,ROY ,BHASK> ,OBITU>Y 
,ONE ( ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL VOICES 9 ! PHILOSOPHY ( SCI5CE & A POLITICAL REVOLUTION>Y 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,ROY ,BHASK>1 :O HAS DI$ AG$ #g ( HE>T FAILURE1 TURN$ TO PHILOSOPHY ONLY AFT] BECOM+ AN ECONOMICS LECTUR] AT ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY 9 ! LATE #a#i#fS4 ,FEEL+ ?AT ECONOMIC SCI5CE HAD VIRTUALLY NO?+ USEFUL TO SAY AB\T REAL-WORLD ISSUES ( GLOBAL WEAL? & POV]TY1 HE EMB>K$ ON RESE>* ?AT L$ TO ! F\NDATION ( ! PHILOSOPHICAL S*OOL KN[N AS CRITICAL REALISM4 

,! ,OX=D CURRICULUM = ,P,P,E - PHILOSOPHY1 POLITICS & ECONOMICS - PROVID$ A TRA9+ = W\LD-BE POLITICIANS & CIVIL S]VANTS :O W]E MORE LIKELY TO CONTA9 OR EV5 RE9=CE SOCIETY'S PROBLEMS ?AN RESOLVE !M4 ,ROY WANT$ TO PROVIDE ! TOOLS = UND]/&+ SOCIETY'S PROBLEMS 9 A DEEP]1 /RUCTURAL S5SE ?AT MI<T ALL[ WAYS TO PUT !M RI<T4 

,BE=E LONG1 HE CONCLUD$ ?AT ! PROBLEM RAN DEEP]3 WE/]N SCI5CE & SOCIAL !ORY ITSELF W]E BAS$ ON A S]IES ( 9TELLECTUAL MI/AKES1 :I* CREAT$ FALSE DI*OTOMIES SU* AS ?OSE BETWE5 9DIVIDUALISM & COLLECTIVISM1 & SCI5TIFIC ANALYSIS & MORAL CRITICISM4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT ( !SE HE CALL$ 0! EPI/EMIC FALLACY01 >IS+ FROM ! CONV5TIONAL /UDY ( H[ WE CAN KN[ ?+S1 OR EPI/EMOLOGY4 ,ALMO/ 9V>IABLY1 PHILOSOPH]S HAVE TREAT$ ! QUE/IONS 0DOES ! WORLD EXI/80 & 0CAN WE PROVE ! WORLD EXI/S80 AS ! SAME4 ,BUT IT IS P]FECTLY POSSIBLE ?AT ! WORLD MI<T EXI/ & WE C\LD NOT PROVE IT1 LET ALONE BE ABLE TO OBTA9 ABSOLUTE KN[L$GE ( EV]Y?+ 9 IT4 

,9 ?IS WAY1 ,ROY >GU$1 ! TWO CAMPS 9TO :I* ! LEFT HAS BE5 DIVID$ - POSITIVI/S1 :O ASSUME ?AT S9CE ! WORLD DOES EXI/1 WE MU/1 SOM$AY1 BE ABLE TO HAVE EXACT & PR$ICTIVE KN[L$GE ( IT1 & PO/MOD]NI/S1 :O BELIEVE ?AT S9CE WE CANNOT HAVE SU* KN[L$GE1 WE CANNOT SPEAK ( 0REALITY0 AT ALL - >E JU/ REHE>S+ DIFF]5T V]SIONS ( ! SAME FUNDAM5TAL ]ROR4 ,9 FACT1 REAL ?+S >E PRECISELY ?OSE :OSE PROP]TIES WILL NEV] BE EXHAU/$ BY ANY DESCRIPTION WE CAN MAKE ( !M4 ,WE CAN HAVE COMPREH5SIVE KN[L$GE ONLY ( ?+S ?AT WE HAVE MADE UP4 

,ROY'S APPROA* ADOPT$ A V]SION ( ,KANT'S TRANSC5D5TAL ME?OD ( >GUM5T1 :I* ASKS 0:AT W\LD HAVE TO BE ! CASE 9 ORD] = :AT WE KN[ TO BE TRUE80 ,= SCI5CE1 HE >GU$ ?AT TWO KEY QUE/IONS MU/ BE ASK$ SIMULTANE\SLY3 FIR/1 :Y >E SCI5TIFIC EXP]IM5TS POSSIBLE1 & SECOND1 :Y >E SCI5TIFIC EXP]IM5TS NECESS>Y1 9 ORD] TO OBTA9 V]IFIABLE KN[L$GE ( :AT SCI5TI/S CALL NATURAL LAWS4 ,:Y IS IT POSSIBLE TO CONTRIVE A SITUATION :]E Y\ CAN PR$ICT EXACTLY :AT WILL HAPP51 :51 SAY1 WAT] IS HEAT$ TO A C]TA9 TEMP]ATURE 9 A CONTROLL$ 5VIRONM5T1 BUT ALSO1 :Y IS IT ?AT ONE CAN NEV] MAKE SIMIL> PR$ICTIONS 9 NATURAL SETT+S - NO MATT] H[ MU* SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE WE ACQUIRE1 WE /ILL CANNOT DEP5DABLY PR$ICT ! WEA!R4 ,:Y1 9 O!R WORDS1 DOES IT TAKE SO MU* WORK TO CREATE A SITUATION :]E ONE DOES KN[ PRECISELY :AT WILL HAPP58 

,HIS CONCLUSION WAS ?AT ! WORLD MU/ CONSI/ ( 9DEP5D5TLY EXI/+ /RUCTURES & ME*ANISMS1 :I* >E P]FECTLY REAL1 BUT !Y MU/ ALSO BE1 AS HE PUT IT 0/RATIFI$04 ,REALITY CONSI/S ( 0EM]G5T LEVELS0 - *EMI/RY EM]GES FROM PHYSICS1 9 ?AT *EMICAL LAWS 9CLUDE PHYSICAL ONES1 BUT CANNOT BE R$UC$ TO !M2 BIOLOGY EM]GES FROM *EMI/RY1 & SO =?4 ,AT EA* LEVEL1 !RE IS SOME?+ MORE1 A K9D ( LEAP TO A NEW LEVEL ( COMPLEXITY1 EV51 AS ,ROY PUT IT1 ( FRE$OM4 ,A TREE1 HE >GU$1 IS MORE FREE ?AN A ROCK1 JU/ AS A HUMAN IS FRE] ?AN A TREE4 ,:AT A SCI5TIFIC EXP]IM5T DOES1 !N1 IS /RIP AWAY EV]Y?+ BUT ONE ME*ANISM AT ONE EM]G5T LEVEL ( REALITY4 ,TO DO SO TAKES 5ORM\S WORK4 ,BUT 9 REAL-WORLD SITUATIONS1 LIKE ! WEA!R1 !RE >E ALWAYS ALL SORTS ( DIFF]5T ME*ANISMS FROM DIFF]5T EM]G5T LEVELS OP]AT+ AT ! SAME1 & ! WAY !Y 9T]ACT WILL ALWAYS BE 9H]5TLY UNPR$ICTABLE4 

,! RESULT+ BOOKS1 ,A ,REALI/ ,!ORY ( ,SCI5CE 7#a#i#g#e7 & ,! ,POSSIBILITY ( ,NATURALISM 7#a#i#g#i71 MADE ,ROY ONE ( ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL VOICES 9 ! PHILOSOPHY ( SCI5CE4 

,HE LAT] APPLI$ ?IS APPROA* TO A CRITIQUE ( ! 0NEW REALISM0 ( ,TONY ,BLAIR4 ,VAUNT$ AS A BELAT$ ADJU/M5T TO ! FACTS ( POLITICAL LIFE1 ,ROY SAID ?AT IT FAILS TO RECOGNIZE ! UND]LY+ /RUCTURES & G5]ATIVE ME*ANISMS1 SU* AS PROP]TY [N]%IP & ! EXPLOITATION ( LABOR1 ?AT PRODUCE OBS]VABLE PH5OM5A & EV5TS SU* AS L[ PAY & 9TOL]ABLE WORK+ CONDITIONS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,NEW ,LABOR WAS BAS$ ON REALISM ( ! MO/ SUP]FICIAL SORT4 ,HE PRES5T$ !SE & O!R POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS ( HIS WORK AT ! ,PHILOSOPHY ,WORK+ ,GR\P ( ! ,*E/]FIELD ,SOCIALI/ CONF]5CES1 ASSOCIAT$ ) ,TONY ,B5N & ,RALPH ,MILIB&1 9 ! LATE #hS4 ,?IS WORK WAS EV5TUALLY PUBLI%$ AS ,RECLAIM+ ,REALITY 7#b#a#a74 

,ROY WAS A POLITICAL REVOLUTION>Y4 ,! UNIFY+ PURPOSE ( HIS WORK WAS TO E/ABLI% ?AT ! PURSUIT ( PHILOSOPHICAL KN[L$GE NECESS>ILY IMPLI$ SOCIAL TRANS=MATION2 ! /RUGGLE = FRE$OM & ! QUE/ = KN[L$GE W]E ULTIMATELY ! SAME4 

,HIS WAY ( 5GAG+ ) ! WORLD WAS WIDE-EY$1 PLAYFUL1 IMPRACTICAL1 ALWAYS EVOLV+ & LE>N+4 ,HE CONT9UALLY ANN\NC$ NEW BREAK?R\<S4 ,9 ! #iS1 HE ANN\NC$ ?AT ! ,HEGELIAN DIALECTIC - AN ASS]TION1 ITS CONTRADICTION1 & ! RESOLUTION ( ! TWO - WAS BUT AN ODD & IDIOSYNCRATIC V]SION ( A UNIV]SAL PR9CIPLE ?AT =M$ ! BASIS ( ALL HUMAN ?\<T & LE>N+4 ,?IS LAUN*$ ! SECOND PHASE ( HIS PHILOSOPHY1 CULM9AT+ 9 ! AMBITI\SLY TITL$ ,PLATO ,ETC3 ,! ,PROBLEMS ( ,PHILOSOPHY & ,!IR ,RESOLUTION 7#a#i#i#d71 9SPIR$ BY ,ALFR$ ,NOR? ,:ITEHEAD'S FAM\S CLAIM ?AT 0ALL ( PHILOSOPHY IS BUT A FOOTNOTE TO ,PLATO04 

,ROY CAME TO REALIZE ?AT ,:ITEHEAD WAS SPEAK+ ( ONLY WE/]N PHILOSOPHY2 RESPECT = ! FULL RANGE ( HUMAN ?\<T REQUIR$ 5GAGEM5T ) EA/]N PHILOSOPHY TOO4 ,?IS HAD TO MEAN TAK+ SPIRITUAL IDEAS S]I\SLY - A DOMA9 ( HUMAN EXP]I5CE ?AT ! LEFT HAD AB&ON$ TO ! FUNDAM5TALI/ RI<T4 ,9 A NUMB] ( BOOKS1 NOTABLY ,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,META,REALITY3 ,CREATIVITY1 ,LOVE & ,FRE$OM 7#b#a#b71 HE >GU$ ?AT SPIRITUAL EXP]I5CES %\LD BE CONSID]$ A CON/ANT FEATURE ( EV]YDAY LIFE2 ?AT EV]Y SUCCESSFUL ACT ( COMMUNICATION IS1 9 EFFECT1 AN EXAMPLE ( ! SPIRITUAL PR9CIPLE ( NONDUALITY1 :]E BO? P>TIES BECOME1 MOM5T>ILY1 ! SAME P]SON4 

,!SE DEVELOPM5TS CREAT$ HEAT$ CONT5TION AMONG CRITICAL REALI/S1 BUT ,ROY MA9TA9$ HIS *E]FUL G5]OSITY ( SPIRIT1 PLAY+ AN ACTIVE ROLE 9 ! ,C5T] = ,CRITICAL ,REALISM & ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,C5T] = ,CRITICAL ,REALISM1 ALWAYS BRIMM+ ) PROJECTS1 VISIONS1 & IDEAS4 

,BORN 9 ,T$D+TON1 WE/ ,LONDON1 TO AN ,9DIAN FA!R1 ,RAJU ,NA? ,BHASK>1 A ,G,P1 & AN ,5GLI% MO!R1 ,KUMLA 7NEE ,M>JORIE ,SKILL71 AN 9DU/RIAL ADM9I/RATOR1 ,ROY WAS $UCAT$ AT ,/ ,PAUL'S S*OOL1 ,LONDON1 & GA9$ A ,P,P,E DEGREE AT ,BALLIOL ,COLLEGE1 ,OX=D 7#a#i#f#f74 ,ANO!R CRITIC ( ! ,P,P,E C\RSE & /UD5T ACTIVI/ WAS ,HIL>Y ,WA9WRI<T3 9 #aiga !Y M>RI$1 & !Y COLLABORAT$ 9TELLECTUALLY & POLITICALLY = ! RE/ ( ,ROY'S LIFE4 

,ROY F\<T AGA9/ ! GRA9 ( CONV5TIONAL ACADEMIC PHILOSOPHY ?R\<\T HIS C>E]4 ,FOLL[+ HIS TIME AS AN ECONOMICS LECTUR] AT ,PEMBROKE ,COLLEGE1 ,OX=D1 HE HELD PHILOSOPHY PO/S AT ,L9ACRE ,COLLEGE1 ,OX=D2 ,$9BUR< ,UNIV]SITY2 ! ,SW$I% ,COLLEGIUM = ,ADVANC$ ,/UDY 9 ! ,SOCIAL ,SCI5CES1 ,UPPSALA2 & ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,TROMSO1 ,NORWAY4 

,AFT] LOS+ A FOOT 9 #bh TO ,*>COT'S DISEASE1 HE MADE USE ( A :EEL*AIR1 & SURVIV$ ON ONLY A P>TIAL SAL>Y AS A WORLD S*OL> AT ! ,9/ITUTE ( ,$UCATION 9 ,LONDON4 ,NONE!LESS1 HE REMA9$ A FIGURE ( UNP>ALLEL$ 5]GY & 9V5TION1 & ( ALMO/ PRET]NATURAL K9DNESS & GOOD HUMOR4 

,HIS REC5T P>TN] WAS HIS C>] ,REBECCA ,LONG4 ,%E SURVIVES HIM1 AS DO ,HIL>Y & HIS BRO!R1 ,KRI%4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bba 3 ,ROY ,BHASK> ,OBITU>Y -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,ROY ,BHASK> ,OBITU>Y -- ,UPDAT$4 

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