,SECOND ,NATURE ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 ,TEXT 3 ,I TRI$ LA/ WEEK TO CREATE SOME S5SE1 FIR/ ( ALL1 ( :AT SOCIAL ECOLOGY WAS & :AT ITS PREMISES W]E4 ,& :5 IT CAME D[N TO WORK+ \T OR HEAD+ T[>D DEVELOP+ :AT Y\ W\LD CALL AN E?ICS1 ,I W5T ?R\< A GREAT DEAL ( NATURAL EVOLUTION AS Y\'LL REMEMB]1 & TRI$ TO %[ :AT MEAN+ !RE WAS 9 ! ORGANIC EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,:AT ,I W\LD LIKE TO DO TODAY IS CONT9UE ?AT TO SOME EXT5T 7& P]HAPS GO 9TO O!R ISSUES AS WELL GIV5 TIME7 & EXAM9E ! SOCIAL PROCESS ?AT EM]GES \T ( ?IS BIOLOGICAL PROCESS4 ,BO? ! CONT9UITIES & DISCONT9UITIES ?AT EXI/ BETWE5 :AT CAN BE CALL$ NATURAL EVOLUTION & SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 ,& :AT MEAN+ CAN BE GIV5 TO SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 ,! MEAN+ ?AT ,I TRY TO GIVE TO NATURAL EVOLUTION IS ?AT ONE CAN SEE ANY K9D ( DEVELOPM5T ?AT L5DS ITSELF TO RATIONAL 9T]PRETATION 9 ! EVOLUTION ( ORGANISMS4 ,FROM \R L[LY AMOEBA ALL ! WAY UP TO \R SUBLIME PRIMATES1 ?IS WAS ! DEVELOPM5T ( SELF- CONSCI\SNESS ( M9D4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 GO+ FROM ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y =MS ( S5SIBILITY1 ID5TITY1 AS Y\ MI 7Y\ RECALL MY /EPS71 & F9ALLY REASON4 ,& ONLY HUMAN BE+S--& ,I SAY !Y >E UNIQUE 9 ?IS RESPECT-->E CAPABLE ( REASON+ ON A LEVEL ( G5]ALITY ?AT MAKES !M CREATIVE TO AN UNLIMIT$ EXT5T4 ,:]E MO/ ANIMALS ADAPT1 & ?AT IS !IR PRIM>Y FUNCTION FROM AN EVOLUTION>Y /&PO9T1 ( V>I\S MUTATIONS1 *ANGES1 ELABORATIONS1 9 ! EVOLUTION>Y TREE1 AS IT WAS--AS IT FL\RI%ES & FL[]S \T CLE> ?R\< FROM ! ,PALEOZOIC ALL ! WAY UP TO ! ,C5OZOIC4 ,?AT WE HAVE SE5 AN EV] GREAT] DEVELOPM5T ( CONSCI\SNESS1 9TELLECTION & ! RUDIM5TS ( M9D1 & BY M9D ,I MEAN REASON 9 A HUMAN S5SE4 ,?AT IS ! SAY1 ! ABILITY TO FLEXIBLY CREATE ONE'S 5VIRONM5T4 ,& ?AT HUMAN BE+'S >E CON/ITUT$ BY NATURAL EVOLUTION ITSELF TO 9T]V5E 9 ! 5VIRONM5T4 ,NOT SIMPLY TO ADAPT TO IT4 ,NOT SIMPLY TO F9D A NI*E 9 ! 5VIRONM5T OR SECURE WAY ( LIV+4 ,BUT ALSO TO *ANGE IT4 ,?AT'S :AT IS UNIQUE AB\T HUMAN BE+S3 US+ !IR RATIONALITY1 SU* ?AT ! 5VIRONM5T IS SUITABLE = !M2 NOT LEAV+ IT UP TO EVOLUTION TO MAKE !M SUITABLE TO *ANGES 9 ! 5VIRONM5T4 ,N[ ?AT'S AN 5ORM\S QUALITATIVE /EP4 ,IT'S A QUALITATIVE DIFF]5CE4 ,IT DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ! WORLD WAS MADE = US4 ,IT WASN'T MADE = ANYONE4 ,9 FACT IT WASN'T MADE4 ,IT EVOLV$1 COSMICALLY SPEAK+1 OV] BILLIONS ( YE>S4 ,IT DOESN'T MEAN ?AT WE CAN OR %\LD BE CRUEL TO ANIMALS4 ,IT DOESN'T MEAN ?AT WE %\LD 0DOM9ATE0 !M 9 ANY S5SE OV] & BEYOND :AT \R SIMPLE NE$S >E 7& Y\ CAN >GUE AB\T ! WISDOM ( EAT+ MEAT OR NOT1 & SO ON74 ,\R ANIMALS' P[] >E V]Y IMPORTANT TOGE!R ) HUMAN LABOR P[] = ?\S&S & ?\S&S ( YE>S 9 CULTIVAT+ ?IS PLANET4 ,& MAK+ IT POSSIBLE = US TO SIT & TALK AB\T :AT %\LD BE DONE ) ?IS PLANET4 ,OR H[ WE FIT 9TO IT4 ,SO ?AT HUMAN BE+S1 IF ONE W]E TO ASK1 :AT !IR PLACE IS 9 ! NATURAL WORLD1 RECOGNIZ+ ?AT BY ! 0NATURAL WORLD0 WE'RE TALK+ AB\T EVOLUTION4 ,NATURE AS WE UND]/& IT1 AS WE >E TALK+ AB\T IT1 IS EVOLUTION4 ,O!RWISE ! WORD 0NATURE0 DISSOLVES 9TO BE+ ANY?+4 ,ANY?+ ?AT CONTA9S MOLECULES1 & ?AT IS ANY?+ AS SU*-- ATOMS1 ELECTRONS1 PROTONS1 NEUTRONS1 ETC--?AT W\LD BE NATURE4 ,IF ONE GOES BEYOND ?AT NOTION ( NATURE AS BE+ MORE ?AN JU/ ?AT :I* EXI/S1 WE >E TALK+ AB\T ! BIOSPH]E4 ,& :5 WE TALK AB\T ! BIOSPH]E WE >E TALK+ AB\T ITS EVOLUTION4 ,O!RWISE ! WORD 0NATURE0 BECOMES SO BIG1 SO PROMISCU\S AS IT W]E1 SO 0UNIV]SAL0 AS TO BECOME ALMO/ VACU\S4 ,IT BECOMES ! BE+ ?AT IS NO?+4 ,SO WE >E TALK+1 :5 WE SPEAK ( A NATURAL WORLD1 OR :5 WE SPEAK ( ! BIOSPH]E1 WE'RE TALK+ AB\T EVOLUTION4 ,& IT IS ALWAYS EVOLV+4 ,! IMAGE ( A BEAUTIFUL SC5E AS WE /& ON A M\NTA9 TOP 7OR LOOK AT A SIK1 & ! LIKE71 ?AT SC5E IS DECEPTIVE4 ,NATURE IS NEV] FROZ5 9 ?AT S5SE4 ,IT IS ALWAYS EVOLV+ & EV5 :5 WE LOOK AT IT4 ,& IT SEEMS TO BE /ATIC4 ,!RE >E *ANGES GO+ ON ?AT MAY NOT BE P]CEIVABLE TO US AT ?AT GIV5 MOM5T4 ,BUT OV] A P]IOD ( TIME IT W\LD 9DICATE *ANGES ?AT >E V]Y F> REA*+--SOIL444M\NTA9S >E BE+ ]OD$1 VALLEYS >E BE+ =M$1 RIV]S >E *ANG+1 LIFE=MS >E UND]GO+ *ANGE1 P>TICUL>LY ON A MICROBIAL LEVEL & SO =?444 ,?IS IS GO+ ON EV]Y SECOND4 ,SO ! FROZ5 IMAGE ?AT ! PICTURE PO/C>D GIVES US1 .<:I*.> ONE EXP&S . ) GREAT PASSION1 & SPEAKS ( ALL ! BEAUTIES ( NATURE1 >E =EV] *ANG+2 >E =EV] EVOLV+4 ,& ! PO9T ?AT ,I'VE TRI$ TO DEMON/RATE1 OR AT LEA/ >GUE LA/ WEEK WAS ?AT ?IS *ANGE HAS BE5 TAUE POT5TIALLY CAPABLE ( EX]CIS+ TO AN EXT5T ?AT NO O!R LIFE-=M CAN EV5 MAT*1 H[EV] 9TELLIG5T MANY LIFE-=MS MAY BE4 ,& ?AT EXPRESSES ITSELF 9 \R CREATIVITY1 NOT SIMPLY 9 \R ADAPTABILITY1 :I* IS :AT M>KS MO/ LIFE-=MS 7!Y . ADAPT TO !IR 5VIRONM5T74 ,S9CE WE'VE BE5 ORGANIZ$ BY NATURAL EVOLUTION TO 9T]V5E1 AS ,I TOLD Y\ ?IS IS NOT A S9I/] PLOT BY SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S TO CREATE PEOPLE :O M$DLE 9 ! NATURAL WORLD ALL ! TIME1 ?IS IS ! PRODUCT ( MILLIONS & MILLIONS ( YE>S ( EVOLUTION 9VOLV+ *ANG+ SIMPLE ROCK =MS 9TO WEAPONS1 OR 9TO CUTT+ TOOLS1 OR :ATEV] Y\ LIKE4 ,WE HAVE ALSO EVOLV$ 9 A WAY ?AT HAS OP5$ A NEW >EA ( EVOLUTION3 A SECOND NATURE4 ,?IS NEW >EA ( EVOLUTION IS SOCIO-CULTURAL4 ,:AT WE HAVE DONE IS CREATE1 \T ( :ATEV] T5D5CIES C]TA9 ANIMALS HAVE TO GR\P TOGE!R TO =M SOME K9D ( COMMUNITY1 ! MO/ BASIC .<444.> OR NUCLE> IS1 FRANKLY1 ! MO!R-*ILD RELATION%IP4 ,:AT HAS HAPP5$ IS WE HAVE ELABORAT$ :ATEV] APP>ATUS WE HAVE G5ETICALLY OR O!RWISE4 ,A NEW REALM ( DEVELOPM5T ?AT IS NOT /RICTLY BIOLOGICAL & 9 FACT IS :OSE ESS5CE IS TO BECOME LESS & LESS BIOLOGICAL 7:I* DOES NOT MEAN WE CAN EV] ESCAPE FROM \R BIOLOGY74 ,?IS IS ! REALM ( SOCIAL RELATIONS1 & V]Y SPECIFICALLY 7& ?IS IS :AT MAKES HUMAN COMMUNITIES DIFF]5T FROM ANY O!R ANIMAL COMMUNITY71 WE E/ABLI%$ 9/ITUTIONS4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 WE DON'T SIMPLY HAVE ANIMALS GR\P+ TOGE!R4 ,& WE CAN GET 9TO A :OLE DISCUSSION ON :O GO+ TO BE DOM9ANT & :O'S GO+ TO BE SUBMISSIVE 9 V>I\S K9DS ( ANIMAL GR\PS4 ,& REMEMB]1 POSSIBLY #e.0 ( ALL ! ANIMALS WE TALK AB\T DO NOT =M GR\PS AT ALL4 ,MO/ CATS >E NOT SOCIAL4 ,LEOP>DS >E NOT SOCIAL4 ,!Y >E SOLIT>Y ANIMALS4 ,LIONS =M PRIDES1 BUT !Y >E ALMO/ R>E BY COMP>ISON ) ALL ! O!R FEL9ES ?AT EXI/ 9 ! WILD4 ,& EV5 Y\R DOME/IC H\SE-CAT IS BASICALLY NOT A SOCIAL ANIMAL4 ,?AT DOESN'T MEAN ?AT !SE ANIMALS DON'T TRY TO COMMUNICATE ) EA* O!R1 9 A S5SE1 = SEXUAL REASONS4 ,IT DOESN'T MEAN ?AT !Y MIE TRUE4 ,BUT !Y DO NOT =M EV5 ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y TYPES ( COMMUNITIES :5 WE SPEAK ( ! K9D ?AT WE SPEAK ( :5 WE REF]1 SAY1 TO ! BEHAVIOR ( DE]2 :5 WE TALK ( H]DS ( BISON4 ,!Y DON'T DO ?AT AT ALL4 ,SO Y\ W\LD HAVE TO WRITE (F EV5 C]TA9 PRIMATES LIKE ! ORANGUTAN1 :I* IS A SOLIT>Y APE1 & IS A G5U9E APE1 & IS P>T ( \R HOM9OID L9EAGE4 ,\R L9EAGE ( HUMAN-LIKE PRIMATES2 DIV]G+ FROM US1 ,I DON'T KN[ H[ MANY MILLION YE>S AGO1 BUT /ILL P>T ( ?AT L9EAGE4 ,SO ! REM>KABLE ?+ AB\T HUMAN BE+S IS NOT SIMPLY ?AT !Y =M H]DS1 LIKE ZEBRAS OR BISON444 ,IT'S NOT SIMPLY ?AT !Y =M EV5 COMMUNITIES LIKE APES1 ?AT SEEM TO HAVE A MEASURE ( /ABILITY OR AL?\< ?AT MEASURE IS V]Y FRAGILE4 ,BUT :AT HUMAN BE+S DO IS ?AT !Y GO BEYOND ! =MATION ( GR\PS 9TO ! =MATION ( 9/ITUTIONS4 ,N[ ?IS IS REM>KABLE4 ,AN 9/ITUTION IS A DI/9CT WAY ( ORGANIZ+ Y\R 9T]ACTION ) O!R MEMB]S ( Y\R SPECIES OR1 MORE SPECIFICALLY1 O!R MEMB]S ( Y\R GR\P4 ,& NOT ONLY IS ?AT A DI/9CT WAY ( DO+ SO1 ALMO/--TO USE ! WORD 9 ! MO/ EXP&$ FA%ION--A K9D ( SOCIAL-CONTRACT1 IT IS ALSO A WAY ( 9T]ACT+ 9 A MUTABLE WAY4 ,Y\ CAN *ANGE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,WE ALL KN[ ?AT FAMILIES HAVE A HI/ORY4 ,?AT !Y HAVE BE51 ACCORD+ TO SOME !ORI/S1 GR\P FAMILIES1 EXT5D$ FAMILIES1 MATRI>*AL OR1 MORE PRECISELY1 MATRIC5TRIC FAMILIES1 PATRIC5TRIC FAMILIES1 PATRI>*AL FAMILIES1 NUCLE> FAMILIES4 ,& H]E WE'RE TALK+ AB\T ! MO/ BASIC LEVEL ( ! BIO-SOCIAL RELATION%IPS ?AT PEOPLE E/ABLI%2 9VOLV+ H[ *ILDR5 >E RAIS$1 9VOLV+ H[ ! TWO SEXES 9T]ACT ) EA* O!R1 :AT !Y RIE444ALL ( !SE HAVE BE5 MODIFI$ OV] ?\S&S ( YE>S4 ,!RE'S AN 9/ITUTION ?AT WE CALL M>RIAGE :I* IS EXTREMELY V>IABLE4 ,?IS BECOMES F> MORE FLEXIBLE AS WE />T GETT+ 9TO WAYS ( ADM9I/]+ SOCIETIES4 ,WE HAVE B&S AT ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y LEVEL1 :]E P]HAPS T5 OR LESS PEOPLE SEEM TO =M A K9D ( COMMUNITY & EXT5D$ FAMILY1 AS IT W]E1 ( ADM9I/]+ SOCIETY4 ,& !Y >E BAS$ ON K9%IP4 ,:AT MAKES Y\ A MEMB] ( A B& IS ! FACT ?AT Y\ >E RELAT$ TO A COMMON ANCE/OR4 ,:E!R ?AT RELATION%IP IS REAL OR FICTITI\S IS NOT ! PO9T4 ,! PO9T IS ?AT !RE IS A BELIEF ?AT Y\ >E RELAT$ TO A COMMON ANCE/OR4 ,& V]Y FREQU5TLY1 & C]TA9LY AT ONE PO9T OR ANO!R1 E>LY ON 9 ! PREHI/ORY ( HUMANITY ?AT COMMON ANCE/RY WAS V]Y REAL4 ,IT WAS NOT FICTITI\S4 ,!N AFT] W>D WE HAVE TRIBES4 ,& WE =M CLANS 9 !SE TRIBES4 ,& !RE TOO ! K9%IP RELATION%IP IS V]Y PRON\NC$3 ! BLOOD TIE4 ,& PEOPLE :O DO NOT HAVE A %>$ BLOOD TIE ) US1 BE IT FICTITI\S OR BE IT REAL1 >E REG>D$ AS \TSID]S4 ,!Y'RE 9ORGANIC1 AS ,M>X PUT IT4 ,!Y MAY BECOME P>TICIPANTS 9 ! COMMUNITY1 !Y MAY EV5 BE BR\I\S RITUALS1 9CLUD+ SU* *ILDI% RITUALS 7OR AT LEA/ :AT TODAY WE REG>D AS *ILDI% RITUALS7 NAMELY1 MIX+ BLOOD BY PRICK+ Y\R SK94 ,SO Y\ HAD TRIBAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,& !SE TRIBAL ORGANIZATIONS >E M]G+ \T ( B& ORGANIZATIONS W]E !MSELVES V]Y MUTABLE--!Y BEGAN TO =M TRIBAL F$]ATIONS4 ,! TRIBAL F$]ATIONS 9 TURN BECOME 9CREAS+LY MORE & MORE LIKE NATIONS4 ,& !Y BEGAN TO HAVE 9CREAS+LY NATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,& !SE MI*S E>LY ON EM]G+ \T ( *IEFTA9S4 ,OR Y\ HAD CITIES :I* HAD CITIZ5%IP & ADMITT$ PEOPLE ACCORD+ TO C]TA9 OA?S1 OR ACCORD+ TO SY/EMS ( RIE V]Y MUTABLE & ULTIMATELY SOME ( !M GRADUAT$ FROM AUTOCRACIES1 9TO OLIG>*IES1 & F9ALLY 9TO V>I\S DEMOCRACIES & REPUBLICS4 ,I CAN GO ON & ON ) EV]Y 9/ITUTION Y\ CAN POSSIBLY ?9K (4 ,SO N[ WE >E TALK+ ( ! FOLL[+4 ,WE'RE TALK+ ( WAYS 9 :I* HUMAN BE+S 9T]ACT SU* ?AT NO ANIMAL DOES1 NAMELY BY =M+ 9/ITUTIONS1 :I* NO ANIMAL DOES4 ,EV5 IF Y\ BELIEVE ?AT EV]Y:]E 9 ! ANIMAL WORLD Y\ HAVE RELATIONS ( DOM9ANCE & SUBMISSION1 Y\'RE ONLY TALK+ AB\T 9DIVIDUAL DOM9ANT ANIMALS1 OR 9DIVIDUAL SUBMISSIVE ANIMALS4 ,BUT Y\'RE NOT TALK+ AB\T 9/ITUTIONS4 ,! RELATION%IP *ANGES ACCORD+ TO :E!R OR NOT ! ANIMALS LIVES OR DIES1 BE IT DOM9ANT OR SUBMISSIVE4 ,) 9/ITUTIONS1 ON ! O!R H&1 Y\ HAVE SOME?+ ?AT HAS BE5 PRES]V$ IRRESPECTIVE ( :E!R OR NOT A K+1 OR A PRESID5T1 OR A COMMISS>444LIVES OR DIES4 ,?AT DOESN'T *ANGE4 ,SO :AT IS REM>KABLE AB\T HUMAN SOCIAL EVOLUTION IS ?AT Y\ SEE AN EVOLUTION ( 9/ITUTIONS4 ,& ! COMMUNITY ?AT HUMAN BE+S E/ABLI% DIFF]S PR(\NDLY4 ,?IS NEW SECOND NATURE1 :I* N[ UND]GOES AN EVOLUTION ( ITS [N 7OR A DEVELOPM5T ( ITS [N1 OR A HI/ORY ( ITS [N1 USE :ATEV] WORDS Y\ WANT7 UND]GOES A DEVELOPM5T ( ITS [N4 ,AN ELABORATION ( ITS [N ON GR\NDS ?AT >E FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T TO ! K9D Y\ SEE 9 ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,! REAL QUE/ION ?AT ONE FACES IS ?IS3 IF ?IS ANIMAL CALL$ A 0HUMAN BE+0--NORMAL HUMAN BE+ --IS POT5TIALLY CAPABLE ( BE+ RATIONAL1 POT5TIALLY CAPABLE ( BE+ CREATIVE1 POT5TIALLY CAPABLE ( *ANG+ HIS OR H] 5VIRONM5TS SU* ?AT NO O!R ANIMAL . CREATURE CAN DO1 !N WILL ?AT ANIMAL1 OR CAN ?AT ANIMAL1 OR %\LD ?AT ANIMAL1 CREATE 9/ITUTIONS ?AT >E !MSELVES RATIONAL AS WELL8 ,9 O!R WORDS1 %\LD ?IS SECOND NATURE1 ?IS EVOLUTION LIVE UP TO ! BASIC CAPACITY ?AT MAKE US HUMAN BE+S UNIQUE--NAMELY1 ! CAPACITY TO BE RATIONAL & SELF-CONSCI\S8 ,N[ ?AT DOESN'T MEAN1 :5 ,I SPEAK ( CAPACITY & POT5TIALITY ?AT !Y >E AT ANY GIV5 TIME RATIONAL OR SELF-CONSCI\S4 ,!Y MAY BE TOTALLY IRRATIONAL4 ,!Y MAY BE TOTALLY BL9D TO !IR [N AW>5ESS OR ABILITIES4 ,& WE RECOGNIZE ?AT ORD9>Y DISC\RSE4 ,WE (T5 SAY 0,OH ?IS WOMAN1 OR ?IS MAN1 ?IS *ILD1 MALE OR FEMALE1 HAS NOT LIV$ UP TO !IR CAPACITY--:AT A WA/E444604 ,9 ORD9>Y DISC\RSE WE >E ALWAYS M9DFUL ( ! POT5TIALITIES ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO FULFILL HIMSELF OR H]SELF4 .<444.> ,& ! COMPELL+ OBLIGATION 9 A S5SE ( ! :OLE HUMAN EXP]IM5T OR EXP]I5CE ON ?IS PLANET IS3 WILL HUMAN BE+S AS POT5TIALLY RATIONAL BE+S FULFILL !MSELVES 9 A RATIONAL SOCIETY8 ,& ?AT COMPELS US TO ASK1 :AT ! HECK DO WE MEAN BY 0RATIONAL SOCIETY08 ,:AT IS A RATIONAL SOCIETY8 ,?IS IS A V]Y UNPOPUL> QUE/ION BECAUSE N[ WE'RE NOT SUPPOS$ TO BELIEVE 9 REASON--WE'RE SUPPOS$ TO BELIEVE 9 9TUITION4 ,IT'S UNPOPUL> BECAUSE IT ASKS A V]Y DEM&+ QUE/ION3 BY :AT /&>DS >E Y\ GO+ TO JUDGE :AT IS RATIONAL8 ,IS A DEMOCRACY RATIONAL8 ,IS CAPITALISM RATIONAL8 ,IS EGOTISM RATIONAL8 ,BY :AT /&>DS >E Y\ GO+ TO JUDGE ?IS8 ,& H]E WE MU/ GO BACK AGA9 & EXAM9E SOME?+ NOT ONLY AB\T ! EVOLUTION ( AMOEBAS BUT ! EVOLUTION ( HUMAN BE+S4 .<444.>.<#b.> ,N[ ! E>LIE/ EVID5CE WE HAVE ( 9/ITUTIONS1 ORGANIZ$ 9/ITUTIONS1 GO BACK TO AT LEA/ B& & TRIBAL SOCIETIES4 ,!RE WE F9D EV]Y?+ IS ON A BIO-SOCIAL LEVEL4 ,NOTE WELL3 ?AT ,I HAVE NOT SAID 0SOCIOBIOLOGY01 BECAUSE SOCIOBIOLOGY 9 FACT FREEZES HUMAN BE+S ACCORD+ TO !IR G5ETIC APP>ATUS2 Y\'RE /UCK ) Y\R G5ES & ?AT'S ?AT4 ,?OSE >E ! ULTIMATE IMPLICATIONS ( A SOCIOBIOLOGY OR :AT IS CALL$ AN 0EVOLUTION>Y PSY*OLOGY0 TODAY444 ,I DO NOT ACCEPT ?AT PO9T ( VIEW4 ,I DO NOT REG>D ?AT AS BE+ A VALID 9T]PRETATION ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T1 OR A MEANS ( 9T]PRET+ HUMAN DEVELOPM5T1 BECAUSE ! MO/ /RIK+ FEATURE ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T IS PRECISELY ! FACT ?AT HUMAN BE+S DEVELOP BEYOND !IR G5ETIC APP>ATUS4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 ACQUIRE CULTURAL ATTRIBUTES NOT JU/ G5ETIC ATTRIBUTES1 NOT JU/ BIO*EMICAL ATTRIBUTES1 ?AT DET]M9E !IR BEHAVIOR1 OR ?AT PR(\NDLY AFFECT !IR BEHAVIOR4 ,SO GO+ BACK N[ TO E>LY HUMAN DEVELOPM5T W\LD BE TO F9D \R1 :5 WE 9VE/IGAT$1 C]TA9 POT5TIALITIES ?AT >E V]Y REM>KABLE FROM A SOCIAL PO9T ( VIEW4 ,FROM A NON-G5ETIC PO9T ( VIEW4 ,:AT WE F9D FIR/ ( ALL1 HUMAN BE+S AT ! B& LEVEL & FREQU5TLY AT ! TRIBAL LEVEL CAN LIVE COMMUNALLY4 ,!Y CAN LE>N TO %>E4 ,NOT SIMPLY TO C>E4 ,*IMPANZEE MO!RS CAN C>E = !IR 9FANTS4 ,HUMAN MO!RS & FA!RS 7HOPEFULLY7 C>E = !IR *ILDR54 ,BUT !Y CAN %>E4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT ADVANTAGE ?AT SEEMS TO CONF] ?IS FRE$OM ( US+ >MS--( HAV+ F\R LEGS ?AT N[ TURN$ 9TO >MS--IS ! ABILITY TO C>RY4 ,! ABILITY TO C>RY IMPLI$ ?AT ?IS K9D ( ANIMAL1 \R ANCE/OR1 C\LD BR+ FOOD BACK TO A COMMUNITY4 ,& IS MORE SUGGE/IVE ( ! FACT ?AT SU* AN ANIMAL WAS CAPABLE ( %>+ & EV5 W5T \T & PURSU$ ) ! PURPOSES ( %>+ ?AN ANY?+ ELSE4 ,SO ?AT COMMUNITY BEGAN TO =M >\ND ! IDEA ( %>+4 ,>\ND ! NE$ = GIV+1 & ! RECIPROCITY ( GIV+ & %>+1 :I* SEEMS TO LIE AT ! V]Y HE>T ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( \R SPECIES EV5 ANATOMICALLY NOT ONLY 9 O!R RESPECTS CULTURALLY4 ,! NEXT GREAT MOVE WE BEG9 TO SEE IS ! ABILITY TO FA%ION--FA%ION CUTT+ 9/RUM5TS4 ,& FA%ION WEAPONS = ! PURPOSES ( HUNT+4 ,& = ALL ,I KN[1 & !RE'S NO EVID5CE TO %[ O!RWISE1 HUNT+ /RANG]S1 O!R HUMAN BE+1 OR O!R HOM9IDS4 ,BUT MORE IMPORTANTLY ! ABILITY N[ TO 9T]V5E 9 ! 5VIRONM5T & LIT]ALLY HUNT D[N FOOD ) 9/RUM5TS ?AT >E NOT P>T ( Y\R ANATOMICAL EQUIPM5T4 ,LIONS CAN DO !SE ?+S4 ,TIG]S CAN DO !SE ?+S V]Y EFFECTIVELY .<444.> ,BUT !IR CAPACITY TO KILL4 ,!IR CAPACITY TO ACQUIRE FOOD IS P>T ( !IR ANATOMICAL EQUIPM5T4 ,WE N[ F9D AN ANIMAL CAN DO :AT LEOP>DS1 LIONS1 TIG]S & :ATEV] Y\ WI%1 BUT US+ 9/RUM5TS4 ,SPE>S1 >R[S1 & SO =?1 9 ORD] TO HUNT O!R GAME4 ,AGA9 WE SEE A DEVELOPM5T BEYOND ! ANATOMY1 ! 9H]IT$ EQUIPM5T MORE BROADLY1 ( SU* =MS ( LIFE4 ,& ) ?AT WE SEE NEW RELATION%IPS E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 ?IS =M ( LIFE CALL$ 0HOMO ]ECTUS0 OR 0NE&]?AL0 PEOPLE1 :O C]TA9LY HAD SPE>S--WE KN[ ?AT N[4 .<444.> ,& SO WE N[ BEG9 TO SEE EVID5CE ( A HOM9ID1 OR MORE PRECISELY A HUMAN BE+1 HOMO SAPI5S1 ?AT CAN N[ ACT UPON ! 5VIRONM5T ?R\< TOOLS4 ,N[ !RE'S SOME?+ ?AT IS MORE REM>KABLE ?AN WE CAN S5SE AB\T ?IS PH5OM5ON4 ,! TOOL IS AN EXT5SION ( HUMAN P[]S4 ,& MORE PRECISELY AN 5L>GEM5T ( HUMAN P[]S4 ,FIR/ ( ALL IT HAS TO BE CONCEIV$ (4 ,?AT REQUIRES 9SI ANIMAL REALLY HAS 7AL?\< *IMPANZEES CAN 0MAKE0 TOOLS \T ( SIMPLE TWIGS1 BUT ?AT'S H>DLY A GREAT PH5OM5ON :5 Y\ CONSID] SEA OTT]S :O CAN USE ROCKS TO BREAK OP5 OY/]S74 ,:AT IS REM>KABLE AB\T !SE TOOLS IS FIR/ ( ALL ?AT !Y >E CLE>LY FA%ION$ ) A DI/9CT 9T5TION4 ,!Y >E FA%ION$ = V]SATILE PURPOSES4 ,!Y >E MORE MULTITUDE ( PURPOSES-- PROTECTION1 HUNT+ D[N GAME1 & SO =?4 ,TRAGICALLY1 ,I WAS GO+ TO SAY W>F>E4 ,BUT ! PO9T AB\T ?IS IS ?AT AN ALI5ATION HAS TAK5 PLACE3 A SEP>ATION FROM ! NATURAL WORLD 9DISP5SABLE = 5L>G+ ! CREATIVITY ( ?IS HUMAN CREATURE1 ?IS ANIMAL4 ,YET IT IS AN ALI5ATION ?AT IS /ILL P>T ( A NATURAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,ANO!R GREAT ADVANCE BESIDES TOOLS IS ! DISCOV]Y ( FIRE1 & ! USES ( FIRE4 ,& HUMAN BE+S HAVE BE5 US+ FIRE = AT LEA/ A MILLION YE>S4 ,MANY GREAT PLA9S ?AT EXI/ TODAY1 .<444.> ?AT PROVID$ SU/5ANCE = IMM5SE H]DS ( ANIMALS1 W]E >TIFICIALLY CREAT$ BY HUMAN BE+S :O SET FIRE TO ! GRASS & DE/ROY$ SAPL+S & ! 5CROA*M5T ( ! =E/S ON !SE L&S4 ,& 9DE$ MO/ ( ! PLA9S ?AT EXI/$ EA/ ( ! ,MISSISSIPPI RIV] ON ! CONT95TAL ,UNIT$ ,/ATES W]E CREAT$ BY PALEO-,9DIANS OR ,9DIANS G5]ALLY BE=E ,EUROPEANS SETTL$ ! COA/4 ,& PROBABLY VA/ >EAS ( :AT WE CALL PLA9S W]E NOT NATURAL 9 ANY S5SE4 ,!Y W]E CREAT$ BY HUMAN BE+S E>LY 9 PREHI/ORY1 :O DELIB]ATELY TRI$ TO PROVIDE AN 5VIRONM5T = H]D ANIMALS ON :I* !Y SUBSI/$1 AT LEA/ 9 P>T4 ,SO ?AT HUMAN BE+S W]E *ANG+1 LONG BE=E :AT WE CALL CIVILIZATION1 ! EM]G5CE ( CIVILIZATION1 !Y W]E *ANG+ ?IS 5VIRONM5T DRAMATICALLY US+ TOOLS & US+ FIRE4 ,& ?AT /ORY GOES UP UNTIL RELATIVELY MOD]N TIMES :5 IT IS N[ KN[N ?AT /ATUESQUE1 GIANT1 VIRG9 OR ORIG9AL =E/S ( ! ,NOR?WE/ ?AT >E SO WIDELY ADMIR$ TODAY4 ,! GREAT ANCI5T =E/S W]E KEPT AS SU* BY ,9DIANS1 NATIVE ,AM]ICANS1 :O SET FIRE TO ! GRASSL&S >\ND !RE1 DE/ROY$ ! %RUBS1 = TWO PURPOSES3 ONE1 TO MAKE IT DIFFICULT = ANIMALS TO CONCEAL !MSELVES 9 ! %RUBS2 & SECONDLY1 TO PREV5T 5EMIES FROM US+ IT AS CAM\FLAGE AGA9/ ! COMMUNITY4 ,SO ?AT !SE ANCI5T =E/S >E ANCI5T PRIM>ILY BY VIRTUE ( HUMAN ACTIVITY4 ,MANY ( !M W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO GR[ TO ! SIZE ?AT !Y DID2 ACQUIR$ ! ALMO/ TEMPLE-LIKE BEAUTY ?AT !Y HAD1 :I* WE'RE ALL FAMILI> ) FROM PHOTOGRAPHS1 W]E IT NOT = HUMAN ACTIONS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME WE BEG9 TO SEE NOT ONLY A %>+ COMMUNITY BEG9N+ TO EM]GE ) 9/ITUTIONS1 BUT ! EM]G5CE 9CREAS+LY ( 9/ITUTIONS ?AT T5D T[>D HI]>*Y4 ,P>T ( ?IS IS EV5 PROTECT$ NOTABLY ! EM]G5CE ( G]ONTOCRACIES3 RULE ( ELD]S OV] ! Y\NG4 ,BECAUSE ! ELD]S >E FRAIL1 AS ,I ONLY KN[ TOO WELL4 ,!Y REQUIRE ASSI/ANCE1 AS ,I KN[ ONLY TOO WELL4 ,& :ATEV] WISDOM !Y HAVE TO (F]1 & ?AT IS BECOM+ MORE & MORE DIM9I%$ !SE DAYS4449 A PRELIT]ATE CULTURE ?AT HAS NO LANGUAGE IS ! PRODUCT ( A LONG EXP]I5CE 9SCRIB$ ON !IR BRA94 ,!RE >E NO VOLUMES TO OP54 ,!RE >E NO 5CYCLOP$IAS4 ,!RE >E NO S*OOLS4 ,Y\ HAVE TO GO TO ! ELD] TO F9D \T :AT IS ! BE/ WAY NOT ONLY TO 5GAGE 9 C]TA9 C]EMONIES1 NOT ONLY TO UNTANGLE >EAS ( BLOODL9ES1 SO ?AT M>RIAGES CAN >RANG$ PROP]LY4 ,BUT ALSO1 SIMPLE PRACTICAL DETAILS ( H[ TO HUNT1 H[ TO =M CAMPS1 H[ TO READ ! WEA!R1 & SO ON4 .<,).> ?IS 9/RUCTION ! ELD]S BECOME ! 5CYCLOP$IAS ( ! COMMUNITY & 9CREAS+LY !Y HAVE ! POT5TIAL1 & LAT] !Y BEG9 TO REALIZE ?AT POT5TIAL1 ( HAV+ GREAT] CONTROL4 ,ALL ! MORE BECAUSE !Y >E 9CREAS+LY DEP5D5T AS !Y GR[ OLD]4 ,!Y >E DEP5D5T UPON ! Y\NG] TO PROVIDE MEANS ( FOOD1 TO PROVIDE ! MEANS ( LIFE1 TO PROTECT ! COMMUNITY4 ,SO WE BEG9 TO SEE !SE E>LY1 ALMO/ NATURAL1 =MS ( DOM9ATION ORGANIZ$ >\ND AGE GR\PS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME WE ALSO BEG9 TO SEE ! EM]G5CE ( DIFF]5T G5D] CULTURES3 FEMALE & MALE4 ,9 FACT !SE >E V]Y E>LY4 ,!SE DI/9CTIONS EM]G$ V]Y E>LY ON 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( HUMANITY4 ,& LA/LY1 & SIGNIFICANTLY1 WE BEG9 TO SEE ?AT ! MO/ ABLE HUNT]S >E ALSO ! MO/ ABLE W>RIORS4 ,& ! MORE NEUROTIC ELEM5TS AMONG ! COMMUNITY BECOME ! %AMANS1 :O SEEM TO BE GIFT$ ) ! P[]S ( 9QUIR+ SPIRITS 9 A SPIRIT WORLD1 :]E EV]Y?+ HAS TO BE ACC\NT$ = BY VIRTUE ( ! ACTION ( SPIRITS1 BE IT DISEASE1 BE IT GOOD =TUNE 9 HUNT+1 BE IT A SIMPLE ACCID5T444 ALL TO BE BLAM$ ON SPIRITS4 ,! WORLD IS COMPLETELY 9FE/$ BY SPIRITS4 ,& ! %AMANS >E !RE TO COLLECT ?AT SUP]/ITION1 & UTILIZE & MANIPULATE IT4 ,= !IR [N 5DS1 NO MATT] H[ MU* ! ,NEW ,AGE TODAY MAY LOVE %AMANS1 BE 9SPIR$ BY !M444! FACT ( ! MATT] IS !Y >E AMONG ! FIR/ POLITICIANS TO APPE> AMONG E>LY TRIBAL COMMUNITIES4 ,:AT WE BEG9 TO SEE )9 ! COMMUNITY ITSELF IS A GRADUAL /RATIFICATION4 ,FIR/ >\ND BIO-SOCIAL FEATURES3 K9%IP1 G5D]1 AGE4 ,& !N1 FUR!R1 5TIRELY UNIQUE1 POLITICAL 7NAMELY %AMANS :O CULTIVATE SUSPICIONS & FE>S ( SPIRITS71 & LA/LY WE BEG9 TO SEE W>RIOR CA/ES BEG9N+ TO EM]GE 7! MO/ ABLE ( ! HUNT]S74 ,& ) 9CREASES 9 POPULATION ! BEG9N+ ( S]I\S CONFLICTS BETWE5 TRIBAL COMMUNITIES4 ,?US WE BEG9 TO SEE A TRANS=MATION 9CREAS+LY1 NOT ONLY T[>D A HI]>*Y & HI]>*ICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 BUT WE ALSO BEG9 TO SEE A TRANSITION 9TO SPECIFICALLY SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,! %AMAN IS NO EXPLICABLE 9 BIOLOGICAL T]MS4 ,K9%IP IS EXPLICABLE 9 BIOLOGICAL T]MS4 ,G5D] DIFF]5CES >E EXPLICABLE 9 BIOLOGICAL T]MS4 ,AGE GR\PS >E EXPLICABLE 9 BIOLOGICAL T]MS4 ,! %AMANS >E NOT4 ,& W>RIORS >E NOT4 ,& ) !M *IEFTA9S >E NOT4 ,& ! =MATION ( TRIBAL CONF$]ACIES BAS$ >\ND *IEFTA9S ?AT BECOME K+S1 LIKE ,ODYSSEUS1 LIKE ,AGAMEMNON1 & SO ON444 >E NOT4 ,WE ALSO BEG9 TO SEE SOME?+ ?AT IS REM>KABLE & ?AT IS ! EM]G5CE ( CITIES4 ,MANY ( !M /RUCTUR$ RELIGI\S GOALS4 ,! TEMPLE BE+ ! MO/ IMPORTANT4 ,& SOMETIMES ! TEMPLE & PALACE BE+ ! MO/ IMPORTANT BUILD+S 9 ANY CITY 7ANYONE'S :O'S /UDI$ ,MAYA CULTURE WILL KN[ ?IS74 ,BUT N[ POLITICAL AU?ORITIES BEG9 TO EM]GE4 ,& ! /ATE4 ,& N[ A NEW EVOLUTION BEG9S TO TAKE PLACE4 ,& ! MO/ IMPORTANT PROBLEMATIC ?AT ?IS NEW EVOLUTION BEG9S TO RAISE IS1 FIR/ ( ALL3 TO :AT EXT5T CAN ! EGALIT>IAN1 %>+1 PRACTICES ( TRIBAL LIFE BE PRES]V$ & TRANS=M$ SO ?AT !Y FIT 9TO URBAN LIFE8 ,TO :AT EXT5T CAN HI]>*IES BE CONTROLL$ SU* ?AT PEOPLE CAN LIVE 9 A MORE P>TICIPATORY TYPE ( POLITICAL SOCIETY8 ,TO :AT EXT5T CAN BE %>$1 ?OSE BIO-SOCIAL FEATURES LIKE K9%IP1 G5D] DIFF]5CES 7,I DON'T MEAN MAKE !M DISAPPE> OBVI\SLY7 BUT %>$ !IR HI]>*ICAL IMPLICATIONS AS HI]>*Y BEG9S TO DEVELOP8 ,H[ CAN ?IS BE DONE8 ,& ?IS BECOMES ONE ( ! SE>+ PROBLEMS ( :AT CAN BE/ BE CALL$ HUMAN HI/ORY4 ,IT BECOMES 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS :AT HAS BE5 CALL$ 9 ! #a#i? ,C5TURY 0! SOCIAL QUE/ION04 ,?AT SOCIAL BURD5 ?AT WE BEG9 TO DEVELOP AT ! SAME TIME ?AT WE MOVE AWAY FROM A L>GELY NATURE-BAS$ =M ( LIFE ) NATURE-BAS$ 9/ITUTIONS1 9TO SPECIFICALLY CULTURAL & POLITICAL /RUCTURES4449/ITUTIONS1 SU* AS ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY1 SU* AS *IEFTA9S1 SU* AS URBAN LIFE & ALL ITS DEM&S POLITICALLY AS WELL AS LOGI/ICALLY1 SU* AS ! PROBLEMS ( AGRICULTURE1 [N]%IP1 & SO ON444 ,ALL !SE ISSUES N[ BEG9 TO EM]GE & ALSO ! ISSUE ( CLASS RULE--?OSE :O CONTROL OR [N PROP]TY1 & ?OSE :O >E PLAC$ 9 AN OPPRESSIVE & EXPLOITATIVE RELATION%IP TO ! [N]S ( PROP]TY4 ,!SE ISSUES N[ BEG9 TO EM]GE & BEG9 TO POSE ! QUE/ION ( H[ A RATIONAL SOCIETY CAN COME \T ( ?IS S\P ?AT HAS BE5 PRODUC$ BY ! DEVELOPM5T AWAY FROM FIR/ NATURE 9TO SECOND NATURE4 ,AM ,I CLE> H]E8 .<#a.> ,TRANSCRIB]'S NOTE3 = ! RECORD HE ACTUALLY SAYS 09TELLECTUATION0 BUT ?IS IS HI ,5D ( RECORD+ #a2 />T ( RECORD+ #b4 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,SECOND ,NATURE -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,SECOND ,NATURE -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/