,%USUI1 ,KOTOKO1 #a#h#g#a-#a#i#a#a 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANONYM\S 

,TEXT 3 

,KOTOKU ,%USUI 

,BORN #d ,NOVEMB] OR #bc ,SEPTEMB] #ahga -- ,JAPAN1 DI$ #bd ,JANU>Y #aiaa -- ,JAPAN 

,KOTOKU ,%USUI WAS A SOCIALI/ & AN>*I/ :O PLAY$ A LEAD+ ROLE 9 9TRODUC+ AN>*ISM TO ,JAPAN 9 ! E>LY #b? C5TURY1 P>TICUL>LY BY TRANSLAT+ ! WORKS ( CONTEMPOR>Y ,EUROPEAN & ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S1 SU* AS ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 9TO ,JAPANESE4 ,HE WAS A RADICAL J\RNALI/ & IS (T5 CONSID]$ AN AN>*I/ M>TYR1 AS HE WAS EXECUT$ = TREASON BY ! ,JAPANESE GOV]NM5T4 

,SOCIALI/ YE>S & IMPRISONM5T 

,KOTOKU MOV$ FROM HIS BIR?PLACE1 ! T[N ( ,NAKAMURA 9 ! ,KO*I PREFECTURE1 TO ,TOKYO 9 HIS MID-TE5S & BECAME A J\RNALI/ !RE 9 #a#h#i#c4 ,FROM #ahih ONW>DS HE WAS A COLUMNI/ = ! ,EV]Y ,MORN+ ,NEWS1 ONE ( ! MORE RADICAL DAILY PAP]S ( ! TIME2 H[EV]1 HE RESIGN$ ?AT POSITION :5 ! PAP] TOOK UP A PRO-W> /ANCE DUR+ ! ,RUSSO-,JAPANESE ,W>4 ,9 #aic HE CO-F\ND$ ! ,COMMON ,PEOPLE'S ,NEWSPAP] ) ANO!R ,EV]Y ,MORN+ ,NEWS J\RNALI/1 ,SAKAI ,TO%IHIKO4 ,?IS PAP]'S \TSPOK5 ANTI-W> /ANCE & DISREG>D ( ! /ATE'S PRESS LAWS L&$ ITS $ITORS 9 TR\BLE ) ! GOV]NM5T ON NUM]\S OCCASIONS1 & ,KOTOKU HIMSELF S]V$ A FIVE MON? JAIL S5T5CE 9 #aie FROM ,FEBRU>Y TO ,JULY4 

,AM]ICA & ! AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE 

,9 #a#i#a1 :5 ,KOTOKU HAD ATTEMPT$ TO F\ND ! ,JAPANESE ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY ) ,SAKAI1 HE WAS NOT AN AN>*I/1 BUT A SOCIAL DEMOCRAT -- 9DE$1 ,SAKAI & ,KOTOKU W]E ! FIR/ TO TRANSLATE ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O 9TO ,JAPANESE1 :I* APPE>$ 9 AN ISSUE ( ! ,COMMON ,PEOPLE'S ,NEWSPAP] & :I* GOT !M HEAVILY F9$4 ,HIS POLITICAL ?\<TS FIR/ BEGAN TO TURN TO A MORE LIB]T>IAN PHILOSOPHY :5 HE READ ,KROPOTK9'S ,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES & ,WORK%OPS 9 PRISON4 ,9 HIS [N WORDS1 HE 0HAD GONE .<TO JAIL.> AS A ,M>XIAN ,SOCIALI/ & RETURN$ AS A RADICAL ,AN>*I/40 

,9 ,NOVEMB] #aie ,KOTOKU TRAVEL$ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 ORD] TO FREELY CRITICIZE ! ,EMP]OR1 :OM HE N[ SAW AS ! L9*P9 ( CAPITALISM 9 ,JAPAN4 ,DUR+ HIS TIME 9 ! ,U,S1 ,KOTOKU WAS FUR!R EXPOS$ TO ! PHILOSOPHIES ( AN>*I/ COMMUNISM & ,EUROPEAN SYNDICALISM4 ,HE HAD TAK5 ,KROPOTK9'S ,MEMOIRS ( A ,REVOLUTIONI/ AS READ+ MAT]IAL = ! ,PACIFIC VOYAGE2 AFT] HE >RIV$ 9 ,CALI=NIA1 HE BEGAN TO CORRESPOND ) ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/ & BY #aii HAD TRANSLAT$ ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD FROM ,5GLI% TO ,JAPANESE4 ,ONE ?\S& COPIES ( HIS TRANSLATION W]E PUBLI%$ 9 ,JAPAN 9 ,M>* ( ?AT YE> & DI/RIBUT$ TO /UD5TS & WORK]S4 

,RETURN TO ,JAPAN 

,ON ,KOTOKU'S RETURN TO ,JAPAN1 9 ,JUNE #a#i#f1 A PUBLIC MEET+ WAS HELD TO WELCOME HIM4 ,AT ?IS MEET+1 ON ,JUNE #b#h1 HE SPOKE ON 0,! ,TIDE ( ! ,WORLD ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MOVEM5T01 :I* HE SAID WAS FL[+ AGA9/ P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICS 7IE4 ,M>XI/ P>TY POLITICS7 & 9 FAVOR ( ! G5]AL /RIKE AS 0! MEANS = ! FUTURE REVOLUTION40 ,?IS WAS AN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ VIEW1 & ONE :I*1 BECAUSE AN>*O-SYNDICALISM WAS GR[+ 9 ! ,U,S AT ! TIME1 ) ! F\ND+ ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD1 %[$ ! ,AM]ICAN 9FLU5CE CLE>LY4 

,HE FOLL[$ ?IS SPEE* ) A NUMB] ( >TICLES1 ! MO/ WELL-KN[N ( :I* WAS 0,! ,*ANGE 9 ,MY ,?\<T 7,ON ,UNIV]SAL ,SUFFRAGE704 ,9 !SE >TICLES1 ,KOTOKU WAS N[ ADVOCAT+ DIRECT ACTION RA!R ?AN POLITICAL AIMS SU* AS UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 :I* WAS A %OCK TO MANY ( HIS COMRADES & BR\<T ! S*ISM BETWE5 AN>*I/ COMMUNI/S & SOCIAL DEMOCRATS TO ! ,JAPANESE WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T4 ,?IS SPLIT WAS MADE CLE> :5 ! RELAUN*$ ,COMMON ,PEOPLE'S ,NEWSPAP] FOLD$ 9 ,APRIL #aig & WAS REPLAC$ TWO MON?S LAT] BY TWO J\RNALS3 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRAT ,SOCIAL ,NEWS & ! ,OSAKA ,COMMON ,PEOPLE'S ,NEWSPAP]1 :I* >GU$ FROM AN AN>*I/ POSITION1 9 FAVOR ( DIRECT ACTION4 

,AL?\< MO/ AN>*I/S PREF]R$ PEACEFUL MEANS1 SU* AS ! DISSEM9ATION ( PROPAG&A1 MANY AN>*I/S 9 ?IS P]IOD TURN$ TO T]RORISM AS MEANS ( A*IEV+ REVOLUTION & AN>*I/ COMMUNISM1 OR AT LEA/ HITT+ \T AGA9/ ! /ATE & AU?ORITY4 ,REPRESSION ( PUBLICATIONS & ORGANIZATIONS1 SU* AS ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ( ,JAPAN1 & 0PUBLIC PEACE POLICE LAW01 :I* EFFECTIVELY PREV5T$ TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION & /RIKES1 W]E BO? FACTORS 9 ?IS EM]G+ TR5D 9 ,JAPAN4 

,H[EV]1 ! ONLY 9CID5T WAS :5 F\R AN>*I/S W]E >RE/$ = POSSESS+ BOMB MAK+ EQUIPM5T4 ,AL?\< NO ATTACKS HAD BE5 C>RI$ \T1 9 ,DECEMB] #aia TW5TY-SIX AN>*I/S W]E CONVICT$ ( PLOTT+ TO ASSASS9ATE ! ,EMP]OR4 ,KOTOKU WAS HANG$ ALONG ) TWELVE O!RS ON #b#d? ,JANU>Y1 #a#i#a#a1 EV5 ?\< ONLY F\R ( ! HUNDR$S >RE/$ W]E F\ND TO BE 9VOLV$ 9 A PLANN$ ATTEMPT ON ! ,EMP]OR'S LIFE1 & ,KOTOKU WASN'T ONE ( !M4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bba 3 ,%USUI1 ,KOTOKO1 #a#h#g#a-#a#i#a#a -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,%USUI1 ,KOTOKO1 #a#h#g#a-#a#i#a#a -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/