,RIOT & ,REVOLUTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,SPOK53 ,DECEMB] #a#i#f4 
,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 ,LEIPZIG] ,VOLKSZEITUNG ( #ac ,DECEMB] #a#i#f4 
,S\RCE3 ,SOCIALI/ ,/&>D ( ,JANU>Y #aig 7ABRIDG$74 
,TRANSCRIPTION_/,M>KUP3 ,ADAM ,BUICK_/,B4 ,BAGG9S4 
,COPYLEFT3 ,LUXEMBURG ,9T]NET ,>*IVE 7M>XI/S4ORG7 #b#c4 ,P]MISSION IS GRANT$ TO COPY &_/OR DI/RIBUTE ?IS DOCUM5T UND] ! T]MS ( ! ,G,N,U ,FREE ,DOCUM5TATION ,LIC5SE4 

,ON ! TWELF? ( LA/ MON? ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG WAS TRI$ AT ! ,CRIM9AL ,C\RT AT ,WEIM> = 09CIT+ TO ! USE ( PHYSICAL =CE0 BY ! SPEE* %E CONTRIBUT$ TO ! DISCUSSION ON ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE AT ! ANNUAL ,CONGRESS ( ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY HELD 9 #aie AT ,J5A4 

,! C\RT WAS D5SELY CR[D$4 ,BESIDES A GREAT NUMB] ( ,SOCIALI/S ! AUDI5CE 9CLUD$ A GOOD MANY 0LADIES ( ! HI<E/ ,B\RGEOISIE01 ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT1 &1 LA/ BUT NOT LEA/1 A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,M9I/RY4 

,PUBLIC ,PROSECUTOR'S ,*>GE 

,! 9CRIM9AT+ SPEE* HAV+ BE5 READ ! ,PUBLIC ,PROSECUTOR SUBMITT$ HIS CASE AS FOLL[S3 

0,AFT] ,BEBEL HAD SPOK5 AT ! ,P>TY ,CONGRESS 9 FAVOR ( ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE1 O!R SPEAK]S1 :O TOOK P>T 9 ! DISCUSSION1 EXPRESS$ DISAPPROVAL ( SU* MEANS1 AS ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE C\LD LEAD TO A PHYSICAL =CE REVOLUTION1 AT :I* ! WORK]S MAY BE DEFEAT$4 ,!N FOLL[$ ! ACCUS$1 :O D]ID$ & SNE]$ AT !SE OBJECTIONS1 MORE ESPECIALLY AS !Y W]E LIV+ 9 ! YE> ( ! 'GLORI\S ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION'4 ,%E SAID3 'WE %\LD BE FOOLS IF ?AT W\LD BE NO LESSON TO US'1 & %E EMPHASIZ$ ! FACT ?AT 9 ,G]MANY WE HAD ALSO >RIV$ AT ?AT PO9T :]E ,EVOLUTION MU/ GIVE WAY TO ,REVOLUTION4 ,RESPECT+ H] COMRADE1 ,HE9E1 %E /AT$ HE WAS NOT 9 T\* ) ! MASSES :O1 AS HI/ORY PROVES1 HAD ALWAYS %$ !IR BLOOD = ! EXPLOIT+ CLASS2 & %E ?\<T !Y MAY ONCE %$ !IR BLOOD = !IR [N CLASS4 ,!SE >E ! MA9 PO9TS ( ! SPEE*1 :I* DEALT LESS ) ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE ?AN ) ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,9 FACT ! ACCUS$ M5TION$ ONLY N[ & !N ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE1 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO TALK AB\T ! PR9CIPAL PO9T1 VIZ41 ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,9 ?AT WAY ! 9CITEM5T TO ! USE ( PHYSICAL =CE WAS ?R[N \T TO ! MASSES :O W]E CONFUS$ ALREADY1 & ! SANGU9>Y S]I\SNESS ( ! SPEE* WAS CR[N$ BY A QUOTATION FROM ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O ?AT ! WORK]S HAVE NO?+ TO LOSE BUT !IR *A9S4 ,! ACCUS$ DESIRES ?AT ! OBJECT ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY %\LD NOT BE ATTA9$ BY P>LIAM5T>Y MEANS OR BY MEANS ( ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE1 BUT BY A PHYSICAL =CE REVOLUTION2 & ! SPEE* WAS MADE TO 9CITE ! MASSES TO BREAK !IR *A9S4 ,IT WAS TO HAPP5 9 \R C\NTRY JU/ AS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,ALL ?IS AM\NTS TO AN 9CITEM5T TO ! USE ( PHYSICAL =CE4 ,H] WORDS W]E SU* AS TO CREATE EXCITEM5T AMONG ! MASSES & FROM ! /&PO9T ( LAW & ORD] IT IS MO/ SIGNIFICANT ?AT ! ACCUS$ OCCUPIES A PROM95T POSITION 9 H] ,P>TY & BY VIRTUE ( H] HE$LESSNESS HAS CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE & H5CE IS EXCEPTIONALLY DANG]\S4 ,I ASK ! ,C\RT TO PASS A S5T5CE ( F\R MON?S' IMPRISONM5T UPON ! ACCUS$40 

  

,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S ,REPLY 

,C\NSEL = ! DEF5SE1 ,KURT ,ROS5FELD1 ANSW]$ ) A BRILLIANT SPEE* FROM ! ,SOCIALI/ AS WELL AS ! JURIDICIAL /&PO9T1 BUT ! LIMIT$ SPACE ( ,! ,/&>D UN=TUNATELY DOES NOT P]MIT \R REPRODUC+ MORE ?AN ! SPEE* ( ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG4 ,%E SAID3 

0,MY DEF5D+ ,C\NSEL HAV+ DEALT ) ! JURIDICIAL ASPECT ,I WI% TO EXPLA9 MY [N CONCEPTION & ?AT G5]ALLY HELD 9 MY ,P>TY REG>D+ ! QUE/ION ( ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE & ! USE ( PHYSICAL =CE4 ,BUT BE=E DO+ SO ,I MU/ REF] TO ! >GUM5T :I* ! ,PUBLIC ,PROSECUTOR US$ A MOM5T AGO4 ,I CANNOT HELP SAY+ ?AT ,I WAS REALLY A/ONI%$ AT ! C>ELESSNESS ) :I* AN (FICIAL REPRES5TATIVE ( ! LAW ASCRIBES ! RESPONSIBILITY = AFFAIRS LIKE ! ,HAMBURG /REET RIOTS TO A ,?REE ,MILLION ,P>TY1 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY40 

,! PRESID+ JUDGE1 9T]RUPT+ ! ACCUS$1 W>N$ H] NOT TO 9DULGE 9 EXPRESSIONS SU* AS 0C>ELESSNESS01 :I* HE ?\<T W\LD NOT HELP H] CASE4 

,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 7CONT9U+73 

0,I ?9K ?AT IT IS P>TICUL>LY NECESS>Y = ME TO DRAW ATT5TION TO - LET ME SAY - ! COMPLAC5CY ) :I* ! ,PUBLIC ,PROSECUTOR1 9 FACE ( AN EXPRESS DECISION BY A ,C\RT ( ,LAW TO ! CONTR>Y1 WANTS TO MAKE US RESPONSIBLE = ! ,HAMBURG RIOTS1 = ?IS IS ON A P> ) ! COMPLAC5CY ) :I* 9 ?IS CASE HE ASCRIBES TO ME ! 9T5TION ( 9CIT+ TO ! USE ( PHYSICAL =CE BY MY ,J5A SPEE*4 

0,C\NSEL = ! PROSECUTION HOLDS ?AT MY EXCIT$ TONE DES]V$ GRAVE CONSID]ATION4 ,BUT SURELY ! TONE IS A MATT] ( 9DIVIDUAL TEMP]AM5T4 ,:Y1 IS IT NOT POSSIBLE ?AT ONE MAY SPEAK MO/ EXCIT$LY1 YET MAY PRES5T A /RICTLY SCI5TIFIC CONCEPTION1 :ILE1 ON ! O!R H&1 ONE MAY SPEAK V]Y QUIETLY1 YET PRES5T A V]Y CRUDE1 UNSCI5TIFIC1 & AL>M+ CONCEPTION8 ,& AS F> AS MY CONCEPTION 9 REG>D TO ! QUE/ION ( ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE IS CONC]N$1 ,I HOLD ! VIEW ?AT NEI!R A REVOLUTION NOR A GREAT1 S]I\S ,G5]AL ,/RIKE CAN BE PRODUC$ OR PROVOK$ 9 AN >TIFICIAL MANN]4 

  

,! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE 

0,AS ! ,PUBLIC ,PROSECUTOR HAS REF]R$ TO MY SPEE* AT ,MANNHEIM1 ,I MAY1 P]HAPS1 BE P]MITT$1 = ! PURPOSE ( MAK+ CLE> MY CONCEPTION1 TO QUOTE H]E SOME PASSAGES FROM A PAMPHLET ON ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE1 A PAMPHLET ,I WROTE PURPOSELY = ?IS YE>'S ,P>TY ,CONGRESS AT ,MANNHEIM4 ,9 ?AT PAMPHLET ,I SAY1 = 9/ANCE1 ON PAGE #c#c3 

',IT SUFFICES TO SUM UP :AT ,I HAVE SAID 9 ! =EGO+1 9 ORD] TO OBTA9 AN EXPLANATION AS TO ! QUE/ION ( ! SAID LEAD]%IP & 9ITIATIVE ( ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE4 ,IF ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE DOES NOT MEAN ONE SEP>ATE ACTION BUT AN 5TIRE P]IOD ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 & IF ?AT P]IOD IS ID5TICAL ) A P]IOD ( REVOLUTION1 IT MU/ BE CLE> ?AT A ,G5]AL ,/RIKE C\LD NOT BE CALL$ =? AT WILL1 EV5 IF SU* RESOLVE %\LD EMANATE FROM ! UNANIM\S =CES ( ! /RONGE/ ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY4 ,SEE+ ?AT ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY IS REALLY P[]LESS AS F> AS ! SETT+ ON FOOT & ! SUPPRESS+ ( REVOLUTIONS ACCORD+ TO ITS [N SWEET WILL >E CONC]N$1 NEI!R ! GREATE/ 5?USIASM NOR ! UTT]MO/ IMPATI5CE ( ! ,SOCIALI/ =CES C\LD PROVOKE A REAL P]IOD ( ,G5]AL ,/RIKES ?AT W\LD CULM9ATE 9 A LIVE1 MI<TY MOVEM5T ( ! MASSES4' 

0,& ON PAGE #e ( ! PAMPHLET Y\ WILL F9D ! FOLL[+ /ATEM5T3 

',:ILE IT IS ON ! ONE H& DIFFICULT TO PR$ICT ) C]TA9TY :E!R ! ABOLITION ( MANHOOD SUFFRAGE 9 ,G]MANY WILL CREATE A SITUATION 9/ANTLY CALL+ =? A ,G5]AL ,/RIKE1 !RE CAN ON ! O!R H& BE NO D\BT ?AT 9 ! EV5T ( \R 5T]+ A P]IOD ( /ORMY ACTION ( ! MASSES H]E 9 ,G]MANY ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY C\LD NOT POSSIBLY CONF9E !IR TACTICS TO ! M]ELY P>LIAM5T>Y DEF5SIVE4 ,TO DET]M9E BE=EH& ! CAUSE & ! TIME ( AN \TBREAK ( ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE 9 ,G]MANY IS BEYOND ! P[] ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 BECAUSE IT IS BEYOND !IR P[] TO CREATE A HI/ORICAL SITUATION BY MEANS ( ,P>TY RESOLUTIONS4 ,BUT :AT ! ,P>TY CAN & MU/ DO1 IS TO 9DICATE ! POLITICAL TR5D ( !SE /RUGGLES1 IF !Y ONCE TAKE PLACE1 & TO =MULATE A CLE>1 DET]M9$ POLICY = !IR PURSUANCE4 ,HI/ORICAL EV5TS CANNOT BE CONTROLL$ BY PRESCRIB+ REGULATIONS1 BUT BY REALIZ+ BE=EH& !IR PROBABLE1 MEASURABLE CONSEQU5CES & BY TAK+ ACTION ACCORD+LY4' 

0,?AT IS MY CONCEPTION ) REG>D TO ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE & FROM ?AT Y\ WILL BE ABLE TO GA!R ?AT ?IS CONCEPTION IS F> REMOV$ FROM ! VIEWS HELD BY ! ,PUBLIC ,PROSECUTOR4 

  

,! ,LESSON ( ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 

0,IT HAS BE5 SAID ?AT ! MO/ AGGRAVAT+ MOM5T 9 MY *>GE IS ! FACT ?AT 9 MY SPEE* ,I ALLUD$ SO FREQU5TLY TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,BUT ONE CANNOT HELP OBS]V+ ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION IS ! FIR/ GREAT HI/ORICAL EXP]IM5T )! WEAPON ( ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE & ?AT EV]Y S]I\S-M9D$ SOCIAL /UD5T1 EV5 IF HE HAPP5S TO BE A B\RGEOIS S*OL>1 MU/ TURN TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION = ! PURPOSE ( GA9+ PRACTICAL KN[L$GE4 

0,A FUR!R PO9T M5TION$ WAS ! COMPOSITION ( ! AUDI5CE1 :OM ,I AM ACCUS$ ( HAV+ 9CIT$ TO ! USE ( PHYSICAL =CE4 ,:Y1 ,I DID NOT EV5 SPEAK AT A PUBLIC MEET+1 BUT AT ! ,SOCIALI/ ,CONGRESS2 ,I SPOKE !RE=E TO AN ASSEMBLY ( M51 :O COMPRIS$ A SELECT$ NUMB] ( ! 5LI<T5$ WORK]S ( ,G]MANY4 ,H5CE ,I ?9K IT A REALLY 5ORM\S UND]-E/IMATION ( ! POLITICAL MATURITY & 9TELLIG5CE ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,PROPAG&I/S TO BELIEVE ?AT !Y C\LD BY AN 9FLAMMATORY SPEE* SO EASILY BE 9CIT$ TO ! USE ( PHYSICAL =CE4 ,SU* ANASP]SION AM\NTS DECID$LY TO A TREM5D\S UND]-E/IMATION ( ! 5LI<T5+ & ELEVAT+ 9TELLECTUAL 9FLU5CES :I* #d YE>S ( ,SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A HAVE PRODUC$ 9 ! RANKS ( ! ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS4 ,& ,I SAY OP5LY ?AT ,I %\LD & C\LD HAVE US$ ! ID5TICAL EXPRESSIONS EV5 AT A PUBLIC MEET+ )\T HAV+ CAUS$ ! REMOTE/ IDEA ( US+ PHYSICAL =CE 9 ! M9DS ( ! WORK]S4 ,:Y1 HAS ! ,G]MAN ,PROLET>IAT NOT PROV$ SUFFICI5TLY DUR+ ! LA/ FEW DECADES H[ COMPLETELY IT HAS ATTA9$ ITS POLITICAL MATURITY1 H[ CAPABLE IT IS TO CONTROL ITS PASSIONS 9 FACE ( ! MEANE/ ( PROVOCATIONS TO RIOT4 ,& ! WORK]S >E PROVOK$ TO REBELLION DAILY NOT ONLY BY WORDS BUT BY DE$S4 

  

,REAL ,ORGANIZ]S ( ,RIOT 

0,DO Y\ BELIEVE ?AT MASSES ( PEOPLE C\LD BE 9CIT$ TO USE PHYSICAL =CE AGA9/ ! RUL+ CLASS M]ELY BY A FEW WORDS ON ! ,REVOLUTION1 :5 Y\ CONSID] ?AT !SE SAME MASSES KEPT !IR TEMP] ADMIRABLY ALL ! TIME ! CAPITALI/ CLASS 5=C$ !IR ANTI-,SOCIALI/ LAW1 !IR P5AL S]VITUDE 5ACTM5T DIRECT$ AGA9/ FREE SPEE* & PRESS1 !IR MEASURES = 9CREAS+ WORK+-CLASS />VATION &1 LA/ BUT NOT LEA/1 !IR ,BILL = SMA%+ UP ! WORK]S' ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION8 ,I AM SURPRIS$ ?AT ! ,PUBLIC ,PROSECUTOR HAS NOT1 9/EAD ( PROSECUT+ ME1 BR\<T TO BOOK ! ORIG9ATORS ( ?OSE LAWS & ,BILLS1 = !SE DE$S >E APT TO /IR UP IMM5SELY ! PROP]TYLESS MASSES & W\LD MO/ C]TA9LY LEAD TO PHYSICAL =CE EXCESSES IF - YES1 IF IT W]E NOT = ,SOCIALISM'S 5LI<T5+ & ELEVAT+ 9FLU5CE4 

0,! ,PUBLIC ,PROSECUTOR OP9$ ?AT ,I COMPLETELY REPUDIATE ! REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] ( MY ,J5A SPEE*4 ,?AT IS A GREAT ]ROR4 ,I HAVE SPOK5 9 A REVOLUTION>Y /RA9 & ,I ALWAYS SPEAK 9 A REVOLUTION>Y WAY1 SEE+ ?AT \R 5TIRE ,SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A IS REVOLUTION>Y2 BUT NOT 9 ! S5SE SO PECULI>LY 9T]PRET$ BY ! ,PUBLIC ,PROSECUTOR1 :O ASCRIBES ! ,HAMBURG /REET RIOTS TO ! REVOLUTION>Y EFFECT ( ,SOCIALI/ AGITATION2 BUT 9 ! S5SE ?AT WE AIM AT ABASIC REVOLUTION ( ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORD]4 ,& ,I DO NOT EV5 D5Y ?AT 9 ?AT PROCESS PHYSICAL =CE MAY WELL BECOME NECESS>Y4 

  

,5GELS ON ! ,B\RGEOISIE 

0,BUT ,I1 TOGE!R ) MY ,P>TY1 TAKE UP ! /&PO9T ?AT ! 9ITIATIVE = US+ PHYSICAL =CE PROCE$S ALWAYS FROM ! RUL+ CLASS1 A /&PO9T ?AT WAS SO ABLY MADE CLE> BY \R GREAT TEA*]1 ,FR$]ICK ,5GELS1 :O 9 #ahib WROTE 9 ! COLUMNS ( ! ,NEUE ,ZEIT3 

',! ,B\RGEOIS HAVE V]Y FREQU5TLY SUGGE/$ TO US ?AT WE %\LD UND] ANY CIRCUM/ANCES AB&ON ! USE ( REVOLUTION>Y ME?ODS & REMA9 )9 ! LIMITS ( ! LAW N[ ?AT ! EXCEPTIONAL ,SOCIALI/ LAW HAS BE5 DROPP$ & ! COMMON LAW HAS AGA9 BE5 MADE ACCESSIBLE TO ALL1 EV5 TO ,SOCIALI/S6 ,WE REGRET BE+ UNABLE TO OBLIGE ! G5TLEM5 ( ! B\RGEOISIE BY TAK+ ?AT H9T & HA/5 TO REM9D !M ?AT AT ?IS V]Y MOM5T IT IS NOT US :O DE/ROY '! LEGAL MEANS'4 ,NO1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y! B\RGEOIS>E DO+ PROPAG&A WORK = US SO EFFECTIVELY ?AT WE %\LD BE FOOLS W]E WE TO 9T]F]E ) !M :IL/ !Y >E MAK+ SU* WOND]FUL PROGRESS4 ,!RE IS EVID5TLY SOME JU/IFICATION = ! QUE/ION :E!R IT WILL 9DE$ NOT BE ! B\RGEOIS & !IR GOV]NM5T :O WILL VIOLATE LAWS & RI<TS1 9 ORD] TO DEMOLI% US BY PHYSICAL =CE4 ,WE >E PREP>$ TO WAIT4 ,9 ! MEANTIME 'K9DLY HAVE ! FIR/ %OT1 G5TLEM5 ( ! B\RGEOISIE6' ,!Y WILL NO D\BT FIRE ! FIR/ %OT4 ,ONE F9E MORN+ ! ,G]MAN B\RGEOIS & !IR ,GOV]NM5T WILL GR[ TIR$ ( WAT*+ ) FOLD$ >MS ! OV]FL[+ RIV] ( ,SOCIALISM1 & !Y WILL TAKE REC\RSE TO LAWLESSNESS1 TO PHYSICAL =CE4 ,:AT WILL BE ! USE ( IT8 ,PHYSICAL =CE MAY REPRESS A SMALL SECTION ( ! PEOPLE 9 A LIMIT$ DI/RICT1 BUT ! P[] HAS /ILL TO BE DISCOV]$ ?AT IS CAPABLE ( ANNIHILAT+ A ,P>TY ( TWO OR ?REE MILLION P]SONS SPREAD OV] A V]Y L>GE C\NTRY4 ,! C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 A MOM5T>Y OV]P[]+ ( ! WORK]S1 MAY P]HAPS DELAY! TRIUMPH ( ,SOCIALISM = A FEW YE>S1 BUT ONLY ?AT IT MAY F9ALLY PREVAIL SO MU* MORE COMPLETELY & DEF9ITELY4' 

0,?IS IS \R CONCEPTION4 ,& N[ 9 CONCLUSION ,I ASK Y\ TO ACQUIT ME2 NOT BECAUSE ,I AM AFRAID ( ! IMPRISONM5T TO :I* Y\ MAY TREAT ME4 ,IF IT IS A QUE/ION ( 5DUR+ ! PUNI%M5T MET$ \T TO US BY ! RUL+ CLASS = \R CONVICTIONS1 EV]Y ,SOCIALI/ SUBMITS TO IT ) ! GREATE/ 9DIFF]5CE4 ,BUT ,I ASK Y\ TO ACQUIT ME1 BECAUSE MY CONVICTION W\LD BE AN 9JU/ICE & W\LD CAUSE AGGRAVATION 9 ,SOCIALI/ CIRCLES40 

,AFT] AN H\R'S DELIB]ATION ,ROSA WAS F\ND GUILTY & S5T5C$ TO #b MON?S IMPRISONM5T4 

,WELL DONE1 0R$ ,ROSA02 Y\ HAVE GR&LY EXPRESS$ ! S5TIM5TS ( ! CLASS-CONSCI\S WORK]S ( ! WORLD & MAY Y\ LIVE TO SEE ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION ACCOMPLI%$6 

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