS :]E PRODUCTION ( BEAUTY WAS REQUIR$1 ! MO/ DIRECT COMMUNICATION BETWE5 A MAN'S H& & HIS BRA9 W\LD BE S\<T =4  ,& !RE W\LD BE MANY OCCUPATIONS ALSO1 AS ! PROCESSES ( AGRICULTURE1 9 :I* ! VOLUNT>Y EX]CISE ( 5]GY W\LD BE ?\<T SO DELI<TFUL1 ?AT PEOPLE W\LD NOT DREAM ( H&+ OV] ITS PLEASURE TO ! JAWS ( A MA*9E4  

,9 %ORT1 M5 WILL F9D \T ?AT ! M5 ( \R DAYS W]E WRONG 9 FIR/ MULTIPLY+ !IR NE$S1 & !N TRY+1 EA* MAN ( !M1 TO EVADE ALL P>TICIPATION 9 ! MEANS & PROCESSES :]EBY ?OSE NE$S >E SATISFI$2 ?AT ?IS K9D ( DIVISION ( LABOR IS REALLY ONLY A NEW & WILLFUL =M ( >ROGANT & SLO?FUL IGNORANCE1 F> MORE 9JURI\S TO ! HAPP9ESS & CONT5TM5T ( LIFE ?AN ! IGNORANCE ( ! PROCESSES ( ,NATURE1 ( :AT WE SOMETIMES CALL ,S,C,I,5,C,E1 :I* M5 ( ! E>LI] DAYS UNWITT+LY LIV$ 94  

,!Y WILL DISCOV]1 OR R$ISCOV] RA!R1 ?AT ! TRUE SECRET ( HAPP9ESS LIES 9 ! TAK+ A G5U9E 9T]E/ 9 ALL ! DETAILS ( DAILY LIFE1 9 ELEVAT+ !M BY >T 9/EAD ( H&+ ! P]=MANCE ( !M OV] TO UNREG>D$ DRUDGES1 & IGNOR+ !M2 & ?AT 9 CASES :]E IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE EI!R SO TO ELEVATE !M & MAKE !M 9T]E/+1 OR TO LI<T5 !M BY ! USE ( MA*9]Y1 SO AS TO MAKE ! LABOR ( !M TRIFL+1 ?AT %\LD BE TAK5 AS A TOK5 ?AT ! SUPPOS$ ADVANTAGES GA9$ BY !M W]E NOT WOR? ! TR\BLE & HAD BETT] BE GIV5 UP4  ,ALL ?IS TO MY M9D W\LD BE ! \TCOME ( M5 ?R[+ (F ! BURD5 ( ,>TIFICIAL ,FAM9E1 SUPPOS+1 AS ,I CANNOT HELP SUPPOS+1 ?AT ! IMPULSES :I* HAVE FROM ! FIR/ GLIMM]+S ( HI/ORY URG$ M5 ON TO ! PRACTICE ( ,>T W]E /ILL AT WORK 9 !M4  

,?US & ?US ONLY ,C,A,N COME AB\T ! NEW BIR? ( ,>T1 & ,I ?9K IT ,W,I,L,L COME AB\T ?US4  ,Y\ MAY SAY IT IS A LONG PROCESS1 & SO IT IS2 BUT ,I CAN CONCEIVE ( A LONG]4  ,I HAVE GIV5 Y\ ! ,SOCIALI/ OR ,OPTIMI/ VIEW ( ! MATT]4  ,N[ = ! ,PESSIMI/ VIEW4  

,I CAN CONCEIVE ?AT ! REVOLT AGA9/ ,>TIFICIAL ,FAM9E OR ,CAPITALISM1 :I* IS N[ ON FOOT1 MAY BE VANQUI%$4  ,! RESULT WILL BE ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS--! SLAVES ( SOCIETY--WILL BECOME MORE & MORE DEGRAD$2 ?AT !Y WILL NOT /RIVE AGA9/ OV]:ELM+ =CE1 BUT1 /IMULAT$ BY ?AT LOVE ( LIFE :I* ,NATURE1 ALWAYS ANXI\S AB\T ! P]PETUATION ( ! RACE1 HAS IMPLANT$ 9 US1 WILL LE>N TO BE> EV]Y?+--/>VATION1 OV]WORK1 DIRT1 IGNORANCE1 BRUTALITY4  ,ALL !SE ?+S !Y WILL BE>1 AS1 ALAS6 !Y BE> !M TOO WELL EV5 N[2 ALL ?IS RA!R ?AN RISK SWEET LIFE & BITT] LIVELIHOOD1 & ALL SP>KS ( HOPE & MANL9ESS WILL DIE \T ( !M4  

,NOR WILL !IR MA/]S BE MU* BETT] (F3  ! E>?'S SURFACE WILL BE HIDE\S EV]Y:]E1 SAVE 9 ! UN9HABITABLE DES]T2 ,>T WILL UTT]LY P]I%1 AS 9 ! MANUAL >TS SO 9 LIT]ATURE1 :I* WILL BECOME1 AS IT IS 9DE$ SPE$ILY BECOM+1 A M]E /R+ ( ORD]LY & CALCULAT$ 9EPTITUDES & PASSIONLESS +5UITIES2 ,SCI5CE WILL GR[ MORE & MORE ONE-SID$1 MORE 9COMPLETE1 MORE WORDY & USELESS1 TILL AT LA/ %E WILL PILE H]SELF UP 9TO SU* A MASS ( SUP]/ITION1 ?AT BESIDE IT ! !OLOGIES ( OLD TIME WILL SEEM M]E REASON & 5LI<T5M5T4  ,ALL WILL GET L[] & L[]1 TILL ! H]OIC /RUGGLES ( ! PA/ TO REALIZE HOPE FROM YE> TO YE>1 FROM C5TURY TO C5TURY1 WILL BE UTT]LY =GOTT51 & MAN WILL BE AN 9DESCRIBABLE BE+--HOPELESS1 DESIRELESS1 LIFELESS4  

,& WILL !RE BE DELIV]ANCE FROM ?IS EV58  ,MAYBE3  MAN MAY1 AFT] SOME T]RIBLE CATACLYSM1 LE>N TO /RIVE T[>DS A HEAL?Y ANIMALISM1 MAY GR[ FROM A TOL]ABLE ANIMAL 9TO A SAVAGE1 FROM A SAVAGE 9TO A B>B>IAN1 & SO ON2 & SOME ?\S&S ( YE>S H5CE HE MAY BE BEG9N+ ONCE MORE ?OSE >TS :I* WE HAVE N[ LO/1 & BE C>V+ 9T]LACEM5TS LIKE ! ,NEW ,ZEAL&]S1 OR SCRAT*+ =MS ( ANIMALS ON !IR CLEAN$ BLADE-BONES1 LIKE ! PREHI/ORIC M5 ( ! DRIFT4  

,BUT 9 ANY CASE1 ACCORD+ TO ! PESSIMI/ VIEW1 :I* LOOKS UPON REVOLT AGA9/ ,>TIFICIAL ,FAM9E AS IMPOSSIBLE TO SUCCE$1 WE %ALL WE>ILY TRUDGE ! CIRCLE AGA91 UNTIL SOME ACCID5T1 SOME UN=ESE5 CONSEQU5CE ( >RANGEM5T1 MAKES AN 5D ( US ALTOGE!R4  

,?AT PESSIMISM ,I DO NOT BELIEVE 91 NOR1 ON ! O!R H&1 DO ,I SUPPOSE ?AT IT IS ALTOGE!R A MATT] ( \R WILLS AS TO :E!R WE %ALL FUR!R HUMAN PROGRESS OR HUMAN DEGRADATION2 YET1 S9CE !RE >E ?OSE :O >E IMPELL$ T[>DS ! ,SOCIALI/ OR ,OPTIMI/IC SIDE ( ?+S1 ,I MU/ CONCLUDE ?AT !RE IS SOME HOPE ( ITS PREVAIL+1 ?AT ! /R5U\S EF=TS ( MANY 9DIVIDUALS IMPLY A =CE :I* IS ?RU/+ !M ON4  ,SO ?AT ,I BELIEVE ?AT ! 0,AIMS ( ,>T0 WILL BE REALIZ$1 ?\< ,I KN[ ?AT !Y CANNOT BE1 SO LONG AS WE GROAN UND] ! TYRANNY ( ,>TIFICIAL ,FAM9E4  ,ONCE AGA9 ,I W>N Y\ AGA9/ SUPPOS+1 Y\ :O MAY SPECIALLY LOVE >T1 ?AT Y\ WILL DO ANY GOOD BY ATTEMPT+ TO REVIVIFY >T BY DEAL+ ) ITS DEAD EXT]IOR4  ,I SAY IT IS ! ,A,I,M,S ,( ,>,T ?AT Y\ MU/ SEEK RA!R ?AN ! ,>,T ,I,T,S,E,L,F2 & 9 ?AT SE>* WE MAY F9D \RSELVES 9 A WORLD BLANK & B>E1 AS ! RESULT ( \R C>+ AT LEA/ ?IS MU* = >T1 ?AT WE WILL NOT 5DURE ! %AMS ( IT4  

,ANYH[1 ,I ASK Y\ TO ?9K ) ME ?AT ! WOR/ :I* CAN HAPP5 TO US IS TO 5DURE TAMELY ! EVILS ?AT WE SEE2 ?AT NO TR\BLE OR TURMOIL IS SO BAD AS ?AT2 ?AT ! NECESS>Y DE/RUCTION :I* RECON/RUCTION BE>S ) IT MU/ BE TAK5 CALMLY2 ?AT EV]Y:]E-- 9 ,/ATE1 9 ,*UR*1 9 ! H\SEHOLD--WE MU/ BE RESOLUTE TO 5DURE NO TYRANNY1 ACCEPT NO LIE1 QUAIL BE=E NO FE>1 AL?\< !Y MAY COME BE=E US DISGUIS$ AS PIETY1 DUTY1 OR AFFECTION1 AS USEFUL OPPORTUNITY & GOOD-NATURE1 AS PRUD5CE OR K9DNESS4  ,! WORLD'S R\<NESS1 FALS5ESS1 & 9JU/ICE WILL BR+ AB\T !IR NATURAL CONSEQU5CES1 & WE & \R LIVES >E P>T ( ?OSE CONSEQU5CES2 BUT S9CE WE 9H]IT ALSO ! CONSEQU5CES ( OLD RESI/ANCE TO ?OSE CURSES1 LET US EA* LOOK TO IT TO HAVE \R FAIR %>E ( ?AT 9H]ITANCE ALSO1 :I*1 IF NO?+ ELSE COME ( IT1 WILL AT LEA/ BR+ TO US C\RAGE & HOPE2 ?AT IS1 EAG] LIFE :ILE WE LIVE1 :I* IS ABOVE ALL ?+S ! ,AIM ( ,>T4  

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,USEFUL ,WORK ,V]SUS ,USELESS ,TOIL 

,! ABOVE TITLE MAY /RIKE SOME ( MY READ]S AS /RANGE4  ,IT IS ASSUM$ BY MO/ PEOPLE N[ADAYS ?AT ALL WORK IS USEFUL1 & BY MO/ WELL-TO-TO PEOPLE ?AT ALL WORK IS DESIRABLE4  ,MO/ PEOPLE1 WELL-TO- DO OR NOT1 BELIEVE ?AT1 EV5 :5 A MAN IS DO+ WORK :I* APPE>S TO BE USELESS1 HE IS E>N+ HIS LIVELIHOOD BY IT--HE IS 0EMPLOY$10 AS ! PHRASE GOES2 & MO/ ( ?OSE :O >E WELL-TO-DO *E] ON ! HAPPY WORK] ) CONGRATULATIONS & PRAISES1 IF HE IS ONLY 09DU/RI\S0 5\< & DEPRIVES HIMSELF ( ALL PLEASURE & HOLIDAYS 9 ! SACR$ CAUSE ( LABOR4  ,9 %ORT1 IT HAS BECOME AN >TICLE ( ! CRE$ ( MOD]N MORALITY ?AT ALL LABOR IS GOOD 9 ITSELF--A CONV5I5T BELIEF TO ?OSE :O LIVE ON ! LABOR ( O!RS4  ,BUT AS TO ?OSE ON :OM !Y LIVE1 ,I RECOMM5D !M NOT TO TAKE IT ON TRU/1 BUT TO LOOK 9TO ! MATT] A LITTLE DEEP]4  

,LET US GRANT1 FIR/1 ?AT ! RACE ( MAN MU/ EI!R LABOR OR P]I%4  ,NATURE DOES NOT GIVE US \R LIVELIHOOD GRATIS2 WE MU/ W9 IT BY TOIL ( SOME SORT OR DEGREE4  ,LET US SEE1 !N1 IF %E DOES NOT GIVE US SOME COMP5SATION = ?IS COMPULSION TO LABOR1 S9CE C]TA9LY 9 O!R MATT]S %E TAKES C>E TO MAKE ! ACTS NECESS>Y TO ! CONT9UANCE ( LIFE 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! RACE NOT ONLY 5DURABLE1 BUT EV5 PLEASURABLE4  

,Y\ MAY BE SURE ?AT %E DOES SO1 ?AT IT IS ( ! NATURE ( MAN1 :5 HE IS NOT DISEAS$1 TO TAKE PLEASURE 9 HIS WORK UND] C]TA9 CONDITIONS4  ,&1 YET1 WE MU/ SAY 9 ! TEE? ( ! HYPOCRITICAL PRAISE ( ALL LABOR1 :ATSOEV] IT MAY BE1 ( :I* ,I HAVE MADE M5TION1 ?AT !RE IS SOME LABOR :I* IS SO F> FROM BE+ A BLESS+ ?AT IT IS A CURSE2 ?AT IT W\LD BE BETT] = ! COMMUNITY & = ! WORK] IF ! LATT] W]E TO FOLD HIS H&S & REFUSE TO WORK1 & EI!R DIE OR LET US PACK HIM (F TO ! WORKH\SE OR PRISON--:I* Y\ WILL4  

,H]E1 Y\ SEE1 >E TWO K9DS ( WORK--ONE GOOD1 ! O!R BAD2 ONE NOT F> REMOV$ FROM A BLESS+1 A LI<T5+ ( LIFE2 ! O!R A M]E CURSE1 A BURD5 TO LIFE4  

,:AT IS ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 !M1 !N8  ,?IS3  ONE HAS HOPE 9 IT1 ! O!R HAS NOT4  ,IT IS MANLY TO DO ! ONE K9D ( WORK1 & MANLY ALSO TO REFUSE TO DO ! O!R4  

,:AT IS ! NATURE ( ! HOPE :I*1 :5 IT IS PRES5T 9 WORK1 MAKES IT WOR? DO+8  

,IT IS ?REEFOLD1 ,I ?9K--HOPE ( RE/1 HOPE ( PRODUCT1 HOPE ( PLEASURE 9 ! WORK ITSELF2 & HOPE ( !SE ALSO 9 SOME ABUNDANCE & ( GOOD QUALITY2 RE/ 5\< & GOOD 5\< TO BE WOR? HAV+2 PRODUCT WOR? HAV+ BY ONE :O IS NEI!R A FOOL NOR AN ASCETIC2 PLEASURE 5\< = ALL = US TO BE CONSCI\S ( IT :ILE WE >E AT WORK2 NOT A M]E HABIT1 ! LOSS ( :I* WE %ALL FEEL AS A FIDGETY MAN FEELS ! LOSS ( ! BIT ( /R+ HE FIDGETS )4  

,I HAVE PUT ! HOPE ( RE/ FIR/ BECAUSE IT IS ! SIMPLE/ & MO/ NATURAL P>T ( \R HOPE4  ,:ATEV] PLEASURE !RE IS 9 SOME WORK1 !RE IS C]TA9LY SOME PA9 9 ALL WORK1 ! BEA/-LIKE PA9 ( /IRR+ UP \R SLUMB]+ 5]GIES TO ACTION1 ! BEA/-LIKE DREAD ( *ANGE :5 ?+S >E PRETTY WELL ) US2 & ! COMP5SATION = ?IS ANIMAL PA9 IS ANIMAL RE/4  ,WE MU/ FEEL :ILE WE >E WORK+ ?AT ! TIME WILL COME :5 WE %ALL NOT HAVE TO WORK4  ,ALSO ! RE/1 :5 IT COMES1 MU/ BE LONG 5\< TO ALL[ US TO 5JOY IT2 IT MU/ BE LONG] ?AN IS M]ELY NECESS>Y = US TO RECOV] ! /R5G? WE HAVE EXP5D$ 9 WORK+1 & IT MU/ BE ANIMAL RE/ ALSO 9 ?IS1 ?AT IT MU/ NOT BE DI/URB$ BY ANXIETY1 ELSE WE %ALL NOT BE ABLE TO 5JOY IT4  ,IF WE HAVE ?IS AM\NT & K9D ( RE/ WE %ALL1 SO F>1 BE NO WORSE (F ?AN ! BEA/S4  

,AS TO ! HOPE ( PRODUCT1 ,I HAVE SAID ?AT ,NATURE COMPELS US TO WORK = ?AT4  ,IT REMA9S = ,U,S TO LOOK TO IT ?AT WE ,D,O REALLY PRODUCE SOME?+1 & NOT NO?+1 OR AT LEA/ NO?+ ?AT WE WANT OR >E ALL[$ TO USE4  ,IF WE LOOK TO ?IS & USE \R WILLS WE %ALL1 SO F>1 BE BETT] ?AN MA*9ES4  

,! HOPE ( PLEASURE 9 ! WORK ITSELF3  H[ /RANGE ?AT HOPE MU/ SEEM TO SOME ( MY READ]S--TO MO/ ( !M6  ,YET ,I ?9K ?AT TO ALL LIV+ ?+S !RE IS A PLEASURE 9 ! EX]CISE ( !IR 5]GIES1 & ?AT EV5 BEA/S REJOICE 9 BE+ LI! & SWIFT & /RONG4 ,BUT A MAN AT WORK1 MAK+ SOME?+ :I* HE FEELS WILL EXI/ BECAUSE HE IS WORK+ AT IT & WILLS IT1 IS EX]CIS+ ! 5]GIES ( HIS M9D & S\L AS WELL AS ( HIS BODY4  ,MEMORY & IMAG9ATION HELP HIM AS HE WORKS4  ,NOT ONLY HIS [N ?\<TS1 BUT ! ?\<TS ( ! M5 ( PA/ AGES GUIDE HIS H&S2 &1 AS A P>T ( ! HUMAN RACE1 HE CREATES4  ,IF WE WORK ?US WE %ALL BE M51 & \R DAYS WILL BE HAPPY & EV5TFUL4  

,?US WOR?Y WORK C>RIES ) IT ! HOPE ( PLEASURE 9 RE/1 ! HOPE ( ! PLEASURE 9 \R US+ :AT IT MAKES1 & ! HOPE ( PLEASURE 9 \R DAILY CREATIVE SKILL4  

,ALL O!R WORK BUT ?IS IS WOR?LESS2 IT IS SLAVES' WORK--M]E TOIL+ TO LIVE1 ?AT WE MAY LIVE TO TOIL4  

,!RE=E1 S9CE WE HAVE1 AS IT W]E1 A PAIR ( SCALES 9 :I* TO WEI< ! WORK N[ DONE 9 ! WORLD1 LET US USE !M4  ,LET US E/IMATE ! WOR?9ESS ( ! WORK WE DO1 AFT] SO MANY ?\S& YE>S ( TOIL1 SO MANY PROMISES ( HOPE DEF]R$1 SU* B\NDLESS EXULTATION OV] ! PROGRESS ( CIVILIZATION & ! GA9 ( LIB]TY4  

,N[1 ! FIR/ ?+ AS TO ! WORK DONE 9 CIVILIZATION & ! EASIE/ TO NOTICE IS ?AT IT IS PORTION$ \T V]Y UNEQUALLY AMONG ! DIFF]5T CLASSES ( SOCIETY4  ,FIR/1 !RE >E PEOPLE--NOT A FEW--:O DO NO WORK1 & MAKE NO PRET5SE ( DO+ ANY4  ,NEXT1 !RE >E PEOPLE1 & V]Y MANY ( !M1 :O WORK FAIRLY H>D1 ?\< ) ABUNDANT EASEM5TS & HOLIDAYS1 CLAIM$ & ALL[$2 & LA/LY1 !RE >E PEOPLE :O WORK SO H>D ?AT !Y MAY BE SAID TO DO NO?+ ELSE ?AN WORK1 & >E ACCORD+LY CALL$ 0! WORK+ CLASSES10 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! MIDDLE CLASSES & ! RI*1 OR >I/OCRACY1 :OM ,I HAVE M5TION$ ABOVE4  

,IT IS CLE> ?AT ?IS 9EQUALITY PRESSES HEAVILY UPON ! 0WORK+0 CLASS1 & MU/ VISIBLY T5D TO DE/ROY !IR HOPE ( RE/ AT LEA/1 & SO1 9 ?AT P>TICUL>1 MAKE !M WORSE (F ?AN M]E BEA/S ( ! FIELD2 BUT ?AT IS NOT ! SUM & 5D ( \R FOLLY ( TURN+ USEFUL WORK 9TO USELESS TOIL1 BUT ONLY ! BEG9N+ ( IT4  

,= FIR/1 AS TO ! CLASS ( RI* PEOPLE DO+ NO WORK1 WE ALL KN[ ?AT !Y CONSUME A GREAT DEAL :ILE !Y PRODUCE NO?+4 ,!RE=E1 CLE>LY1 !Y HAVE TO BE KEPT AT ! EXP5SE ( ?OSE :O DO WORK1 JU/ AS PAUP]S HAVE1 & >E A M]E BURD5 ON ! COMMUNITY4  ,9 !SE DAYS !RE >E MANY :O HAVE LE>N$ TO SEE ?IS1 ?\< !Y CAN SEE NO FUR!R 9TO ! EVILS ( \R PRES5T SY/EM1 & HAVE =M$ NO IDEA ( ANY S*EME = GETT+ RID ( ?IS BURD52 ?\< P]HAPS !Y HAVE A VAGUE HOPE ?AT *ANGES 9 ! SY/EM ( VOT+ = MEMB]S ( ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS MAY1 AS IF BY MAGIC1 T5D 9 ?AT DIRECTION4  ,) SU* HOPES OR SUP]/ITIONS WE NE$ NOT TR\BLE \RSELVES4  ,MOREOV]1 ?IS CLASS1 ! >I/OCRACY1 ONCE ?\<T MO/ NECESS>Y TO ! ,/ATE1 IS SCANT ( NUMB]S1 & HAS N[ NO P[] ( ITS [N1 BUT DEP5DS ON ! SUPPORT ( ! CLASS NEXT BEL[ IT--! MIDDLE CLASS4  ,9 FACT1 IT IS REALLY COMPOS$ EI!R ( ! MO/ SUCCESSFUL M5 ( ?AT CLASS1 OR ( !IR IMM$IATE DESC5DANTS4  

,AS TO ! MIDDLE CLASS1 9CLUD+ ! TRAD+1 MANUFACTUR+1 & PR(ESSIONAL PEOPLE ( \R SOCIETY1 !Y DO1 AS A RULE1 SEEM TO WORK QUITE H>D 5\<1 & SO AT FIR/ SI<T MI<T BE ?\<T TO HELP ! COMMUNITY1 & NOT BURD5 IT4  ,BUT BY F> ! GREAT] P>T ( !M1 ?\< !Y WORK1 DO NOT PRODUCE1 & EV5 :5 !Y DO PRODUCE1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ?OSE 5GAG$ 7WA/EFULLY 9DE$7 9 ! DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS1 OR DOCTORS1 OR 7G5U9E7 >TI/S & LIT]>Y M51 !Y CONSUME \T ( ALL PROPORTION TO !IR DUE %>E4  ,! COMM]CIAL & MANUFACTUR+ P>T ( !M1 ! MO/ P[]FUL P>T1 SP5D !IR LIVES & 5]GIES 9 FI<T+ AMONG !MSELVES = !IR RESPECTIVE %>ES ( ! WEAL? :I* !Y ,=,C,E ! G5U9E WORK]S TO PROVIDE = !M2 ! O!RS >E ALMO/ :OLLY ! HANG]S-ON ( !SE2 !Y DO NOT WORK = ! PUBLIC1 BUT A PRIVILEG$ CLASS3  !Y >E ! P>ASITES ( PROP]TY1 SOMETIMES1 AS 9 ! CASE ( LAWY]S1 UNDISGUIS$LY SO2 SOMETIMES1 AS ! DOCTORS & O!RS ABOVE M5TION$1 PR(ESS+ TO BE USEFUL1 BUT TOO (T5 ( NO USE SAVE AS SUPPORT]S ( ! SY/EM ( FOLLY1 FRAUD1 & TYRANNY ( :I* !Y =M A P>T4  ,& ALL !SE WE MU/ REMEMB] HAVE1 AS A RULE1 ONE AIM 9 VIEW2 NOT ! PRODUCTION ( UTILITIES1 BUT ! GA9+ ( A POSITION EI!R = !MSELVES OR !IR *ILDR5 9 :I* !Y WILL NOT HAVE TO WORK AT ALL4  ,IT IS !IR AMBITION & ! 5D ( !IR :OLE LIVES TO GA91 IF NOT = !MSELVES YET AT LEA/ = !IR *ILDR51 ! PR\D POSITION ( BE+ OBVI\S BURD5S ON ! COMMUNITY4  ,= !IR WORK ITSELF 9 SPITE ( ! %AM DIGNITY ) :I* !Y SURR\ND IT1 !Y C>E NO?+3  SAVE A FEW 5?USIA/S1 M5 ( SCI5CE1 >T OR LETT]S1 :O1 IF !Y >E NOT ! SALT ( ! E>?1 >E AT LEA/ 7& OH1 ! PITY ( IT67 ! SALT ( ! MIS]ABLE SY/EM ( :I* !Y >E ! SLAVES1 :I* H9D]S & ?W>TS !M AT EV]Y TURN1 & EV5 SOMETIMES CORRUPTS !M4  

,H]E !N IS ANO!R CLASS1 ?IS TIME V]Y NUM]\S & ALL-P[]FUL1 :I* PRODUCES V]Y LITTLE & CONSUMES 5ORM\SLY1 & IS !RE=E 9 ! MA9 SUPPORT$1 AS PAUP]S >E1 BY ! REAL PRODUC]S4  ,! CLASS ?AT REMA9S TO BE CONSID]$ PRODUCES ALL ?AT IS PRODUC$1 & SUPPORTS BO? ITSELF & ! O!R CLASSES1 ?\< IT IS PLAC$ 9 A POSITION ( 9F]IORITY TO !M2 REAL 9F]IORITY1 M9D Y\1 9VOLV+ A DEGRADATION BO? ( M9D & BODY4  ,BUT IT IS A NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS TYRANNY & FOLLY ?AT AGA9 MANY ( !SE WORK]S >E NOT PRODUC]S4  ,A VA/ NUMB] ( !M ONCE MORE >E M]ELY P>ASITES ( PROP]TY1 SOME ( !M OP5LY SO1 AS ! SOLDI]S BY L& & SEA :O >E KEPT ON FOOT = ! P]PETUAT+ ( NATIONAL RIVALRIES & 5MITIES1 & = ! PURPOSES ( ! NATIONAL /RUGGLE = ! %>E ( ! PRODUCT ( UNPAID LABOR4  ,BUT BESIDES ?IS OBVI\S BURD5 ON ! PRODUC]S & ! SC>CELY LESS OBVI\S ONE ( DOME/IC S]VANTS1 !RE IS FIR/ ! >MY ( CL]KS1 %OP- ASSI/ANTS1 & SO =?1 :O >E 5GAG$ 9 ! S]VICE ( ! PRIVATE W> = WEAL?1 :I*1 AS ABOVE SAID1 IS ! REAL OCCUPATION ( ! WELL-TO-DO MIDDLE CLASS4  ,?IS IS A L>G] BODY ( WORK]S ?AN MI<T BE SUPPOS$1 = IT 9CLUDES AMONG O!RS ALL ?OSE 5GAG$ 9 :AT ,I %\LD CALL COMPETITIVE SALESMAN%IP1 OR1 TO USE A LESS DIGNIFI$ WORD1 ! PUFF]Y ( W>ES1 :I* HAS N[ GOT TO SU* A PIT* ?AT !RE >E MANY ?+S :I* CO/ F> MORE TO SELL ?AN !Y DO TO MAKE4  

,NEXT !RE IS ! MASS ( PEOPLE EMPLOY$ 9 MAK+ ALL ?OSE >TICLES ( FOLLY & LUXURY1 ! DEM& = :I* IS ! \TCOME ( ! EXI/5CE ( ! RI* NON-PRODUC+ CLASSES2 ?+S :I* PEOPLE LEAD+ A MANLY & UNCORRUPT$ LIFE W\LD NOT ASK = OR DREAM (4 ,!SE ?+S1 :OEV] MAY GA9SAY ME1 ,I WILL = EV] REFUSE TO CALL WEAL?3  !Y >E NOT WEAL?1 BUT WA/E4  ,WEAL? IS :AT ,NATURE GIVES US & :AT A REASONABLE MAN CAN MAKE \T ( ! GIFTS ( ,NATURE = HIS REASONABLE USE4  ,! SUNLI<T1 ! FRE% AIR1 ! UNSPOIL$ FACE ( ! E>?1 FOOD1 RAIM5T & H\S+ NECESS>Y & DEC5T2 ! /OR+ UP ( KN[L$GE ( ALL K9DS1 & ! P[] ( DISSEM9AT+ IT2 MEANS ( FREE COMMUNICATION BETWE5 MAN & MAN2 WORKS ( >T1 ! BEAUTY :I* MAN CREATES :5 HE IS MO/ A MAN1 MO/ ASPIR+ & ?\<TFUL--ALL ?+S :I* S]VE ! PLEASURE ( PEOPLE1 FREE1 MANLY & UNCORRUPT$4  ,?IS IS WEAL?4  ,NOR CAN ,I ?9K ( ANY?+ WOR? HAV+ :I* DOES NOT COME UND] ONE OR O!R ( !SE HEADS4 ,BUT ?9K1 ,I BESEE* Y\1 ( ! PRODUCT ( ,5GL&1 ! WORK%OP ( ! WORLD1 & WILL Y\ NOT BE BEWILD]$1 AS ,I AM1 AT ! ?\<T ( ! MASS ( ?+S :I* NO SANE MAN C\LD DESIRE1 BUT :I* \R USELESS TOIL MAKES--& SELLS8  

,N[1 FUR!R1 !RE IS EV5 A SADD] 9DU/RY YET1 :I* IS =C$ ON MANY1 V]Y MANY1 ( \R WORK]S--! MAK+ ( W>ES :I* >E NECESS>Y TO !M & !IR BRE?R51 ,B,E,C,A,U,S,E ,!,Y ,>,E ,A,N ,9,F,],I,O,R ,C,L,A,S,S4  ,= IF MANY M5 LIVE )\T PRODUC+1 NAY1 MU/ LIVE LIVES SO EMPTY & FOOLI% ?AT !Y ,=,C,E A GREAT P>T ( ! WORK]S TO PRODUCE W>ES :I* NO ONE NE$S1 NOT EV5 ! RI*1 IT FOLL[S ?AT MO/ M5 MU/ BE POOR2 &1 LIV+ AS !Y DO ON WAGES FROM ?OSE :OM !Y SUPPORT1 CANNOT GET = !IR USE ! ,G,O,O,D,S :I* M5 NATURALLY DESIRE1 BUT MU/ PUT UP ) MIS]ABLE MAKE%IFTS = !M1 ) CO>SE FOOD ?AT DOES NOT N\RI%1 ) ROTT5 RAIM5T :I* DOES NOT %ELT]1 ) WRET*$ H\SES :I* MAY WELL MAKE A T[N- DWELL] 9 CIVILIZATION LOOK BACK ) REGRET TO ! T5T ( ! NOMAD TRIBE1 OR ! CAVE ( ! PREHI/ORIC SAVAGE4  ,NAY1 ! WORK]S MU/ EV5 L5D A H& TO ! GREAT 9DU/RIAL 9V5TION ( ! AGE--ADULT]ATION1 & BY ITS HELP PRODUCE = !IR [N USE %AMS & MOCK]IES ( ! LUXURY ( ! RI*2 = ! WAGE-E>N]S MU/ ALWAYS LIVE AS ! WAGE-PAY]S BID !M1 & !IR V]Y HABITS ( LIFE >E ,=,C,$ ON !M BY !IR MA/]S4  

,BUT IT IS WA/E ( TIME TO TRY TO EXPRESS 9 WORDS DUE CONTEMPT ( ! PRODUCTIONS ( ! MU*-PRAIS$ *EAPNESS ( \R EPO*4  ,IT MU/ BE 5\< TO SAY ?AT ?IS *EAPNESS IS NECESS>Y TO ! SY/EM ( EXPLOIT+ ON :I* MOD]N MANUFACTURE RE/S4  ,9 O!R WORDS1 \R SOCIETY 9CLUDES A GREAT MASS ( SLAVES1 :O MU/ BE F$1 CLO!D1 H\S$ & AMUS$ AS SLAVES1 & ?AT !IR DAILY NECESSITY COMPELS !M TO MAKE ! SLAVE-W>ES :OSE USE IS ! P]PETUATION ( !IR SLAV]Y4  

,TO SUM UP1 !N1 CONC]N+ ! MANN] ( WORK 9 CIVILIZ$ ,/ATES1 !SE ,/ATES >E COMPOS$ ( ?REE CLASSES--A CLASS :I* DOES NOT EV5 PRET5D TO WORK1 A CLASS :I* PRET5DS TO WORK BUT :I* PRODUCES NO?+1 & A CLASS :I* WORKS1 BUT IS COMPELL$ BY ! O!R TWO CLASSES TO DO WORK :I* IS (T5 UNPRODUCTIVE4  

,CIVILIZATION !RE=E WA/ES ITS [N RES\RCES1 & WILL DO SO AS LONG AS ! PRES5T SY/EM LA/S4  ,!SE >E COLD WORDS ) :I* TO DESCRIBE ! TYRANNY UND] :I* WE SUFF]2 TRY !N TO CONSID] :AT !Y MEAN4  

,!RE IS A C]TA9 AM\NT ( NATURAL MAT]IAL & ( NATURAL =CES 9 ! WORLD1 & A C]TA9 AM\NT ( LABOR-P[] 9H]5T 9 ! P]SONS ( ! M5 ?AT 9HABIT IT4  ,M5 URG$ BY !IR NECESSITIES & DESIRES HAVE LABOR$ = MANY ?\S&S ( YE>S AT ! TASK ( SUBJUGAT+ ! =CES ( ,NATURE & ( MAK+ ! NATURAL MAT]IAL USEFUL TO !M4  ,TO \R EYES1 S9CE WE CANNOT SEE 9TO ! FUTURE1 ?AT /RUGGLE ) ,NATURE SEEMS NE>LY OV]1 & ! VICTORY ( ! HUMAN RACE OV] H] NE>LY COMPLETE4  ,&1 LOOK+ BACKW>DS TO ! TIME :5 HI/ORY FIR/ BEGAN1 WE NOTE ?AT ! PROGRESS ( ?AT VICTORY HAS BE5 F> SWIFT] & MORE />TL+ )9 ! LA/ TWO HUNDR$ YE>S ?AN EV] BE=E4  ,SURELY1 !RE=E1 WE MOD]NS \<T TO BE 9 ALL WAYS VA/LY BETT] (F ?AN ANY :O HAVE GONE BE=E US4 ,SURELY WE \<T1 ONE & ALL ( US1 TO BE WEAL?Y1 TO BE WELL FURNI%$ ) ! GOOD ?+S :I* \R VICTORY OV] ,NATURE HAS WON = US4  

,BUT :AT IS ! REAL FACT8  ,:O WILL D>E TO D5Y ?AT ! GREAT MASS ( CIVILIZ$ M5 >E POOR8  ,SO POOR >E !Y ?AT IT IS M]E *ILDI%NESS TR\BL+ \RSELVES TO DISCUSS :E!R P]HAPS !Y >E 9 SOME WAYS A LITTLE BETT] (F ?AN !IR =EFA!RS4  ,!Y >E POOR2 NOR CAN !IR POV]TY BE MEASUR$ BY ! POV]TY ( A RES\RCELESS SAVAGE1 = HE KN[S ( NO?+ ELSE ?AN HIS POV]TY2 ?AT HE %\LD BE COLD1 HUNGRY1 H\SELESS1 DIRTY1 IGNORANT1 ALL ?AT IS TO HIM AS NATURAL AS ?AT HE %\LD HAVE A SK94  ,BUT = US1 = ! MO/ ( US1 CIVILIZATION HAS BR$ DESIRES :I* %E =BIDS US TO SATISFY1 & SO IS NOT M]ELY A NIGG>D BUT A TORTUR] ALSO4  

,?US !N HAVE ! FRUITS ( \R VICTORY OV] ,NATURE BE5 /OL5 FROM US1 ?US HAS COMPULSION BY ,NATURE TO LABOR 9 HOPE ( RE/1 GA91 & PLEASURE BE5 TURN$ 9TO COMPULSION BY MAN TO LABOR 9 HOPE--( LIV+ TO LABOR6  

,:AT %ALL WE DO !N1 CAN WE M5D IT8  

,WELL1 REMEMB] ONCE MORE ?AT IT IS NOT \R REMOTE ANCE/ORS :O A*IEV$ ! VICTORY OV] ,NATURE1 BUT \R FA!RS1 NAY1 \R V]Y SELVES4  ,= US TO SIT HOPELESS & HELPLESS !N W\LD BE A /RANGE FOLLY 9DE$3  BE SURE ?AT WE CAN AM5D IT4  ,:AT1 !N1 IS ! FIR/ ?+ TO BE DONE8  

,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT MOD]N SOCIETY IS DIVID$ 9TO TWO CLASSES1 ONE ( :I* IS ,P,R,I,V,I,L,E,G,$ TO BE KEPT BY ! LABOR ( ! O!R--?AT IS1 IT =CES ! O!R TO WORK = IT & TAKES FROM ?IS 9F]IOR CLASS EV]Y?+ ?AT IT ,C,A,N TAKE FROM IT1 & USES ! WEAL? SO TAK5 TO KEEP ITS [N MEMB]S 9 A SUP]IOR POSITION1 TO MAKE !M BE+S ( A HI<] ORD] ?AN ! O!RS3  LONG] LIV$1 MORE BEAUTIFUL1 MORE HONOR$1 MORE REF9$ ?AN ?OSE ( ! O!R CLASS4  ,I DO NOT SAY ?AT IT TR\BLES ITSELF AB\T ITS MEMB]S BE+ POSITIVELY LONG LIV$1 BEAUTIFUL OR REF9$1 BUT M]ELY 9SI/S ?AT !Y %ALL BE SO RELATIVELY TO ! 9F]IOR CLASS4  ,AS ALSO IT CANNOT USE ! LABOR- P[] ( ! 9F]IOR CLASS FAIRLY 9 PRODUC+ REAL WEAL?1 IT WA/ES IT :OLESALE 9 ! PRODUCTION ( RUBBI%4  

,IT IS ?IS ROBB]Y & WA/E ON ! P>T ( ! M9ORITY :I* KEEPS ! MAJORITY POOR2 IF IT C\LD BE %[N ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y = ! PRES]VATION ( SOCIETY ?AT ?IS %\LD BE SUBMITT$ TO1 LITTLE MORE C\LD BE SAID ON ! MATT]1 SAVE ?AT ! DESPAIR ( ! OPPRESS$ MAJORITY W\LD PROBABLY AT SOME TIME OR O!R DE/ROY ,SOCIETY4  ,BUT IT HAS BE5 %[N1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 EV5 BY SU* 9COMPLETE EXP]IM5TS1 = 9/ANCE1 AS ,COOP]ATION 7SO CALL$71 ?AT ! EXI/5CE ( A PRIVILEG$ CLASS IS BY NO MEANS NECESS>Y = ! PRODUCTION ( WEAL?1 BUT RA!R = ! 0GOV]NM5T0 ( ! PRODUC]S ( WEAL?1 OR1 9 O!R WORDS1 = ! UPHOLD+ ( PRIVILEGE4  

,! FIR/ /EP TO BE TAK5 !N IS TO ABOLI% A CLASS ( M5 PRIVILEG$ TO %IRK !IR DUTIES AS M51 ?US =C+ O!RS TO DO ! WORK :I* !Y REFUSE TO DO4  ,ALL MU/ WORK ACCORD+ TO !IR ABILITY1 & SO PRODUCE :AT !Y CONSUME--?AT IS1 EA* MAN %\LD WORK AS WELL AS HE CAN = HIS [N LIVELIHOOD1 & HIS LIVELIHOOD %\LD BE ASSUR$ TO HIM2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ALL ! ADVANTAGES :I* SOCIETY W\LD PROVIDE = EA* & ALL ( ITS MEMB]S4  

,?US1 AT LA/1 W\LD TRUE ,SOCIETY BE F\ND$4  ,IT W\LD RE/ ON EQUALITY ( CONDITION4  ,NO MAN W\LD BE TORM5T$ = ! B5EFIT ( ANO!R--NAY1 NO ONE MAN W\LD BE TORM5T$ = ! B5EFIT ( ,SOCIETY4  ,NOR1 9DE$1 CAN ?AT ORD] BE CALL$ ,SOCIETY :I* IS NOT UPHELD = ! B5EFIT ( EV]Y ONE ( ITS MEMB]S4  

,BUT S9CE M5 LIVE N[1 BADLY AS !Y LIVE1 :5 SO MANY PEOPLE DO NOT PRODUCE AT ALL1 & :5 SO MU* WORK IS WA/$1 IT IS CLE> ?AT1 UND] CONDITIONS :]E ALL PRODUC$ & NO WORK WAS WA/$1 NOT ONLY W\LD EV]Y ONE WORK ) ! C]TA9 HOPE ( GA9+ A DUE %>E ( WEAL? BY HIS WORK1 BUT ALSO HE C\LD NOT MISS HIS DUE %>E ( RE/4  ,H]E1 !N1 >E TWO \T ( ! ?REE K9DS ( HOPE M5TION$ ABOVE AS AN ESS5TIAL P>T ( WOR?Y WORK ASSUR$ TO ! WORK]4  ,:5 CLASS ROBB]Y IS ABOLI%$1 EV]Y MAN WILL REAP ! FRUITS ( HIS LABOR1 EV]Y MAN WILL HAVE DUE RE/--LEISURE1 ?AT IS4 ,SOME ,SOCIALI/S MI<T SAY WE NE$ NOT GO ANY FUR!R ?AN ?IS2 IT IS 5\< ?AT ! WORK] %\LD GET ! FULL PRODUCE ( HIS WORK1 & ?AT HIS RE/ %\LD BE ABUNDANT4  ,BUT ?\< ! COMPULSION ( MAN'S TYRANNY IS ?US ABOLI%$1 ,I YET DEM& COMP5SATION = ! COMPULSION ( ,NATURE'S NECESSITY4  ,AS LONG AS ! WORK IS REPULSIVE IT WILL /ILL BE A BURD5 :I* MU/ BE TAK5 UP DAILY1 & EV5 SO W\LD M> \R LIFE1 EV5 ?\< ! H\RS ( LABOR W]E %ORT4  ,:AT WE WANT TO DO IS TO ADD TO \R WEAL? )\T DIM9I%+ \R PLEASURE4  ,NATURE WILL NOT BE F9ALLY CONQU]$ TILL \R WORK BECOMES A P>T ( ! PLEASURE ( \R LIVES4  

,?AT FIR/ /EP ( FREE+ PEOPLE FROM ! COMPULSION TO LABOR NE$LESSLY WILL AT LEA/ PUT US ON ! WAY T[>DS ?IS HAPPY 5D2 = WE %ALL !N HAVE TIME & OPPORTUNITIES = BR++ IT AB\T4 ,AS ?+S >E N[1 BETWE5 ! WA/E ( LABOR-P[] 9 M]E IDL5ESS & ITS WA/E 9 UNPRODUCTIVE WORK1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ! WORLD ( CIVILIZATION IS SUPPORT$ BY A SMALL P>T ( ITS PEOPLE2 :5 ALL W]E WORK+ USEFULLY = ITS SUPPORT1 ! %>E ( WORK :I* EA* W\LD HAVE TO DO W\LD BE BUT SMALL1 IF \R /&>D ( LIFE W]E AB\T ON ! FOOT+ ( :AT WELL-TO-DO & REF9$ PEOPLE N[ ?9K DESIRABLE4  ,WE %ALL HAVE LABOR-P[] TO SP>E1 & %ALL1 9 %ORT1 BE AS WEAL?Y AS WE PLEASE4  ,IT WILL BE EASY TO LIVE4  ,IF WE W]E TO WAKE UP SOME MORN+ N[1 UND] \R PRES5T SY/EM1 & F9D IT 0EASY TO LIVE10 ?AT SY/EM W\LD =CE US TO SET TO WORK AT ONCE & MAKE IT H>D TO LIVE2 WE %\LD CALL ?AT 0DEVELOP+ \R RES\RCES10 OR SOME SU* F9E NAME4  ,! MULTIPLICATION ( LABOR HAS BECOME A NECESSITY = US1 & AS LONG AS ?AT GOES ON NO +5UITY 9 ! 9V5TION ( MA*9ES WILL BE ( ANY REAL USE TO US4  ,EA* NEW MA*9E WILL CAUSE A C]TA9 AM\NT ( MIS]Y AMONG ! WORK]S :OSE SPECIAL 9DU/RY IT MAY DI/URB2 SO MANY ( !M WILL BE R$UC$ FROM SKILL$ TO UNSKILL$ WORKM51 & !N GRADUALLY MATT]S WILL SLIP 9TO !IR DUE GROOVES1 & ALL WILL WORK APP>5TLY SMOO?LY AGA92 & IF IT W]E NOT ?AT ALL ?IS IS PREP>+ REVOLUTION1 ?+S W\LD BE1 = ! GREAT] P>T ( M51 JU/ AS !Y W]E BE=E ! NEW WOND]FUL 9V5TION4  

,BUT :5 REVOLUTION HAS MADE IT 0EASY TO LIVE10 :5 ALL >E WORK+ H>MONI\SLY TOGE!R & !RE IS NO ONE TO ROB ! WORK] ( HIS TIME1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 HIS LIFE2 9 ?OSE COM+ DAYS !RE WILL BE NO COMPULSION ON US TO GO ON PRODUC+ ?+S WE DO NOT WANT1 NO COMPULSION ON US TO LABOR = NO?+2 WE %ALL BE ABLE CALMLY & ?\<TFULLY TO CONSID] :AT WE %ALL DO ) \R WEAL? ( LABOR- P[]4  ,N[1 = MY P>T1 ,I ?9K ! FIR/ USE WE \<T TO MAKE ( ?AT WEAL?1 ( ?AT FRE$OM1 %\LD BE TO MAKE ALL \R LABOR1 EV5 ! COMMONE/ & MO/ NECESS>Y1 PLEASANT TO EV]YBODY2 = ?9K+ OV] ! MATT] C>EFULLY ,I CAN SEE ?AT ! ONE C\RSE :I* WILL C]TA9LY MAKE LIFE HAPPY 9 ! FACE ( ALL ACCID5TS & TR\BLES IS TO TAKE A PLEASURABLE 9T]E/ 9 ALL ! DETAILS ( LIFE4  ,& LE/ P]*ANCE Y\ ?9K ?AT AN ASS]TION TOO UNIV]SALLY ACCEPT$ TO BE WOR? MAK+1 LET ME REM9D Y\ H[ 5TIRELY MOD]N CIVILIZATION =BIDS IT2 ) :AT SORDID1 & EV5 T]RIBLE1 DETAILS IT SURR\NDS ! LIFE ( ! POOR1 :AT A ME*ANICAL & EMPTY LIFE %E =CES ON ! RI*2 & H[ R>E A HOLIDAY IT IS = ANY ( US TO FEEL \RSELVES A P>T ( ,NATURE1 & UNHURRI$LY1 ?\<TFULLY1 & HAPPILY TO NOTE ! C\RSE ( \R LIVES AMID ALL ! LITTLE L9KS ( EV5TS :I* CONNECT !M ) ! LIVES ( O!RS1 & BUILD UP ! GREAT :OLE ( HUMANITY4  

,BUT SU* A HOLIDAY \R :OLE LIVES MI<T BE1 IF WE W]E RESOLUTE TO MAKE ALL \R LABOR REASONABLE & PLEASANT4  ,BUT WE MU/ BE RESOLUTE 9DE$2 = NO HALF MEASURES WILL HELP US H]E4  ,IT HAS BE5 SAID ALREADY ?AT \R PRES5T JOYLESS LABOR1 & \R LIVES SC>$ & ANXI\S AS ! LIFE ( A HUNT$ BEA/1 >E =C$ UPON US BY ! PRES5T SY/EM ( PRODUC+ = ! PR(IT ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO /ATE :AT ?IS MEANS4  ,UND] ! PRES5T SY/EM ( WAGES & CAPITAL ! 0MANUFACTUR]0 7MO/ ABSURDLY SO CALL$1 S9CE A MANUFACTUR] MEANS A P]SON :O MAKES ) HIS H&S7 HAV+ A MONOPOLY ( ! MEANS :]EBY ! P[] TO LABOR 9H]5T 9 EV]Y MAN'S BODY CAN BE US$ = PRODUCTION1 IS ! MA/] ( ?OSE :O >E NOT SO PRIVILEG$2 HE1 & HE ALONE1 IS ABLE TO MAKE USE ( ?IS LABOR-P[]1 :I*1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS ! ONLY COMMODITY BY MEANS ( :I* HIS 0CAPITAL10 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! ACCUMULAT$ PRODUCT ( PA/ LABOR1 CAN BE MADE PRODUCTIVE TO HIM4  ,HE !RE=E BUYS ! LABOR-P[] ( ?OSE :O >E B>E ( CAPITAL & CAN ONLY LIVE BY SELL+ IT TO HIM2 HIS PURPOSE 9 ?IS TRANSACTION IS TO 9CREASE HIS CAPITAL1 TO MAKE IT BRE$4  ,IT IS CLE> ?AT IF HE PAID ?OSE ) :OM HE MAKES HIS B>GA9 ! FULL VALUE ( !IR LABOR1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ALL ?AT !Y PRODUC$1 HE W\LD FAIL 9 HIS PURPOSE4  ,BUT S9CE HE IS ! MONOPOLI/ ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTIVE LABOR1 HE CAN ,C,O,M,P,E,L !M TO MAKE A B>GA9 BETT] = HIM & WORSE = !M ?AN ?AT2 :I* B>GA9 IS ?AT AFT] !Y HAVE E>N$ !IR LIVELIHOOD1 E/IMAT$ ACCORD+ TO A /&>D HI< 5\< TO 5SURE !IR PEACEABLE SUBMISSION TO HIS MA/]%IP1 ! RE/ 7& BY F> ! L>G] P>T AS A MATT] ( FACT7 ( :AT !Y PRODUCE %ALL BELONG TO HIM1 %ALL BE HIS ,P,R,O,P,],T,Y TO DO AS HE LIKES )1 TO USE OR ABUSE AT HIS PLEASURE2 :I* PROP]TY IS1 AS WE ALL KN[1 JEAL\SLY GU>D$ BY >MY & NAVY1 POLICE & PRISON2 9 %ORT1 BY ?AT HUGE MASS ( PHYSICAL =CE :I* SUP]/ITION1 HABIT1 FE> ( DEA? BY />VATION--,I,G,N,O,R,A,N,C,E1 9 ONE WORD1 AMONG ! PROP]TYLESS MASSES 5ABLES ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES TO USE = ! SUBJECTION (--!IR SLAVES4  

,N[1 AT O!R TIMES1 O!R EVILS RESULT+ FROM ?IS SY/EM MAY BE PUT =W>D4  ,:AT ,I WANT TO PO9T \T N[ IS ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( \R ATTA9+ TO ATTRACTIVE LABOR UND] ?IS SY/EM1 & TO REPEAT ?AT IT IS ?IS ROBB]Y 7!RE IS NO O!R WORD = IT7 :I* WA/ES ! AVAILABLE LABOR-P[] ( ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD1 =C+ MANY M5 TO DO NO?+1 & MANY1 V]Y MANY MORE TO DO NO?+ USEFUL2 & =C+ ?OSE :O C>RY ON REALLY USEFUL LABOR TO MO/ BURD5SOME OV]-WORK4  ,= UND]/& ONCE = ALL ?AT ! 0MANUFACTUR]0 AIMS PRIM>ILY AT PRODUC+1 BY MEANS ( ! LABOR HE HAS /OL5 FROM O!RS1 NOT GOODS BUT PR(ITS1 ?AT IS1 ! 0WEAL?0 ?AT IS PRODUC$ OV] & ABOVE ! LIVELIHOOD ( HIS WORKM51 & ! WE> & TE> ( HIS MA*9]Y4  ,:E!R ?AT 0WEAL?0 IS REAL OR %AM MATT]S NO?+ TO HIM4  ,IF IT SELLS & YIELDS HIM A 0PR(IT0 IT IS ALL RI<T4  ,I HAVE SAID ?AT1 [+ TO !RE BE+ RI* PEOPLE :O HAVE MORE MONEY ?AN !Y CAN SP5D REASONABLY1 & :O !RE=E BUY %AM WEAL?1 !RE IS WA/E ON ?AT SIDE2 & ALSO ?AT1 [+ TO !RE BE+ POOR PEOPLE :O CANNOT AF=D TO BUY ?+S :I* >E WOR? MAK+1 !RE IS WA/E ON ?AT SIDE4  ,SO ?AT ! 0DEM&0 :I* ! CAPITALI/ 0SUPPLIES0 IS A FALSE DEM&4  ,! M>KET 9 :I* HE SELLS IS 0RIGG$0 BY ! MIS]ABLE 9EQUALITIES PRODUC$ BY ! ROBB]Y ( ! SY/EM ( ,CAPITAL & ,WAGES4  

,IT IS ?IS SY/EM1 !RE=E1 :I* WE MU/ BE RESOLUTE 9 GETT+ RID (1 IF WE >E TO ATTA9 TO HAPPY & USEFUL WORK = ALL4  ,! FIR/ /EP T[>DS MAK+ LABOR ATTRACTIVE IS TO GET ! MEANS ( MAK+ LABOR FRUITFUL1 ! ,CAPITAL1 9CLUD+ ! L&1 MA*9]Y1 FACTORIES1 @&C41 9TO ! H&S ( ! COMMUNITY1 TO BE US$ = ! GOOD ( ALL ALIKE1 SO ?AT WE MI<T ALL WORK AT 0SUPPLY+0 ! REAL 0DEM&S0 ( EA* & ALL--?AT IS TO SAY1 WORK = LIVELIHOOD1 9/EAD ( WORK+ TO SUPPLY ! DEM& ( ! PR(IT M>KET--9/EAD ( WORK+ = PR(IT--I4E41 ! P[] ( COMPELL+ O!R M5 TO WORK AGA9/ !IR WILL4  

,:5 ?IS FIR/ /EP HAS BE5 TAK5 & M5 BEG9 TO UND]/& ?AT ,NATURE WILLS ALL M5 EI!R TO WORK OR />VE1 & :5 !Y >E NO LONG] SU* FOOLS AS TO ALL[ SOME ! ALT]NATIVE ( /EAL+1 :5 ?IS HAPPY DAY IS COME1 WE %ALL !N BE RELIEV$ FROM ! TAX ( WA/E1 & CONSEQU5TLY %ALL F9D ?AT WE HAVE1 AS A=ESAID1 A MASS ( LABOR-P[] AVAILABLE1 :I* WILL 5ABLE US TO LIVE AS WE PLEASE )9 REASONABLE LIMITS4  ,WE %ALL NO LONG] BE HURRI$ & DRIV5 BY ! FE> ( />VATION1 :I* AT PRES5T PRESSES NO LESS ON ! GREAT] P>T ( M5 9 CIVILIZ$ COMMUNITIES ?AN IT DOES ON M]E SAVAGES4  ,! FIR/ & MO/ OBVI\S NECESSITIES WILL BE SO EASILY PROVID$ = 9 A COMMUNITY 9 :I* !RE IS NO WA/E ( LABOR1 ?AT WE %ALL HAVE TIME TO LOOK R\ND & CONSID] :AT WE REALLY DO WANT1 ?AT CAN BE OBTA9$ )\T OV]-TAX+ \R 5]GIES2 = ! (T5-EXPRESS$ FE> ( M]E IDL5ESS FALL+ UPON US :5 ! =CE SUPPLI$ BY ! PRES5T HI]>*Y ( COMPULSION IS )DRAWN1 IS A FE> :I* IS BUT G5]AT$ BY ! BURD5 ( EXCESSIVE & REPULSIVE LABOR1 :I* WE MO/ ( US HAVE TO BE> AT PRES5T4  

,I SAY ONCE MORE ?AT1 9 MY BELIEF1 ! FIR/ ?+ :I* WE %ALL ?9K SO NECESS>Y AS TO BE WOR? SACRIFIC+ SOME IDLE TIME =1 WILL BE ! ATTRACTIV5ESS ( LABOR4  ,NO V]Y HEAVY SACRIFICE WILL BE REQUIR$ = ATTA9+ ?IS OBJECT1 BUT SOME ,W,I,L,L BE REQUIR$4 ,= WE MAY HOPE ?AT M5 :O HAVE JU/ WAD$ ?R\< A P]IOD ( /RIFE & REVOLUTION WILL BE ! LA/ TO PUT UP LONG ) A LIFE ( M]E UTILIT>IANISM1 ?\< ,SOCIALI/S >E SOMETIMES ACCUS$ BY IGNORANT P]SONS ( AIM+ AT SU* A LIFE4  ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ORNAM5TAL P>T ( MOD]N LIFE IS ALREADY ROTT5 TO ! CORE1 & MU/ BE UTT]LY SWEPT AWAY BE=E ! NEW ORD] ( ?+S IS REALIZ$4  ,!RE IS NO?+ ( IT--!RE IS NO?+ :I* C\LD COME ( IT ?AT C\LD SATISFY ! ASPIRATIONS ( M5 SET FREE FROM ! TYRANNY ( COMM]CIALISM4  

,WE MU/ BEG9 TO BUILD UP ! ORNAM5TAL P>T ( LIFE--ITS PLEASURES1 BODILY & M5TAL1 SCI5TIFIC & >TI/IC1 SOCIAL & 9DIVIDUAL--ON ! BASIS ( WORK UND]TAK5 WILL+LY & *E]FULLY1 ) ! CONSCI\SNESS ( B5EFIT+ \RSELVES & \R NEI<BORS BY IT4  ,SU* ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y WORK AS WE %\LD HAVE TO DO W\LD 9 ! FIR/ PLACE TAKE UP BUT A SMALL P>T ( EA* DAY1 & SO F> W\LD NOT BE BURD5SOME2 BUT IT W\LD BE A TASK ( DAILY RECURR5CE1 & !RE=E W\LD SPOIL \R DAY'S PLEASURE UNLESS IT W]E MADE AT LEA/ 5DURABLE :ILE IT LA/$4  ,9 O!R WORDS1 ALL LABOR1 EV5 ! COMMONE/1 MU/ BE MADE ATTRACTIVE4  

,H[ CAN ?IS BE DONE8--IS ! QUE/ION ! ANSW] TO :I* WILL TAKE UP ! RE/ ( ?IS PAP]4  ,9 GIV+ SOME H9TS ON ?IS QUE/ION1 ,I KN[ ?AT1 :ILE ALL ,SOCIALI/S WILL AGREE ) MANY ( ! SUGGE/IONS MADE1 SOME ( !M MAY SEEM TO SOME /RANGE & V5TURESOME4  ,!SE MU/ BE CONSID]$ AS BE+ GIV5 )\T ANY 9T5TION ( DOGMATIZ+1 & AS M]ELY EXPRESS+ MY [N P]SONAL OP9ION4  

,FROM ALL ?AT HAS BE5 SAID ALREADY IT FOLL[S ?AT LABOR1 TO BE ATTRACTIVE1 MU/ BE DIRECT$ T[>DS SOME OBVI\SLY USEFUL 5D1 UNLESS 9 CASES :]E IT IS UND]TAK5 VOLUNT>ILY BY EA* 9DIVIDUAL AS A PA/IME4  ,?IS ELEM5T ( OBVI\S USEFULNESS IS ALL ! MORE TO BE C\NT$ ON 9 SWEET5+ TASKS O!RWISE IRKSOME1 S9CE SOCIAL MORALITY1 ! RESPONSIBILITY ( MAN T[>DS ! LIFE ( MAN1 WILL1 9 ! NEW ORD] ( ?+S1 TAKE ! PLACE ( !OLOGICAL MORALITY1 OR ! RESPONSIBILITY ( MAN TO SOME AB/RACT IDEA4  ,NEXT1 ! DAY'S WORK WILL BE %ORT4  ,?IS NE$ NOT BE 9SI/$ ON4  ,IT IS CLE> ?AT ) WORK UNWA/$ IT ,C,A,N BE %ORT4  ,IT IS CLE> ALSO ?AT MU* WORK :I* IS N[ A TORM5T1 W\LD BE EASILY 5DURABLE IF IT W]E MU* %ORT5$4  

,V>IETY ( WORK IS ! NEXT PO9T1 & A MO/ IMPORTANT ONE4  ,TO COMPEL A MAN TO DO DAY AFT] DAY ! SAME TASK1 )\T ANY HOPE ( ESCAPE OR *ANGE1 MEANS NO?+ %ORT ( TURN+ HIS LIFE 9TO A PRISON-TORM5T4  ,NO?+ BUT ! TYRANNY ( PR(IT-GR9D+ MAKES ?IS NECESS>Y4  ,A MAN MI<T EASILY LE>N & PRACTICE AT LEA/ ?REE CRAFTS1 V>Y+ S$5T>Y OCCUPATION ) \TDOOR--OCCUPATION CALL+ = ! EX]CISE ( /RONG BODILY 5]GY = WORK 9 :I* ! M9D HAD MORE TO DO4  ,!RE >E FEW M51 = 9/ANCE1 :O W\LD NOT WI% TO SP5D P>T ( !IR LIVES 9 ! MO/ NECESS>Y & PLEASANTE/ ( ALL WORK--CULTIVAT+ ! E>?4  ,ONE ?+ :I* WILL MAKE ?IS V>IETY ( EMPLOYM5T POSSIBLE WILL BE ! =M ?AT $UCATION WILL TAKE 9 A SOCIALLY ORD]$ COMMUNITY4  ,AT PRES5T ALL $UCATION IS DIRECT$ T[>DS ! 5D ( FITT+ PEOPLE TO TAKE !IR PLACES 9 ! HI]>*Y ( COMM]CE--!SE AS MA/]S1 ?OSE AS WORKM54  ,! $UCATION ( ! MA/]S IS MORE ORNAM5TAL ?AN ?AT ( ! WORKM51 BUT IT IS COMM]CIAL /ILL2 & EV5 AT ! ANCI5T UNIV]SITIES LE>N+ IS BUT LITTLE REG>D$1 UNLESS IT CAN 9 ! LONG RUN BE MADE ,T,O ,P,A,Y4  ,DUE $UCATION IS A TOTALLY DIFF]5T ?+ FROM ?IS1 & CONC]NS ITSELF 9 F9D+ \T :AT DIFF]5T PEOPLE >E FIT =1 & HELP+ !M ALONG ! ROAD :I* !Y >E 9CL9$ TO TAKE4  ,9 A DULY ORD]$ SOCIETY1 !RE=E1 Y\NG PEOPLE W\LD BE TAU<T SU* H&ICRAFTS AS !Y HAD A TURN = AS A P>T ( !IR $UCATION1 ! DISCIPL9E ( !IR M9DS & BODIES2 & ADULTS W\LD ALSO HAVE OPPORTUNITIES ( LE>N+ 9 ! SAME S*OOLS1 = ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DIVIDUAL CAPACITIES W\LD BE ( ALL ?+S *IEFLY AIM$ AT BY $UCATION1 9/EAD1 AS N[1 ! SUBORD9ATION ( ALL CAPACITIES TO ! GREAT 5D ( 0MONEY-MAK+0 = ONESELF--OR ONE'S MA/]4  ,! AM\NT ( TAL5T1 & EV5 G5IUS1 :I* ! PRES5T SY/EM CRU%ES1 & :I* W\LD BE DRAWN \T BY SU* A SY/EM1 W\LD MAKE \R DAILY WORK EASY & 9T]E/+4  

,UND] ?IS HEAD ( V>IETY ,I WILL NOTE ONE PRODUCT ( 9DU/RY :I* HAS SUFF]$ SO MU* FROM COMM]CIALISM ?AT IT CAN SC>CELY BE SAID TO EXI/1 & IS1 9DE$1 SO =EIGN FROM \R EPO* ?AT ,I FE> !RE >E SOME :O WILL F9D IT DIFFICULT TO UND]/& :AT ,I HAVE TO SAY ON ! SUBJECT1 :I* ,I NEV]!LESS MU/ SAY1 S9CE IT IS REALLY A MO/ IMPORTANT ONE4  ,I MEAN ?AT SIDE ( >T :I* IS1 OR \<T TO BE1 DONE BY ! ORD9>Y WORKMAN :ILE HE IS AB\T HIS ORD9>Y WORK1 & :I* HAS GOT TO BE CALL$1 V]Y PROP]LY1 ,POPUL> ,>T4  ,?IS >T1 ,I REPEAT1 NO LONG] EXI/S N[1 HAV+ BE5 KILL$ BY COMM]CIALISM4  ,BUT FROM ! BEG9N+ ( MAN'S CONTE/ ) ,NATURE TILL ! RISE ( ! PRES5T CAPITALI/IC SY/EM1 IT WAS ALIVE1 & G5]ALLY FL\RI%$4  ,:ILE IT LA/$1 EV]Y?+ ?AT WAS MADE BY MAN WAS ADORN$ BY MAN1 JU/ AS EV]Y?+ MADE BY ,NATURE IS ADORN$ BY H]4  ,! CRAFTSMAN1 AS HE FA%ION$ ! ?+ HE HAD UND] HIS H&1 ORNAM5T$ IT SO NATURALLY & SO 5TIRELY )\T CONSCI\S EF=T1 ?AT IT IS (T5 DIFFICULT TO DI/+UI% :]E ! M]E UTILIT>IAN P>T ( HIS WORK 5D$ & ! ORNAM5TAL BEGAN4  ,N[ ! ORIG9 ( ?IS >T WAS ! NECESSITY ?AT ! WORKMAN FELT = V>IETY 9 HIS WORK1 & ?\< ! BEAUTY PRODUC$ BY ?IS DESIRE WAS A GREAT GIFT TO ! WORLD1 YET ! OBTA9+ V>IETY & PLEASURE 9 ! WORK BY ! WORKMAN WAS A MATT] ( MORE IMPORTANCE /ILL1 = IT /AMP$ ALL LABOR ) ! IMPRESS ( PLEASURE4  ,ALL ?IS HAS N[ QUITE DISAPPE>$ FROM ! WORK ( CIVILIZATION4  ,IF Y\ WI% TO HAVE ORNAM5T1 Y\ MU/ PAY SPECIALLY = IT1 & ! WORKMAN IS COMPELL$ TO PRODUCE ORNAM5T1 AS HE IS TO PRODUCE O!R W>ES4  ,HE IS COMPELL$ TO PRET5D HAPP9ESS 9 HIS WORK1 SO ?AT ! BEAUTY PRODUC$ BY MAN'S H&1 :I* WAS ONCE A SOLACE TO HIS LABOR1 HAS N[ BECOME AN EXTRA BURD5 TO HIM1 & ORNAM5T IS N[ BUT ONE ( ! FOLLIES ( USELESS TOIL1 & P]HAPS NOT ! LEA/ IRKSOME ( ITS FETT]S4  

,BESIDES ! %ORT DURATION ( LABOR1 ITS CONSCI\S USEFULNESS1 & ! V>IETY :I* %\LD GO ) IT1 !RE IS ANO!R ?+ NE$$ TO MAKE IT ATTRACTIVE1 & ?AT IS PLEASANT SURR\ND+S4  ,! MIS]Y & SQUALOR :I* WE PEOPLE ( CIVILIZATION BE> ) SO MU* COMPLAC5CY AS A NECESS>Y P>T ( ! MANUFACTUR+ SY/EM1 IS JU/ AS NECESS>Y TO ! COMMUNITY AT L>GE AS A PROPORTIONATE AM\NT ( FIL? W\LD BE 9 ! H\SE ( A PRIVATE RI* MAN4  ,IF SU* A MAN W]E TO ALL[ ! C9D]S TO BE RAK$ ALL OV] HIS DRAW+-ROOM1 & A PRIVY TO BE E/ABLI%$ 9 EA* CORN] ( HIS D9+-ROOM1 IF HE HABITUALLY MADE A DU/ & REFUSE HEAP ( HIS ONCE BEAUTIFUL G>D51 NEV] WA%$ HIS %EETS OR *ANG$ HIS TABLECLO?1 & MADE HIS FAMILY SLEEP FIVE 9 A B$1 HE W\LD SURELY F9D HIMSELF 9 ! CLAWS ( A COMMISSION DE LUNATICO4  ,BUT SU* ACTS ( MIS]LY FOLLY >E JU/ :AT \R PRES5T SOCIETY IS DO+ DAILY UND] ! COMPULSION ( A SUPPOS$ NECESSITY1 :I* IS NO?+ %ORT ( MADNESS4  ,I BEG Y\ TO BR+ Y\R COMMISSION ( LUNACY AGA9/ CIVILIZATION )\T MORE DELAY4  

,= ALL \R CR[D$ T[NS & BEWILD]+ FACTORIES >E SIMPLY ! \TCOME ( ! PR(IT SY/EM4  ,CAPITALI/IC MANUFACTURE1 CAPITALI/IC L&-[N+1 & CAPITALI/IC EX*ANGE =CE M5 9TO BIG CITIES 9 ORD] TO MANIPULATE !M 9 ! 9T]E/S ( CAPITAL2 ! SAME TYRANNY CONTRACTS ! DUE SPACE ( ! FACTORY SO MU* ?AT 7= 9/ANCE7 ! 9T]IOR ( A GREAT WEAV+-%$ IS ALMO/ AS RIDICUL\S A SPECTACLE AS IT IS A HORRIBLE ONE4  ,!RE IS NO O!R NECESSITY = ALL ?IS1 SAVE ! NECESSITY = GR9D+ PR(ITS \T ( M5'S LIVES1 & ( PRODUC+ *EAP GOODS = ! USE 7& SUBJECTION7 ( ! SLAVES :O GR9D4  ,ALL LABOR IS NOT YET DRIV5 9TO FACTORIES2 (T5 :]E IT IS !RE IS NO NECESSITY = IT1 SAVE AGA9 ! PR(IT-TYRANNY4  ,PEOPLE 5GAG$ 9 ALL SU* LABOR NE$ BY NO MEANS BE COMPELL$ TO PIG TOGE!R 9 CLOSE CITY QU>T]S4  ,!RE IS NO REASON :Y !Y %\LD NOT FOLL[ !IR OCCUPATIONS 9 QUIET C\NTRY HOMES1 9 9DU/RIAL COLLEGES1 9 SMALL T[NS1 OR1 9 %ORT1 :]E !Y F9D IT HAPPIE/ = !M TO LIVE4  

,AS TO ?AT P>T ( LABOR :I* MU/ BE ASSOCIAT$ ON A L>GE SCALE1 ?IS V]Y FACTORY SY/EM1 UND] A REASONABLE ORD] ( ?+S 7?\< TO MY M9D !RE MI<T /ILL BE DRAWBACKS TO IT71 W\LD AT LEA/ (F] OPPORTUNITIES = A FULL & EAG] SOCIAL LIFE SURR\ND$ BY MANY PLEASURES4  ,! FACTORIES MI<T BE C5T]S ( 9TELLECTUAL ACTIVITY ALSO1 & WORK 9 !M MI<T WELL BE V>I$ V]Y MU*3  ! T5D+ ( ! NECESS>Y MA*9]Y MI<T TO EA* 9DIVIDUAL BE BUT A %ORT P>T ( ! DAY'S WORK4  ,! O!R WORK MI<T V>Y FROM RAIS+ FOOD FROM ! SURR\ND+ C\NTRY TO ! /UDY & PRACTICE ( >T & SCI5CE4  ,IT IS A MATT] ( C\RSE ?AT PEOPLE 5GAG$ 9 SU* WORK1 & BE+ ! MA/]S ( !IR [N LIVES1 W\LD NOT ALL[ ANY HURRY OR WANT ( =ESI<T TO =CE !M 9TO 5DUR+ DIRT1 DISORD]1 OR WANT ( ROOM4  ,SCI5CE DULY APPLI$ W\LD 5ABLE !M TO GET RID ( REFUSE1 TO M9IMIZE1 IF NOT :OLLY TO DE/ROY1 ALL ! 9CONV5I5CES :I* AT PRES5T ATT5D ! USE ( ELABORATE MA*9]Y1 SU* AS SMOKE1 /5* & NOISE2 NOR W\LD !Y 5DURE ?AT ! BUILD+S 9 :I* !Y WORK$ OR LIV$ %\LD BE UGLY BLOTS ON ! FAIR FACE ( ! E>?4  ,BEG9N+ BY MAK+ !IR FACTORIES1 BUILD+S1 & %$S DEC5T & CONV5I5T LIKE !IR HOMES1 !Y W\LD 9FALLIBLY GO ON TO MAKE !M NOT M]ELY NEGATIVELY GOOD1 9(F5SIVE M]ELY1 BUT EV5 BEAUTIFUL1 SO ?AT ! GLORI\S >T ( >*ITECTURE1 N[ = SOME TIME SLA9 BY COMM]CIAL GRE$1 W\LD BE BORN AGA9 & FL\RI%4  

,SO1 Y\ SEE1 ,I CLAIM ?AT WORK 9 A DULY ORD]$ COMMUNITY %\LD BE MADE ATTRACTIVE BY ! CONSCI\SNESS ( USEFULNESS1 BY ITS BE+ C>RI$ ON ) 9TELLIG5T 9T]E/1 BY V>IETY1 & BY ITS BE+ EX]CIS$ AMID PLEASURABLE SURR\ND+S4  ,BUT ,I HAVE ALSO CLAIM$1 AS WE ALL DO1 ?AT ! DAY'S WORK %\LD NOT BE WE>ISOMELY LONG4  ,IT MAY BE SAID1 0,H[ CAN Y\ MAKE ?IS LA/ CLAIM SQU>E ) ! O!RS8  ,IF ! WORK IS TO BE SO REF9$1 WILL NOT ! GOODS MADE BE V]Y EXP5SIVE80  

,I DO ADMIT1 AS ,I HAVE SAID BE=E1 ?AT SOME SACRIFICE WILL BE NECESS>Y 9 ORD] TO MAKE LABOR ATTRACTIVE4  ,I MEAN ?AT1 IF WE ,C,\,L,D BE CONT5T$ 9 A FREE COMMUNITY TO WORK 9 ! SAME HURRI$1 DIRTY1 DISORD]LY1 HE>TLESS WAY AS WE DO N[1 WE MI<T %ORT5 \R DAY'S LABOR V]Y MU* MORE ?AN ,I SUPPOSE WE %ALL DO1 TAK+ ALL K9DS ( LABOR 9TO ACC\NT4  ,BUT IF WE DID1 IT W\LD MEAN ?AT \R NEW-WON FRE$OM ( CONDITION W\LD LEAVE US LI/LESS & WRET*$1 IF NOT ANXI\S1 AS WE >E N[1 :I* ,I HOLD IS SIMPLY IMPOSSIBLE4  ,WE %\LD BE CONT5T$ TO MAKE ! SACRIFICES NECESS>Y = RAIS+ \R CONDITION TO ! /&>D CALL$ \T = AS DESIRABLE BY ! :OLE COMMUNITY4  ,NOR ONLY SO4  ,WE %\LD1 9DIVIDUALLY1 BE EMUL\S TO SACRIFICE QUITE FREELY /ILL MORE ( \R TIME & \R EASE T[>DS ! RAIS+ ( ! /&>D ( LIFE4  ,P]SONS1 EI!R BY !MSELVES OR ASSOCIAT$ = SU* PURPOSES1 W\LD FREELY1 & = ! LOVE ( ! WORK & = ITS RESULTS--/IMULAT$ BY ! HOPE ( ! PLEASURE ( CREATION--PRODUCE ?OSE ORNAM5TS ( LIFE = ! S]VICE ( ALL1 :I* !Y >E N[ BRIB$ TO PRODUCE 7OR PRET5D TO PRODUCE7 = ! S]VICE ( A FEW RI* M54  ,! EXP]IM5T ( A CIVILIZ$ COMMUNITY LIV+ :OLLY )\T >T OR LIT]ATURE HAS NOT YET BE5 TRI$4  ,! PA/ DEGRADATION & CORRUPTION ( CIVILIZATION MAY =CE ?IS D5IAL ( PLEASURE UPON ! SOCIETY :I* WILL >ISE FROM ITS A%ES4  ,IF ?AT MU/ BE1 WE WILL ACCEPT ! PASS+ PHASE ( UTILIT>IANISM AS A F\NDATION = ! >T :I* IS TO BE4  ,IF ! CRIPPLE & ! />VEL+ DISAPPE> FROM \R /REETS1 IF ! E>? N\RI% US ALL ALIKE1 IF ! SUN %9E = ALL ( US ALIKE1 IF TO ONE & ALL ( US ! GLORI\S DRAMA ( ! E>?--DAY & NI<T1 SUMM] & W9T]-- CAN BE PRES5T$ AS A ?+ TO UND]/& & LOVE1 WE CAN AF=D TO WAIT A:ILE TILL WE >E PURIFI$ FROM ! %AME ( ! PA/ CORRUPTION1 & TILL >T >ISES AGA9 AMONG PEOPLE FRE$ FROM ! T]ROR ( ! SLAVE & ! %AME ( ! ROBB]4  

,MEANTIME1 9 ANY CASE1 ! REF9EM5T1 ?\<TFULNESS1 & DELIB]ATION ( LABOR MU/ 9DE$ BE PAID =1 BUT NOT BY COMPULSION TO LABOR LONG H\RS4  ,\R EPO* HAS 9V5T$ MA*9ES :I* W\LD HAVE APPE>$ WILD DREAMS TO ! M5 ( PA/ AGES1 & ( ?OSE MA*9ES WE HAVE AS YET ,M,A,D,E ,N,O ,U,S,E4  

,!Y >E CALL$ 0LABOR-SAV+0 MA*9ES--A COMMONLY US$ PHRASE :I* IMPLIES :AT WE EXPECT ( !M2 BUT WE DO NOT GET :AT WE EXPECT4  ,:AT !Y REALLY DO IS TO R$UCE ! SKILL$ LABOR] TO ! RANKS ( ! UNSKILL$1 TO 9CREASE ! NUMB] ( ! 0RES]VE >MY ( LABOR0--?AT IS1 TO 9CREASE ! PREC>I\SNESS ( LIFE AMONG ! WORK]S & TO 9T5SIFY ! LABOR ( ?OSE :O S]VE ! MA*9ES 7AS SLAVES !IR MA/]S74  ,ALL ?IS !Y DO BY ! WAY1 :ILE !Y PILE UP ! PR(ITS ( ! EMPLOY]S ( LABOR1 OR =CE !M TO EXP5D ?OSE PR(ITS 9 BITT] COMM]CIAL W> ) EA* O!R4  ,9 A TRUE SOCIETY !SE MIRACLES ( +5UITY W\LD BE = ! FIR/ TIME US$ = M9IMIZ+ ! AM\NT ( TIME SP5T 9 UNATTRACTIVE LABOR1 :I* BY !IR MEANS MI<T BE SO R$UC$ AS TO BE BUT A V]Y LI<T BURD5 ON EA* 9DIVIDUAL4  ,ALL ! MORE AS !SE MA*9ES W\LD MO/ C]TA9LY BE V]Y MU* IMPROV$ :5 IT WAS NO LONG] A QUE/ION AS TO :E!R !IR IMPROVEM5T W\LD 0PAY0 ! 9DIVIDUAL1 BUT RA!R :E!R IT W\LD B5EFIT ! COMMUNITY4  

,SO MU* = ! ORD9>Y USE ( MA*9]Y1 :I* W\LD PROBABLY1 AFT] A TIME1 BE SOME:AT RE/RICT$ :5 M5 F\ND \T ?AT !RE WAS NO NE$ = ANXIETY AS TO M]E SUBSI/5CE1 & LE>N$ TO TAKE AN 9T]E/ & PLEASURE 9 H&IWORK :I*1 DONE DELIB]ATELY & ?\<TFULLY1 C\LD BE MADE MORE ATTRACTIVE ?AN MA*9E WORK4  

,AGA91 AS PEOPLE FRE$ FROM ! DAILY T]ROR ( />VATION F9D \T :AT !Y REALLY WANT$1 BE+ NO LONG] COMPELL$ BY ANY?+ BUT !IR [N NE$S1 !Y W\LD REFUSE TO PRODUCE ! M]E 9ANITIES :I* >E N[ CALL$ LUXURIES1 OR ! POISON & TRA% N[ CALL$ *EAP W>ES4  ,NO ONE W\LD MAKE PLU% BREE*ES :5 !RE W]E NO FLUNKIES TO WE> !M1 NOR W\LD ANYBODY WA/E HIS TIME OV] MAK+ OLEOM>G>9E :5 NO ONE WAS ,C,O,M,P,E,L,L,$ TO AB/A9 FROM REAL BUTT]4 ,ADULT]ATION LAWS >E ONLY NE$$ 9 A SOCIETY ( ?IEVES--& 9 SU* A SOCIETY !Y >E A DEAD LETT]4  

,SOCIALI/S >E (T5 ASK$ H[ WORK ( ! R\<] & MORE REPULSIVE K9D C\LD BE C>RI$ \T 9 ! NEW CONDITION ( ?+S4  ,TO ATTEMPT TO ANSW] SU* QUE/IONS FULLY OR AU?ORITATIVELY W\LD BE ATTEMPT+ ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( CON/RUCT+ A S*EME ( A NEW SOCIETY \T ( ! MAT]IALS ( ! OLD1 BE=E WE KNEW :I* ( ?OSE MAT]IALS W\LD DISAPPE> & :I* 5DURE ?R\< ! EVOLUTION :I* IS LEAD+ US TO ! GREAT *ANGE4  ,YET IT IS NOT DIFFICULT TO CONCEIVE ( SOME >RANGEM5T :]EBY ?OSE :O DID ! R\<E/ WORK %\LD WORK = ! %ORTE/ SPELLS4  ,& AGA91 :AT IS SAID ABOVE ( ! V>IETY ( WORK APPLIES SPECIALLY H]E4  ,ONCE MORE ,I SAY1 ?AT = A MAN TO BE ! :OLE ( HIS LIFE HOPELESSLY 5GAG$ 9 P]=M+ ONE REPULSIVE & NEV]-5D+ TASK1 IS AN >RANGEM5T FIT 5\< = ! HELL IMAG9$ BY !OLOGIANS1 BUT SC>CELY FIT = ANY O!R =M ( SOCIETY4  ,LA/LY1 IF ?IS R\<] WORK W]E ( ANY SPECIAL K9D1 WE MAY SUPPOSE ?AT SPECIAL VOLUNTE]S W\LD BE CALL$ ON TO P]=M IT1 :O W\LD SURELY BE =?COM+1 UNLESS M5 9 A /ATE ( FRE$OM %\LD LOSE ! SP>KS ( MANL9ESS :I* !Y POSSESS$ AS SLAVES4  

,& YET IF !RE BE ANY WORK :I* CANNOT BE MADE O!R ?AN REPULSIVE1 EI!R BY ! %ORTNESS ( ITS DURATION OR ! 9T]MITT5CY ( ITS RECURR5CE1 OR BY ! S5SE ( SPECIAL & PECULI> USEFULNESS 7& !RE=E HONOR7 9 ! M9D ( ! MAN :O P]=MS IT FREELY1--IF !RE BE ANY WORK :I* CANNOT BE BUT A TORM5T TO ! WORK]1 :AT !N8  ,WELL1 !N1 LET US SEE IF ! HEAV5S WILL FALL ON US IF WE LEAVE IT UNDONE1 = IT W]E BETT] ?AT !Y %\LD4  ,! PRODUCE ( SU* WORK CANNOT BE WOR? ! PRICE ( IT4  

,N[ WE HAVE SE5 ?AT ! SEMI-!OLOGICAL DOGMA ?AT ALL LABOR1 UND] ANY CIRCUM/ANCES1 IS A BLESS+ TO ! LABOR]1 IS HYPOCRITICAL & FALSE2 ?AT1 ON ! O!R H&1 LABOR IS GOOD :5 DUE HOPE ( RE/ & PLEASURE ACCOMPANIES IT4  ,WE HAVE WEI<$ ! WORK ( CIVILIZATION 9 ! BALANCE & F\ND IT WANT+1 S9CE HOPE IS MO/LY LACK+ TO IT1 & !RE=E WE SEE ?AT CIVILIZATION HAS BR$ A DIRE CURSE = M54  ,BUT WE HAVE SE5 ALSO ?AT ! WORK ( ! WORLD MI<T BE C>RI$ ON 9 HOPE & ) PLEASURE IF IT W]E NOT WA/$ BY FOLLY & TYRANNY1 BY ! P]PETUAL /RIFE ( OPPOS+ CLASSES4  

,IT IS ,PEACE1 !RE=E1 :I* WE NE$ 9 ORD] ?AT WE MAY LIVE & WORK 9 HOPE & ) PLEASURE4  ,PEACE SO MU* DESIR$1 IF WE MAY TRU/ M5'S WORDS1 BUT :I* HAS BE5 SO CONT9UALLY & /EADILY REJECT$ BY !M 9 DE$S4  ,BUT = US1 LET US SET \R HE>TS ON IT & W9 IT AT :ATEV] CO/4  

,:AT ! CO/ MAY BE1 :O CAN TELL8  ,WILL IT BE POSSIBLE TO W9 PEACE PEACEABLY8  ,ALAS1 H[ CAN IT BE8  ,WE >E SO HEMM$ 9 BY WRONG & FOLLY1 ?AT 9 ONE WAY OR O!R WE MU/ ALWAYS BE FI<T+ AGA9/ !M3  \R [N LIVES MAY SEE NO 5D TO ! /RUGGLE1 P]HAPS NO OBVI\S HOPE ( ! 5D4  ,IT MAY BE ?AT ! BE/ WE CAN HOPE TO SEE IS ?AT /RUGGLE GETT+ %>P] & BITT]] DAY BY DAY1 UNTIL IT BREAKS \T OP5LY AT LA/ 9TO ! SLAU<T] ( M5 BY ACTUAL W>F>E 9/EAD ( BY ! SL[] & CRUEL] ME?ODS ( 0PEACEFUL0 COMM]CE4 ,IF WE LIVE TO SEE ?AT1 WE %ALL LIVE TO SEE MU*2 = IT WILL MEAN ! RI* CLASSES GR[N CONSCI\S ( !IR [N WRONG & ROBB]Y1 & CONSCI\SLY DEF5D+ !M BY OP5 VIOL5CE2 & !N ! 5D WILL BE DRAW+ NE>4  

,BUT 9 ANY CASE1 & :ATEV] ! NATURE ( \R /RIFE = PEACE MAY BE1 IF WE ONLY AIM AT IT /EADILY & ) S+L5ESS ( HE>T1 & EV] KEEP IT 9 VIEW1 A REFLECTION FROM ?AT PEACE ( ! FUTURE WILL ILLUM9E ! TURMOIL & TR\BLE ( \R LIVES1 :E!R ! TR\BLE BE SEEM+LY PETTY1 OR OBVI\SLY TRAGIC2 & WE %ALL1 9 \R HOPES AT LEA/1 LIVE ! LIVES ( M53  NOR CAN ! PRES5T TIMES GIVE US ANY REW>D GREAT] ?AN ?AT4  

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,DAWN ( A ,NEW ,EPO* 

,P]HAPS SOME ( MY READ]S MAY ?9K ?AT ! ABOVE TITLE IS NOT A CORRECT ONE3  IT MAY BE SAID1 A NEW EPO* IS ALWAYS DAWN+1 *ANGE IS ALWAYS GO+ ON1 & IT GOES ON SO GRADUALLY ?AT WE DO NOT KN[ :5 WE >E \T ( AN OLD EPO* & 9TO A NEW ONE4  ,!RE IS TRU? 9 ?AT1 AT LEA/ TO ?IS EXT5T1 ?AT NO AGE CAN SEE ITSELF3  WE MU/ /& SOME WAY (F BE=E ! CONFUS$ PICTURE ) ITS RUGG$ SURFACE CAN RESOLVE ITSELF 9TO ITS DUE ORD]1 & SEEM TO BE SOME?+ ) A DEF9ITE PURPOSE C>RI$ ?R\< ALL ITS DETAILS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 :5 WE LOOK BACK ON HI/ORY WE DO DI/+UI% P]IODS 9 ! LAPSE ( TIME ?AT >E NOT M]ELY >BITR>Y ONES1 WE NOTE ! E>LY GR[? ( ! IDEAS :I* >E TO =M ! NEW ORD] ( ?+S1 WE NOTE !IR DEVELOPM5T 9TO ! TRANSITIONAL P]IOD1 & F9ALLY ! NEW EPO* IS REVEAL$ TO US BE>+ 9 ITS FULL DEVELOPM5T1 UNSE5 AS YET1 ! SE$S ( ! NEW] ORD] /ILL :I* %ALL TRANS=M IT 9 ITS TURN 9TO SOME?+ ELSE4  

,MOREOV]1 !RE >E P]IODS 9 :I* EV5 ?OSE ALIVE 9 !M BECOME MORE OR LESS CONSCI\S ( ! *ANGE :I* IS ALWAYS GO+ ON2 ! OLD IDEAS :I* W]E ONCE SO EXCIT+ TO M5'S IMAG9ATIONS1 N[ CEASE TO MOVE !M1 ?\< !Y MAY BE ACCEPT$ AS DULL & NECESS>Y PLATITUDES3  ! MAT]IAL CIRCUM/ANCES ( MAN'S LIFE :I* W]E ONCE ONLY /RUGGL$ ) 9 DETAIL1 & ONLY ACCORD+ TO A K9D ( LAW MADE MANIFE/ 9 !IR WORK+1 >E 9 SU* TIMES CONSCI\S ( *ANGE1 & >E ONLY ACCEPT$ UND] PROTE/ UNTIL SOME MEANS CAN BE F\ND TO ALT] !M4  ,! OLD & DY+ ORD]1 ONCE SIL5T & ALL- P[]FUL1 TRIES TO EXPRESS ITSELF VIOL5TLY1 & BECOMES AT ONCE NOISY & WEAK4  ,! NASC5T ORD] ONCE TOO WEAK TO BE CONSCI\S ( NE$ ( EXPRESSION1 OR CAPABLE ( IT IF IT W]E1 BECOMES CONSCI\S N[ & F9DS A VOICE4  ,! SIL5T SAP ( ! YE>S IS BE+ LAID ASIDE = OP5 ASSAULT2 ! M5 >E GA!R+ UND] >MS 9 ! TR5*ES1 & ! =LORN HOPE IS READY1 NO LONG] TRIFL+ ) LITTLE SOLACEM5TS ( ! TIME ( WE>Y WAIT+1 BUT LOOK+ =W>D TO M]E DEA? OR ! JOY ( VICTORY4  

,N[ ,I ?9K1 & SOME :O READ ?IS WILL AGREE ) ME1 ?AT WE >E N[ LIV+ 9 ONE ( !SE TIMES ( CONSCI\S *ANGE2 WE NOT ONLY >E1 BUT WE ALSO FEEL \RSELVES TO BE LIV+ BETWE5 ! OLD & ! NEW2 WE >E EXPECT+ SOME?+ TO HAPP51 AS ! PHRASE GOES3  AT SU* TIMES IT BEHOOVES US TO UND]/& :AT IS ! OLD :I* IS DY+1 :AT IS ! NEW :I* IS COM+ 9TO EXI/5CE8  ,?AT IS A QUE/ION PRACTICALLY IMPORTANT TO US ALL1 S9CE !SE P]IODS ( CONSCI\S *ANGE >E ALSO1 9 ONE WAY OR O!R1 TIMES ( S]I\S COMBAT1 & EA* ( US1 IF HE DOES NOT LOOK TO IT & LE>N TO UND]/& :AT IS GO+ ON1 MAY F9D HIMSELF FI<T+ ON ! WRONG SIDE1 ! SIDE ) :I* HE REALLY DOES NOT SYMPA?IZE4  

,:AT IS ! COMBAT WE >E N[ 5T]+ UPON--:O IS IT TO BE F\<T BETWE58  ,ABSOLUTISM & ,DEMOCRACY1 P]HAPS SOME WILL ANSW]4  ,NOT QUITE1 ,I ?9K2 ?AT CONTE/ WAS PRACTICALLY SETTL$ BY ! GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION2 IT IS ONLY ITS EMB]S :I* >E BURN+ N[3  OR AT LEA/ ?AT IS SO 9 ! C\NTRIES :I* >E NOT BELAT$ LIKE ,RUSSIA1 = 9/ANCE4  ,DEMOCRACY1 OR AT LEA/ :AT US$ TO BE CONSID]$ ,DEMOCRACY1 IS N[ TRIUMPHANT2 & ?\< IT IS TRUE ?AT !RE >E C\NTRIES :]E FRE$OM ( SPEE* IS REPRESS$ BESIDES ,RUSSIA1 AS E4G41 ,G]MANY & ,IREL&7#f71 ?AT ONLY HAPP5S :5 ! RUL]S ( ! TRIUMPHANT ,DEMOCRACY >E BEG9N+ TO BE AFRAID ( ! NEW ORD] ( ?+S1 N[ BECOM+ CONSCI\S ( ITSELF1 & >E BE+ DRIV5 9TO REACTION 9 CONSEQU5CE4  ,NO1 IT IS NOT ,ABSOLUTISM & ,DEMOCRACY AS ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION UND]/OOD ?OSE TWO WORDS ?AT >E ! 5EMIES N[3  ! ISSUE IS DEEP] ?AN IT WAS2 ! TWO FOES >E N[ ,MA/]%IP & ,FELL[%IP4  ,?IS IS A F> MORE S]I\S QU>REL ?AN ! OLD ONE1 & 9VOLVES A MU* COMPLET] REVOLUTION4 ,! GR\NDS ( CONFLICT >E REALLY QUITE DIFF]5T4  ,DEMOCRACY SAID & SAYS1 M5 %ALL NOT BE ! MA/]S ( O!RS1 BECAUSE H]$IT>Y PRIVILEGE HAS MADE A RACE OR A FAMILY SO1 & !Y HAPP5 TO BELONG TO SU* RACE2 !Y %ALL 9DIVIDUALLY GR[ 9TO BE+ ! MA/]S ( O!RS BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( C]TA9 QUALITIES UND] A SY/EM ( AU?ORITY :I* ,>,T,I,F,I,C,I,A,L,L,Y PROTECTS ! WEAL? ( EV]Y MAN1 IF HE HAS ACQUIR$ IT 9 ACCORDANCE ) ?IS >TIFICIAL SY/EM1 FROM ! 9T]F]5CE ( EV]Y O!R1 OR FROM ALL O!RS COMB9$4  

,! NEW ORD] ( ?+S SAYS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 :Y HAVE MA/]S AT ALL8 LET US BE ,F,E,L,L,[,S WORK+ 9 ! H>MONY ( ASSOCIATION = ! COMMON GOOD1 ?AT IS1 = ! GREATE/ HAPP9ESS & COMPLETE/ DEVELOPM5T ( EV]Y HUMAN BE+ 9 ! COMMUNITY4  

,?IS IDEAL & HOPE ( A NEW SOCIETY F\ND$ ON 9DU/RIAL PEACE & =E?\<T1 BE>+ ) IT ITS [N E?ICS1 AIM+ AT A NEW & HI<] LIFE = ALL M51 HAS RECEIV$ ! G5]AL NAME ( ,SOCIALISM1 & IT IS MY FIRM BELIEF ?AT IT IS DE/9$ TO SUP]S$E ! OLD ORD] ( ?+S F\ND$ ON 9DU/RIAL W>1 & TO BE ! NEXT /EP 9 ! PROGRESS ( HUMANITY4  

,N[1 S9CE ,I MU/ EXPLA9 FUR!R :AT >E ! AIMS ( ,SOCIALISM1 ! IDEAL ( ! NEW EPO*1 ,I F9D ?AT ,I MU/ BEG9 BY EXPLA9+ TO Y\ :AT IS ! CON/ITUTION ( ! OLD ORD] :I* IT IS DE/9$ TO SUPPLANT4  ,IF ,I CAN MAKE ?AT CLE> TO Y\1 ,I %ALL HAVE ALSO MADE CLE> TO Y\ ! FIR/ AIM ( ,SOCIALISM3  = ,I HAVE SAID ?AT ! PRES5T & DECAY+ ORD] ( ?+S1 LIKE ?OSE :I* HAVE GONE BE=E IT1 HAS TO BE PROPP$ UP BY A SY/EM ( >TIFICIAL AU?ORITY2 :5 ?AT >TIFICIAL AU?ORITY HAS BE5 SWEPT AWAY1 H>MONI\S ASSOCIATION WILL BE FELT BY ALL M5 TO BE A NECESSITY ( !IR HAPPY & UNDEGRAD$ EXI/5CE ON ! E>?1 & ,SOCIALISM WILL BECOME ! CONDITION UND] :I* WE %ALL ALL LIVE1 & IT WILL DEVELOP NATURALLY1 & PROBABLY ) NO VIOL5T CONFLICT1 :ATEV] DETAIL$ SY/EM MAY BE NECESS>Y3  ,I SAY ! /RUGGLE WILL NOT BE OV] !SE DETAILS1 :I* WILL SURELY V>Y ACCORD+ TO ! DIFF]5CE ( UN*ANGEABLE NATURAL SURR\ND+S1 BUT OV] ! QUE/ION1 %ALL IT BE MA/]%IP OR FELL[%IP8  

,LET US SEE !N :AT IS ! CONDITION ( SOCIETY UND] ! LA/ DEVELOPM5T ( MA/]%IP1 ! COMM]CIAL SY/EM1 :I* HAS TAK5 ! PLACE ( ! ,FEUDAL SY/EM4  

,LIKE ALL O!R SY/EMS ( SOCIETY1 IT IS F\ND$ ON ! NECESSITY ( MAN CONQU]+ HIS SUBSI/5CE FROM ,NATURE BY LABOR1 & ALSO1 LIKE MO/ O!R SY/EMS ?AT WE KN[ (1 IT PRESUPPOSES ! UNEQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( LABOR AMONG DIFF]5T CLASSES ( SOCIETY1 & ! UNEQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( ! RESULTS ( ?AT LABOR3  IT DOES NOT DIFF] 9 ?AT RESPECT FROM ! SY/EM :I* IT SUPPLANT$2 IT HAS ONLY ALT]$ ! ME?OD :]EBY ?AT UNEQUAL DI/RIBUTION %\LD BE >RANG$4  ,!RE >E /ILL RI* PEOPLE & POOR PEOPLE AMONG US1 AS !RE W]E 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES2 NAY1 !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT1 RELATIVELY AT LEA/ TO ! SUM ( WEAL? EXI/+1 ! RI* >E RI*] & ! POOR >E POOR] N[ ?AN !Y W]E !N4  ,H[EV] ?AT MAY BE1 9 ANY CASE N[ AS !N !RE >E PEOPLE :O HAVE MU* WORK & LITTLE WEAL? LIV+ BESIDE O!R PEOPLE :O HAVE MU* WEAL? & LITTLE WORK4  ,! RI*E/ >E /ILL ! IDLE/1 & ?OSE :O WORK H>DE/ & P]=M ! MO/ PA9FUL TASKS >E ! WOR/ REW>D$ = !IR LABOR4  

,TO ME1 & ,I %\LD HOPE TO MY READ]S1 ?IS SEEMS GROSSLY UNFAIR2 & ,I MAY REM9D Y\ H]E ?AT ! WORLD HAS ALWAYS HAD A S5SE ( ITS 9JU/ICE4  ,= C5TURY AFT] C5TURY1 :ILE SOCIETY HAS /R5U\SLY BOL/]$ UP ?IS 9JU/ICE =CIBLY & >TIFICIALLY1 IT HAS PR(ESS$ BELIEF 9 PHILOSOPHIES1 CODES ( E?ICS1 & RELIGIONS :I* HAVE 9CULCAT$ JU/ICE & FAIR DEAL+ BETWE5 M53  NAY1 SOME ( !M HAVE GONE SO F> AS TO BID US BE> ONE ANO!R'S BURD5S1 & HAVE PUT BE=E M5 ! DUTY1 & 9 ! LONG RUN ! PLEASURE1 ( ! /RONG WORK+ = ! WEAK1 ! WISE = ! FOOLI%1 ! HELPFUL = ! HELPLESS2 & YET !SE PRECEPTS ( MORALITY HAVE BE5 SET ASIDE 9 PRACTICE AS P]SI/5TLY AS !Y HAVE BE5 PREA*$ 9 !ORY2 & NATURALLY SO1 S9CE !Y ATTACK ! V]Y BASIS ( CLASS SOCIETY4  ,I AS A ,SOCIALI/ AM B\ND TO PREA* !M TO Y\ ONCE MORE1 ASSUR+ Y\ ?AT !Y >E NO M]E FOOLI% DREAMS BIDD+ US TO DO :AT WE N[ MU/ ACKN[L$GE TO BE IMPOSSIBLE1 BUT REASONABLE RULES ( ACTION1 GOOD = \R DEF5SE AGA9/ ! TYRANNY ( ,NATURE4  ,ANYH[1 HONE/ M5 HAVE ! *OICE BE=E !M ( EI!R PUTT+ !SE !ORIES 9 PRACTICE OR REJECT+ !M ALTOGE!R4  ,IF !Y WILL BUT FACE ?AT DILEMMA1 ,I ?9K WE %ALL SOON HAVE A NEW WORLD ( IT2 YET ,I FE> !Y WILL F9D IT H>D TO DO SO3  ! !ORY IS OLD1 & WE HAVE GOT US$ TO IT & ITS =M ( WORDS3  ! PRACTICE IS NEW1 & W\LD 9VOLVE RESPONSIBILITIES WE HAVE NOT YET ?\<T MU* (4  

,N[ ! GREAT DIFF]5CE BETWE5 \R PRES5T SY/EM & ?AT ( ! FEUDAL P]IOD IS ?AT1 AS F> AS ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE >E CONC]N$1 ALL DI/9CTION ( CLASSES IS ABOLI%$ EXCEPT ?AT BETWE5 RI* & POOR3  SOCIETY IS ?US SIMPLIFI$2 ! >BITR>Y DI/9CTION IS GONE1 ! REAL ONE REMA9S & IS F> MORE /R+5T ?AN ! >BITR>Y ONE WAS4  ,ONCE ALL SOCIETY WAS RUDE1 !RE WAS LITTLE REAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! G5TLEMAN & ! NON-G5TLEMAN1 & Y\ HAD TO DRESS !M DIFF]5TLY FROM ONE ANO!R 9 ORD] TO DI/+UI% !M4  ,BUT N[ A WELL-TO-DO MAN IS A REF9$ & CULTIVAT$ BE+1 5JOY+ TO ! FULL HIS %>E ( ! CONQUE/ OV] ,NATURE :I* ! MOD]N WORLD HAS A*IEV$1 :ILE ! POOR MAN IS RUDE & DEGRAD$1 & HAS NO %>E 9 ! WEAL? CONQU]$ BY MOD]N SCI5CE FROM ,NATURE3  HE IS C]TA9LY NO BETT] AS TO MAT]IAL CONDITION ?AN ! S]F ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 P]HAPS HE IS WORSE3  TO MY M9D HE IS AT LEA/ WORSE ?AN ! SAVAGE LIV+ 9 A GOOD CLIMATE4  

,I DO NOT ?9K ?AT ANY ?\<TFUL MAN S]I\SLY D5IES ?IS3  LET US TRY TO SEE :AT BR+S IT AB\T2 LET US SEE IT AS CLE>LY AS WE ALL SEE ?AT ! H]$IT>Y PRIVILEGE ( ! NOBLE CA/E1 & ! CONSEQU5T S]F SLAV]Y ( ! WORK]S ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 BR\<T AB\T ! PECULI> CONDITIONS ( ?AT P]IOD4  

,SOCIETY IS N[ DIVID$ BETWE5 TWO CLASSES1 ?OSE :O MONOPOLIZE ALL ! MEANS ( ! PRODUCTION ( WEAL? SAVE ONE2 & ?OSE :O POSSESS NO?+ EXCEPT ?AT ONE1 ! ,P[] ( ,LABOR4  ,?AT P[] ( LABOR IS USELESS TO ITS POSSESSORS1 & CANNOT BE EX]CIS$ )\T ! HELP ( ! O!R MEANS ( PRODUCTION2 BUT ?OSE :O HAVE NO?+ BUT LABOR-P[]--I4E41 :O HAVE NO MEANS ( MAK+ O!RS WORK = !M1 MU/ WORK = !MSELVES 9 ORD] TO LIVE2 & !Y MU/ !RE=E APPLY TO ! [N]S ( ! MEANS ( FRUCTIFY+ LABOR--I4E41 ! L&1 MA*9]Y1 @&C41 = LEAVE TO WORK ?AT !Y MAY LIVE4  ,! POSSESS+ CLASS 7AS = %ORT WE WILL CALL !M7 >E QUITE PREP>$ TO GRANT ?IS LEAVE1 & 9DE$ !Y MU/ GRANT IT IF !Y >E TO USE ! LABOR-P[] ( ! NON-POSSESS+ CLASS = !IR [N ADVANTAGE1 :I* IS !IR SPECIAL PRIVILEGE4  ,BUT ?AT PRIVILEGE 5ABLES !M TO ,C,O,M,P,E,L ! NON-POSSESS+ CLASS TO SELL !M !IR LABOR-P[] ON T]MS :I* 5SURE ! CONT9UANCE ( !IR MONOPOLY4  ,!SE T]MS >E AT ! \TSET V]Y SIMPLE4  ,! POSSESS+ CLASS1 OR MA/]S1 ALL[ ! M5 JU/ SO MU* ( ! WEAL? PRODUC$ BY !IR LABOR AS WILL GIVE !M SU* A LIVELIHOOD AS IS CONSID]$ NECESS>Y AT ! TIME1 & WILL P]MIT !M TO BRE$ & RE> *ILDR5 TO A WORK+ AGE3  ?AT IS ! SIMPLE CONDITION ( ! 0B>GA90 :I* OBTA9S :5 ! LABOR-P[] REQUIR$ IS L[ 9 QUALITY1 :AT IS CALL$ UNSKILL$ LABOR1 & :5 ! WORK]S >E TOO WEAK OR IGNORANT TO COMB9E SO AS TO ?REAT5 ! MA/]S ) SOME =M ( REBELLION4 ,:5 SKILL$ LABOR IS WANT$1 & ! LABOR] HAS CONSEQU5TLY CO/ MORE TO PRODUCE1 & IS R>] TO BE F\ND1 ! PRICE ( ! >TICLE IS HI<]3  AS ALSO :5 ! COMMODITY LABOR TAKES TO ?9K+ & REMEMB]S ?AT AFT] ALL IT IS ALSO M51 & AS A=ESAID HOLDS \T ?REATS TO ! MA/]S2 9 ?AT CASE !Y = !IR P>T G5]ALLY ?9K IT PRUD5T TO GIVE WAY1 :5 ! COMPETITION ( ! M>KET ALL[S !M TO DO SO1 & SO ! /&>D ( LIVELIHOOD = ! WORK]S RISES4  

,BUT TO SPEAK PLA9LY1 ! GREAT] P>T ( ! WORK]S1 9 SPITE ( /RIKES & ,TRADES' ,UNIONS1 DO GET LITTLE MORE ?AN A B>E SUBSI/5CE WAGE1 & :5 !Y GR[ SICK OR OLD !Y W\LD DIE \TRI<T IF IT W]E NOT = ! REFUGE AF=D$ !M BY ! WORKH\SE1 :I* IS PURPOSELY MADE AS PRISON-LIKE & WRET*$ AS POSSIBLE1 9 ORD] TO PREV5T ! L[]-PAID WORK]S FROM TAK+ REFUGE 9 IT BE=E ! TIME ( !IR ,9,D,U,/,R,I,A,L DEA?4  

,N[ COMES ! QUE/ION AS TO H[ ! MA/]S >E ABLE TO =CE ! M5 TO SELL !IR COMMODITY LABOR-P[] SO DIRT-*EAP )\T TREAT+ !M AS ! ANCI5TS TREAT$ !IR SLAVES--I4E41 ) ! :IP4  ,WELL1 ( C\RSE Y\ UND]/& ?AT ! MA/] HAV+ PAID HIS WORKM5 :AT !Y CAN LIVE UPON1 & HAV+ PAID = ! WE> & TE> ( MA*9]Y & O!R EXP5SES ( ?AT K9D1 HAS = HIS %>E :ATEV] REMA9S OV] & ABOVE1 ,! ,:,O,L,E ,( ,:,I,* ,H,E ,G,E,T,S ,F,R,O,M ,! ,E,X,],C,I,S,E ,( ,! ,L,A,B,O,R-,P,[,] ,P,O,S,S,E,S,S,$ ,B,Y ,! ,W,O,R,K,]3  HE IS ANXI\S !RE=E TO MAKE ! MO/ ( ?IS PRIVILEGE1 & COMPETES ) HIS FELL[-MANUFACTUR]S TO ! UTMO/ 9 ! M>KET3  SO ?AT ! DI/RIBUTION ( W>ES IS ORGANIZ$ ON A GAMBL+ BASIS1 & AS A CONSEQU5CE MANY MORE H&S >E NE$$ :5 TRADE IS BRISK ?AN :5 IT IS SLACK1 OR EV5 9 AN ORD9>Y CONDITION3  UND] ! /IMULUS ALSO ( ! LU/ = ACQUIR+ ?IS SURPLUS VALUE ( LABOR1 ! GREAT MA*9ES ( \R EPO* W]E 9V5T$ & >E YE>LY IMPROV$1 & !Y ACT ON LABOR 9 A ?REEFOLD WAY3  FIR/ !Y GET RID ( MANY H&S2 NEXT !Y L[] ! QUALITY ( ! LABOR REQUIR$1 SO ?AT SKILL$ WORK IS WANT$ LESS & LESS2 ?IRDLY1 ! IMPROVEM5T 9 !M =CES ! WORK]S TO WORK H>D] :ILE !Y >E AT WORK1 AS NOTABLY 9 ! COTTON-SP9N+ 9DU/RY4  ,ALSO 9 MO/ TRADES WOM5 & *ILDR5 >E EMPLOY$1 TO :OM IT IS NOT EV5 PRET5D$ ?AT A SUBSI/5CE WAGE IS GIV54  ,[+ TO ALL !SE CAUSES1 ! RES]VE >MY ( LABOR NECESS>Y TO \R PRES5T SY/EM ( MANUFACTURES = ! GAMBL+ M>KET1 ! 9TRODUCTION ( LABOR-SAV+ MA*9ES 7LABOR SAV$ = ! MA/]1 M9D Y\1 NOT ! MAN71 & ! 9T5SIFY+ ( ! LABOR :ILE IT LA/S1 ! EMPLOYM5T ( ! AUXILI>Y LABOR ( WOM5 & *ILDR53  [+ TO ALL ?IS !RE >E 9 ORD9>Y YE>S EV51 NOT M]ELY 9 SPECIALLY BAD YE>S LIKE ! CURR5T ONE7#g71 MORE WORK]S ?AN !RE IS WORK = !M TO DO4  ,! WORK]S !RE=E UND]SELL ONE ANO!R 9 DISPOS+ ( !IR ONE COMMODITY1 LABOR-P[]1 & >E =C$ TO DO SO1 OR !Y W\LD NOT BE ALL[$ TO WORK1 & !RE=E W\LD HAVE TO />VE OR GO TO ! PRISON CALL$ ! WORKH\SE4  ,?IS IS :Y ! MA/]S AT ! PRES5T DAY >E ABLE TO DISP5SE ) ! EX]CISE ( OBVI\S VIOL5CE :I* 9 BYGONE TIMES !Y US$ T[>DS !IR SLAVES4  

,?IS !N IS ! FIR/ DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! TWO GREAT CLASSES ( MOD]N ,SOCIETY3  ! UPP] CLASS POSSESSES WEAL?1 ! L[] LACKS WEAL?2 BUT !RE IS ANO!R DI/9CTION TO :I* ,I WILL N[ DRAW Y\R ATT5TION3  ! CLASS :I* LACKS WEAL? IS ! CLASS ?AT PRODUCES IT1 ! CLASS ?AT POSSESSES IT DOES NOT PRODUCE IT1 IT CONSUMES IT ONLY4  ,IF BY ANY *ANCE ! SO-CALL$ L[] CLASS W]E TO P]I% OR LEAVE ! COMMUNITY1 PRODUCTION ( WEAL? W\LD COME TO A /&/ILL1 UNTIL ! WEAL?-[N]S HAD LE>N$ H[ TO PRODUCE1 UNTIL !Y HAD DESC5D$ FROM !IR POSITION1 & HAD TAK5 ! PLACE ( !IR =M] SLAVES4  ,IF ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! WEAL?-[N]S W]E TO DISAPPE>1 PRODUCTION ( WEAL? W\LD AT ! WOR/ BE ONLY H9D]$ = A:ILE1 & PROBABLY W\LD GO ON PRETTY MU* AS IT DOES N[4  

,BUT Y\ MAY SAY1 ?\< IT IS C]TA9 ?AT SOME ( ! WEAL?-[N]S1 AS L&LORDS1 HOLD]S ( FUNDS1 & ! LIKE DO NO?+1 YET !RE >E MANY ( !M :O WORK H>D4  ,WELL1 ?AT IS TRUE1 & P]HAPS NO?+ SO CLE>LY %[S ! EXTREME FOLLY ( ! PRES5T SY/EM ?AN ?IS FACT ?AT !RE >E SO MANY ABLE & 9DU/RI\S M5 EMPLOY$ BY IT1 9 WORK+ H>D AT--NO?+3  NO?+ OR WORSE4  ,!Y WORK1 BUT !Y DO NOT PRODUCE4  

,IT IS TRUE ?AT SOME USEFUL OCCUPATIONS >E 9 ! H&S ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES1 PHYSIC1 $UCATION1 & ! F9E >TS1 E4G4  ,! M5 :O WORK AT !SE OCCUPATIONS >E C]TA9LY WORK+ USEFULLY2 & ALL ?AT WE CAN SAY AGA9/ !M IS ?AT !Y >E SOMETIMES PAID TOO HI< 9 PROPORTION TO ! PAY ( O!R USEFUL P]SONS1 :I* HI< PAY IS GIV5 !M 9 RECOGNITION ( !IR BE+ ! P>ASITES ( ! POSSESS+ CLASSES4  ,BUT EV5 AS TO NUMB]S !SE >E NOT A V]Y L>GE P>T ( ! POSSESSORS ( WEAL?1 &1 AS TO ! WEAL? !Y HOLD1 IT IS QUITE 9SIGNIFICANT COMP>$ ) ?AT HELD BY ?OSE :O DO NO?+ USEFUL4  

,( !SE LA/1 SOME1 AS WE ALL AGREE1 DO NOT PRET5D TO DO ANY?+ EXCEPT AMUSE !MSELVES1 & PROBABLY !SE >E ! LEA/ H>MFUL ( ! USELESS CLASSES4  ,!N !RE >E O!RS :O FOLL[ OCCUPATIONS :I* W\LD HAVE NO PLACE 9 A REASONABLE CONDITION ( SOCIETY1 AS1 E4G41 LAWY]S1 JUDGES1 JAIL]S1 & SOLDI]S ( ! HI<] GRADES1 & MO/ ,GOV]NM5T (FICIALS4  ,F9ALLY COMES ! MU* GREAT] GR\P ( ?OSE :O >E 5GAG$ 9 GAMBL+ OR FI<T+ = !IR 9DIVIDUAL %>ES ( ! TRIBUTE :I* !IR CLASS COMPELS ! WORK+-CLASS TO YIELD TO IT3  !SE >E ! GR\P ?AT ONE CALLS BROADLY BUS9ESS M51 ! CONDUCTORS ( \R COMM]CE1 IF Y\ PLEASE TO CALL !M SO4  

,TO EXTRACT A GOOD PROPORTION ( ?IS TRIBUTE1 & TO KEEP AS MU* AS POSSIBLE ( IT :5 EXTRACT$ = ONESELF1 IS ! MA9 BUS9ESS ( LIFE = !SE M51 ?AT IS1 = MO/ WELL-TO-DO & RI* PEOPLE2 IT IS CALL$1 QUITE 9ACCURATELY1 0MONEY-MAK+20 & ?OSE :O >E MO/ SUCCESSFUL 9 ?IS OCCUPATION >E1 9 SPITE ( ALL HYPOCRITICAL PRET5SES TO ! CONTR>Y1 ! P]SONS MO/ RESPECT$ BY ! PUBLIC4  

,A WORD OR TWO AS TO ! TRIBUTE EXTRACT$ FROM ! WORK]S AS A=ESAID4  ,IT IS NO TRIFLE1 BUT AM\NTS TO AT LEA/ TWO-?IRDS ( ALL ?AT ! WORK] PRODUCES2 BUT Y\ MU/ UND]/& ?AT IT IS NOT ALL TAK5 DIRECTLY FROM ! WORKMAN BY HIS IMM$IATE EMPLOY]1 BUT BY ! EMPLOY+ CLASS4  ,BESIDES ! TRIBUTE OR PR(IT ( ! DIRECT EMPLOY]1 :I* IS 9 ALL CASES AS MU* AS HE CAN GET AMID HIS COMPETITION OR W> ) O!R EMPLOY]S1 ! WORK] HAS ALSO TO PAY TAXES 9 V>I\S =MS1 & ! GREAT] P>T ( ! WEAL? SO EXTORT$ IS AT ! BE/ M]ELY WA/$3  & REMEMB]1 :OEV] ,S,E,E,M,S TO PAY ! TAXES1 LABOR 9 ! LONG RUN IS ! ONLY REAL TAXPAY]4 ,!N HE HAS TO PAY H\SE-R5T1 & V]Y MU* HEAVI] R5T 9 PROPORTION TO HIS E>N+S ?AN WELL-TO-DO PEOPLE HAVE4  ,HE HAS ALSO TO PAY ! COMMISSION ( ! MIDDLE-M5 :O DI/RIBUTE ! GOODS :I* HE HAS MADE1 9 A WAY SO WA/EFUL ?AT N[ ALL ?9K+ PEOPLE CRY \T AGA9/ IT1 ?\< !Y >E QUITE HELPLESS AGA9/ IT 9 \R PRES5T SOCIETY4  ,F9ALLY1 HE HAS (T5 TO PAY AN EXTRA TAX 9 ! %APE ( A CONTRIBUTION TO A B5EFIT SOCIETY OR TRADES' UNION1 :I* IS REALLY A TAX ON ! PREC>I\SNESS ( HIS EMPLOYM5T CAUS$ BY ! GAMBL+ ( HIS MA/]S 9 ! M>KET4  ,9 %ORT1 BESIDES ! PR(IT OR ! RESULT ( UNPAID LABOR :I* HE YIELDS TO HIS IMM$IATE MA/] HE HAS TO GIVE BACK A L>GE P>T ( HIS WAGES TO ! CLASS ( :I* HIS MA/] IS A P>T4  

,! PRIVILEGE ( ! POSSESS+ CLASS !RE=E CONSI/S 9 !IR LIV+ ON ?IS TRIBUTE1 !Y !MSELVES EI!R NOT WORK+ OR WORK+ UNPRODUCTIVELY--I4E41 LIV+ ON ! LABOR ( O!RS2 NO O!RWISE ?AN AS ! MA/] ( ANCI5T DAYS LIV$ ON ! LABOR ( HIS SLAVE1 OR AS ! B>ON LIV$ ON ! LABOR ( HIS S]F4  ,IF ! CAPITAL ( ! RI* MAN CONSI/S ( L&1 HE IS ABLE TO =CE A T5ANT TO IMPROVE HIS L& = HIM & PAY HIM TRIBUTE 9 ! =M ( RACK- R5T2 & AT ! 5D ( ! TRANSACTION HAS HIS L& AGA91 G5]ALLY IMPROV$1 SO ?AT HE CAN BEG9 AGA9 & GO ON = EV]1 HE & HIS HEIRS1 DO+ NO?+1 A M]E BURD5 ON ! COMMUNITY = EV]1 :ILE O!RS >E WORK+ = HIM4  ,IF HE HAS H\SES ON HIS L& HE HAS R5T = !M ALSO1 (T5 RECEIV+ ! VALUE ( ! BUILD+ MANY TIMES OV]1 & 9 ! 5D H\SE & L& ONCE MORE4  ,NOT SELDOM A PIECE ( B>R5 GR\ND OR SWAMP1 WOR? NO?+ 9 ITSELF1 BECOMES A S\RCE ( HUGE =TUNE TO HIM FROM ! DEVELOPM5T ( A T[N OR A DI/RICT1 & HE POCKETS ! RESULTS ( ! LABOR ( ?\S&S UPON ?\S&S ( M51 & CALLS IT HIS PROP]TY3  OR ! E>? B5EA? ! SURFACE IS F\ND TO BE RI* 9 COAL OR M9]ALS1 & AGA9 HE MU/ BE PAID VA/ SUMS = ALL[+ O!RS TO LABOR !M 9TO M>KETABLE W>ES1 TO :I* LABOR HE CONTRIBUTES NO?+4  

,OR AGA91 IF HIS CAPITAL CONSI/S ( CA%1 HE GOES 9TO ! LABOR M>KET & BUYS ! LABOR-P[] ( M51 WOM5 & *ILDR51 & USES IT = ! PRODUCTION ( W>ES :I* %ALL BR+ HIM 9 A PR(IT1 BUY+ IT ( C\RSE AT ! L[E/ PRICE ?AT HE CAN1 AVAIL+ HIMSELF ( !IR NECESSITIES TO KEEP !IR LIVELIHOOD D[N TO ! L[E/ PO9T :I* !Y WILL BE>3  :I* 9DE$ HE ,M,U,/ DO1 OR HE HIMSELF WILL BE OV]COME 9 ! W> ) HIS FELL[-CAPITALI/S4  ,NEI!R 9 ?IS CASE DOES HE DO ANY USEFUL WORK1 & HE NE$ NOT DO ANY SEMBLANCE ( IT1 S9CE HE MAY BUY ! BRA9-P[] ( MANAG]S AT A SOME:AT HI<] RATE ?AN HE BUYS ! H&-P[] ( ! ORD9>Y WORKMAN4  ,BUT EV5 :5 HE DOES SEEM TO BE DO+ SOME?+1 & RECEIVES ! POMP\S TITLE ( 0ORGANIZ] ( LABOR10 HE IS NOT REALLY ORGANIZ+ ,L,A,B,O,R1 BUT ! BATTLE ) HIS IMM$IATE 5EMIES1 ! O!R CAPITALI/S1 :O >E 9 ! SAME L9E ( BUS9ESS ) HIMSELF4  

,FUR!RMORE1 ?\< IT IS TRUE1 AS ,I HAVE SAID1 ?AT ! WORK+- CLASS >E ! ONLY PRODUC]S1 YET ONLY A P>T ( !M >E ALL[$ TO PRODUCE USEFULLY2 = ! M5 ( ! NON-PRODUC+ CLASSES HAV+ (T5 MU* MORE WEAL? ?AN !Y CAN ,U,S,E >E =C$ TO ,W,A,/,E IT 9 M]E LUXURIES & FOLLIES1 ?AT ON ! ONE H& H>M !MSELVES1 & ON ! O!R )DRAW A V]Y L>GE P>T ( ! WORK]S FROM USEFUL WORK1 !REBY COMPELL+ ?OSE :O DO PRODUCE USEFULLY TO WORK ! H>D] & MORE GRIEV\SLY3  9 %ORT1 ! ESS5TIAL ACCOMPANIM5T ( ! SY/EM IS WA/E4  

,H[ C\LD IT BE O!RWISE1 S9CE IT IS A SY/EM ( W>8  ,I HAVE M5TION$ 9CID5TALLY ?AT ALL ! EMPLOY]S ( LABOR >E AT W> ) EA* O!R1 & Y\ WILL PROBABLY SEE ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO MY ACC\NT ( ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! TWO GREAT CLASSES1 !Y ALSO >E AT W>4  ,EA* CAN ONLY GA9 AT ! O!RS' LOSS3  ! EMPLOY+ CLASS IS =C$ TO MAKE ! MO/ ( ITS PRIVILEGE1 ! POSSESSION ( ! MEANS = ! EX]CISE ( LABOR1 & :ATEV] IT GETS TO ITSELF CAN ONLY BE GOT AT ! EXP5SE ( ! WORK+-CLASS2 & ?AT CLASS 9 ITS TURN CAN ONLY RAISE ITS /&>D ( LIVELIHOOD AT ! EXP5SE ( ! POSSESS+ CLASS2 IT IS ,=,C,$ TO YIELD AS LITTLE TRIBUTE TO IT AS IT CAN HELP2 !RE IS !RE=E CON/ANT W> ALWAYS GO+ ON BETWE5 !SE TWO CLASSES1 :E!R !Y >E CONSCI\S ( IT OR NOT4  

,TO RECAPITULATE3  ,9 \R MOD]N SOCIETY !RE >E TWO CLASSES1 A USEFUL & A USELESS CLASS2 ! USELESS CLASS IS CALL$ ! UPP]1 ! USEFUL ! L[] CLASS4  ,! USELESS OR UPP] CLASS1 HAV+ ! MONOPOLY ( ALL ! MEANS ( ! PRODUCTION ( WEAL? SAVE ! P[] ( LABOR1 CAN & DOES COMPEL ! USEFUL OR L[] CLASS TO WORK = ITS [N DISADVANTAGE1 & = ! ADVANTAGE ( ! UPP] CLASS2 NOR WILL ! LATT] ALL[ ! USEFUL CLASS TO WORK ON ANY O!R T]MS4 ,?IS >RANGEM5T NECESS>ILY MEANS AN 9CREAS+ CONTE/1 FIR/ ( ! CLASSES ONE AGA9/ ! O!R1 & NEXT ( ! 9DIVIDUALS ( EA* CLASS AMONG !MSELVES4  

,MO/ ?9K+ PEOPLE ADMIT ! TRU? ( :AT ,I HAVE JU/ /AT$1 BUT MANY ( !M BELIEVE ?AT ! SY/EM1 ?\< OBVI\SLY UNJU/ & WA/EFUL1 IS NECESS>Y 7?\< P]HAPS !Y CANNOT GIVE !IR REASONS = !IR BELIEF71 & SO !Y CAN SEE NO?+ = IT BUT PALLIAT+ ! WOR/ EVILS ( ! SY/EM3  BUT1 S9CE ! V>I\S PALLIATIVES 9 FA%ION AT ONE TIME OR ANO!R HAVE FAIL$ EA* 9 ITS TURN1 ,I CALL UPON !M1 FIR/LY1 TO CONSID] :E!R ! SY/EM ITSELF MI<T NOT BE *ANG$1 & SECONDLY1 TO LOOK R\ND & NOTE ! SIGNS ( APPROA*+ *ANGE4  

,LET US REMEMB] FIR/ ?AT EV5 SAVAGES LIVE1 ?\< !Y HAVE POOR TOOLS1 NO MA*9]Y1 & NO COOP]ATION1 9 !IR WORK3  BUT AS SOON AS A MAN BEG9S TO USE GOOD TOOLS & WORK ) SOME K9D ( CO- OP]ATION HE BECOMES ABLE TO PRODUCE MORE ?AN 5\< = HIS [N B>E NECESS>IES1 ,ALL 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY IS F\ND$ ON ?AT FACT1 EV5 FROM ! TIME :5 WORKM5 W]E M]E *ATTEL SLAVES4  ,:AT A /RANGE SOCIETY !N IS ?IS ( \RS1 :]E9 :ILE ONE SET ( PEOPLE CANNOT USE !IR WEAL?1 !Y HAVE SO MU*1 BUT >E OBLIG$ TO WA/E IT1 ANO!R SET >E SC>CELY IF AT ALL BETT] ?AN ?OSE HAPLESS SAVAGES :O HAVE NEI!R TOOLS NOR COOP]ATION6  ,SURELY IF ?IS CANNOT BE SET RI<T1 CIVILIZ$ MANK9D MU/ WRITE ITSELF D[N A CIVILIZ$ FOOL4  

,H]E IS ! WORKMAN N[1 ?OR\<LY ORGANIZ$ = PRODUCTION1 WORK+ = PRODUCTION ) COMPLETE COOP]ATION1 & ?R\< M>VEL\S MA*9ES2 SURELY IF A SLAVE 9 ,>I/OTLE'S TIME C\LD DO MORE ?AN KEEP HIMSELF ALIVE1 ! PRES5T WORKMAN CAN DO MU* MORE--AS WE ALL V]Y WELL KN[ ?AT HE CAN4  ,:Y !RE=E %\LD HE BE O!RWISE ?AN 9 A COM=TABLE CONDITION8  ,SIMPLY BECAUSE ( ! CLASS SY/EM1 :I* ) ONE H& PLUND]S1 & ) ! O!R WA/ES ! WEAL? WON BY ! WORKMAN'S LABOR4  ,IF ! WORKMAN HAD ! FULL RESULTS ( HIS LABOR HE W\LD 9 ALL CASES BE COM=TABLY (F1 IF HE W]E WORK+ 9 AN UNWA/EFUL WAY4  ,BUT 9 ORD] TO WORK UNWA/EFULLY HE MU/ WORK = HIS [N LIVELIHOOD1 & NOT TO 5ABLE ANO!R MAN TO LIVE )\T PRODUC+3  IF HE HAS TO SU/A9 ANO!R MAN 9 IDL5ESS :O IS CAPABLE ( WORK+ = HIMSELF1 HE IS TREAT$ UNFAIRLY2 &1 BELIEVE ME1 HE WILL ONLY DO SO AS LONG HE IS COMPELL$ TO SUBMIT BY IGNORANCE & BRUTE =CE4  ,WELL1 !N1 HE HAS A RI<T TO CLAIM ! WEAL? PRODUC$ BY HIS LABOR1 & 9 CONSEQU5CE TO 9SI/ ?AT ALL %ALL PRODUCE :O >E ABLE TO DO SO2 BUT ALSO UND\BT$LY HIS LABOR MU/ BE ORGANIZ$1 OR HE WILL SOON F9D HIMSELF RELAPS+ 9TO ! CONDITION ( ! SAVAGE4  ,BUT 9 ORD] ?AT HIS LABOR MAY BE ORGANIZ$ PROP]LY HE MU/ HAVE ONLY ONE 5EMY TO CONT5D )-- ,NATURE TO WIT1 :O AS IT W]E EGGS HIM ON TO ! CONFLICT AGA9/ H]SELF1 & IS GRATEFUL TO HIM = OV]COM+ H]2 A FRI5D 9 ! GUISE ( AN 5EMY4  ,!RE MU/ BE NO CONT5TION ( MAN ) MAN1 BUT ,A,S,S,O,C,I,A,T,I,O,N 9/EAD2 SO ONLY CAN LABOR BE REALLY ORGANIZ$1 H>MONI\SLY ORGANIZ$4  ,BUT H>MONY CANNOT CO-EXI/ ) CONT5TION = 9DIVIDUAL GA93  M5 MU/ WORK = ! COMMON GA9 IF ! WORLD IS TO BE RAIS$ \T ( ITS PRES5T MIS]Y2 !RE=E ?AT CLAIM ( ! WORKMAN 7?AT IS ( EV]Y ABLE MAN7 MU/ BE SUBJECT TO ! FACT ?AT HE IS BUT A P>T ( A H>MONI\S :OLE3  HE IS WOR?LESS )\T ! COOP]ATION ( HIS FELL[S1 :O HELP HIM ACCORD+ TO !IR CAPACITIES3  HE \<T TO FEEL1 & WILL FEEL :5 HE HAS HIS RI<T S5SES1 ?AT HE IS WORK+ = HIS [N 9T]E/ :5 HE IS WORK+ = ?AT ( ! COMMUNITY4  

,SO WORK+1 HIS WORK MU/ ALWAYS BE PR(ITABLE1 !RE=E NO OB/ACLE MU/ BE ?R[N 9 ! WAY ( HIS WORK3  ! MEANS :]EBY HIS LABOR- P[] CAN BE EX]CIS$ MU/ BE FREE TO HIM4  ,! PRIVILEGE ( ! PROPRIET>Y CLASS MU/ COME TO AN 5D4  ,REMEMB] ?AT AT PRES5T ! CU/OM IS ?AT A P]SON SO PRIVILEG$ IS 9 ! POSITION ( A MAN 7) A POLICEMAN OR SO TO HELP7 GU>D+ ! GATE ( A FIELD :I* WILL SUPPLY LIVELIHOOD TO :OMSOEV] CAN WORK 9 IT3  CR[DS ( PEOPLE :O DON'T WANT TO DIE COME TO ?AT GATE2 BUT !RE /&S LAW & ORD]1 & SAYS 0PAY ME FIVE %ILL+S BE=E Y\ GO 920 & HE OR %E ?AT HASN'T ! FIVE %ILL+S HAS TO /AY \TSIDE1 & DIE-- OR LIVE 9 ! WORKH\SE4  ,WELL1 ?AT MU/ BE DONE AWAY )2 ! FIELD MU/ BE FREE TO EV]YBODY ?AT CAN USE IT4  ,TO ?R[ ASIDE EV5 ?IS TRANSP>5T METAPHOR1 ?OSE MEANS ( ! FRUCTIFICATION ( LABOR1 ! L&1 MA*9]Y1 CAPITAL1 MEANS ( TRANSIT1 @&C41 :I* >E N[ MONOPOLIZ$ BY ?OSE :O CANNOT USE !M1 BUT :O ABUSE !M TO =CE UNPAID LABOR \T ( O!RS1 MU/ BE FREE TO ?OSE :O CAN USE !M2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! WORK]S PROP]LY ORGANIZ$ = PRODUCTION2 BUT Y\ MU/ REMEMB] ?AT ?IS WILL WRONG NO MAN1 BECAUSE AS ALL WILL DO SOME S]VICE TO ! COMMUNITY--I4E41 AS !RE WILL BE NO NON-PRODUC+ CLASS1 ! ORGANIZ$ WORK]S WILL BE ! :OLE COMMUNITY1 !RE WILL BE NO ONE LEFT \T4  

,SOCIETY WILL ?US BE RECA/1 & LABOR WILL BE FREE FROM ALL COMPULSION EXCEPT ! COMPULSION ( ,NATURE1 :I* GIVES US NO?+ = NO?+4  ,IT W\LD BE FUTILE TO ATTEMPT TO GIVE Y\ DETAILS ( ! WAY 9 :I* ?IS W\LD BE C>RI$ \T2 S9CE ! V]Y ESS5CE ( IT IS FRE$OM & ! ABOLITION ( ALL >BITR>Y OR >TIFICIAL AU?ORITY2 BUT ,I WILL ASK Y\ TO UND]/& ONE ?+3  Y\ WILL NO D\BT WANT TO KN[ :AT IS TO BECOME ( PRIVATE PROP]TY UND] SU* A SY/EM1 :I* AT FIR/ SI<T W\LD NOT SEEM TO =BID ! ACCUMULATION ( WEAL?1 & ALONG ) ?AT ACCUMULATION ! =MATION ( NEW CLASSES ( RI* & POOR4  

,N[ PRIVATE PROP]TY AS AT PRES5T UND]/OOD IMPLIES ! HOLD+ ( WEAL? BY AN 9DIVIDUAL AS AGA9/ ALL O!RS1 :E!R ! HOLD] CAN USE IT OR NOT3  HE MAY1 & NOT SELDOM HE DOES1 ACCUMULATE CAPITAL1 OR ! /OR$-UP LABOR ( PA/ G5]ATIONS1 & NEI!R USE IT HIMSELF NOR ALL[ O!RS TO USE IT3  HE MAY1 & (T5 HE DOES1 5GROSS ! FIR/ NECESSITY ( LABOR1 L&1 & NEI!R USE IT HIMSELF OR ALL[ ANY ONE ELSE TO USE IT2 & ?\< IT IS CLE> ?AT 9 EA* CASE HE IS 9JUR+ ! COMMUNITY1 ! LAW IS /]NLY ON HIS SIDE4  ,9 ANY CASE A RI* MAN ACCUMULATES PROP]TY1 NOT = HIS [N USE1 BUT 9 ORD] ?AT HE MAY EVADE ) IMPUNITY ! LAW ( ,NATURE :I* BIDS MAN LABOR = HIS LIVELIHOOD1 & ALSO ?AT HE MAY 5ABLE HIS *ILDR5 TO DO ! SAME1 ?AT HE & !Y MAY BELONG TO ! UPP] OR USELESS CLASS3  IT IS NOT WEAL? ?AT HE ACCUMULATES1 WELL-BE+1 WELL-DO+1 BODILY & M5TAL2 HE SOON COMES TO ! 5D ( HIS REAL NE$S 9 ?AT RESPECT1 EV5 :5 !Y >E MO/ EXACT+3  IT IS P[] OV] O!RS1 :AT \R =EFA!RS CALL$ ,R,I,*,E,S1 ?AT HE COLLECTS2 P[] 7AS WE HAVE SE57 TO =CE O!R PEOPLE TO LIVE = HIS ADVANTAGE POOR] LIVES ?AN !Y %\LD LIVE4  ,UND]/& ?AT ?AT ,M,U,/ BE ! RESULT ( ! POSSESSION ( ,R,I,*,E,S4  

,N[ ?IS P[] TO COMPEL O!RS TO LIVE POORLY ,SOCIALISM W\LD ABOLI% 5TIRELY1 & 9 ?AT S5SE W\LD MAKE AN 5D ( PRIVATE PROP]TY3  NOR W\LD IT NE$ TO MAKE LAWS TO PREV5T ACCUMULATION >TIFICIALLY :5 ONCE PEOPLE HAD F\ND \T ?AT !Y C\LD EMPLOY !MSELVES1 & ?AT !REBY EV]Y MAN C\LD 5JOY ! RESULTS ( HIS [N LABOR3  = ,SOCIALISM BASES ! RI<TS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO POSSESS WEAL? ON HIS BE+ ABLE TO USE ?AT WEAL? = HIS [N P]SONAL NE$S1 &1 LABOR BE+ PROP]LY ORGANIZ$1 EV]Y P]SON1 MALE OR FEMALE1 NOT 9 NONAGE OR O!RWISE 9CAPACITAT$ FROM WORK+1 W\LD HAVE FULL OPPORTUNITY TO PRODUCE WEAL? & !REBY TO SATISFY HIS [N P]SONAL NE$S2 IF ?OSE NE$S W5T 9 ANY DIRECTION BEYOND ?OSE ( AN AV]AGE MAN1 HE W\LD HAVE TO MAKE P]SONAL SACRIFICES 9 ORD] TO SATISFY !M2 HE W\LD HAVE1 = 9/ANCE1 TO WORK LONG] H\RS1 OR TO =EGO SOME LUXURY ?AT HE DID NOT C>E = 9 ORD] TO OBTA9 SOME?+ :I* HE V]Y MU* DESIR$3  SO DO+ HE W\LD AT ! WOR/ 9JURE NO ONE3  & Y\ WILL CLE>LY SEE ?AT !RE IS NO O!R *OICE = HIM BETWE5 SO DO+ & HIS =C+ SOME ONE ELSE TO =EGO ,H,I,S SPECIAL DESIRES2 & ?IS LATT] PROCE$+ BY ! WAY1 :5 IT IS DONE )\T ! SANCTION ( ! MO/ P[]FUL P>T ( SOCIETY1 IS CALL$ ,!,F,T2 ?\< ON ! BIG SCALE & DULY SANCTION$ BY >TIFICIAL LAWS1 IT IS1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ! GR\NDWORK ( \R PRES5T SY/EM4  ,ONCE MORE1 ?AT SY/EM REFUSES P]MISSION TO PEOPLE TO PRODUCE UNLESS UND] >TIFICIAL RE/RICTIONS2 UND] ,SOCIALISM1 EV]Y ONE :O C\LD PRODUCE W\LD BE FREE TO PRODUCE1 SO ?AT ! PRICE ( AN >TICLE W\LD BE JU/ ! CO/ ( ITS PRODUCTION1 & :AT WE N[ CALL PR(IT W\LD NO LONG] EXI/3 ?US1 = 9/ANCE1 IF A P]SON WANT$ *AIRS1 HE W\LD ACCUMULATE !M TILL HE HAD AS MANY AS HE C\LD USE1 & !N HE W\LD /OP1 S9CE HE W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 ABLE TO BUY !M = LESS ?AN !IR CO/ ( PRODUCTION & C\LD NOT SELL !M = MORE3  9 O!R WORDS1 !Y W\LD BE NO?+ ELSE ?AN *AIRS2 UND] ! PRES5T SY/EM !Y MAY BE MEANS ( COMPULSION & DE/RUCTION AS =MIDABLE AS LOAD$ RIFLES4  

,NO ONE !RE=E W\LD DISPUTE ) A MAN ! POSSESSION ( :AT HE HAD ACQUIR$ )\T 9JURY TO O!RS1 & :AT HE C\LD USE )\T 9JUR+ !M1 & IT W\LD SO REMOVE TEMPTATIONS T[>D ! ABUSE ( POSSESSION1 ?AT PROBABLY NO LAWS W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO PREV5T IT4  

,A FEW WORDS N[ AS TO ! DIFF]5TIATION ( REW>D ( LABOR1 AS ,I KN[ MY READ]S >E SURE TO WANT AN EXPOSITION ( ! ,SOCIALI/ VIEWS H]E AS TO ?OSE :O DIRECT LABOR OR :O HAVE SPECIALLY EXCELL5T FACULTIES T[>DS PRODUCTION4  ,&1 FIR/1 ,I WILL LOOK ON ! SUP]- EXCELL5T WORKMAN AS AN >TICLE PRESUMABLY NE$$ BY ! COMMUNITY2 & !N SAY ?AT1 AS ) O!R >TICLES SO ) ?IS1 ! COMMUNITY MU/ PAY ! CO/ ( HIS PRODUCTION3  = 9/ANCE1 IT WILL HAVE TO SEEK HIM \T1 TO DEVELOP HIS SPECIAL CAPACITIES1 & SATISFY ANY NE$S HE MAY HAVE 7IF ANY7 BEYOND ?OSE ( AN AV]AGE MAN1 SO LONG AS ! SATISFACTION ( ?OSE NE$S IS NOT HURTFUL TO ! COMMUNITY4  

,FUR!RMORE1 Y\ CANNOT GIVE HIM MORE ?AN HE CAN USE SO HE WILL NOT ASK = MORE1 & WILL NOT TAKE IT3  IT IS TRUE ?AT HIS WORK MAY BE MORE SPECIAL ?AN ANO!R'S1 BUT IT IS NOT MORE NECESS>Y IF Y\ HAVE ORGANIZ$ LABOR PROP]LY2 ! PL[MAN & ! FI%]MAN >E AS NECESS>Y TO SOCIETY AS ! SCI5TI/ OR ! >TI/1 ,I WILL NOT SAY MORE NECESS>Y3  NEI!R IS ! DIFFICULTY ( PRODUC+ ! MORE SPECIAL & EXCELL5T WORK AT ALL PROPORTIONATE TO ITS SPECIALTY OR EXCELL5CE3  ! HI<] WORKMAN PRODUCES HIS WORK AS EASILY P]HAPS AS ! L[] DOES HIS WORK2 IF HE DOES NOT DO SO1 Y\ MU/ GIVE HIM EXTRA LEISURE1 EXTRA MEANS = SUPPLY+ ! WA/E ( P[] 9 HIM1 BUT Y\ CAN GIVE HIM NO?+ MORE4  ,! ONLY REW>D ?AT Y\ ,C,A,N GIVE ! EXCELL5T WORKMAN IS OPPORTUNITY = DEVELOP+ & EX]CIS+ HIS EXCELL5T CAPACITY4  ,I REPEAT1 Y\ ,C,A,N GIVE HIM NO?+ MORE WOR? HIS HAV+3  ALL O!R REW>DS >E EI!R ILLUSORY OR H>MFUL4 ,I MU/ SAY 9 PASS+1 ?AT \R PRES5T SY/EM ( DEAL+ ) :AT IS CALL$ A MAN ( G5IUS IS UTT]LY ABSURD3  WE CRUELLY />VE HIM & REPRESS HIS CAPACITY :5 HE IS Y\NG2 WE FOOLI%LY PAMP] & FLATT] HIM & AGA9 REPRESS HIS CAPACITY :5 HE IS MIDDLE-AG$ OR OLD3  WE GET ! LEA/ \T ( HIM1 NOT ! MO/4  

,!SE LA/ WORDS CONC]N M]E R>ITIES 9 ! WAY ( WORKM52 BUT 9 ?IS RESPECT IT IS ONLY A MATT] ( DEGREE2 ! PO9T ( ! :OLE ?+ IS ?IS1 ?AT ! DIRECTOR ( LABOR IS 9 HIS PLACE BECAUSE HE IS FIT = IT1 NOT BY A M]E ACCID5T2 BE+ FIT = IT1 HE DOES IT EASI] ?AN HE W\LD DO O!R WORK1 & NE$S NO MORE COMP5SATION = ! WE> & TE> ( LIFE ?AN ANO!R MAN DOES1 & NOT NE$+ IT WILL NOT CLAIM IT1 S9CE IT W\LD BE NO USE TO HIM2 HIS SPECIAL REW>D = HIS SPECIAL LABOR IS1 ,I REPEAT1 ?AT HE CAN DO IT EASILY1 & SO DOES NOT FEEL IT A BURD52 NAY1 S9CE HE CAN DO IT ,W,E,L,L HE LIKES DO+ IT1 S9CE 9DE$ ! MA9 PLEASURE ( LIFE IS ! EX]CISE ( 5]GY 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( \R SPECIAL CAPACITIES4 ,AGA91 AS REG>DS ! WORKM5 :O >E UND] HIS DIRECTION1 HE NE$S NO SPECIAL DIGNITY OR AU?ORITY2 !Y KN[ WELL 5\< ?AT SO LONG AS HE FULFILLS HIS FUNCTION & REALLY DOES DIRECT !M1 IF !Y DO NOT HE$ HIM IT WILL BE AT ! CO/ ( !IR LABOR BE+ MORE IRKSOME & H>D]4  ,ALL ?IS1 9 %ORT1 IS :AT IS MEANT BY ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR1 :I* IS1 9 O!R WORDS1 F9D+ \T :AT WORK SU* & SU* PEOPLE >E FITTE/ = & LEAV+ !M FREE TO DO ?AT3  WE WON'T TAKE ! TR\BLE TO DO ?AT N[1 ) ! RESULT ?AT PEOPLE'S BE/ FACULTIES >E WA/$1 & ?AT WORK IS A HEAVY BURD5 TO !M1 :I* !Y NATURALLY %IRK AS MU* AS !Y CAN2 IT %\LD BE RA!R A PLEASURE TO !M3  & ,I SAY /RAI<T \T ?AT1 UNLESS WE F9D SOME MEANS TO MAKE ALL WORK MORE OR LESS PLEASURABLE1 WE %ALL NEV] ESCAPE FROM ! GREAT TYRANNY ( ! MOD]N WORLD4  

,HAV+ M5TION$ ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! COMPETITIVE & COMM]CIAL IDEAS ON ! SUBJECT ( ! 9DIVIDUAL HOLD+ ( WEAL? & ! RELATIVE POSITION ( DIFF]5T GR\PS ( WORKM51 ,I WILL V]Y BRIEFLY SAY SOME?+ ON :AT = WANT ( A BETT] WORD ,I MU/ CALL ! POLITICAL POSITION :I* WE TAKE UP1 OR AT LEA/ :AT WE LOOK =W>D TO 9 ! LONG RUN4  ,! SUB/ITUTION ( ASSOCIATION = COMPETITION IS ! F\NDATION ( ,SOCIALISM1 & WILL RUN ?R\< ALL ACTS DONE UND] IT1 & ?IS MU/ ACT AS BETWE5 NATIONS AS WELL AS BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS3  :5 PR(ITS CAN NO MORE BE MADE1 !RE WILL BE NO NECESSITY = HOLD+ TOGE!R MASSES ( M5 TO DRAW TOGE!R ! GREATE/ PROPORTION ( PR(IT TO !IR LOCALITY1 OR TO ! REAL OR IMAG9>Y UNION ( P]SONS & CORPORATIONS :I* IS N[ CALL$ A NATION4  ,:AT WE N[ CALL A NATION IS A BODY :OSE FUNCTION IT IS TO ASS]T ! SPECIAL WELF>E ( ITS 9CORPORAT$ MEMB]S AT ! EXP5SE ( ALL O!R SIMIL> BODIES3  ! DEA? ( COMPETITION WILL DEPRIVE IT ( ?IS FUNCTION2 S9CE !RE WILL BE NO ATTACK !RE NE$ BE NO DEF5SE1 & IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ?IS FUNCTION BE+ TAK5 AWAY FROM ! NATION IT CAN HAVE NO O!R1 & !RE=E MU/ CEASE TO EXI/ AS A POLITICAL 5TITY4  ,ON ?IS SIDE ( ! MOVEM5T OP9ION IS GR[+ /EADILY4  ,IT IS CLE> ?AT1 QUITE AP>T FROM ,SOCIALISM1 ! IDEA ( LOCAL ADM9I/RATION IS PU%+ \T ?AT ( C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5T3 TO TAKE A REM>KABLE CASE3  9 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ( #a#g#i#c1 ! MO/ ADVANC$ P>TY WAS C5TRALIZ+3  9 ! LATE/ ,FR5* REVOLUTION1 ?AT ( ! ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 IT WAS F$]ALI/4  ,OR TAKE ,IREL&1 ! SUCCESS :I* IS TO-DAY ATT5D+ ! /RUGGLES ( ,IREL& = 9DEP5D5CE IS1 ,I AM QUITE SURE1 [+ TO ! SPREAD ( ?IS IDEA3  IT NO LONG] SEEMS A MON/R\S PROPOSITION TO LIB]AL- M9D$ ,5GLI%M5 ?AT A C\NTRY %\LD ADM9I/] ITS [N AFFAIRS3 ! FEEL+ ?AT IT IS NOT ONLY JU/1 BUT ALSO V]Y CONV5I5T TO ALL P>TIES = IT TO DO SO1 IS EXT+UI%+ ! PREJUDICES FO/]$ BY C5TURIES ( OPPRESSIVE & WA/EFUL MA/]%IP4  ,& ,I BELIEVE ?AT ,IREL& WILL %[ ?AT H] CLAIM = SELF-GOV]NM5T IS NOT MADE ON BEHALF ( NATIONAL RIVALRY1 BUT RA!R ON BEHALF ( G5U9E 9DEP5D5CE2 ! CONSID]ATION1 ON ! ONE H&1 ( ! NE$S ( H] [N POPULATION1 &1 ON ! O!R1 GOODWILL T[>DS ?AT ( O!R LOCALITIES4  ,WELL1 ! SPREAD ( ?IS IDEA WILL MAKE \R POLITICAL WORK AS ,SOCIALI/S ! EASI]2 M5 WILL AT LA/ COME TO SEE ?AT ! ONLY WAY TO AVOID ! TYRANNY & WA/E ( BUREAUCRACY IS BY ! ,F$]ATION ( ,9DEP5D5T ,COMMUNITIES3  !IR F$]ATION BE+ = DEF9ITE PURPOSES3  = FUR!R+ ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR1 BY ASC]TA9+ ! REAL DEM& = COMMODITIES1 & SO AVOID+ WA/E3 = ORGANIZ+ ! DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS1 ! MIGRATION ( P]SONS-- 9 %ORT1 ! FRI5DLY 9T]COMMUNICATION ( PEOPLE :OSE 9T]E/S >E COMMON1 AL?\< ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( !IR NATURAL SURR\ND+S MADE NECESS>Y DIFF]5CES ( LIFE & MANN]S BETWE5 !M4  

,I HAVE ?US SKET*$ SOME?+ ( ! \TL9E ( ,SOCIALISM1 BY %[+ ?AT ITS AIM IS FIR/ TO GET RID ( ! MONOPOLY ( ! MEANS ( FRUCTIFY+ LABOR1 SO ?AT LABOR MAY BE FREE TO ALL1 & ITS RESULT+ WEAL? MAY NOT BE 5GROSS$ BY A FEW1 & SO CAUSE ! MIS]Y & DEGRADATION ( ! MANY3  &1 SECONDLY1 ?AT IT AIMS AT ORGANIZ+ LABOR SO ?AT NONE ( IT MAY BE WA/$1 US+ AS A MEANS !RETO ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( EA* MAN'S CAPACITY2 &1 ?IRDLY1 ?AT IT AIMS AT GETT+ RID ( NATIONAL RIVALRY1 :I* 9 PO9T ( FACT MEANS A CONDITION ( P]PETUAL W>1 SOMETIMES ( ! MONEY-BAG1 SOMETIMES ( ! BULLET1 & SUB/ITUT+ = ?IS WORN-\T SUP]/ITION A SY/EM ( FREE COMMUNITIES LIV+ 9 H>MONI\S F$]ATION ) EA* O!R1 MANAG+ !IR [N AFFAIRS BY ! FREE CONS5T ( !IR MEMB]S2 YET ACKN[L$G+ SOME K9D ( C5T] :OSE FUNCTION IT W\LD BE TO PROTECT ! PR9CIPLE :OSE PRACTICE ! COMMUNITIES %\LD C>RY \T2 TILL AT LA/ ?OSE PR9CIPLES W\LD BE RECOGNIZ$ BY EV]Y ONE ALWAYS & 9TUITIVELY1 :5 ! LA/ VE/IGES ( C5TRALIZATION W\LD DIE \T4  

,I AM WELL AW>E ?AT ?IS COMPLETE ,SOCIALISM1 :I* IS SOMETIMES CALL$ ,COMMUNISM1 CANNOT BE REALIZ$ ALL AT ONCE2 SOCIETY WILL BE *ANG$ FROM ITS BASIS :5 WE MAKE ! =M ( ROBB]Y CALL$ PR(IT IMPOSSIBLE BY GIV+ LABOR FULL & FREE ACCESS TO ! MEANS ( ITS FRUCTIFICATION--I4E41 TO RAW MAT]IAL4  ,! DEM& = ?IS EMANCIPATION ( LABOR IS ! BASIS ON :I* ALL ,SOCIALI/S MAY UNITE4  ,ON MORE 9DEF9ITE GR\NDS !Y CANNOT MEET O!R GR\PS ( POLITICIANS2 !Y CAN ONLY REJOICE AT SEE+ ! GR\ND CLE>$ ( CONTROV]SIES :I* >E REALLY DEAD1 9 ORD] ?AT ! LA/ CONTROV]SY MAY BE SETTL$ ?AT WE CAN AT PRES5T =ESEE1 & ! QUE/ION SOLV$ AS TO :E!R OR NO IT IS NECESS>Y1 AS SOME PEOPLE ?9K IT IS1 ?AT SOCIETY %\LD BE COMPOS$ ( TWO GR\PS ( DI%ONE/ P]SONS1 SLAVES SUBMITT+ TO BE SLAVES1 YET = EV] TRY+ TO *EAT !IR MA/]S1 & MA/]S CONSCI\S ( !IR HAV+ NO SUPPORT = !IR DI%ONE/Y ( EAT+ ! COMMON /OCK )\T ADD+ TO IT SAVE ! M]E ORGANIZATION ( BRUTE =CE1 :I* !Y HAVE TO ASS]T = EV] 9 ALL DETAILS ( LIFE AGA9/ ! NATURAL DESIRE ( MAN TO BE FREE4  

,IT MAY BE HOP$ ?AT WE ( ?IS G5]ATION MAY BE ABLE TO PROVE ?AT IT IS UNNECESS>Y2 BUT IT WILL1 D\BT IT NOT1 TAKE MANY G5]ATIONS YET TO PROVE ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y = SU* DEGRADATION TO LA/ AS LONG AS HUMANITY DOES2 & :5 ?AT IS F9ALLY PROV$ WE %ALL AT LEA/ HAVE ONE HOPE LEFT--?AT HUMANITY WILL NOT LA/ LONG4  
,FOOTNOTES3  

#f4  
,& ! BRICK & MORT> C\NTRY ,LONDON1 ALSO1 IT SEEMS 7,FEB4 #a#h#h#h7BACK4 

#g4  
#a#h#h#f1 TO WITBACK4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b#c1 #bba 3 ,SIGNS ( ,*ANGE -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,SIGNS ( ,*ANGE -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/