,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 9 ,RETROSPECT 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PAUL ,MATTICK 

,TEXT 3 

,S\RCE3 ,KURASJE ,>*IVE2 
,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 9 ,ROOT & ,BRAN* _?#f1 #a#i#g#h2 
,TRANSCRIB$3 BY ,&Y ,BLUND51 = M>XI/S4ORG #b#c4 

,IT WILL SOON BE SIXTY YE>S S9CE ! M]C5>IES ( ! 
,G]MAN SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC LEAD]%IP MURD]$ ,K>L ,LIEBKNE*T & ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG4 ,AL?\< !Y >E M5TION$ 9 ! SAME BREA?1 AS !Y BO? SYMBOLIZ$ ! RADICAL 
ELEM5T )9 ! ,G]MAN POLITICAL REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#h1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S NAME C>RIES 
GREAT] WEI<T BECAUSE H] !ORETICAL WORK WAS ( GREAT] SEM9AL P[]4 ,9 FACT1 IT CAN 
BE SAID ?AT3 %E WAS ! \T/&+ P]SONALITY 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL LABOR MOVEM5T 
AFT] ,M>X & ,5GELS2 & ?AT H] WORK HAS NOT LO/ ITS POLITICAL RELEVANCE DESPITE ! 
*ANGES ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM & ! LABOR MOVEM5T HAVE UND]GONE S9CE H] DEA?4 

,JU/ ! SAME1 LIKE EV]YONE ELSE1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG WAS A *ILD 
( H] TIME & CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! PHASE ( ! 
SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T ( :I* %E WAS A P>T4 ,:]EAS ,M>X'S CRITIQUE ( B\RGEOIS 
SOCIETY EVOLV$ 9 A P]IOD ( RAPID CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG WAS ACTIVE 
9 A TIME ( 9CREAS+ 9/ABILITY = CAPITALISM1 :]E9 ! AB/RACTLY =MULAT$ 
CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION %[$ !MSELVES 9 ! CONCRETE =MS ( 
IMP]IALI/IC COMPETITION & 9 9T5SIFI$ CLASS /RUGGLES4 ,:ILE ! ACTUAL PROLET>IAN 
CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 CONSI/$ AT FIR/ 9 ! WORK]S' FI<T 
= BETT] WORK+ CONDITIONS & HI<] LIV+ /&>DS1 :I* W\LD PREP>E ! FUTURE 
/RUGGLES = ! ABOLITION ( CAPITALISM1 9 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S VIEW ?IS 'F9AL' /RUGGLE 
C\LD NO LONG] BE RELEGAT$ TO A DI/ANT FUTURE BUT WAS ALREADY PRES5T 9 ! EXT5D+ 
CLASS /RUGGLES4 ,! DAILY FI<T = SOCIAL RE=MS WAS 9SEP>ABLY CONNECT$ ) ! 
HI/ORICAL NECESSITY ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 

,)\T 5T]+ 9TO ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S BIOGRAPHY1.<#a.> IT 
%\LD BE SAID1 ?AT %E CAME FROM A MIDDLE-CLASS BACKGR\ND & ?AT %E 5T]$ ! 
SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T AT AN E>LY AGE4 ,LIKE O!RS1 %E WAS =C$ TO LEAVE ,RUSSIAN ,POL& 
& W5T TO ,SWITZ]L& TO /UDY4 ,H] MA9 9T]E/1 AS BEHOOV$ A SOCIALI/ 9FLU5C$ BY 
,M>XISM1 WAS POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,H] E>LY WORK 9 ?IS FIELD IS N[ ONLY ( HI/ORICAL 
9T]E/4 ,!RE WAS H] 9AUGURAL-DISS]TATION1 ,! ,9DU/RIAL ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,POL& 
7#a#h#i#h71 :I* DID = ,POL&1 ?\< 9 A LESS EXT5SIVE MANN]1 :AT ,L59'S ,! 
,DEVELOPM5T ( ,CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA1 DID = ,CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA A YE> LAT]4 ,& 
!RE W]E H] POPUL> LECTURES AT ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY ,S*OOL1 PO/HUM\SLY 
PUBLI%$ BY ,PAUL ,LEVI 7#a#i#b#e7 UND] ! TITLE ,9TRODUCTION ( ,NATIONAL ,ECONOMY4 
,9 ! LATT] WORK1 IT %\LD BE NOT$1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG DECL>$ ?AT ! VALIDITY ( 
POLITICAL ECONOMY IS SPECIFIC TO CAPITALISM1 & WILL CEASE TO EXI/ ) ! DEMISE ( 
?IS SY/EM4 ,9 H] DISS]TATION1 %E CAME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! 
,POLI% ECONOMY W\LD PROCE$ 9 CONJUNCTION ) ?AT ( ,RUSSIA1 W\LD 5D 9 COMPLETE 
9TEGRATION1 & !RE) W\LD 5D ! NATIONALI/ ASPIRATIONS ( ! ,POLI% 
B\RGEOISIE4 ,BUT ?IS DEVELOPM5T W\LD ALSO UNIFY ! ,RUSSIAN & ,POLI% PROLET>IAT & 
LEAD TO ! EV5TUAL DE/RUCTION ( ,POLI%-,RUSSIAN CAPITALISM4 ,! MA9 CONTRADICTION ( 
CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION WAS SE5 BY H] AS ONE BETWE5 ! CAPACITY TO PRODUCE & ! 
LIMIT$ CAPACITY TO CONSUME )9 ! CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,?IS 
CONTRADICTION LEADS TO RECURR5T ECONOMIC CRISES & ! 9CREAS+ MIS]Y ( ! WORK+ 
CLASS & !RE)1 9 ! LONG RUN1 TO SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,IT WAS ONLY ) H] WORK ON ,! ,ACCUMULATION ( 
,CAPITAL 7#a#i#a#b7 ?AT ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S ECONOMIC !ORIES BECAME CONTROV]SIAL4 
,AL?\< %E CLAIM$ ?AT ?IS BOOK GR[ \T ( COMPLICATIONS >IS+ 9 ! C\RSE 
( H] POPUL> LECTURES ON ,NATIONAL ,ECONOMY1 NAMELY1 H] 9ABILITY TO RELATE ! TOTAL 
CAPITALI/ REPRODUCTION PROCESS TO ! PO/ULAT$ OBJECTIVE LIMITS ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION1 
IT 9 CLE> FROM ! WORK ITSELF ?AT IT WAS ALSO A REACTION TO ! EMASCULATION ( 
,M>XIAN !ORY 9ITIAT$ BY ! 0,REVISIONISM' ?AT SWEPT ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 
>\ND ! TURN ( ! C5TURY4 ,REVISIONISM OP]AT$ ON TWO LEVELS3 ! PRIMITIVE 
EMPIRICAL LEVEL P]SONIFI$ BY ,$U>D ,B]N/E91 .<#b.> :O M]ELY COMP>$ ! ACTUAL 
CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ) ?AT D$UCIBLE FROM ,M>XIAN !ORY1 & ! MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ 
!ORETICAL TURNAB\T ( ACADEMIC M>XISM1 CULM9AT+ 9 ,TUGAN-,B>AN[SKY'S .<#c.> ,M>X-9T]PRETATION & ?OSE ( HIS V>I\S DISCIPLES4 

,ONLY ! FIR/ VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL WAS PUBLI%$ 
DUR+ ,M>X'S LIFETIME1 & ! SECOND & ?IRD W]E PREP>$ BY ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS FROM 
UNREVIS$ PAP]S LEFT TO HIS C>E1 AL?\< !Y HAD BE5 WRITT5 PRIOR TO ! PUBLICATION 
( ! FIR/ VOLUME4 ,:]EAS ! FIR/ VOLUME DEALS ) ! CAPITALI/ PROCESS ( 
PRODUCTION1 ! SECOND CONC]NS ITSELF ) ! CIRCULATION PROCESS4 ,! ?IRD VOLUME1 
F9ALLY1 DEALS ) ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM AS A :OLE 9 ITS PH5OM5AL =M1 AS DET]M9$ 
BY ITS UND]LY+ VALUE RELATIONS4 ,BECAUSE ! REPRODUCTION PROCESS NECESS>ILY CONTROLS 
! PRODUCTION PROCESS1 ,M>X ?\<T IT USEFUL TO DISPLAY ?IS FACT BY MEANS ( SOME 
AB/RACT REPRODUCTION DIAGRAMS 9 ! SECOND VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL4 ,! DIAGRAMS 
DIVIDE TOTAL SOCIAL PRODUCTION 9TO TWO SECTIONS3 ONE PRODUC+ MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ! 
O!R MEANS ( CONSUMPTION4 ,! TRANSACTIONS BETWE5 !SE TWO DEP>TM5TS >E IMAG9$ TO 
BE SU* AS TO 5ABLE ! REPRODUCTION ( ! TOTAL SOCIAL CAPITAL TO PROCE$ EI!R ON ! 
SAME OR ON AN 5L>G$ SCALE4 ,BUT :AT IS A PRESUPPOSITION = ! REPRODUCTION 
DIAGRAMS1 NAMELY1 AN ALLOCATION ( ! SOCIAL LABOR AS REQUIR$ = ! REPRODUCTION 
PROCESS1 MU/ 9 REALITY FIR/ BE BR\<T AB\T BL9DLY1 ?R\< ! UNCOORD9AT$ 
ACTIVITIES ( ! MANY 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALS 9 !IR COMPETITIVE PURSUIT ( SURPLUS-VALUE4 

,! REPRODUCTION DIAGRAMS DO NOT DI/+UI% BETWE5 VALUES 
& PRICES2 ?AT IS1 !Y TREAT VALUES AS IF !Y W]E PRICES4 ,= ! PURPOSE !Y W]E 
9T5D$ TO S]VE1 NAMELY1 TO DRAW ATT5TION TO ! NE$ = A C]TA9 PROPORTIONALITY 
BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T SPH]ES ( PRODUCTION1 ! DIAGRAMS FULFILL !IR P$AGOGICAL 
FUNCTION4 ,!Y DO NOT DEPICT ! REAL WORLD1 BUT >E 9/RUM5TAL 9 AID+ 9 ITS UND]- 
/&+4 ,RE/RICT$ 9 ?IS S5SE1 IT DOES NOT MATT] :E!R ! 9T]RELATIONS ( 
PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE >E DRESS$ 9 VALUE OR PRICE T]MS4 ,BECAUSE ! PRICE =M ( 
VALUE1 TAK5 UP 9 ! ?IRD VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL1 REF]S TO ! ACTUAL 
CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE PROCESS1 ! IMAG9>Y EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS ( ,M>X'S 
REPRODUCTION DIAGRAMS DO NOT REF] TO ! REAL CAPITALI/ WORLD4 ,/ILL1 ,M>X F\ND IT 
QUITE NECESS>Y TO VIEW ! PROCESS ( REPRODUCTION 9 ITS FUNDAM5TAL SIMPLICITY1 9 
ORD] TO GET RID ( ALL OBSCUR+ 9T]F]5CES & DISPOSE ( ! FALSE SUBT]FUGES1 
:I* ASSUME ! SEMBLANCE ( SCI5TIFIC ANALYSIS1 BUT :I* CANNOT BE REMOV$ SO LONG AS 
! PROCESS ( SOCIAL REPRODUCTION IS IMM$IATELY ANALYZ$ 9 ITS CONCRETE & COMPLICAT$ 
=M4.<#d.> 

,ACTUALLY1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 ! REPRODUCTION PROCESS UND] 
CAPITALI/IC CONDITIONS PRECLUDES ANY K9D ( EQUILIBRIUM & IMPLIES1 9/EAD1 0! 
POSSIBILITY ( CRISES1 S9CE A BALANCE IS ACCID5TAL UND] ! CONDITIONS ( ?IS 
PRODUCTION40.<#e.> ,TUGAN-,B>AN[SKY1 H[EV]1 READ ! REPRODUCTION DIAGRAMS DIFF]5TLY BECAUSE ( !IR SUP]FICIAL RESEMBLANCE TO B\RGEOIS EQUILIBRIUM !ORY1 ! MA9 TOOL ( B\RGEOIS PRICE !ORY4 ,HE CAME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT AS LONG AS ! SY/EM DEVELOPS 
PROPORTIONATELY ) RESPECT TO ITS REPRODUCTION REQUIREM5TS1 IT DOES NOT HAVE OBJECTIVE 
LIMITS4 ,CRISES >E CAUS$ BY DISPROPORTIONALITIES >IS+ BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T SPH]ES ( 
PRODUCTION BUT CAN ALWAYS BE OV]COME ?R\< ! RE/ORATION ( ?AT PROPORTIONALITY 
:I* ASSURES ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 ,?IS WAS A DI/URB+ IDEA1 AS F> AS ,ROSA 
,LUXEMBURG WAS CONC]N$1 & ?IS ! MORE SO AS %E C\LD NOT D5Y ! EQUILIBRAT+ 
IMPLICATIONS ( ,M>X'S REPRODUCTION DIAGRAMS4 ,IF ,TUGAN-,B>AN[SKY 9T]PRET$ !M 
CORRECTLY1 !N ,M>X WAS WRONG1 BECAUSE ?IS 9T]PRETATION D5I$ ! 9EVITABLE 5D ( 
CAPITALISM4 

,! DISCUSSION >\ND ,M>X'S AB/RACT REPRODUCTION DIAGRAMS 
WAS P>TICUL>LY VEHEM5T 9 ,RUSSIA BECAUSE ( E>LI] DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! ,M>XI/S 
& ! ,POPULI/S ) REG>D TO ,RUSSIA'S FUTURE 9 FACE ( H] BACKW>DNESS & H] 
PECULI> SOCIO-ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS4 ,:]EAS ! ,POPULI/S ASS]T$ ?AT = ,RUSSIA IT 
WAS ALREADY TOO LATE TO 5T] 9TO WORLD COMPETITION ) ! E/ABLI%$ CAPITALI/ 
P[]S1 & ?AT1 FUR!RMORE1 IT WAS QUITE POSSIBLE TO CON/RUCT A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY ON 
! BASIS ( ! NOT YET DISSOLV$ COLLECTIVITY ( PEASANT PRODUCTION1 ! ,M>XI/S 
MA9TA9$ ?AT DEVELOPM5T ON ! ,WE/]N PATT]N WAS 9ESCAPABLE & ?AT ?IS 
DEVELOPM5T ITSELF W\LD PRODUCE ! M>KETS IT REQUIR$ )9 ,RUSSIA & 9 ! WORLD AT 
L>GE4 ,! ,M>XI/S EMPHASIZ$ ?AT IT IS ! PRODUCTION ( CAPITAL1 NOT ! SATISFACTION 
( CONSUMPTION1 ?AT DET]M9ES CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,!RE IS1 !RE=E1 NO REASON TO 
ASSUME ?AT A RE/RICTION ( CONSUMPTION W\LD RET>D ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL2 ON ! 
CONTR>Y1 ! LESS !RE IS CONSUM$1 ! FA/] CAPITAL W\LD GR[4 

,?IS 0PRODUCTION = ! SAKE ( PRODUCTION0 MADE 
NO S5SE TO ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG - NOT BECAUSE %E WAS UNAW>E ( ! PR(IT MOTIVE ( CAPITALI/ 
PRODUCTION1 :I* CON/ANTLY /RIVES TO R$UCE ! WORK]S' %>E ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION1 
BUT BECAUSE %E C\LD NOT SEE H[ ! EXTRACT$ SURPLUS-VALUE C\LD BE REALIZ$ 9 MONEY 
=M 9 A M>KET COMPOS$ ONLY ( LABOR & CAPITAL1 SU* AS IS DEPICT$ 9 ! 
REPRODUCTION DIAGRAMS4 ,PRODUCTION HAS TO GO ?R\< ! CIRCULATION PROCESS4 ,IT />TS 
) MONEY1 9VE/$ 9 MEANS ( PRODUCTION & LABOR-P[]1 & IT 5DS ) A GREAT] 
AM\NT ( MONEY 9 ! H&S ( ! CAPITALI/S1 TO BE RE-9VE/$ 9 ANO!R PRODUCTION 
CYCLE4 ,:]E W\LD ?IS ADDITIONAL MONEY COME FROM8 ,9 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S VIEW1 IT C\LD NOT 
POSSIBLY COME FROM ! CAPITALI/S2 = IF IT DID1 !Y W\LD NOT BE RECIPI5TS ( 
SURPLUS-VALUE BUT W\LD PAY ) !IR [N MONEY = ITS COMMODITY EQUIVAL5T4 ,NEI!R 
C\LD IT COME FROM ! PUR*ASES ( ! WORK]S1 :O ONLY RECEIVE ! VALUE ( !IR LABOR 
P[]1 LEAV+ ! SURPLUS-VALUE 9 ITS COMMODITY =M TO ! CAPITALI/S4 ,TO MAKE ! 
SY/EM WORKABLE1 !RE MU/ BE A 0?IRD M>KET1' AP>T FROM ! EX*ANGE RELATIONS ( 
LABOR & CAPITAL1 9 :I* ! PRODUC$ SURPLUS-VALUE C\LD BE TRANS=M$ 9TO 
ADDITIONAL MONEY4 

,?IS ASPECT ( ! MATT] ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG F\ND MISS+ 9 
,M>X4 ,%E 9T5D$ TO CLOSE ! GAP & !RE) SUB/ANTIATE ,M>X'S CONVICTION ( 
CAPITALISM'S NECESS>Y COLLAPSE4 ,AL?\< ,! ,ACCUMULATION ( ,CAPITAL 
APPROA*ES ! REALIZATION PROBLEM HI/ORICALLY - />T+ ) CLASSICAL ECONOMY & 
5D+ ) ,TUGAN-,B>AN[SKY & HIS MANY IMITATORS - SO AS TO %[ ?AT ?IS PROBLEM HAS 
ALWAYS BE5 ! ,A*ILLES HEEL ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 H] [N SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM 
COMPRISES1 9 ESS5CE1 NO MORE ?AN A MISUND]/&+ ( ! RELATION BETWE5 MONEY & 
CAPITAL & A MISREAD+ ( ! ,M>XIAN TEXT4 ,AS %E PRES5TS MATT]S1 H[EV]1 EV]Y?+ 
SEEM+LY FALLS 9 ITS PROP] PLACE3 ! DIALECTICAL NATURE ( ! CAPITAL-EXPANSION 
PROCESS1 AS ONE M]G+ \T ( ! DE/RUCTION ( PRE-CAPITALI/ ECONOMIES2 ! NECESS>Y 
EXT5SION ( ?IS PROCESS TO ! WORLD AT L>GE1 AS ILLU/RAT$ BY ! CREATION ( ! 
WORLD M>KET & RAMPANT IMP]IALISM 9 SE>* ( M>KETS = ! REALIZATION ( 
SURPLUS-VALUE2 ! RESULT+ TRANS=MATION ( ! WORLD ECONOMY 9TO A SY/EM RESEMBL+ 
,M>X'S CLOS$ SY/EM ( ! REPRODUCTION DIAGRAM2 & !RE)1 F9ALLY1 ! 9EVITABLE 
COLLAPSE ( CAPITALISM = LACK ( OPPORTUNITIES TO REALIZE ITS SURPLUS-VALUE4 

,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG WAS C>RI$ AWAY BY ! LOGIC ( H] [N 
CON/RUCTION TO ! PO9T ( REVIS+ ,M>X MORE ?OR\<LY ?AN HAD BE5 DONE BY ! 
,REVISIONI/S 9 !IR CONCEPT ( A !ORETICALLY POSSIBLE H>MONI\S CAPITAL DEVELOPM5T1 
:I*1 = !M1 TURN$ SOCIALISM 9TO A PURELY E?ICAL PROBLEM & 9TO ONE ( SOCIAL 
RE=M BY POLITICAL MEANS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,M>XIAN REPRODUCTION DIAGRAMS1 IF READ 
AS A V]SION ( ,SAY'S ,LAW ( ! ID5TITY ( SUPPLY & DEM&1 HAD TO BE REJECT$4 ,LIKE 
H] ADV]S>IES1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG FAIL$ TO SEE ?AT !SE DIAGRAMS HAVE NO CONNECTION AT 
ALL ) ! QUE/ION ( ! VIABILITY ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 BUT >E M]ELY A 
ME?ODOLOGICALLY DET]M9$1 9T]M$I>Y /EP 9 ! ANALYSIS ( ! LAWS ( MOTION ( 
! CAPITALI/ SY/EM AS A :OLE1 :I* D]IVES ITS DYNAMIC FROM ! PRODUCTION ( 
SURPLUS-VALUE4 ,AL?\< CAPITALISM IS 9DE$ AFFLICT$ ) DIFFICULTIES 9 ! SPH]E ( 
CIRCULATION & !RE) 9 ! REALIZATION ( SURPLUS-VALUE1 IT IS NOT H]E ?AT ,M>X 
LOOK$ =1 OR F\ND1 ! KEY TO ! UND]/&+ ( CAPITALISM'S SUSCEPTIBILITY TO 
CRISES & TO ITS 9EVITABLE 5D4 ,EV5 ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT !RE EXI/S NO PROBLEM AT 
ALL ) REG>D TO ! REALIZATION ( SURPLUS-VALUE1 CAPITALISM F9DS ITS OBJECTIVE LIMITS 
9 ?OSE ( ! PRODUCTION ( SURPLUS-VALUE4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 CAPITALISM'S BASIC CONTRADICTION1 FROM 
:I* SPR+ ALL ITS O!R DIFFICULTIES1 IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! VALUE & SURPLUS-VALUE 
RELATIONS ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION4 ,IT IS ! PRODUCTION ( EX*ANGE-VALUE 9 ITS MONET>Y 
=M1 D]IV$ FROM ! USE-VALUE =M ( LABOR-P[]1 :I* PRODUCES1 BESIDES ITS [N 
EX*ANGE-VALUE EQUIVAL5T1 A SURPLUS-VALUE = ! CAPITALI/S4 ,! DRIVE = 
EX*ANGE-VALUE TURNS 9TO ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL1 :I* MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 A GR[? 
( CAPITAL 9V5T$ 9 MEANS ( PRODUCTION RELATIVELY FA/] ?AN ?AT 9VE/$ 9 
LABOR-P[]4 ,:ILE ?IS PROCESS EXP&S ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 ?R\< ! 9CREAS+ 
PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR ASSOCIAT$ ) IT1 IT ALSO T5DS TO R$UCE ! RATE ( PR(IT ON 
CAPITAL1 AS ?AT P>T ( CAPITAL 9VE/$ 9 LABOR-P[] - :I* IS ! ONLY S\RCE ( 
SURPLUS-VALUE - DIM9I%ES RELATIVE TO ! TOTAL SOCIAL CAPITAL4 ,?IS LONG & COMPLICAT$ 
PROCESS CANNOT BE DEALT ) SATISFACTORILY 9 ?IS %ORT >TICLE1 BUT MU/ AT LEA/ BE 
M5TION$ 9 ORD] TO DIFF]5TIATE ,M>X'S !ORY ( ACCUMULATION FROM ?AT ,ROSA 
,LUXEMBURG4 ,9 ,M>X'S AB/RACT MODEL ( CAPITAL DEVELOPM5T1 CAPITALI/ CRISES1 AS WELL AS 
! 9EVITABLE 5D ( ! SY/EM1 F9D !IR S\RCE 9 ! TEMPOR>Y OR1 F9ALLY1 TOTAL 
BREAKD[N 9 ! ACCUMULATION PROCESS DUE TO A LACK ( SURPLUS-VALUE OR PR(IT4 

,= ,M>X1 !N1 ! OBJECTIVE LIMITS ( CAPITALISM >E GIV5 
BY ! SOCIAL PRODUCTION RELATIONS AS VALUE RELATIONS1 :ILE = ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG CAPITALISM 
CANNOT EXI/ AT ALL1 EXCEPT ?R\< ! ABSORPTION ( ITS SURPLUS-VALUE BY PRO-CAPITALI/ 
ECONOMIES4 ,?IS IMPLIES ! ABSURDITY ?AT !SE BACKW>D NATIONS HAVE A SURPLUS 9 
MONET>Y =M L>GE 5\< TO ACCOMMODATE ! SURPLUS-VALUE ( ! CAPITALI/ICALLY 
ADVANC$ C\NTRIES4 ,BUT AS ALREADY M5TION$1 ?IS WRONG IDEA WAS ! UNREFLECT$ 
CONSEQU5CE ( ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S FALSE NOTION ?AT ! :OLE ( ! SURPLUS-VALUE1 
E>M>K$ = ACCUMULATION1 MU/ YIELD AN EQUIVAL5T 9 MONEY =M1 9 ORD] TO BE 
REALIZ$ AS CAPITAL4 ,ACTUALLY1 ( C\RSE1 CAPITAL TAKES ON ! =M ( MONEY AT TIMES & 
AT O!R TIMES ?AT ( COMMODITIES ( ALL DESCRIPTIONS - ALL BE+ EXPRESS$ 9 MONEY 
T]MS )\T SIMULTANE\SLY ASSUM+ ! MONEY =M4 ,ONLY A SMALL & DECREAS+ P>T ( 
! CAPITALI/ WEAL? HAS TO BE 9 MONEY =M2 ! L>G] P>T1 AL?\< EXPRESS$ 9 
T]MS ( MONEY1 REMA9S 9 ITS COMMODITY =M & AS SU* ALL[S = ! REALIZATION ( 
SURPLUS-VALUE AN ADDITIONAL CAPITAL4 

,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S !ORY WAS QUITE G5]ALLY REG>D$ AS AN 
AB]RATION & AN UNJU/IFI$ CRITICISM ( ,M>X4 ,YET H] CRITICS W]E JU/ AS F> REMOV$ 
FROM ,M>X'S POSITION AS WAS ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG H]SELF4 ,MO/ ( !ME CRITICS ADH]$ EI!R 
TO A CRUDE UND]CONSUMPTION !ORY1 A !ORY ( DISPROPORTIONALITY1 OR A COMB9ATION ( 
!M4 ,L591 = EXAMPLE - NOT TO SPEAK ( ! ,REVISIONI/S - SAW ! CAUSE = CRISES 9 
! DISPROPORTIONALITIES DUE TO ! AN>*IC *>ACT] ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 & 
M]ELY ADD$ TO ,TUGAN-,B>AN[SKY'S >GUM5TS ?AT ( ! UND]CONSUMPTION ( ! WORK]S4 
,BUT 9 ANY CASE HE DID NOT BELIEVE ?AT CAPITALISM WAS B\ND TO COLLAPSE BECAUSE ( ITS 
IMMAN5T CONTRADICTIONS4 ,IT WAS ONLY ) ! FIR/ WORLD W> & ! REVOLUTION>Y 
UPHEAVALS 9 ITS WAKE ?AT ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S !ORY F\ND A WID] RESPONSE 9 ! RADICAL 
SECTION ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,NOT SO MU*1 H[EV]1 BECAUSE ( H] P>TICUL> 
ANALYSIS ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION1 AS BECAUSE ( H] 9SI/5CE UPON ! OBJECTIVE LIMITS 
( CAPITALISM4 ,! IMP]IALI/IC W> GAVE H] !ORY SOME PLAUSIBILITY & ! 5D ( 
CAPITALISM SEEM$ 9DE$ ACTUALLY AT H&4 ,! COLLAPSE ( CAPITALISM BECAME ! 
REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY ( ! TIME & SUPPORT$ ! ABORTIVE ATTEMPTS TO TURN ! 
POLITICAL UPHEAVALS 9TO SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS4 

,( C\RSE1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S !ORY WAS NO LESS AB/RACT ?AN 
?AT ( ,M>X4 ,M>X'S HYPO!SIS ( A T5D5CY ( ! RATE ( PR(IT TO FALL C\LD NOT 
REVEAL AT :AT P>TICUL> PO9T 9 TIME IT W\LD NO LONG] BE POSSIBLE TO COMP5SATE = 
?IS FALL BY AN 9CREAS+ EXPLOITATION ( ! RELATIVELY DIM9I%+ NUMB] ( WORK]S1 
:I* W\LD 9CREASE ! MASS ( SURPLUS-VALUE SUFFICI5TLY TO MA9TA9 A RATE ( PR(IT 
ASSUR+ ! FUR!R EXPANSION ( CAPITAL4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG C\LD NOT SAY AT :AT 
TIME ! COMPLETION ( ! CAPITALIZATION ( ! WORLD W\LD EXCLUDE ! REALIZATION ( 
ITS SURPLUS-VALUE4 ,! \TW>D EXT5SION ( CAPITAL WAS ALSO ONLY A T5D5CY1 IMPLY+ A 
PROGRESSIVELY MORE DEVA/AT+ IMP]IALI/ COMPETITION = ! DIM9I%+ T]RITORIES 9 
:I* SURPLUS-VALUE C\LD BE REALIZ$4 ,! FACT ( IMP]IALISM %[$ ! PREC>I\SNESS 
( ! SY/EM1 :I* C\LD LEAD TO REVOLUTION>Y SITUATIONS LONG BE=E ITS OBJECTIVE 
LIMITS W]E REA*$4 ,= ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES1 !N1 BO? !ORIES ASSUM$ ! 
POSSIBILITY ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTIONS1 NOT BECAUSE ( ! LOGICAL \TCOME ( !IR AB/RACT 
MODELS ( DEVELOPM5T1 BUT BECAUSE !SE !ORIES PO9T$ UNMI/AKABLY TO ! 9CREAS+ 
DIFFICULTIES ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 :I* C\LD 9 ANY SEV]E CRISIS TRANS=M ! 
CLASS /RUGGLE 9TO A FI<T = ! ABOLITION ( CAPITALISM4 

,AL?\< UND\BT$LY ]RONE\S1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S !ORY 
RETA9$ A REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] BECAUSE1 LIKE ?AT ( ,M>X1 IT L$ TO ! CONCLUSION ( 
! HI/ORICAL UNT5ABILITY ( CAPITALISM4 ,AL?\< ) DUBI\S >GUM5TS1 %E 
NONE!LESS RE/OR$ - AGA9/ ,REVISIONISM1 ,RE=MISM1 & ,OPPORTUNISM - ! LO/ ,M>XIAN 
PROPOSITION ?AT CAPITALISM IS DOOM$ TO DISAPPE> BECAUSE ( ITS [N UNBRIDGEABLE 
CONTRADICTION & ?AT ?IS 5D1 ?\< OBJECTIVELY DET]M9$1 WILL BE BR\<T AB\T BY 
! REVOLUTION>Y ACTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,! OV]?R[ ( CAPITALISM W\LD MAKE ALL !ORIES ( ITS 
DEVELOPM5T R$UNDANT4 ,BUT :ILE ! SY/EM LA/S1 ! REALISM ( A !ORY MAY BE JUDG$ 
BY ITS [N P>TICUL> HI/ORY4 ,:]EAS ,M>X'S !ORY1 DESPITE ATTEMPTS MADE 9 ?IS 
DIRECTION1 CANNOT BE 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! BODY ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMIC ?\<T1 ,ROSA 
,LUXEMBURG'S !ORY HAS F\ND SOME RECOGNITION 9 B\RGEOIS !ORY1 ALBEIT 9 A V]Y 
DI/ORT$ =M4 ,) ! REJECTION BY B\RGEOIS ECONOMY ITSELF ( ! CONCEPTION ( ! 
M>KET AS AN EQUILIBRIUM ME*ANISM1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S !ORY F\ND A K9D ( ACCEPTANCE AS 
A PRECURSOR ( ,KEYNESIAN ECONOMICS4 ,H] WORK HAS BE5 9T]PRET$1 BY ,MI*AEL ,KALECKI.<#f.> & ,JOAN ,ROB9SON1.<#g.> = EXAMPLE1 AS A !ORY ( 'EFFECTIVE DEM&1' ! LACK ( :I* 
PRESUMABLY EXPLA9S ! RECURR5T CAPITALI/IC DIFFICULTIES4 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG IMAG9$ ?AT 
IMP]IALISM1 MILIT>ISM1 & PREP>ATION = W> AID$ 9 ! REALIZATION ( 
SURPLUS-VALUE1 VIA ! TRANSF] ( PUR*AS+ P[] FROM ! POPULATION AT L>GE TO ! 
H&S ( ! /ATE2 JU/ AS MOD]N ,KEYNESIANISM ATTEMPT$ TO REA* FULL EMPLOYM5T BY WAY 
( DEFICIT-F9ANC+ & MONET>Y MANIPULATIONS4 ,H[EV]1 :ILE IT 9 NO D\BT POSSIBLE1 
= A TIME1 TO A*IEVE FULL EMPLOYM5T 9 ?IS FA%ION1 IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO MA9TA9 
?IS /ATE ( BLISS1 AS ! LAWS ( MOTION ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION DEM& NOT A DIFF]5T 
DI/RIBUTION ( ! SURPLUS-VALUE BUT ITS CON/ANT 9CREASE4 ,! LACK ( EFFECTIVE DEM& 
IS ONLY ANO!R T]M = ! LACK ( ACCUMULATION1 AS ! DEM& REQUIR$ = PROSP]\S 
CONDITIONS IS BR\<T =? BY NO?+ O!R ?AN ! EXPANSION ( CAPITAL4 ,AT ANY RATE1 
! ACTUAL BANKRUPTCY ( ,KEYNESIANISM MAKES IT UNNECESS>Y TO KILL ?IS !ORY 
!ORETICALLY4 ,IT SUFFICES TO SAY ?AT ITS ABSURDITY %[S ITSELF 9 ! PRES5T-DAY 
UNRELIEV$ GR[? ( BO? UNEMPLOYM5T & 9FLATION4 

,:ILE ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG DID NOT F>E WELL ) H] !ORY ( 
ACCUMULATION1 %E WAS MORE SUCCESSFUL 9 H] CONSI/5T ,9T]NATIONALISM1 :I* WAS1 ( 
C\RSE1 CONNECT$ ) H] CONCEPT ( ACCUMULATION AS ! GLOBAL EXT5SION ( ! 
CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 H] VIEW1 IMP]IALI/ COMPETITION WAS RAPIDLY 
TRANS=M+ ! WORLD 9TO A CAPITALI/ WORLD & !REBY DEVELOP+ ! UNHAMP]$ 
CONFRONTATION ( LABOR & CAPITAL4 ,:]EAS ! RISE ( ! B\RGEOISIE CO9CID$ ) ! 
=MATION ( ! MOD]N NATION-/ATE1 CREAT+ ! IDEOLOGY ( NATIONALISM1 ! MATURITY 
& DECL9E ( CAPITALISM IMPLI$ ! IMP]IALI/IC '9T]NATIONALISM' ( ! B\RGEOISIE & !RE) ALSO ! 9T]NATIONALISM ( ! WORK+ CLASSES1 IF !Y W]E TO MAKE !IR CLASS /RUGGLES EFFECTIVE4 ,! RE=MI/ 9TEGRATION ( PROLET>IAN ASPIRATIONS 9TO ! 
CAPITALI/ SY/EM L$ TO SOCIAL-IMP]IALISM1 AS ! O!R SIDE ( ! NATIONALI/IC CO94 
,OBJECTIVELY1 !RE WAS NO?+ BEH9D ! FRANTICALLY GR[+ NATIONALISM BUT ! 
IMP]IALI/ IMP]ATIVE4 ,TO OPPOSE IMP]IALISM DEM&$1 !N A TOTAL REJECTION ( ALL 
=MS ( NATIONALISM1 EV5 ?AT ( ! VICTIMS ( IMP]IALI/ AGGRESSION4 ,NATIONALISM & 
IMP]IALISM W]E 9SEP>ABLE & HAD TO F\<T ) EQUAL F]VOR4 

,9 VIEW ( ! AT FIR/ COV]T BUT SOON OV]T 
SOCIAL-PATRIOTISM ( ! (FICIAL LABOR MOVEM5T1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S 9T]NATIONALISM 
REPRES5T$ ! LEFTW+ ( ?IS MOVEM5T - BUT NOT COMPLETELY4 ,9 A WAY1 IT WAS A 
G5]ALIZATION ( H] SPECIFIC EXP]I5CES 9 ! ,POLI% SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 :I* HAD 
BE5 SPLIT ON ! QUE/ION ( NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION4 ,AS WE ALREADY KN[ FROM H] 
WORK ON ! 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ,POL&1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG EXPECT$ A FULL 9TEGRATION 
( ! ,RUSSIAN & ,POLI% CAPITALISM & A CONSEQU5T UNIFICATION ( !IR RESPECTIVE 
SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS1 BO? AS A PRACTICAL & AS A PR9CIPL$ MATT]4 ,%E C\LD NOT 
CONCEIVE ( NATIONALLY ORI5T$ SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS & EV5 LESS ( A NATIONALLY 
RE/RICT$ SOCIALISM4 ,:AT WAS TRUE = ,RUSSIA & ,POL& ALSO HELD = ! WORLD AT 
L>GE2 NATIONAL FISSIONS HAD TO BE 5D$ 9 ! UNITY ( 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM4 

,! ,BOL%EVIK SECTION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY 
DID NOT %>E ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S /RICT 9T]NATIONALISM4 ,= ,L591 ! SUBJUGATION ( 
NATIONALITIES BY /RONG] CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES BR\<T ADDITIONAL CLEAVAGES 9TO ! 
BASIC SOCIAL FRICTIONS1 :I* C\LD1 P]HAPS1 BE TURN$ AGA9/ ! DOM9AT+ P[]S4 ,IT 
IS QUITE BESIDE ! PO9T1 TO CONSID] :E!R ,L59'S ADVOCACY ( ! 
SELF-DET]M9ATION ( NATIONS REFLECT$ A SUBJECTIVE CONVICTION1 OR DEMOCRATIC ATTITUDE1 
) REG>D TO SPECIAL NATIONAL NE$S & CULTURAL PECULI>ITIES1 OR WAS SIMPLY A 
REVULSION AGA9/ ALL =MS ( OPPRESSION4 ,L59 WAS1 FIR/ ( ALL1 A PRACTICAL 
POLITICIAN1 EV5 ?\< HE C\LD FULFILL ?IS ROLE ONLY AT A LATE H\R4 ,AS A PRACTICAL 
POLITICIAN1 HE REALIZ$ ?AT ! DIFF]5T NATIONALITIES )9 ! ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE 
PRES5T$ A /EADY ?REAT TO ! ,CZ>I/ REGIME4 

,TO BE SURE1 ,L59 WAS ALSO AN 9T]NATIONALI/ & SAW ! 
SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION 9 T]MS ( ! WORLD REVOLUTION4 ,BUT ?IS REVOLUTION HAD TO BEG9 
SOME:]E & HE ASSUM$ ?AT IT W\LD FIR/ BREAK ! WEAKE/ L9K 9 ! *A9 ( 
COMPET+ IMP]IALI/ P[]S4 ,9 ! ,RUSSIAN CONTEXT1 SUPPORT+ ! SELF-DET]M9ATION ( 
NATIONS1 UP TO ! PO9T ( SECESSION1 SUGGE/$ ! W9N+ ( 0ALLIES0 9 ANY 
ATTEMPT TO OV]?R[ ,CZ>ISM4 ,?IS /RATEGY WAS SUPPORT$ BY ! HOPE ?AT1 ONCE FREE1 ! 
DIFF]5T NATIONALITIES W\LD ELECT TO REMA9 )9 ! NEW ,RUSSIAN COMMONWEAL?1 EI!R 
\T ( SELF-9T]E/1 OR ?R\< ! URG+S ( !IR [N SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS4 

,UNTIL ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 H[EV]1 ?IS :OLE DISCUSSION 
>\ND ! NATIONAL QUE/ION REMA9$ PURELY ACADEMIC4 ,EV5 AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 ! 
GRANT+ ( SELF-DET]M9ATION TO ! V>I\S NATIONALITIES )9 ,RUSSIA WAS NOT V]Y 
MEAN+FUL1 = MO/ ( ! T]RITORIES 9VOLV$ W]E OCCUPI$ BY =EIGN P[]S4 ,/ILL1 
! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME CONT9U$ TO PRESS = SELF-DET]M9ATION 9 ORD] TO WEAK5 O!R 
IMP]IALI/ NATIONS1 P>TICUL>LY ,5GL&1 9 AN ATTEMPT TO FO/] COLONIAL REVOLUTIONS 
AGA9/ ,WE/]N CAPITALISM1 :I* ?REAT5$ TO DE/ROY ! ,BOL%EVIK /ATE4 

,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION F\ND ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 9 A ,G]MAN 
PRISON1 :]E %E REMA9$ UNTIL ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,G]MAN MON>*Y4 ,BUT %E WAS ABLE TO 
FOLL[ ! PROGRESS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,?\< DELI<T$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIK SEIZURE 
( P[]1 %E C\LD NOT ACCEPT ,L59'S POLICIES T[>DS ! PEASANTS & ) RESPECT TO 
! NATIONAL M9ORITIES4 ,9 BO? CASES %E WORRI$ NE$LESSLY4 ,AL?\< H] PR$ICTION 
?AT ! GRANT+ ( SELF-DET]M9ATION TO ! V>I\S NATIONALITIES )9 ,RUSSIA W\LD 
M]ELY SURR\ND ! NEW /ATE ) A CORDON ( REACTION>Y C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y 
C\NTRIES1 TURN$ \T TO BE CORRECT1 ?IS WAS SO ONLY = ! %ORT RUN4 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 
FAIL$ TO SEE ?AT IT WAS ! PR9CIPLE ( SELF-DET]M9ATION :I* DICTAT$ ,BOL%EVIK 
POLICY ) REG>D TO ! ,RUSSIAN NATIONALITIES1 ?AN ! =CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES OV] 
:I* ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD NO CONTROL4 ,AT ! FIR/ OPPORTUNITY !Y BEGAN :ITTL+ AWAY AT 
! SELF-DET]M9ATION ( NATIONS1 TO 5D BY 9CORPORAT+ ALL ! NEW 9DEP5D5T NATIONS 
9 A RE/OR$ ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE1 &1 9 ADDITION1 BY =G+ = !MSELVES SPH]ES ( 
9T]E/ 9 EXTRA-,RUSSIAN T]RITORIES4 

,ON ! /R5G? ( H] [N !ORY ( NATIONALISM & 
IMP]IALISM1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG %\LD HAVE REALIZ$ ?AT ,L59'S !ORY C\LD NOT BE 
ACTUALIZ$1 9 A WORLD ( COMPET+ IMP]IALI/ P[]S & W\LD1 MO/ PROBABLY1 NOT NE$ 
TO BE PUT 9TO PRACTICE %\LD CAPITALI/ BE BR\<T D[N BY AN 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION4 
,! DIS9TEGRATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE WAS NOT DUE TO OR AID$ BY ! PR9CIPLE ( 
SELF-DET]M9ATION1 BUT WAS EFFECT$ ?R\< ! LOSS ( ! W>2 AS IT WAS ! W9N+ ( 
ANO!R W>1 :I* L$ TO ! RECOV]Y ( PREVI\SLY LO/ T]RITORY & TO A REVIVAL ( 
,RUSSIAN IMP]IALISM4 ,CAPITALISM IS AN EXPANSIVE SY/EM & !RE=E NECESS>ILY 
IMP]IALI/IC4 ,IT IS ! CAPITALI/IC WAY ( OV]COM+ NATIONAL LIMITATIONS TO CAPITAL 
PRODUCTION & ITS C5TRALIZATION - ( GA9+1 OR SECUR+1 PRIVILEG$ OR DOM9AT+ 
POSITIONS )9 ! WORLD ECONOMY4 ,IT 9 ?US ALSO A DEF5SE AGA9/ ?IS G5]AL TR5D2 
BUT 9 ALL CASES1 IT IS ! 9ESCAPABLE RESULT ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION4 

,AS ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG PO9T$ \T1 ! CONTRADICTORY 
CAPITALI/ '9TEGRATION' ( ! WORLD ECONOMY CANNOT ALT] ! DOM9ATION ( WEAK] BY 
/RONG] NATIONS ?R\< ! LATT]'S CONTROL ( ! WORLD M>KET4 ,?IS SITUATION MAKES 
REAL NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE ILLUSORY4 ,:AT POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE CAN ACCOMPLI%1 AT BE/1 
IS NO MORE ?AN ! SUBJUGATION ( ! WORK]S UND] NATIVE 9/EAD ( 9T]NATIONAL 
CONTROL4 ,( C\RSE1 PROLET>IAN 9T]NATIONALISM CANNOT PREV5T1 NOR HAS IT REASON TO 
PREV5T1 MOVEM5TS = NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION )9 ! COLONIAL & IMP]IALI/IC 
CONTEXT4 ,!SE MOVEM5TS >E P>T ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY JU/ AN IMP]IALISM IS4 ,BUT TO 
'UTILIZE' !SE MOVEM5TS = SOCIALISM CAN ONLY MEAN TO TRY TO DEPRIVE !M ( !IR 
NATIONALI/ *>ACT] ?R\< A CONSI/5T 9T]NATIONALISM ON ! P>T ( ! SOCIALI/ 
MOVEM5T4 ,AL?\< OPPRESS$ PEOPLE HAVE ! SYMPA?Y ( ! SOCIALI/S1 IT DOES NOT 
RELATE TO !IR EM]G5T NATIONALISM BUT TO !IR P>TICUL> PLI<T AS TWICE-OPPRESS$ 
PEOPLE1 SUFF]+ FROM BO? NATIVE & =EIGN EXPLOITATION4 ,! SOCIALI/ TASK 9 ! 
5D+ ( CAPITALISM1 :I* 9CLUDES ! SUPPORT ( ANTI-IMP]IALI/ =CES2 NOT1 H[EV]1 
TO CREATE NEW CAPITALI/IC NATION-/ATES1 BUT TO MAKE !IR EM]G5CE MORE DIFFICULT1 OR 
IMPOSSIBLE1 ?R\< PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS 9 ! ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES4 

,! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME DECL>$ ITSELF SOCIALI/IC & BY ?AT 
TOK5 WAS TO 5D ALL DISCRIM9ATION ( NATIONAL M9ORITIES4 ,UND] SU* CONDITIONS1 
NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION WAS1 9 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S EYES1 NOT ONLY S5SELESS BUT AN 
9VITATION TO REVIVE1 VIA ! IDEOLOGY ( NATIONALISM1 ! CONDITIONS = A CAPITALI/ 
RE/ORATION4 ,9 H] VIEW1 ,L59 & ,TROTSKY MI/AK5LY SACRIFIC$ ! PR9CIPLE ( 
9T]NATIONALISM = MOM5T>Y TACTICAL ADVANTAGE4 ,:ILE P]HAPS UNAVOIDABLE1 IT %\LD 
NOT BE ELEVAT$ 9TO A SOCIALI/ VIRTUE4 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG WAS RI<T1 ( C\RSE1 9 NOT 
QUE/ION+ ! ,BOL%EVIK'S SUBJECTIVE S9C]ITY AS REG>DS ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SOCIALISM 
9 ,RUSSIA & ! FUR!R+ ( ! WORLD REVOLUTION4 ,%E H]SELF ?\<T IT POSSIBLE1 BY 
WAY ( A WE/W>D EXT5SION ( ! REVOLUTION1 TO DEFY ! OBJECTIVE UNRIP5ESS ( ,RUSSIA 
= A SOCIALI/ TRANS=MATION4 ,%E BLAM$ ! ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN SOCIALI/S1 & 9 P>TICUL> 
! ,G]MANS1 = ! DIFFICULTIES ! ,BOL%EVIKS 5C\NT]$1 :I* =C$ !M 9TO 
CONCESSIONS1 COMPROMISES1 & OPPORTUNI/ ACTIONS4 ,& %E ASSUM$ ?AT ! 
9T]NATIONALIZATION ( ! REVOLUTION W\LD DO AWAY ) ,L59'S NATIONALI/IC DEM&S 
& RESURRECT ! PR9CIPLE ( 9T]NATIONALISM 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 

,AS ! WORLD REVOLUTION DID NOT MAT]IALIZE1 ! NATION-/ATE 
REMA9$ ! FIELD ( OP]ATION = ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T AS WELL AS = ! CLASS 
/RUGGLE4 ,! 09T]NATIONALISM0 ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 UND] ,RUSSIAN 
DOM9ANCE1 S]V$ /RICTLY ,RUSSIAN /ATE 9T]E/S1 COV]$ UP BY ! IDEA ?AT ! 
DEF5SE ( ! FIR/ SOCIALI/ /ATE WAS A PR]EQUISITE = 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM4 ,LIKE 
NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION1 ?IS TYPE ( 09T]NATIONALISM0 WAS DESIGN$ TO 
WEAK5 ! ADV]S>IES ( ! NEW ,RUSSIAN /ATE4 ,AFT] #a#i#b1 H[EV]1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS NO 
LONG] EXPECT$ A RESUMPTION ( ! WORLD-REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 & SETTL$ D[N = ! 
CONSOLIDATION ( !IR [N REGIME4 ,!IR '9T]NATIONALISM' EXPRESS$ N[ !IR [N 
NATIONALISM1 JU/ AS ! ECONOMIC 9T]NATIONALISM ( ! B\RGEOISIE S]VES NO O!R 5D 
?AN ! 5RI*M5T ( NATIONALLY-ORGANIZ$ CAPITAL 5TITIES4 

,! RESULT ( ! SECOND WORLD W> & ITS AFT]MA? 5D$ ! COLONIALISM ( ! ,EUROPEAN P[]S & L$ TO ! =MATION ( NUM]\S '9DEP5D5T' 
NATIONS2 :ILE1 AT ! SAME TIME1 TWO GREAT P[] BLOCS EM]G$1 DOM9AT$ BY ! 
VICTORI\S NATIONS ,RUSSIA & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,)9 EA* BLOC !RE WAS NO REAL 
NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE BUT RA!R ! SUBORD9ATION ( ! NOM9ALLY SELF-DET]M9$ 
C\NTRIES TO ! IMP]IALI/IC REQUIREM5TS ( ! LEAD+ P[]S4 ,?IS SUBORD9ATION WAS 
5=C$ BY BO? ECONOMIC & POLITICAL MEANS & BY ! G5]AL NECESSITY TO ADAPT ! 
ECONOMIES & !RE) ! POLITICAL LIFE ( ! SATELLITE NATIONS TO ! REALITIES ( 
! CAPITALI/ WORLD M>KET4 

,= ! =M] COLONIES ?IS IMPLI$ A NEW =M ( 
SUBJUGATION & DEP5D5CE1 :I* F\ND ITS EXPRESSION 9 ! T]M NEOCOLONIALISM2 = 
! REBORN1 CAPITALI/ICALLY MORE-ADVANC$ NATIONS IT IMPLI$ ! DIRECT CONTROL ( !IR 
POLITICAL /RUCTURE ?R\< ! PROV5 ME?ODS ( MILIT>Y OCCUPATION & PUPPET 
GOV]NM5TS4 ,?IS SITUATION L$1 ( C\RSE1 TO NEW 0LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS0 NOT 
ONLY 9 ! CAPITALI/ BUT ALSO 9 ! SO-CALL$ SOCIALI/ CAMP1 PROVID+ ! PRO( ?AT 
!RE IS NO SU* ?+ AS NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION1 EI!R 9 ! M>KET-CONTROLL$ OR 
! /ATE-CONTROLL$ ECONOMIES4 

,?AT NATIONALISM IS REALLY A VEHICLE UPHOLD+ ! RUL+ 
CLASS WAS SOON MADE EVID5T 9 ALL LIB]AT$ NATIONS1 AS IT PROVID$ POLITICAL P>V5US 
) AN 9/RUM5T = !IR [N EM]G5CE AS NEW RUL+ CLASSES1 9 COLLABORATION ) 
! RUL+ CLASSES ( ! DOM9AT+ C\NTRIES4 ,:E!R !SE N[ RUL+ CLASSES ADH]E TO 
! 'FREE WORLD' OR TO ! AU?ORIT>IAN P>T ( ! WORLD1 9 EI!R CASE ! NATIONAL 
=M1 ON :I* !IR RULE 9 BAS$1 PRECLUDES ANY /OP T[>DS A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 
,:]EV] POSSIBLE1 !IR NATIONALISM IMPLIES A F]V5T1 EV5 IF M9IATURE1 IMP]IALISM1 
:I* SETS 'SOCIALI/ NATIONS' AGA9/ O!R NATIONS1 9CLUD+ O!R 'SOCIALI/ NATIONS4' 
,?US WE HAVE ! SORRY SPECTACLE ( A ?REAT5+ W> BETWE5 ! GREAT 'SOCIALI/ 
C\NTRIES' ,RUSSIA & ,*9A1 &1 ON A SMALL] SCALE1 ! OP5 W>F>E BETWE5 ',M>XI/' 
,E?IOPIA & 0,M>XI/' ,SOMALIA = ! CONTROL ( ,OGAD54 

,) SOME V>IATIONS1 ?IS /ORY CAN BE PROLONG$ ALMO/ 
5DLESSLY1 *>ACT]IZ+ ! PRES5T /ATE ( WORLD POLITICS1 9 :I* SMALL NATIONS ACT 
AS PROXIES = ! GREAT IMP]IALI/ P[]S1 OR FI<T ON !IR [N BEHALF1 ONLY TO FALL 
VICTIM TO ONE OR ANO!R P[] BLOC4 ,ALL ?IS SUB/ANTIATES ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S CONT5TION 
?AT ALL =MS ( NATIONALISM >E DETRIM5TAL TO SOCIALISM & ?AT ONLY A CONSI/5T 
9T]NATIONALISM CAN AID ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,?IS UNWAV]+ 
9T]NATIONALISM IS ONE ( H] GREATE/ CONTRIBUTIONS TO REVOLUTION>Y !ORY & PRACTICE 
& SETS H] F> AP>T FROM BO? ! SOCIAL-IMP]IALISM ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY & ! 
,BOL%EVIK OPPORTUNI/ CONCEPT ( WORLD REVOLUTION AS ADVOCAT$ BY ITS GREAT '/ATESMAN' 
,L594 

,LIKE ,L591 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG LOOK$ UPON ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION 
AS A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION :I*1 H[EV]1 DEP5D$ FULLY UPON 9T]NATIONAL EV5TS4 ,AT 
! TIME ?IS VIEW WAS %>$ BY ALL REVOLUTION>IES :E!R ,M>XI/ OR NOT4 ,AFT] ALL1 AS 
%E SAID1 BY SEIZ+ P[] ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD 0= ! FIR/ TIME PROCLAIM$ ! 
F9AL AIM ( SOCIALISM AS ! DIRECT PROGRAM ( PRACTICAL POLICIES0.<#h.> ,!Y HAD SOLV$ ! 0FAM\S PROBLEM ( W9N+ A MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE1 BY REVOLUTION>Y 
TACTICS ?AT L$ TO A MAJORITY1 9/EAD ( WAIT+ = ! LATT] TO EVOLVE A 
REVOLUTION>Y TACTIC40.<#i.> ,9 H] VIEW1 ,L59'S P>TY HAD GRASP$ ! TRUE 9T]E/S ( ! URBAN MASSES BY DEM&+ ALL P[] = ! ,SOVIETS 9 ORD] TO SECURE ! 
REVOLUTION4 ,/ILL1 ! AGR>IAN QUE/ION WAS ! AXIS ( ! REVOLUTION & H]E ! 
,BOL%EVIKS %[$ !MSELVES AS OPPORTUNI/IC 9 !IR POLICIES AS ) REG>D TO ! 
NATIONAL M9ORITIES4 

,9 PRE-REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIA ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD %>$ ) 
,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG ! ,M>XI/ POSITION ?AT ! L& MU/ BE NATIONALIZ$ AS A PR]EQUISITE 
= ! ORGANIZATION ( L>GE-SCALE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION 9 CON=MITY ) ! 
SOCIALIZATION ( 9DU/RY4 ,9 ORD] TO GA9 ! SUPPORT ( ! PEASANTS1 ,L59 AB&ON$ 
! ,M>XI/ AGRICULTURAL PROGRAM 9 FAVOR ( ?AT ( ! ,SOCIAL-,REVOLUTION>IES - ! HEIRS 
( ! OLD ,POPULI/ MOVEM5T4 ,AL?\< ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG RECOGNIZ$ ?IS TURNAB\T AS AN 
'EXCELL5T TACTIC1' = H] IT HAD NO?+ TO DO ) ! QUE/ = SOCIALISM4 ,PROP]TY 
RI<TS MU/ BE TURN$ OV] TO ! NATION1 OR ! /ATE1 = ONLY !N IS IT POSSIBLE TO 
ORGANIZE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ON A SOCIALI/IC BASE4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK SLOGAN 
0IMM$IATE SEIZURE & DI/RIBUTION ( ! L& BY ! PEASANTS0 WAS NOT A 
SOCIALI/ MEASURE1 BUT ONE :I*1 BY CREAT+ A NEW =M ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 CUT (F ! 
WAY TO SU* MEASURES4 0,! ,L59I/ AGR>IAN RE=M10 %E WROTE1 0HAS 
CREAT$ A N[ & P[]FUL LAY] ( POPUL> 5EMIES ( SOCIALISM 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 
5EMIES :OSE RESI/ANCE WILL BE MU* MORE DANG]\S & /UBBORN ?AN ?AT ( ! NOBLE 
L>GE L&[N]S40.<#a.> 

,?IS PROV$ TO BE A FACT1 HAMP]+ BO? ! RE/ORATION ( 
! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY & ! SOCIALIZATION ( 9DU/RY4 ,BUT1 AS 9 ! CASE ( NATIONAL 
SELF-DET]M9ATION1 H]E TOO ! SITUATION WAS DET]M9$ NOT BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS' POLICY 
BUT BY CIRCUM/ANCES BEYOND !IR CONTROL4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E PRISON]S ( ! PEASANT 
MOVEM5T2 !Y C\LD NOT HOLD P[] EXCEPT ) ITS PASSIVE SUPPORT1 & !Y C\LD NOT 
PROCE$ T[>DS SOCIALISM BECAUSE ( ! PEASANTS4 ,MOREOV]1 !IR SLY OPPORTUNISM DID NOT 
9ITIATE ! PEASANTS' SEIZURE ( ! L&1 BUT M]ELY RATIFI$ AN ACCOMPLI%$ FACT1 
9DEP5D5T ( !IR [N ATTITUDE4 ,:ILE O!R P>TIES HESITAT$ TO LEGALIZE ! 
EXPROPRIATION ( L&1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS FAVOR$ IT1 9 ORD] TO W9 ! SUPPORT ( ! 
PEASANTS & ?US TO CONSOLIDATE ! P[] !Y HAD WON BY A C\P D'ETAT 9 ! URBAN 
C5T]S4 ,!Y HOP$ TO MA9TA9 ?IS SUPPORT BY A POLICY ( L[ TAXATION1 :ILE ! 
PEASANTS REQUIR$ A GOV]NM5T :I* W\LD PREV5T A RETURN ( ! L&LORDS BY WAY ( 
C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 

,AS F> AS ! PEASANTS W]E CONC]N$1 ! REVOLUTION 
9VOLV$ ! EXT5SION ( PROP]TY RI<TS & WAS1 9 ?IS S5SE1 A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 
,IT C\LD ONLY LEAD TO A M>KET-ECONOMY & ! 5HANC$ CAPITALIZATION ( ,RUSSIA4 ,= ! 
9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 AS = ,L59 & ,LUXEMBURG1 IT WAS A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION EV5 AT 
?IS E>LY /AGE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,BUT AS ! 9DU/RIAL WORK+ CLASS =M$ 
ONLY A M9USCULE P>T ( ! POPULATION1 IT SEEM$ CLE> ?AT SOON] OR LAT] ! 
B\RGEOIS ELEM5T )9 ! REVOLUTION W\LD GA9 ! UPP] H&4 ,BOL%EVIK /ATE-P[] 
C\LD ONLY BE HOLD BY >BITRAT+ BETWE5 !SE CONTR>Y 9T]E/S BUT SUCCESS 9 ?IS 
5DEAVOR W\LD NEGATE BO? ! SOCIALI/ & ! B\RGEOIS ASPIRATIONS )9 ! 
REVOLUTION4 

,?IS WAS A SITUATION NOT =ESE5 BY ! ,M>XI/ MOVEM5T & 
NOT PR$ICTABLE 9 T]MS ( ,M>XIAN !ORY1 :I* HELD ?AT ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 
PRESUPPOSES A HI< CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T 9 :I* ! WORK+ CLASS F9DS ITSELF 9 ! 
MAJORITY & ?US ABLE TO DET]M9E ! C\RSE ( EV5TS4 ,:ILE ,L59 WAS NOT 9T]E/$ 
9 A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 EXCEPT AS A PRELIM9>Y TO A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION1 HE WAS A 
B\RGEOIS 9 ?AT HE WAS CONV9C$ ?AT IT WAS POSSIBLE TO *ANGE SOCIETY BY PURELY 
POLITICAL MEANS1 ?AT IS1 BY ! WILL ( A POLITICAL P>TY4 ,?IS IDEALI/IC REV]SAL ( 
,M>XISM1 ) CONSCI\SNESS DET]M9+ ! MAT]IAL DEVELOPM5T 9/EAD ( BE+ PRODUC$ 
BY IT1 IMPLI$ 9 PRACTICE NO MORE ?AN A COPY+ ( ! ,CZ>I/ REGIME ITSELF1 9 :I* 
! AUTOCRACY HAD RUL$ OV] ! :OLE ( SOCIETY4 ,9 FACT1 ,L59 9SI/$ ?AT IF ! 
,CZ> C\LD GOV]N ,RUSSIA ) ! AID ( A BUREAUCRACY ( A FEW HUNDR$ ?\S& M51 ! 
,BOL%EVIKS %\LD BE ABLE TO DO LIKEWISE & BETT] ) A ,P>TY EXCE$+ ?IS NUMB]4 ,9 
ANY CASE1 ONCE 9 P[] ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD NO *OICE BUT TO TRY TO MA9TA9 IT 9 ORD] TO 
DEF5D !IR %E] EXI/5CE4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( TIME !RE EM]G$ A /ATE APP>ATUS :I* 
TOOK UPON ITSELF ! AU?ORIT>IAN CONTROL NOT ONLY ( ! POPULATION BUT ALSO ( ECONOMIC 
DEVELOPM5T1 BY TURN+ PRIVATE PROP]TY 9TO /ATE PROP]TY )\T *ANG+ ! SOCIAL 
RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION - ?AT IS1 BY MA9TA9+ ! CAPITAL-LABOR RELATIONS ?AT ALL[ 
= ! EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,?IS NEW TYPE ( CAPITALISM - PROP]LY CALL$ 
/ATE-CAPITALISM - P]SI/S TO ! PRES5T DAY 9 ! IDEOLOGICAL DRESS ( 
'SOCIALISM40 

,9 #a#i#a#h1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG C\LD NOT 5VISION ?IS DEVELOPM5T1 
AS IT LAY \TSIDE ( ALL ,M>XI/ ASSUMPTIONS4 ,= H]1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E MAK+ V>I\S 
MI/AKES1 :I* MI<T 5DANG] !IR SOCIALI/ GOAL4 ,& IF !SE MI/AKES W]E 
UNAVOIDABLE )9 ! CONTEXT ( ! ISOLAT$ ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 !Y %\LD NOT BE 
G5]ALIZ$ 9TO A REVOLUTION>Y TACTIC = TIMES TO COME & = ALL NATIONS TO FOLL[4 
,H[EV] HELPLESSLY1 %E OPPOS$ ! ,RUSSIAN REALITY ) ,M>XIAN PR9CIPLES1 SO AS AT 
LEA/ TO SAVE ! ,M>XIAN !ORY4 ,BAT IT WAS ALL 9 VA91 = IT TURN$ \T ?AT 
PRIVATE-P>TY CAPITALISM IS NOT NECESS>ILY FOLL[$ BY A SOCIALI/ REGIME1 BUT C\LD BE 
TRANS=M$ 9TO A /ATE-CONTROLL$ CAPITALISM1 :]E9 ! OLD B\RGEOISIE WAS REPLAC$ 
BY A NEW RUL+ CLASS1 :OSE P[] IS BAS$ ON ITS COLLECTIVE CONTROL ( ! /ATE & ! 
MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,%E KNEW AS LITTLE AS ,L59 H[ TO GO AB\T BUILD+ A SOCIALI/ 
SOCIETY1 BUT :ILE ! LATT] PROCE$$ PRAGMATICALLY FROM ! EXP]I5CES ( W>TIME 
/ATE-CONTROLS ( CAPITALI/ NATIONS & 5VISION$ SOCIALISM AS ! /ATE-MONOPOLY OV] 
ALL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG P]SI/$ 9 PROCLAIM+ ?AT SU* A /ATE ( 
AFFAIRS C\LD NOT EMANCIPATE ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,%E C\LD NOT IMAG9E ?AT ! EM]G+ 
,BOL%EVIK SOCIETY REPRES5T$ A HI/ORICALLY NEW SOCIAL =MATION1 BUT SAW 9 IT NO MORE 
?AN A FALSE APPLICATION ( SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLES4 ,& ?US %E FE>$ A POSSIBLE 
RE/ORATION ( CAPITALISM BY WAY ( ! AGR>IAN RE=MS ( ,BOL%EVISM4 

,AS IT TURN$ \T1 ! AGR>IAN QUE/ION AGITAT$ ! 
,BOL%EVIK /ATE UNCEAS+LY1 F9ALLY LEAD+ TO ! COMPULSORY COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! 
PEASANTRY AS AN 9-BETWE5 SOLUTION BETWE5 PRIVATE-PROP]TY RELATIONS ON ! L& & ! 
NATIONALIZATION ( AGRICULTURE4 ,?IS WAS NO REAL REPUDIATION ( ,L59'S PEASANT POLICIES1 
:I* HAD BE5 BAS$ ON NECESSITY1 NOT ON CONVICTION4 ,EXCEPT ON PAP]1 ,L59 SIMPLY DID 
NOT D>E TO NATIONALIZE ! L&1 & ,/AL9 DID NOT D>E MORE ?AN ! =C$ 
COLLECTIVIZATIONS ( ! PEASANTS1 9 ORD] TO 9CREASE !IR PRODUCTION & EXPLOITATION1 
)\T DEPRIV+ !M ( ALL PRIVATE 9ITIATIVE4 ,EV5 SO1 ?IS WAS A FRI<TFUL 
UND]TAK+ :I* ALMO/ DE/ROY$1 ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME4 ,IF ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG WAS RI<T 
AGA9/ ,L59 ) RESPECT TO ! PEASANT QUE/ION1 H] >GUM5TS W]E NONE!LESS BESIDE 
! PO9T1 = IT WAS JU/ A QUE/ION ( TIME1 & ( ! /R5G? ( ! /ATE APP>ATUS 
BE=E ! PEASANTS W\LD LOSE !IR NEWLY-WON RELATIVE 9DEP5D5CE & FALL ONCE MORE 
UND] ! CONTROL ( AN AU?ORIT>IAN REGIME4 

,IT %\LD HAVE BE5 EVID5T FROM ,L59'S CONCEPT ( ! P>TY 
& ITS ROLE 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS ?AT1 ONCE 9 P[]1 ?IS P>TY C\LD ONLY 
FUNCTION 9 A DICTATORIAL WAY4 ,QUITE AP>T FROM ! SPECIFIC ,RUSSIAN CONDITIONS1 ! IDEA 
( ! P>TY AS ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION CLE>LY RELEGAT$ ALL 
DECISION-MAK+ P[] 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,BOL%EVIK /ATE APP>ATUS4 ,?IS G5]AL 
ASSUMPTION F\ND AN EV5 %>P] ACC5TUATION 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 DIVID$1 AS IT 
WAS1 9 ITS B\RGEOIS & PROLET>IAN ASPIRATIONS4 ,IF ! PROLET>IAT WAS NOT ABLE1 
ACCORD+ TO ,L591 TO DEVELOP MORE ?AN A TRADE-UNION CONSCI\SNESS 7?AT IS1 TO FI<T 
= ITS 9T]E/S )9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM7 IT W\LD C]TA9LY BE EV5 MORE UNABLE TO 
REALIZE SOCIALISM1 :I* PRESUPPOSES AN IDEOLOGICAL BREAK ) ALL ITS PREVI\S 
EXP]I5CE4 ,E*O+ ,K>L ,KAUTSKY1 ,L59 WAS CONV9C$ ?AT SOCIALI/ CONSCI\SNESS HAD TO 
BE BR\<T TO ! PROLET>IAT FROM ! \TSIDE1 ?R\< ! KN[L$GE ( ! $UCAT$ 
MIDDLE CLASS4 ,! P>TY WAS ! ORGANIZATION ( ! SOCIALI/ 9TELLIG5TSIA1 REPRES5T+ 
REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS = ! PROLET>IAT1 EV5 ?\< IT MI<T ALSO 9CLUDE 
A SPR9KL+ ( 9TELLIG5T WORK]S 9 ITS RANKS4 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y ?AT !SE SPECIALI/S 
9 REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS BECOME ! MA/]S ( ! SOCIALI/ /ATE1 IF ONLY TO PREV5T 
! DEFEAT ( ! WORK+ CLASS ?R\< ITS [N IGNORANCE4 ,& AS ! P>TY WAS TO LEAD 
! PROLET>IAT1 SO ! LEAD]%IP ( ! P>TY WAS TO LEAD ITS MEMB]S BY WAY ( A 
SEMI-MILIT>I/IC C5TRALIZATION4 

,IT WAS ?IS >ROGANT ATTITUDE ( ,L591 PRESS$ UPON HIS 
P>TY1 :I* MADE ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG QUITE W>Y AB\T ! POSSIBLE \TCOME ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS' 
SEIZURE ( P[]4 ,ALREADY 9 #aid %E HAD ATTACK$ ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY CONCEPT = BO? 
ITS >TIFICIAL SEP>ATION ( A REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>D FROM ! MASS ( ! WORK]S & = 
ITS ULTRA-C5TRALIZATION 9 G5]AL1 AS WELL AS 9 P>TY AFFAIRS 9 P>TICUL>4 
0,NO?+ WILL MORE SURELY 5?RALL$ A Y\NG LABOR MOVEM5T TO AN 9TELLECTUAL ELITE 
HUNGRY = P[]10 %E WROTE1 ?AN ?IS BUREAUCRATIC /RAIT-JACKET1 :I* WILL 
IMMOBILIZE ! MOVEM5T & TURN IT 9TO AN AUTOMATON MANIPULAT$ ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE4 7#a#a7 
,BY D5Y+ ! REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] ( ,L59'S P>TY CONCEPT1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG PREFIGUR$ 
! ACTUAL C\RSE ( ,BOL%EVIK RULE D[N TO ! PRES5T DAY4 ,TO BE SURE1 H] 9DICTM5T ( 
,L59'S ORGANIZATIONAL IDEAS WAS BAS$ ON !IR CONFRONTATION ) ! ORGANIZATIONAL 
/RUCTURE ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 :I*1 ?\< HI<LY C5TRALIZ$1 ASPIR$ TO A 
BROAD MASS BASIS = ITS EVOLUTION>Y WORK4 ,?IS P>TY DID NOT ?9K 9 T]MS ( SEIZ+ 
P[]1 BUT WAS SATISFI$ ) ITS ELECTORAL SUCCESSES & ! SPREAD+ ( ! SOCIALI/ 
IDEOLOGY AS A BASIS = ITS3 GR[?4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG NOT BELIEVE ?AT ANY TYPE 
( P>TY C\LD BR+ AB\T A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 ,! P>TY C\LD ONLY BE AN AID TO 
REVOLUTION1 :I* REMA9$ ! PRIVILEGE & REQUIR$ ! ACTIVITIES ( ! :OLE WORK+ 
CLASS4 ,%E DID NOT SEE ! SOCIALI/ P>TY AS AN 9DEP5D5T ORGANIZ] ( ! PROLET>IAT1 
BUT AS P>T ( IT1 ) NO FUNCTIONS OR 9T]E/S DIFF]+ FROM ?OSE ( ! WORK+ 
CLASS4 

,) ?IS CONVICTION1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG WAS ONLY TRUE TO H]SELF 
& TO ,M>XISM :5 %E RAIS$ H] VOICE AGA9/ ! DICTATORIAL POLICIES ( ! ,BOL%EVIK 
P>TY4 ,AL?\< ?IS P>TY REA*$ ITS DOM9AT+ POSITION VIA ! DEMAGOGIC DEM& = 
! SOLE RULE ( ! ,SOVIETS1 IT HAD NO 9T5TION ( DELEGAT+ ANY P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS1 
EXCEPT1 P]HAPS1 :]E !Y W]E COMPOS$ ( ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 
,PETROGRAD & A FEW O!R CITIES HELD A MAJORITY ( ! ,SOVIETS1 BUT ?IS SITUATION MI<T 
*ANGE AGA9 & RETURN ! P>TY TO ! M9ORITY POSITION IT HAD HELD DUR+ ! FIR/ 
MON?S AFT] ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS DID NOT LOOK UPON ! SOVIETS AS 
ORGANS ( AN EM]G+ SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 BUT SAW 9 !M NO MORE ?AN A VEHICLE = ! 
=MATION ( A ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T4 ,ALREADY 9 #a#i#e1 :I* SAW-! FIR/ RISE ( ! 
,SOVIETS1 ,L59 RECOGNIZ$ !IR REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL1 :I*1 H[EV]1 GAVE HIM ONLY ONE 
MORE REASON TO /R5G!N HIS [N P>TY & PREP>E IT = ! RE9S ( GOV]NM5T4 ,TO 
,L591 ! LAT5T REVOLUTION>Y P[] ( ! ,SOVIET =M ( ORGANIZATION DID NOT *ANGE 
ITS SPONTANE\S NATURE1 :I* IMPLI$ ! DANG] ( ! DISSIPATION ( ?IS P[] 
9 FRUITLESS ACTIVITIES4 ,AL?\< A P>T ( SOCIAL REALITY1 SPONTANE\S MOVEM5TS C\LD1 
9 ,L59'S VIEW1 AT BE/ SUPPORT BUT NEV] SUPPLANT A GOAL-DIRECT$ P>TY4 ,9 ,OCTOB] 
#a#i#a#g1 ! QUE/ION = ! ,BOL%EVIKS WAS NOT ONE ( *OOS+ BETWE5 ,SOVIET- & 
P>TY-RULE1 BUT BETWE5 ! LATT] & ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY4 ,AS !RE WAS NO *ANCE ( 
W9N+ A MAJORITY 9 ! ,ASSEMBLY & ?US GA9+ ! IT WAS NECESS>Y TO DISP5SE ) 
REALIZE ! P>TY DICTATOR%IP 9 ! PROLET>IAT4 

,AL?\< ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG HELD ?AT 9 ONE FA%ION OR ANO!R 
! :OLE MASS ( PEOPLE MU/ TAKE P>T 9 ! CON/RUCTION ( SOCIALISM1 %E DID NOT 
RECOGNIZE ! SOVIETS AS TYPIFY+ ! ORGANIZATIONAL =M :I* W\LD MAKE ?IS POSSIBLE4 
,IMPRESS$ AS %E WAS 9 #aie BY ! GREAT MASS-/RIKES TAK+ PLACE 9 ,RUSSIA1 %E PAID 
LITTLE ATT5TION TO !IR SOVIET =M ( ORGANIZATION4 ,9 H] EYES1 ! SOVIETS W]E 
M]ELY /RIKE COMMITTEES 9 ! ABS5CE ( O!R MORE P]MAN5T LABOR ORGANIZATIONS4 ,EV5 
AFT] ! #aiag ,REVOLUTION %E FELT ?AT 0! PRACTICAL REALIZATION ( SOCIALISM & 
AN ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL & JURIDICAL SY/EM IS SOME?+ :I* LIES COMPLETELY HIDD5 9 ! 
MI/S ( ! FUTURE40.<#a#b.> ,ONLY ! G5]AL DIRECTION 9 :I* TO MOVE WAS KN[N1 NOT 
! DETAIL$ CONCRETE /EPS ?AT HAD TO BE TAK5 TO CONSOLIDATE & DEVELOP ! NEW 
SOCIETY4 ,SOCIALISM C\LD NOT BE D]IV$ FROM READY-MADE PLANS & REALIZ$ BY GOV]NM5TAL 
DECREE4 ,!RE MU/ BE ! WIDE/ P>TICIPATION ON ! P>T ( ! WORK]S1 ?AT IS1 A REAL 
DEMOCRACY1 & IT WAS PRECISELY ?IS DEMOCRACY :I* ALONE C\LD BE DESIGNAT$ AS ! 
DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,A P>TY-DICTATOR%IP WAS = H] NO MORE ?AN 0A 
DICTATOR%IP 9 ! B\RGEOIS S5SE1 9 ! S5SE ( ! RULE ( ! ,JACOB9S40.<#a#c.> 

,ALL ?IS IS UND\BT$LY TRUE1 ON ! G5]AL LEVEL1 BUT ! 
B\RGEOIS *>ACT] ( ,BOL%EVIK RULE REFLECT$ - IDEOLOGICALLY AS WELL AS PRACTICALLY - ! 
OBJECTIVELY NON-SOCIALI/IC NATURE ( ?IS P>TICUL> REVOLUTION1 :I* SIMPLY C\LD NOT 
PROCE$ FROM ! QUASI-FEUDAL CONDITIONS ( ,CZ>ISM TO A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,IT WAS A SORT 
( 'B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION' )\T ! B\RGEOISIE1 AS IT WAS A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 
)\T A SUFFICI5TLY L>GE PROLET>IAT3 A REVOLUTION 9 :I* ! HI/ORICAL FUNCTIONS 
( ! B\RGEOISIE W]E TAK5 UP BY AN APP>5TLY ANTI-B\RGEOIS P>TY BY MEANS ( ITS 
ASSUMPTION ( POLITICAL P[]4 ,UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 ! REVOLUTION>Y CONT5T ( 
,WE/]N M>XISM WAS NOT APPLICABLE1 NOT EV5 9 A MODIFI$ =M4 ,?IS MAY EXPLA9 ! 
VACUITY ( ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S >GUM5TS AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 H] COMPLA9TS AB\T !IR 
DISRESPECT = ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY & !IR T]RORI/IC ACTS AGA9/ ALL OPPOSITION 
:E!R FROM ! RI<T OR ! LEFT4 ,H] [N SUGGE/IONS AS H[ TO GO AB\T ) ! 
BUILD+ ( SOCIALISM1 H[EV] CORRECT & PRAISEWOR?Y1 W\LD NOT FIT 9 ) A 
,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 :I* IS ITSELF A B\RGEOIS 9/ITUTION4 ,H] TOL]ANCE T[>DS ALL 
PO9TS ( VIEW & !IR WI%ES TO EXPRESS !MSELVES 9 ORD] TO 9FLU5CE ! C\RSE ( 
EV5TS1 CANNOT BE REALIZ$ UND] CIVIL-W> CONDITIONS4 ,! CON/RUCTION ( SOCIALISM 
CANNOT BE LEFT TO A LEISURELY TRIAL-&-]ROR ME?OD BY :I* ! FUTURE MAY BE DISC]N$ 
9 ! 'MI/S' ( ! PRES5T1 BUT IS DICTAT$ BY CURR5T NECESSITIES ?AT CALL = 
DEF9ITE ACTIONS4 

,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S LACK ( REALISM ) REG>D TO ,BOL%EVISM 
& ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION MAY BE TRAC$ TO AMBIGUITIES ( H] [N4 ,ON ! ONE H& %E 
WAS A SOCIAL DEMOCRAT & ON ! O!R A REVOLUTION>Y1 AT A TIME :5 BO? POSITIONS HAD 
FALL5 AP>T4 ,%E LOOK$ UPON ,RUSSIA ) SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC EYES & UPON ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY 
) REVOLUTION>Y EYES2 :AT %E DESIR$ WAS A REVOLUTION>Y-,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 
,ALREADY 9 H] FAM\S DEBATE ) ,$U>D ,B]N/E91.<#a#d.> %E REFUS$ TO *OOSE BETWE5 
RE=M & REVOLUTION BUT 5DEAVOR$ TO COMB9E BO? ACTIVITIES 9 DIALECTICAL FA%ION 9 
ONE & ! SAME POLICY4 ,9 H] VIEW1 IT WAS POSSIBLE TO WAGE ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 BO? 
! P>LIAM5T & 9 ! /REETS1 NOT ONLY ?R\< ! P>TY & ! TRADE-UNIONS BUT 
) ! UNORGANIZ$ AS WELL4 ,! LEGAL FOO?OLD GA9$ )9 B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY WAS TO 
BE SECUR$ BY ! DIRECT ACTIONS ( ! MASSES 9 !IR EV]YDAY WAGE /RUGGLES4 ,IT WAS 
! MASSES' ACTIONS1 H[EV]1 :I* W]E MO/ IMPORTANT1 AS !Y 9CREAS$ ! MASSES' 
AW>5ESS ( !IR CLASS POSITION & !REBY !IR REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS4 ,! 
DIRECT /RUGGLE ( ! WORK]S AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/S WAS ! REAL 'S*OOL ( SOCIALISM4' 
,9 ! SPREAD+ ( MASS-/RIKES1 9 :I* ! WORK]S ACT$ AS A CLASS1 %E SAW 
! NECESS>Y PRECONDITION = ! COM+ REVOLUTION1 :I* W\LD TOPPLE ! B\RGEOISIE 
& 9/ALL GOV]NM5TS SUPPORT$ & CONTROLL$ BY ! MATURE CLASS - CONSCI\S 
PROLET>IAT40 

,UNTIL ! \TBREAK ( ! FIR/ WORLD W>1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG DID 
NOT FULLY COMPREH5D ! TRUE NATURE ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,!RE WAS A RI<T W+1 A 
C5T]1 & A LEFT W+1 ,LIEBKNE*T & ,LUXEMBURG REPRES5T+ ! LATT]4 ,!RE WAS AN 
IDEOLOGICAL /RUGGLE BETWE5 !SE T5D5CIES1 TOL]AT$ BY ! P>TY BUREAUCRACY BECAUSE 
IT REMA9$ PURELY IDEOLOGICAL4 ,! PRACTICE ( ! P>TY WAS RE=MI/ & OPPORTUNI/IC1 
UNT\*$ BY ! LEFT-W+ RHETORIC1 IF NOT 9DIRECTLY AID$ BY IT4 ,BUT !RE WAS ! 
ILLUSION ?AT ! P>TY C\LD BE *ANG$ & RE/OR$ TO ! REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] ( 
ITS ORIG9S4 ,SUGGE/IONS TO SPLIT ! P>TY W]E REJECT$ BY ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 :O FE>$ TO 
LOSE CONTACT ) ! BULK ( ! SOCIALI/ WORK]S4 ,H] CONFID5CE 9 !SE WORK]S WAS 
NOT AFFECT$ BY H] LACK ( CONFID5CE 9 !IR LEAD]S4 ,%E WAS ?US MORE ?AN SURPRIS$ 
?AT ! SOCIAL-*AUV9ISM DISPLAY$ 9 #aiad UNIT$ LEAD]S & L$ AGA9/ ! P>TY'S 
LEFT4 ,EV5 SO1 %E WAS NOT READY TO LEAVE ! P>TY UNTIL ITS SPLIT 9 #aiag ON ! ISSUE 
( W> AIMS1 :I* L$ TO ! =MATION ( ! ,9DEP5D5T ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 7,U,S,P,D71 9 
:I* ! ,SP>TACUS ,LEAGUE1 COMPOS$ ( A CIRCLE ( PEOPLE >\ND ,LIEBKNE*T1 ,LUXEMBURG1 
,MEHR+1 & ,JOGI*ES1 =M$ A SMALL FACTION4 ,9 SO F> AS ?IS FACTION 5GAG$ 9 
9DEP5D5T ACTIVITIES1 !SE W]E A MATT] ( PROPAG&A AGA9/ ! W> & ! 
CLASS-COLLABORATIONI/ POLICIES ( ! OLD P>TY4 ,ONLY NE> ! 5D ( #aiah DID ,ROSA 
,LUXEMBURG RECOGNIZE ! NE$ = A NEW REVOLUTION>Y P>TY & A NEW ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION ( #aiah WAS NOT ! PRODUCT ( ANY 
LEFT-W+ ORGANIZATION1 ?\< MEMB]S ( ALL ORGANIZATIONS PLAY$ V>I\S P>TS 9 IT4 ,IT 
WAS A /RICTLY POLITICAL UPHEAVAL TO 5D ! W> & TO REMOVE ! MON>*Y HELD 
RESPONSIBLE = IT4 ,IT OCCURR$ AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! ,G]MAN MILIT>Y DEFEAT & WAS NOT 
S]I\SLY OPPOS$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE & ! MILIT>Y1 = IT ALL[$ !M TO PLACE ! 
ONUS ( ! DEFEAT UPON ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,?IS REVOLUTION BR\<T ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY 
9TO ! GOV]NM5T1 :I* !N PROCE$$ TO ALLY ITSELF ) ! MILIT>Y1 9 ORD] TO 
CRU% ANY ATTEMPT TO TURN ! POLITICAL 9TO A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,/ILL UND] ! AWAY ( 
TRADITION & ! OLD RE=MI/ IDEOLOGY1 ! MAJORITY ( ! SPONTANE\SLY->IS+ 
WORK]S' & SOLDI]S' C\NCILS SUPPORT$ ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T & DECL>$ 
!IR READ9ESS TO ABDICATE 9 FAVOR ( A ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY )9 ! FRAME ( B\RGEOIS 
DEMOCRACY4 ,?IS REVOLUTION1 IT HAS BE5 APTLY SAID1 0WAS A ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC 
REVOLUTION1 SUPPRESS$ BY ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC LEAD]S3 A PROCESS H>DLY P>ALLEL$ 9 
! HI/ORY ( ! WORLD40.<#a#f.> ,!RE WAS ALSO A REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITY1 TO BE SURE1 
ADVOCAT+ & FI<T+ = ! =MATION ( A SOCIAL SY/EM ( WORK]S' C\NCILS AS A 
P]MAN5T 9/ITUTION2 BUT ?IS WAS SOON SY/EMATICALLY SUBDU$ BY ! MILIT>Y =CES 
>RAY$ AGA9/ IT4 ,TO ORGANIZE ?IS REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITY = SU/A9$ ACTIONS1 ! 
,SP>TACUS ,LEAGUE1 9 COLLABORATION ) O!R REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS1 TRANS=M$ ITSELF 
9TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,G]MANY4 ,ITS PROGRAM WAS WRITT5 BY ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG4 

,ALREADY AT ITS F\ND+ CONGRESS1 IT BECAME CLE> ?AT ! 
NEW P>TY WAS 9T]NALLY SPLIT4 ,EV5 AT ?IS LATE H\R ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG WAS NOT ABLE TO 
BREAK TOTALLY ) SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC TRADITIONS4 ,AL?\< %E DECL>$ ?AT ! TIME = A 
M9IMUM PROGRAM %ORT ( SOCIALISM HAD PASS$1 %E /ILL ADH]$ TO ! POLITICS ( ! 
D\BLE P]SPECTIVE1 ?AT 91 TO ! VIEW ?AT ! UNC]TA9TY ( AN E>LY PROLET>IAN 
REVOLUTION DEM&$ ! CONSID]ATION ( POLICIES DEF9$ )9 ! GIV51 SOCIAL 
9/ITUTIONS & ORGANIZATIONS4 ,9 PRACTICE ?IS MEANT P>TICIPATION 9 ! ,NATIONAL 
,ASSEMBLY & 9 TRADE UNIONS4 ,H[EV]1 ! MAJORITY ( ! CONGRESS VOT$ 9 FAVOR ( 
ANTI-P>LIAM5T>ISM & = A /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,AL?\< RELUCTANTLY1 
,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG B[$ TO ?IS DECISION & WROTE & ACT$ 9 ITS SPIRIT4 ,AS %E WAS 
MURD]$ ONLY TWO WEEKS LAT]1 IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO SAY :E!R OR NOT %E W\LD HAVE 
/UCK TO ?IS POSITION4 ,9 ANY CAGE1 5C\RAG$ BY ,L591 VIA HIS EMISS>Y ,RADEK1 H] 
DISCIPLES SOON SPLIT ! NEW P>TY & M]G$ ITS P>LIAM5T>Y SECTION ) A P>T ( ! 
,9DEP5D5T ,SOCIALI/S TO =M A 0TRULY ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY20 ?IS TIME1 H[EV]1 AS 
A MASS-ORGANIZATION 9 ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC S5SE1 COMPET+ ) ! OLD ,SOCIAL 
,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY = ! ALLEGIANCE ( ! WORK]S1 9 ORD] TO =GE AN 9/RUM5T = 
! DEF5SE ( ,BOL%EVIK ,RUSSIA4 

,BUT ALL ?IS IS HI/ORY4 ,! FAIL$ REVOLUTIONS 9 ,C5TRAL 
,EUROPE1 & ! /ATE-CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T 9 ,RUSSIA1 OV]CAME ! POLITICAL CRISIS ( 
CAPITALISM ?AT FOLL[$ ! FIR/ WORLD W>4 ,ITS ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES W]E NOT SO 
OV]COME1 & L$-TO A N[ WORLD-WIDE CRISIS & ! SECOND WORLD W>4 ,BECAUSE ! RUL+ 
CLASSES - OLD & N[ - REMEMB]$ ! REVOLUTION>Y REP]CUSSIONS 9 ! WAKE ( ! FIR/ 
WORLD W>1 !Y DEFEAT$ !IR POSSIBLE RECURR5CE 9 ADVANCE BY ! DIRECT MEANS ( 
MILIT>Y OCCUPATION4 ,! 5ORM\S DE/RUCTION ( CAPITAL & ITS FUR!R C5TRALIZATION BY 
WAY ( W>1 AN WELL AS ! RAIS+ ( ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR1 ALL[$ = A GREAT 
UPSW+ ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION AFT] ! SECOND W>4 ,?IS IMPLI$ AN ALMO/ TOTAL ECLIPSE 
( REVOLUTION>Y ASPIRATIONS1 SAVE ?OSE ( A /RICTLY NATIONALI/ & /ATE-CAPITALI/ 
*>ACT]4 

,?IS EFFECT WAS /R5G!N$ BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! 'MIX$ 
ECONOMY1' NATIONALLY AS WELL AS 9T]NATIONALLY1 :]E9 GOV]NM5TS 9FLU5C$ ECONOMIC 
ACTIVITIES4 ,LIKE ALL ?+S ( ! PA/1 ,M>XISM BECAME AN ACADEMIC DISCIPL9E - AN 
9DICATION ( ITS DECL9E AS A !ORY ( SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY CEAS$ TO SEE 
ITSELF AS A WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATION1 BUT RA!R AS A PEOPLE'S P>TY1 READY TO FULFILL 
GOV]NM5TAL FUNCTIONS = CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,COMMUNI/ ORGANIZATIONS TOOK OV] ! 
CLASSIC ROLE ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY - & ALSO ITS READ9ESS TO =M1 OR TO P>TAKE 91 
GOV]NM5TS UPHOLD+ ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,! LABOR MOVEM5T-DIVID$ 9TO ,BOL%EVISM 
& ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 :I* HAD BE5 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S CONC]N - CEAS$ TO EXI/4 

,/ILL1 CAPITALISM REMA9S SUSCEPTIBLE TO CRISES & COLLAPSE4 
,9 VIEW ( PRES5T ME?ODS ( DE/RUCTION1 IT MAY DE/ROY ITSELF 9 ANO!R CONFLAGRATION4 
,BUT IT MAY ALSO BE OV]COME BY WAY ( CLASS /RUGGLES LEAD+ TO ITS SOCIALI/ 
TRANS=MATION4 ,! ALT]NATIVE 5UNCIAT$ BY ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG - SOCIALISM OR 
B>B>ISM - RETA9S ITS VALIDITY4 ,! CURR5T /ATE ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 :I* LACKS ANY 
REVOLUTION>Y 9CL9ATIONS1 MAKES IT CLE> ?AT A SOCIALI/ FUTURE DEP5DS MORE ON 
SPONTANE\S ACTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE1 ?AN ON IDEOLOGICAL ANTICIPATIONS ( 
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