,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MESSAGE ( ! ',FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI' ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,*EKOV ,FE5EY ,TEXT 3 ,=EWORD BY ,&REW ,FLOOD ,! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION ',! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI' WAS =M$ BY MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T 9 #aicg 9 OPPOSITION TO ! COLLABORATION ( ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA94 ,! FIR/ HEAVILY C5SOR$ ISSUE ( !IR PAP] ',FRI5D ( ! ,PEOPLE' APPE>$ JU/ AFT] ! ,MAYDAYS 9 ,B>CELONA1 SECTIONS ( IT >E REPRODUC$ = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ,5GLI% 9 ?IS PAMPHLET4 ,! ,MAYDAY DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ,B>CELONA WAS CRU%$ AT ! CO/ ( #e LIVES1 9CLUD+ ! DISAPPE>ANCE1 TORTURE & MURD] ( KEY AN>*I/ ORGANIZ]S BY ! ,/AL9I/S4 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI \TL9$ AN ALT]NATIVE PA? = ,SPANI% AN>*I/S1 ONE 9T5D$ TO NOT ONLY PROTECT BUT TO EXP& ! REVOLUTION & BR+ IT TO VICTORY4 ,?IS IS ! ,5GLI% TRANSLATION ( A /UDY ( ',! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI' PUBLI%$ 9 #aihc BY ! ,FR5* LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ ,GEORGE ,FONT5IS4 ,IT TRACES ! PA? & POLITICAL WEAKNESSES ?AT L$ ! ,C,N,T 9TO COLLABORATION AT ! CO/ ( /&+ ASIDE AS ! REVOLUTION WAS SUPPRESS$ & ! EM]G5CE ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI 9 REACTION TO ?IS4 ,ITS PRIM>Y IMPORTANCE IS ?AT 9 REPRODUC+ L>GE TRACTS FROM !IR NEWSPAP] IT ALL[S ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI TO SPEAK = !MSELVES4 ,?IS /&S 9 />K CONTRACT TO ! APPROA* ( ?OSE :O HAVE TRI$ TO SPEAK = !M 9 ORD] TO CONSCRIPT !M TO V>I\S IDEOLOGIES TODAY1 SOME ( :I* !Y W\LD C]TA9LY HAVE REJECT$ \T ( H&4 ,! TRANSLATOR1 ,*EKOV ,FE5EY1 PROVID$ ! FOLL[+ NOTE :5 ! TRANSLATION WAS FIR/ PUBLI%$ ONL9E 9 #b4 ,?IS REPRODUCTION ( ?AT TRANSLATION WAS PREP>$ TO M>K ! #g#e? ANNIV]S>Y ( ! \TBREAK ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 9 #b#a#a4 ,&REW ,FLOOD #baa ,NOTE FROM ! TRANSLATOR ,*EKOV ,FE5EY ,! 9TRODUCTION IS NOT CR$IT$ & ! PUBLI%+ DETAILS >E A LITTLE BIT DIFFICULT TO DISC]N S9CE !RE >E ,A,L 7,ALT]NATIVE ,LIB]TAIRE7 /ICK]S ON TOP ( ! ORIG9AL PUBLI%+ 9=MATION4 ,:AT ,I CAN SAY IS ?AT IT IS ! SECOND $ITION1 PUBLI%$ $ITIONS 0,L0 &_/OR ,A,G,O,R,A #b1 ,P,O BOX #a#g#g1 #gebfg ,P>IS ,C$EX #b &_/OR ,LE ,FIL ,DU ,TEMPS4 ,!RE IS A NOTE ON ! 9SIDE COV] ?AT SAYS ?AT ! PRES5T $ITION IS P>T ( ! COLLECTIVE WORK ( ,ALT]NATIVE ,LIB]TAIRE4 ,NO DATE IS GIV5 = ?IS $ITION4 ,! TITLE 9 ,FR5* IS 7AS IT APPE>S ON ! COV]7 LE MESSAGE REVOLUTIONNAIRE DES 0,AMIS DE ,DURRUTI0 7,ESPAGNE #a#i#c#g7 ,TEXTE ET TRADUCTIONS DE ,GEORGES ,FONT5IS ,AVANT-,PROPOS DE ,DANIEL ,GU]94 ,PREFACE TO ! #a/ ,$ITION 7#a#i#h#c7 BY ,DANIEL ,GU]9 ,GEORGE ,FONT5IS' /UDY SEEMS USEFUL TO ME1 9DE$ ,I W\LD GO SO F> AS TO SAY IT IS VALUABLE1 NOT ONLY AS IT TEA*ES A BETT] UND]/&+ ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f-#g BUT IT ALSO PROVIDES A MORE EXT5SIVE 9T]PRETATION ( ! NOTION ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM ITSELF4 ,:5 US+ ?IS PHRASE 'LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM' IT IS C]TA9LY WOR?:ILE TO CLE>LY DI/+UI% IT FROM TWO O!R V]SIONS :I* >E 5D[$ ) ! SAME NAME4 ,TO BE SPECIFIC2 FIR/LY ! UTOPIA1 PROPAGAT$ BY ,KROPOTK9 & HIS DISCIPLES1 ( A T]RE/RIAL P>ADISE )\T MONEY :]E1 ?ANKS TO ! ABUNDANCE ( RES\RCES1 EA* & EV]Y P]SON W\LD BE ABLE TO DRAW FREELY FROM ! /OCKPILE4 ,SECONDLY ! 9FANTILE IDYLL ( A JUMBLE ( 'FREE COMMUNES'1 AT ! HE>T ( ! ,SPANI% ,C,N,T BE=E #a#i#c#f1 :I* >OSE FROM ! ?9K+ ( ,ISAAC ,PU5TE4 ,?IS S(T DREAM LEFT ,SPANI% AN>*O-SYNDICALISM EXTREMELY ILL-PREP>$ = ! H>% REALITIES ( REVOLUTION & CIVIL W> ON ! EVE ( ,FRANCO'S PUTS*4 ,FONT5IS1 AL?\< HE DOES HIAGOSSA ( #a#i#c#f1 SEEMS TO ME TO ]R ON ! SIDE ( ?OSE :O APPE> REMOV$ FROM REALITY4 ,9 ! FIR/ P>T ( HIS /UDY1 ! AU?OR TRACES ) PRECISION ! DEG5]ATION1 ! SUCCESSIVE CAPITULATIONS ( ! AN>*I/ LEAD]S ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I4 ,H[EV]1 P]HAPS HE DOES NOT P5ETRATE TO ! HE>T ( ! PROBLEM ) SUFFICI5T CONVICTION4 ,TO BE PRECISE1 WAS TRADITIONAL AN>*ISM1 IDEALI/IC & PRONE TO SPLITS1 NOT DE/9$ TO FAIL AS SOON AS IT F\ND ITSELF CONFRONT$ BY AN IMPLACABLE SOCIAL /RUGGLE1 = :I* IT WAS NOT 9 ! LEA/ WAY PREP>$8 ,BECAUSE IT WAS NOT MA9LY 9FIDELITY TO PR9CIPLES1 HUMAN WEAKNESS1 9EXP]I5CE OR NAIVETY AMONG ! LEAD]S1 :I* L$ !M A/RAY1 BUT RA!R IT WAS A CONG5ITAL 9CAPACITY TO EVADE ! TRAPS ( ! RUL]S 7:I* !Y PUT UP ) S9CE !Y W]5'T ABLE TO WRITE !M (F ) A /ROKE ( A P574 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE !Y W]E DE/9$ TO GET BOGG$ D[N 9 M9I/]IALISM1 TO TAKE %ELT] UND] ! TREA*]\S W+ ( 'ANTIFASCI/' B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY & F9ALLY TO LET !MSELVES BE DRAGG$ ALONG BY ! ,/AL9I/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 !Y W]E DAMN$ WELL PREP>$ = ECONOMIC SELF-MANAGEM5T ( AGRICULTURE1 & TO A LESS] EXT5T1 9DU/RY4 ,!SE1 TOGE!R ) LIB]T>IAN COLLECTIVIZATION REMA9 A MODEL = FUTURE REVOLUTION & SAV$ ! HONOR ( AN>*ISM4 ,ONE MIIAN AVANT-G>DE1 ! BRIEF RISE ( ! ',FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI'1 NAM$ 9 MEMORY ( ! LEG5D>Y ,DURRUTI1 :O FELL ON ! FRONT ON ! #b? ( ,NOVEMB] #a#i#c#f4 ,!Y EM]G$ FROM ! LESSONS DRAWN1 A LITTLE LATE1 FROM ! CRUEL DEFEAT ( ,MAY #aicg 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,JU/ AS 9 ,FRANCE ,BAB\VISM WAS ! DELAY$ FRUIT ( ! SEV]E REPRESSIONS ( G]M9AL & PRAIRIAL #a#g#i#e1 ! LUCIDITY ( !SE LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S WAS 9SPIR$ BY ! TRAG$Y ( ,MAY 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,?R\<\T ! FEW $ITIONS ( !IR %ORT-LIV$ PAP]1 ',! FRI5D ( ! PEOPLE' :I* ,FONT5IS HAS PASSIONATELY SCRUT9IZ$ & TRANSLAT$1 WE SEE !SE MILITANTS REFUS+1 AS WAS ADVOCAT$ BY ! RE=MI/ AN>*I/S AS MU* AS BY ! ,/AL9I/S1 TO WAIT UNTIL ! W> HAS BE5 WON TO C>RY \T ! REVOLUTION & AFFIRM+ ?AT ONE C\LDN'T BE DISSOCIAT$ FROM ! O!R4 ,!Y PROCLAIM ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO BATTLE AGA9/ ! FASCI/ 5EMY )\T 9 ! LEA/ R5\NC+ LIB]T>IAN IDEALS4 ,!Y D5\NCE ! ASPHYXIATION 5G5D]$ BY ! MA*9]Y ( /ATE4 ,& F9ALLY !Y AFFIRM ?AT )\T A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 REVOLUTIONS CANNOT COME FROM BEL[1 & ?AT ! REVOLUTION ( #ai ,JULY #aicf FAIL$ = WANT ( A PROGRAM D]IV$ FROM SU* A !ORY4 ,GEORGES ,FONT5IS1 9 HIS EF=TS TO REALIZE SU* A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ PROGRAM1 WROTE ?IS 9 #ai$ 9 ,FRANCE & UPDAT$ IT 9 ,JULY #aiga AT ,M>SEILLE AT ! CON/ITUTIVE CONGRESS ( ! ,ORGANIZATION ,COMMUNI/E ,LIB]TAIRE 7,O,C,L71 :I* ,I TOOK P>T 94 ,I WILL F9I% BY SPECIFY+ ?AT1 TODAY1 ,I F9D MYSELF AT HIS SIDES 9 ! ,U,T,C,L 7,UNION DES ,TRAIVAILLEURS ,COMMUNI/ES ,LIB]ATAIRES71 :I* SETS ITSELF 9 ! TRADITION BEQUEA!D BY ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 ?AT IS TO SAY ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN4 ,9TRODUCTION TO ! WRIT+S ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI BY ,GEORGE ,FONT5IS ,B>CELONA1 ,MAY #a#i#c#g4 ,! FIR/ ISSUE ( ',! ,PEOPLE'S ,FRI5D'1 ! ORGAN ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 APPE>$4 ,! POLICE REPRESSION ( ! ,REPUBLICAN /ATE HAD JU/ CRA%$ AGA9/ ! FIRICADES :O HAD RESPOND$ TO ! ,/AL9I/ PROVOCATIONS BY RETAK+ ! ROAD ( REVOLUTION4 ,BUT :ILE ! COMBATANTS ( ! REVOLUTION W]E TAK+ ! FI*I/ 'LEAD]S' ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 HAV+ BECOME M9I/]S ( ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T1 ASK$ ! VICTORS ( ! B>RICADES TO LAY D[N !IR >MS1 TO HAVE FAI? 9 !IR 'LEAD]S' TO SETTLE ! CONFLICT & TO REUNITE ! ANTI-,FRANCO =CES4 ,! RESULT WASN'T LONG 9 COM+3 ?\S&S ( ! B>RICADE FI$ & W5T ON TO TRY TO BE ! RALLY+ PO9T = ALL ?OSE :O1 :ILE /RUGGL+ AGA9/ ,FRANCO1 DIDN'T WANT TO =GET ! TASKS ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,PRECISELY ?OSE TASKS :I* GAVE MEAN+ TO ! W> AGA9/ ! MILIT>Y & !IR ALLIES4 ,! ',FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI'1 & MORE G5]ALLY ! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN WORK]S1 W]E TO FAIL4 ,:Y8 ,& :AT REALLY WAS !IR BATTLE8 ,AFT] ALMO/ HALF A C5TURY S9CE !SE EV5TS1 NO?+ ( SUB/ANCE HAS YET APPE>$ 9 RESPONSE TO !SE QUE/IONS4 ,! LEAD]S ( ! '(FICIAL' AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 /ILL PREOCCUPI$ ) HID+ ! WEAKNESSES & ! 9CONSI/5CIES1 BLURR+ ! RESPONSIBILITY1 AVOID+ ! FUNDAM5TAL !ORETICAL PROBLEMS1 AVOID DISCUSSION OR >E SATISFI$ ) A FEW RELUCTANT CONFESSIONS & REGRETS4 ,BUT WE /ILL AWAIT A PR(\ND AUTO-CRITICISM1 A RIGOR\S ANALYSIS ( ! EV5TS4 ,EV]Y?+ HAS BE5 DONE TO EXT+UI% ! MO/ RADICAL CRITIQUES1 9 P>TICUL> ?OSE ( ! ',FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI'1 & TO TRY TO WRITE !M \T ( HI/ORY4 ,H[EV] !Y1 ! ',FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI'1 HAVE SUPPLI$ MORE ?AN AN \TL9E ( SU* A VIGOR\S ANALYSIS & !Y DID IT 9 ! HE>T ( ! BATTLE ITSELF4 ,?IS IS :Y IT SEEMS TO US TO BE 9DISP5SABLE TO PUBLI% !IR PR9CIPAL WRIT+S1 /ILL UNPUBLI%$ 9 ,FRANCE4 ,TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! DEBATE :I* WE WI% TO CL>IFY1 WE ADD H]E A BRIEF /UDY ( ! EVOLUTION ( ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T & ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION & ALSO1 NECESS>ILY1 ! COMM5T>IES ?AT ! TEXTS & ! FACTS 9SPIRE 9 ! COMRADES :O PURSUE ! /RUGGLE = LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM TODAY4 ,HAV+ SAID ?AT1 \R WORK IS NOT A HI/ORY ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION :I*1 9 \R EYES1 REMA9S TO BE WRITT54 ,WE HAVE FUR!RMORE DELIB]ATELY LEFT ASIDE ! IMM5SE EPISODE ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL A*IEVEM5TS1 COLLECTIVIZATIONS & SOCIALIZATIONS1 EXCEPT 9S(> AS !Y IMP+E UPON \R /UDY4 ,!SE >E WELL COV]$ BY ! WORKS ( ,GA/ON ,LEVAL & ,FRANK ,M9TZ1 CIT$ 9 ! BIBLIOGRAPHY4 ,WE HAVE ONLY ATTEMPT$ TO EXAM9E1 FROM A REVOLUTION>Y PO9T ( VIEW1 ! P]IOD FROM SPR+ TO SUMM] #a#i#c#g4 ,A P]IOD :I* WE BELIEVE WAS DECISIVE4 ,! ,ANTI-,FASCI/ ,CAMP 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ,IT IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y -- ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI TRI$ TO PO9T \T -- TO F9D A PA? :I* ALL[S REVOLUTION>IES1 )\T COMPROMIS+ & )\T FALL+ 9TO AN UNPR9CIPL$ ANTI-FASCI/ FRONT1 TO HAVE A PRACTICAL /RATEGY ( /RUGGLE :I* UNIFIES ! PROLET>IAN =CES AGA9/ ! VIOL5T BL[S ( ! REACTION1 MILIT>ISM & FASCISM4 ,ONE UND]/&S :Y ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 %\LD HAVE GIV5 SU* IMPORTANCE TO ! SO-CALL$ *OICE 'W> OR REVOLUTION' ,BUT1 BE=E ADDRESS+ ! EV5TS & !IR ANALYSIS1 WE MU/ LAY \T1 AS BRIEFLY AS POSSIBLE1 ! COMPOSITION ( ! =CES PRES5T ON ! 0ANTIFASCI/0 SIDE1 9 ORD] TO ASSI/ ! J\RNEY ( ! NON-EXP]T READ] ACROSS :AT ONE AU?OR HAS CALL$ ! 0,SPANI% ,LABYR9?04 ,! BIBLIOGRAPHY :I* WE GIVE WILL ALL[ ONE TO F9D FULL] 9=MATION4 ,SPA9 & ,CATALONIA ,! PRESSURE ( REGIONAL AUTONOMIES 9 ,SPA91 :OSE UNITY WAS IMPOS$ BY ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 GOES BACK F>4 ,IT C>RIES ON TODAY1 ON ! 9/ITUTIONAL LEVEL 7,!RE EXI/S 9 V>I\S REGIONS1 ADM9I/RATIONS :I* 5JOY LIMIT$ AUTONOMY71 OR AS SUBV]SIVE ACTION 7:I* IS ! CASE 9 ! ,BASQUE C\NTRY74 ,9 ! #a#i#c'S IT B>ELY EXI/$ \TSIDE TWO REGIONS :I* W]E O!RWISE ! MO/ ECONOMICALLY DEVELOP$1 ,CATALONIA & ! ,BASQUE C\NTRY4 ,! ,REPUBLIC HAD GRANT$ !M !IR [N 9/ITUTIONS4 ,9 ,CATALONIA1 A REGION :I* WAS TO BE 9 ! =EFRONT ( ! REVOLUTION1 !RE WAS A REGIONAL P[]3 ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALIDAD ( ,CATALONIA1 A REGIONAL P>LIAM5T1 & =CES ( PUBLIC ORD]3 ! GU>DS ( ! ,G5]ALIDAD 7,MOZOS DE ESCUADRA74 ,! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS (T5 HAD A S+UL> COMPOSITION H]E1 AS WE %ALL SEE4 ,! ,CATALAN ,P>TIES ,9 ,CATALONIA !RE EXI/$ ORGANIZATIONS )\T ANY 9/ITUTIONAL OR HI/ORIC L9KS ) ! P>TIES & GR\PS :I* W]E F\ND ?R\<\T ! RE/ ( ,SPA94 ,WE M5TION ! MO/ IMPORTANT4 ,! 0,CATALAN ,LEFT0 7,LA ,ESQU>RA ,CATALANA7 CONTROLL$ ! ,G5]ALIDAD4 ,IT WAS A P>TY ( WORK]S1 9TELLECTUALS1 BUT MO/LY ELEM5TS ( ! 0LEFT-W+0 PETITE ,B\RGEOIS4 ,IT WAS ! P>TY ( ,COMPANYS1 ! PRESID5T ( ! ,G5]ALIDAD4 ,! UNION ( RABASSAIRES 7%>ECROPP]S1 AGRICULTURAL SMALL HOLD]S7 WAS ( A SIMIL> LEAN+4 ,! P>TY ( ! ,CATALAN /ATE 7L',E/AT ,CATALA7 WAS OP5LY SEP>ATI/1 ITS NATIONALISM LEAN$ T[>DS FASCISM4 ,! ,F$]ALI/ ,REPUBLICANS ,! F$]ALI/ SPIRIT APPE>$ 9 ,SPA9 DUR+ ! #a#i? C5TURY1 AS A /RONG CURR5T )9 ,REPUBLICANISM4 ,A C]TA9 NUMB] ( !SE ,REPUBLICANS SAW !MSELVES AS BE+ V]Y CLOSE TO ! F$]ALI/ IDEAS ( ! ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN W+ ( ! #a/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! F$]ALI/ ,REPUBLICANS RECRUIT$ MA9LY FROM ! LIB]AL PETITE B\RGEOISIE & 9 C]TA9 PEASANT CIRCLES4 ,9 #a#i#c#f1 9 ! ,MADRID P>LIAM5T 7! ,CORTES71 !RE WAS AN A/ONI%+ P>LIAM5T>Y EXTREME LEFT4 ,IT WAS MADE UP ( F$]ALI/ REPUBLICANS4 ,!RE WAS AMONG !M1 NOTABLY1 LAWY]S :O DEF5D$ AN>*I/ & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ACTIVI/S 9 C\RT4 ,!SE LIB]ALS DIDN'T AT ALL WANT TO OV]TURN ! BASIS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY BUT !Y HAD RADICAL RHETORIC1 REASONABLY CLOSE TO ! DECL>ATIONS ( ! REVOLUTION>IES4 ,! ,C,N,T TREAT$ !M DELICATELY & EV5 SUPPORT$ !M1 DESPITE IT BE+ ANTI-P>LIAM5T4 ,! ,LEFT & ! ,EXTREME ,LEFT ,! SOCIALI/ P>TY 7SOCIALI/ WORK]S P>TY ( ,SPA97 WAS A RE=MI/ P>TY1 COMPOS$ MA9LY ( PETITE B\RGEOIS 9TELLECTUALS & BUREAUCRATS4 ,H[EV]1 IT CONTA9$ A WORK+ CLASS BASE GR\P$ 9 A ,UNION ORGANIZATION1 ! ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,WORK]S 7,U,G,T7 9 SO F> AS ! PA?S ( ! P>TY & ! UNIONS W]E 9T]L9K$4 ,A GOOD EXAMPLE3 ! SOCIALI/ LEAD] ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 :O WAS TO BE1 = A LONG TIME1 A PURE RE=MI/ & REPRESSIVE M9I/] -- WAS SECRET>Y G5]AL ( ! ,U,G,T4 ,! LEAD]S ( ! ,U,G,T OP5LY F\TY TOOK ! NAME ( ,P,S,U,C1 UNIT$ SOCIALI/ P>TY ( ,CATALONIA1 BORN FROM ! FUSION ( ! SMALL COMMUNI/ P>TY & A SOCIALI/ ,CATALAN P>TY4 ,! ,TROTSKYI/S MADE UP ONLY A FEW GR\PS :OSE ACTIVITY WAS PRIM>ILY 9 ! FIELD ( !ORY4 ,!IR BE/-KN[N MILITANT ,&REAS ,N91 JO9$ ! ,P,\,M4 ,IT IS 9CORRECT TO SEE ?IS ',WORK]S ,P>TY ( ,M>XI/ ,UNITY' AS BE+ ,TROTSKYI/4 ,IT WAS1 FROM #aice ON1 ! GUISE ( ! BLOCK ( COMMUNI/S1 ESS5TIALLY ,CATALAN WORK]S & PEASANTS1 :O HAD BROK5 ) ,MOSC[4 ,IT WAS A P>TY :I* EX]CIS$ A C]TA9 9FLU5CE1 NOTABLY 9 ,B>CELONA1 BUT IT WAS CEASELESSLY BUFFET$ BETWE5 SUPPORT = ! ,CATALAN NATIONALI/S & 9T]NATIONALISM1 BETWE5 ELECTORALISM & ! FACT ?AT A C]TA9 NUMB] ( ITS MEMB]S W]E 9 ! ,C,N,T1 BETWE5 ! D5UNCIATIONS ( ! RUL]S 9 ,MOSC[ & ITS PROCLAIM$ ADMIRATION = ,/AL9'S REGIME4 ,9 ,TROTSKYI/ J>GON1 IT WAS A 0,C5TRI/0 WORK]S P>TY4 ,! ,LIB]T>IAN ,MOVEM5T ,LET'S PASS ON N[ TO ! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( LABOR4 ,)\T GO+ 9TO ! DETAILS ( ITS HI/ORY WE HAVE TO FUR!R ELABORATE ON ?IS ,C,N,T ( :I* ! 0,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI0 W]E MEMB]S4 ,IT WAS F\ND$ 9 #a#i#a1 BY ! WORK]S & LIB]T>IAN GR\PS :I* HAD P]SI/$ AS 9H]ITORS ( ! ,SPANI% F$]ATION ( ! #a/ 9T]NATIONAL4 ,IT WAS 9SPIR$ BY ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM1 ?US AT ITS 9CEPTION IT ADOPT$ ! =M ( ORGANIZATION & /RUGGLE ( ! TRADE UNION1 BUT IT DEF9$ ITS F9AL OBJECTIVE AS BE+ AN>*I/ COMMUNISM4 ,IT SAW ! UNION AS ! FUNDAM5TAL /RUCTURE T[>DS ! REALIZATION ( ?IS GOAL4 ,IT WAS A MASS AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION :OSE MEMB]%IP CAME CLOSE TO #a MILLION 9 #a#i#c#f4 ,ITS HI/ORY IS EXTREMELY COMPLEX1 HAV+ PASS$ ?R\< NUM]\S CONFLICTS4 ,IT CONTA9$ TWO FUNDAM5TAL CURR5TS :I* W]E (T5 OPPOS$4 ,ONE WAS PURELY AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ & CONSID]$ ?AT ! ,C,N,T WAS ! ONLY ORGANIZATION NE$$ & REG>D$ ! EXI/5CE ( ORGANIZ$ AN>*I/ GR\PS1 \TSIDE ! ,C,N,T1 AS SUP]FLU\S OR EV5 TR\BL+4 ,ON ! O!R SIDE WAS ! CURR5T1 9SPIR$ BY ! ACTIVI/S1 :I* SAW !MSELVES AS BE+ PRIM>ILY REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/S & ONLY !N MEMB]S ( A SYNDICALI/ CONF$]ATION :]E !Y HAD ! MISSION ( COMBAT+ EV]Y RE=MI/ T5D5CY4 ,! CONFLICT ESCALAT$ :51 9 #a#i#b#g1 ! AN>*I/ GR\PS1 UNTIL !N WEAKLY TI$ TOGE!R 9 A V]Y LOOSE F$]ATION1 =M$ ! FAM\S ,F,A,I 7,F$]ATION ( ,IB]IAN AN>*I/S7 ALONG ) SOME ,PORTUGUESE GR\PS4 ,WE N[ >RIVE AT ! PROBLEM ( RELATIONS BETWE5 ! MASS ORGANIZATION & ! ORGANIZATION ( ! AVANT-G>DE4 ,EV5 ?\< ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! ,F,A,I & ! ,C,N,T W]5'T RELATIONS ( /RAID DOM9ATION1 Y\ C\LD F9D MILITANT AN>*I/S :O W]E OPPOS$ TO ! ,F,A,I & :O CONDEMN$ 0! ,F,A,I DICTATOR%IP04 ,9 FACT :ILE A C]TA9 NUMB] ( ! ,C,N,T (FIC]S W]E MEMB]S ( ! ,F,A,I1 PROP]LY SPEAK+ ?IS DIDN'T AM\NT TO A DICTATOR%IP1 RA!R A DOM9ANT IDEOLOGICAL 9FLU5CE4 ,! CONFLICT REA*$ A HEAD 9 #a#i#c#a1 AT ! ,C,N,T CONGRESS HELD 9 ,MADRID4 ,IT SET ! ACTIVI/S :O PROPOS$ A REALI/IC ANALYSIS & V]Y CONSID]$ APPROA* AGA9/ ?OSE ACTIVI/S :O WANT$ TO LAUN* ! REVOLUTION>Y UPRIS+S IMM$IATELY4 ,! =M] DREW UP A MANIFE/O1 RECEIV+ #c SIGNATURES 7!Y W]E CALL$ ! 0,TR5TE0 & !IR T5D5CY WAS CALL$ 0,TR5TISME074 ,9 ! MANIFE/O !Y D5\NC$ ! SUP]FICIAL ANALYSIS1 ! SIMPLI/IC & CATA/ROPHIC CONCEPTION ( REVOLUTION1 ! CULT ( VIOL5CE = ITS [N SAKE1 :I* SEEM$ TO !M TO BE *>ACT]I/IC ( ! MILITANTS ( ! ,F,A,I4.<#a.> ,C]TA9LY1 IT WAS F> FROM BE+ TRUE ?AT ALL ! MEMB]S ( ! ,F,A,I W]E HOOLIGANS4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS TRUE ?AT ADV5TURI/ REVOLUTION>Y ATTEMPTS HAD BE5 ATTEMPT$ & W]E TO BE ATTEMPT$ 9 ! P]IOD ?AT FOLL[$1 AT ! 9/IGATION1 OR ) ! SUPPORT ( SOME GR\PS ( ! ,F,A,I4 ,!SE ATTEMPTS W]E DOOM$ TO FAILURE & RESULT$ 9 FI]CE REPRESSION4 ,TO CUT A LONG /ORY %ORT1 ! 0TR5TI/ES0 :O CALL$ !MSELVES PRUD5T1 BUT NOT ANY LESS REVOLUTION>Y = ?IS1 C\NT$ 9 !IR NUMB] SOME ACTIVI/S :O W]E 9CONTE/ABLY 9CL9$ T[>DS RE=MISM4 ,ONE ( !IR LEAD]S1 ,ANGEL ,PE/ANA W5T ON TO F\ND ! 0,SYNDICALI/ P>TY0 & W\LD BECOME A DEPUTY 9 ! ,CORTES4 ,! ACTIVI/S & ! UNIONS :I* RALLI$ TO ! MANIFE/O ( ! ?IRTY W]E EXPELL$ FROM ! ,CONF$]ATION & CON/ITUT$ ! 0UNIONS ( OPPOSITION04 ,!IR 9FLU5CE 9 SOME REGIONS WAS F> FROM NEGLIGIBLE4 ,SO MU* SO ?AT !Y W]E RE-ADMITT$ 9TO ! ,C,N,T FIVE YE>S LAT] AT ! CONGRESS ( ,Z>AGOZZA4 ,WE WILL SOON SEE M9I/]S :OSE ORIG9 WAS 0TR5TI/E0 & EV5 MILITANTS ( ! ,F,A,I OR 9TRANSIG5TS :O HAD BATTL$ AGA9/ 0,TR5TISM01 LIKE ,G>CIA ,OLIV] & ,F$]ICAL ,MONTS5Y1 9 ! ,MADRID C5TRAL GOV]NM5T & ?AT ( ! ,G5]ALIDAD ( ,CATALONIA1 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,ALSO 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#g1 ,PE/ANA JO9$ ! ,C,N,T4.<#b.> ,IF WE WANT TO GIVE A BRIEF BUT RELATIVELY COMPLETE OV]VIEW ( ! CURR5TS :I* W]E PRES5T 9 ! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T1 WE CAN DI/+UI%3 ,A SMALL REVISIONI/ 0FR+E0 :I* 5D$ UP 9 ! SYNDICALI/ P>TY ALONGSIDE ,PE/ANA4 ,A 0TR5TI/0 CURR5T1 :I* SAW ITSELF AS REVOLUTION>Y BUT REALI/IC :I* 9CLUD$ A C]TA9 ,JUAN ,PEIRO4 ,IT HAD F\*I/ GR\PS 7SOMETIMES !Y EV5 COMBAT$ ITS EXI/5CE74 ,!SE MILITANTS CONSID]$ !MSELVES AN>*I/ BUT = !M AN>*I/ GR\PS %\LD SIMPLY BE C5T]S ( ?\ AMONG AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S4.<#c.> ,CONSEQU5TLY1 IT WAS F> FROM BE+ ! CASE ?AT ! ,F,A,I 9CLUD$ ALL ! AN>*I/S = :OM ! TRADE-UNION WASN'T ! ANSW] TO ALL ! PROBLEMS4 ,FUR!RMORE ONE MU/ DI/+UI% ! WORK+ CLASS ,F,A,I-I/S1 PRIM>ILY AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S LIKE ,G>CIA ,OLIV] & ,DURRUTI1 FROM ! AN>*I/S FROM 9TELLECTUAL BACKGR\NDS LIKE ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y4 ,! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? :O DEF5D$ ! PURITY ( ! 0ACRATE0.<#d.> IDEAL & PLAY$ A L>GE P>T 9 ! CULTURAL & $UCATIONAL FIELDS ESPECIALLY 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,ON ?IS PO9T IT %\LD BE /AT$ ?AT ! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T 9 ITS 5TIRETY WAS V]Y CONC]N$ ) SPREAD+ LIT]ACY & $UCATION 7FROM :I* CAME ! CREATION ( NUM]\S MOD]N S*OOLS1 9SPIR$ BY ! TEA*+S ( ,FRACISCO ,F]R]1 & ! PROLIF]ATION ( 0A!NEUMS0 A K9D ( POPUL> UNIV]SITY :I* W]E V]Y ACTIVE74 ,! 0,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI01 ALL MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T1 MO/ ALSO MEMB]S ( ! ,F,A,I1 =M$ A SPECIFIC CURR5T FROM #a#i#c#g4 ,FROM ,JULY #aicf ON ! L9KS BETWE5 ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I BECAME SO CLOSE ?AT ! TWO EMBLEMS APPE>$ TOGE!R MORE (T5 ?AN NOT 7,PEOPLE SPOKE ( ! 0,C,N,T-,F,A,I074 ,!RE WAS EV5 A 0LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T0 CONSI/+ ( ! ?REE BRAN*ES3 ,C,N,T1 ,F,A,I1 ,F,I,J,L 7,IB]IAN F$]ATION ( LIB]T>IAN Y\?74 ,BUT 9 ! MID/ ( ! DIFFICULTIES ( ! W> WE WILL SEE AN OPPOSITION EM]GE BETWE5 ! DIRECTION ( ! ,C,N,T1 SACRIFIC+ ALL TO ! IDEOLOGY ( 0RESI/ANCE TO ! EXTREME0 & SUBMITT+ TO ! 9/RUCTIONS ( ! ,NEGR9 GOV]NM5T1 & ! ,F,A,I COMMITTEE = ! P59SULA :I* MADE A LATE EF=T TO SAVE ITS HONOR BY D5\NC+ ! ADVANCE ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,TO F9I% ) ?IS RAPID OV]VIEW1 IT W\LD BE USEFUL TO NOTE ?AT ! ,F,A,I1 F\ND$ 9 ! BEG9N+ BY PRACTICALLY UND]GR\ND 0AFF9ITY GR\PS01 WAS AT ALL /AGES ON ! M>G9S ( ! LAW & WAS NUM]ICALLY CONF9$ ) AB\T #c1 MEMB]S 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f4 ,FROM !N ON IT WAS ACTIVE 9 PUBLIC1 & 9 ,JULY #aicg IT TRANS=M$ ITSELF 9TO A ,F$]ATION ( LOCAL & DI/RICT GR\PS1 CONSID]ABLY MORE OP5 TO MEMB]%IP ?AN ! AFF9ITY GR\PS1 AL?\< ! DECISION-MAK+ P[]S ( ! COMMITTEES 9CREAS$4 ,?US ! SPECIFIC ORGANIZATION1 0LA SPECIFICA0 AS ! ,SPANI>DS SAID1 BECAME A P>TY 9 ! MOD]N /YLE1 AIM+ TO BECOME A 0SPECIFIC MASS ORGANIZATION04 ,)\T D\BT WE CAN CONSID] ?AT ! AFF9ITY GR\PS W]E NO LONG] ! SAME ) ! ADV5T ( ! P]IOD :I* BEGAN 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 BUT ON ! O!R H& H[ C\LD !Y NOT SEE ! POV]TY & ! CONFUSION ( !IR !ORETIC BASE :I* CONSI/$ ( A DECL>ATION ( PR9CIPLES ( A M]E FEW L9ES8.<#e.> ,! ,B\RGEOIS ,REPUBLIC & ! ,REVOLUTION>IES ,! ,REPUBLIC ( #ad ,APRIL #aica ,! B\RGEOIS REPUBLIC :I* CAME TO P[] 9 #a#i#c#a1 REPLAC+ ! MON>*Y WAS V]Y CONS]VATIVE4 ,! SUPPORT ( ! SOCIALI/S DIDN'T AFFECT ?IS *>ACT]4 ,! SOCIALI/ M9I/] ( LABOR1 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 WAS EV5 TO BE SE5 P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! REPRESSION ( ! /RIKES & 9SURRECTIONS :I* ROSE 9 ! FACE ( ! 9CAPACITY ( ! NEW REGIME TO PRODUCE EV5 ! MO/ BASIC ( *ANGES4 ,! TOLL ( ! FIR/ TWO YE>S ( ! REPUBLICAN P[] WAS H>%3 #d DEAD1 #c1 W\ND$1 #i1 >RE/$1 #af DEPORT$1 #af SEIZURES ( WORK]S NEWSPAP]S4444 & #d SEIZURES ( RI ,WE CAN UND]/& :Y ! P>LIAM5T>Y ELECTIONS ( #aicc 5D$ ) ! DEFEAT ( ! LEFT3 ! WORK]S DIDN'T VOTE4 ,! SOCIALI/S W5T FROM HAV+ #aaf DEPUTIES 9 #aica TO HAV+ #f4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT WORK+ CLASS =CE1 ! ,C,N,T1 HAD DECL>$ AN 0ELECTORAL /RIKE0 9 ORD] TO BR+ AB\T ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,IT EFFECTIVELY PRODUC$ A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ON ! #h? ( ,DECEMB] #a#i#c#c4 ,9 V>I\S REGIONS1 9 MANY VILLAGES & T[NS1 ! MASSES DECL>$ LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4 ,! REPRESSION WAS BRUTAL4 ,! OV]TLY REACTION>Y GOV]NM5T W5T ON TO FACE A P[]FUL 9SURRECTION1 ?AT ( ,A/URIAS1 9 ,OCTOB] #aicd :]E SOCIALI/S1 COMMUNI/S & AN>*I/S F\ ,FRONT ,IT IS UND]/&ABLE ?AT ! AB/5TIONI/ CAMPAIGN WAS WEAK] = ! ELECTIONS ( #a#i#c#f2 9 FACT ! ,C,N,T ALL[$ ITS MEMB]S TO CA/ !IR VOTES = ! P>TIES ( ! LEFT1 COMB9$ UND] ! BANN] ( ! 0POPUL> FRONT01 ) ! IDEA ?AT A VICTORY ( ! LEFT W\LD EMPTY ! PRISONS4 ,IT WAS EFFECTIVE2 ! RIMY WAS GR[+4 ,IT WAS ALREADY EVID5T BE=E ! ELECTIONS1 TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT TWO DAYS BE=E ! POLL1 ! NATIONAL COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T HAD ISSU$ A MANIFE/O CALL+ = MOBILIZATION AGA9/ A ?REAT5$ MILIT>Y C\P D'ETAT3 0,! PROLET>IAT ON W> FOOT+1 AGA9/ ! FASCI/ & MON>*I/ CONSPIRACY60 ,:AT WAS ! NEW POPUL> FRONT GOV]NM5T TO DO8 ,IT GAMBL$ ON PASSIVITY1 & W5T AS F> AS TO D5Y ALL DANG]1 IT EV5 PRAIS$ ! LOYALTY ( ! MILIT>Y *IEFS4 ,! ,C,N,T ,PREP>ES = ,REVOLUTION ,! ,C,N,T MET ON ! #a/ ( ,MAY #a#i#c#f1 AT ! CONGRESS ( ,Z>AGOZZA4 ,IT TRI$1 DESPITE SPEE*ES :I* W]E NOT IMMUNE FROM NAIVETY1 TO DEF9E V>I\S ASPECTS ( ITS PROGRAM1 LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4 ,IT SET ! CONDITIONS = ! UNAVOIDABLE ALLIANCE ) ! ,U,G,T 9 POT5TIALLY REVOLUTION>Y CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,IT SPECIFI$ ITS POSITION1 CON/RUCTIVE & CRITICAL AT ! SAME TIME1 T[>DS ! PROJECTS ( L& RE=M4 ,UND] ! TITLE 0DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION0 ! CONGRESS ADDRESS$ ! PROBLEM ( REVOLUTION>Y P[] & >M$ /RUGGLE4 ,C]TA9LY1 IT WAS !N IMPOSSIBLE TO PR$ICT EXACTLY H[ ! POT5TIAL REVOLUTION W\LD COME TO PASS1 H[EV] ! F\NDATIONS ( A POLITICS :I* WAS TRULY A BREAK ) ! CAPITALI/ & /ATI/ ORD] W]E SET \T3 ! SEIZURE ( ECONOMIC P[] ON EV]Y LEVEL1 ! ROLE ( ,SPA9 9 T]MS ( ! 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION1 ! ABOLITION ( ! P]MAN5T >MY1 ! NE$ TO >M ! PEOPLE & TO KEEP ! >MS UND] ! CONTROL ( ! COMMUNES1 ! ROLE ( ! 0,CONF$]AL DEF5SE =CES0 & ! EFFICI5T ORGANIZATION ( ! MILIT>Y =CES ON ! NATIONAL SCALE1 ! CRUCIAL IMPORTANCE ( PROPAG&A ) REG>D TO ! PROLET>IAT ( O!R C\NTRIES4 ,LET US NOT =GET ! G5]AL SPIRIT :I* PRESID$ DUR+ !SE DEBATES3 9 ! RESOLUTION :I* CONC]N$ ! ALLIANCE ) ! ,U,G,T1 IT WAS SPECIFI$ ?AT 0EV]Y K9D ( COLLABORATION1 POLITICAL OR P>LIAM5T>Y0 ) ! B\RGEOIS REGIME MU/ BE REJECT$4 ,IT IS WOR?:ILE TO RECALL ALL ?IS BE=E LOOK+ AT ! ATTITUDE ( ! ,C,N,T TWO MON?S LAT]1 AS IT WAS 9 ,JULY ?AT ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+ OCCURR$4 ,JULY #aicf ,9 EFFECT EV5TS UNROLL$ V]Y QUICKLY4 ,FROM ! />T ( ! P>LIAM5T ! DEPUTIES ( ! RIATIONS ( CIVIL W>4 ,ON ! #a#a? ( ,JULY1 ! ,PHALANGE.<#g.> SEIZ$ ! RADIO TRANSMITT] 9 ,VAL5CIA4 ,! PRESID5T ( ! C\NCIL WAS W>N$ ( ! POT5TIAL UPRIS+ ( ! G5]ALS BUT HE REFUS$ TO TAKE ?OSE MEASURES ?AT HE C\LD4 ,ON ! #a#g? ( ,JULY1 ! >MY TOOK P[] 9 ,MOROCCO2 ! MASSACRE ( WORK]S & ( LEFT-W+ P]SONALITIES />T$444 & ! ,MADRID GOV]NM5T DECL>$ ?AT IT WAS 9 CONTROL ( ! SITUATION4 ,SEVILLE FELL 9TO ! H&S ( ! MILIT>Y4 ,F9ALLY ! GOV]NM5T ( ,CAS>ES ,QUIROGA CEAS$ ISSU+ REASSUR+ DECL>ATIONS BUT ONLY SO ?AT IT C\LD PASS ! BATON TO A GOV]NM5T ( RECONCILIATION1 PRESID$ OV] BY ,M>T9EZ ,B>RIO1 ) ! M9I/RY ( W> (F]$ TO ,G5]AL ,MOLA :O REFUS$ IT & DECL>$ HIMSELF 9 OP5 REBELLION4 ,ON ! MORN+ ( ,JULY #a#i?1 ! PAP] ( ! ,C,N,T1 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A1 CAME \T1 SEV]ELY C5SUR$ BY ! REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T1 BUT ! APPEAL ( ! ,CATALAN REGIONAL COMMITTEE1 A CALL TO >MS & = A G5]AL /RIKE1 ESCAP$ ! C5SORS4 ,! SAME REGIONAL COMMITTEE & ! LOCAL F$]ATION ( ,B>CELONA ,UNIONS DEM&$ ?AT ! ,G5]ALIDAD ( ,CATALONIA & ! CIVIL GOV]NOR %\LD DI/RIBUTE >MS TO ! POPUL> =CES2 9 VA94 ,H[EV]1 ! MILITANTS ( ! ,C,N,T SEIZ$ ! >MS /OR$ 9 ! %IPS 9 ! PORT4 ,! AU?ORITIES ORD]$ ! =CES ( PUBLIC ORD] TO TAKE !M BACK BUT ONLY A T9Y AM\NT W]E RECOV]$4 ,9 ,MADRID1 ! NATIONAL COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T CALL$ = A REVOLUTION>Y G5]AL /RIKE OV] ! RADIO & REQUE/$ ! ACTIVI/S TO GU>D ! UNION (FICES ) >MS4 ,ON ! #a#i? & #b? ( ,JULY ! ,B>CELONA B>RACKS W]E TAK5 BY ! POPUL> =CES & ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I ACTIVI/S1 :O CON/ITUT$ ! PR9CIPAL ELEM5T ( !SE =CES1 W]E ! UNCONTE/$ MA/]S ( ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC LIFE ( ,CATALONIA4 ,9 ,MADRID1 FROM ! #b? ON1 ! COMRADES ( ! ,C,N,T1 AID$ BY GR\PS ( ASSAULT GU>DS & BY ! ,SOCIALI/ Y\?1 MADE !MSELVES MA/]S ( ! SITUATION4 ,ELSE:]E ! /RUGGLE WAS CONFUS$1 ?US 9 ,VAL5CIA1 DUE TO ! PROCRA/9ATION ( ! GOV]NM5T IT TOOK #ae DAYS = ! MILIT>Y TO BE DEFEAT$4 ,:]EV] IT C\LD1 ! ,MADRID GOV]NM5T MADE ! SITUATION WORSE3 ITS CIVIL GOV]NORS & ! DELEGATE JUNTAS :I* IT CREAT$ HURRI$ TO 5D ! /RIKES1 TO SUPPRESS ! PEOPLES' EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES :I* HAD RIS54 ,?US IT ALL[$ ! 5EMY TIME TO RALLY1 TO RE9=CE ITS FRONT AT ,T]UEL1 TO CONSOLIDATE AT ,Z>AGOZZA & 9 ,A/URIAS1 TO BECOME MA/] ( ,&ALUCIA4 ,H[EV] ON ! #a#i? ( ,JULY1 ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+ C\LD BE CONSID]$ TO HAVE FAIL$ ON ! MO/ RI*1 POPUL\S & DEVELOP$ TWO ?IRDS ( ! T]RITORY4 ,! ,MASSES & ! ,LEAD]S ,IT WAS ,B>CELONA :I* WAS GO+ TO >BITRATE ! FUTURE ( A REVOLUTION = :I* ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+ WAS ! TRIGG]4 ,:AT W]E ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I GO+ TO MAKE ( ! IMM5SE P[] :I* !Y HAD JU/ ACQUIR$8 ,DUR+ AN 9ITIAL MEET+1 ,COMPANYS1 PRESID5T ( ! ,CATALAN ,G5]ALIDAD1 GAVE A C>TE BLAN*E TO ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! LEAD+ BODIES ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,:AT ELSE C\LD HE DO S9CE HIS GOV]NM5T HAD LO/ ALL CR$IBILITY8 ,9 FACT HE WAS TO MANEUV]3 HE PROPOS$ ! CREATION ( A COMMITTEE ( ANTIFASCI/ MILITIAS BUT PUBLI%$ A DECREE :I* TRI$ TO TRANS=M ! MILITIAS 9TO A POLICE =CE UND] ! COMM& ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,C,N,T =C$ ! RECOGNITION ( A COMMITTEE ( MILITIAS MADE UP ( DELEGATES FROM V>I\S ORGANIZATIONS1 BUT ! ,C,N,T WAS ONLY TO HAVE AN EQUAL REPRES5TATION AS ! ,U,G,T1 :I* WAS 9 ! M9ORITY 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,IT ALSO GAVE A PLACE TO ! B\RGEOIS ,CATALAN ORGANIZATIONS4 ,)\T D\BT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO TAKE =CES \TSIDE ! ,C,N,T 9TO ACC\NT4 ,BUT 9 :AT MANN] W]E !Y TO BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT8 ,9 EFFECT ?IS WAS TO PUT ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT BACK 9TO ! SADDLE BY GIV+ NUM]ICAL /R5G? TO ! CONS]VATIVE =CES4 ,?IS POLITICAL L9E WAS RATIFI$ BY ! REPRES5TATIVES AT ! REGIONAL PL5UM ( LOCAL & CANTONAL ORGANIZATIONS ( ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I ON ! #b#cRD ( ,JULY4 ,A /UPEFY+ FALSE DILEMMA OBSCUR$ ! DEBATE FROM ! />T3 0EI!R LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM :I* IS EQUIVAL5T TO AN>*I/ DICTATOR%IP OR DEMOCRACY1 ?AT IS TO SAY COLLABORATION04 ,ACCORD+ TO ,JOSE ,PEIRATS 7:O DOESN'T CITE HIS S\RCES7 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] WAS ITS >*ITECT4 ,OLIV] CLAIMS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT HE WAS ONE ( ! ONLY MILITANTS :O TOOK ! SIDE ( ! REVOLUTION 7EV]Y?+ = EV]YONE7 & HE ACCUSES ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y & ,SANTILLAN ( HAV+ C>RI$ ! MAJORITY AT ! PL5UM AGA9/ ! DANG]S ( 'AN>*I/ DICTATOR%IP'4 ,NEV]!LESS BO? ,G4 ,OLIV] & ,F4 ,MON/S5Y W\LD SOON F9D !MSELVES COLLABORAT+ )9 ! GOV]NM5T4 ,H[ DO WE EXPLA9 ?AT ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I RALLI$1 IT IS TRUE MORE 9 RESIGNATION ?AN ) 5?USIASM1 TO ! SIDE ( COLLABORATION 9 ! MID/ ( /ATE BODIES8 ,WE %\LDN'T LOSE SI*I/ MOVEM5T1 :ILE IT WAS PR$OM9ANTLY WORK+ CLASS1 WAS NOT IMMUNE FROM SOME ( ! WEAKNESSES ( ! 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ( ! P]IOD4 ,B\RGEOIS IDEALISM1 ILL-DEF9$ HUMANISM1 ! SUB/ITUTION ( HOLL[ PHILOSOPHICAL TALKS = SOLID POLITICAL REFLECTION1 9DIVIDUALISM & DILETTANTISM W]E COMMON ESPECIALLY AMONG ! 9TELLECTUALS :O W]E SOMETIMES CLOS] TO RADICAL LIB]ALISM ?AN TO REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM4 ,IT SUFFICES TO READ A FEW ( !IR MAGAZ9ES & PAMPHLETS TO BE CONV9C$ ( ?IS4 ,! ,CONGRESS ( ,Z>AGOZZA WAS1 TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 A REFLECTION ( ?IS SITUATION4 ,IT WAS C]TA9LY =C$ TO GIVE A HE>+ TO LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM1 BUT ! PROBLEM ( POLITICAL P[] WAS NEV] CLE>LY POS$4 ,?US !RE W]E TABOO SUBJECTS 9 ! LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONS & ! IDEA ( P[] ( ! MASSES AS OPPOS$ TO ! /ATE P[]1 A VITAL1 FUNDAM5TAL QUE/ION1 WAS /ILL SURR\ND$ BY AN EMB>RASS$ SIL5CE4 ,TOO (T5 ! PHRASE 0ACRATE0 & ! AFFIRMATION ( 0AN>*I/ PURITY0 TOOK ! PLACE ( DEEP CONSID]ATION4 ,!RE=E IT'S NOT AS SURPRIS+ AS ONE W\LD IMAG9E1 ?AT ! MASS ( ACTIVI/S W]E CAUTY P[]1 OR 'AN>*I/ DICTATOR%IP'4 ,WE WILL COME BACK TO ?IS4 ,= A :ILE1 ! COLLABORATION 9 /ATE P[] WASN'T V]Y EVID5T4 ,)\T D\BT TO SAVE FACE & TO QUIET5 ! WORRIES ( A C]TA9 NUMB] ( ACTIVI/S1 ! COMMITTEE ( MILITIAS DIDN'T REALLY TAKE ON ! APPE>ANCE ( A GOV]NM5T & REMA9$ AUTONOM\S TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 AL?\< IT HAD BE5 (FICIALLY CREAT$ BY A DECREE ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT & WAS M]ELY A CONGREGATION ( ! LEAD]S ( ! V>I\S ORGANIZATIONS RA!R ?AN A BODY EMANAT+ FROM RANK & FILE COMMITTEES4 ,BUT :AT IS REM>KABLE IS ! BREA* :I*1 LITTLE BY LITTLE1 WAS TO BECOME E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 ! POLITICS ( ! RANK & FILE ORGANIZATIONS & ?OSE ( ! COMMITTEES AT ! TOP4 ,?US ! UNION SECTIONS AT ! BOTTOM TOOK ! MEASURES ( SEIZ+ BUS9ESSES1 WORK]S CONTROL & EV5 COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME AS !SE WORK]S' DEM&S W]E BE+ C>RI$ \T1 ! COMMITTEES W]E PUBLI%+ COMMUNIQUES 9SI/+ ON ! NECESSITY ( RETURN+ TO WORK & 9CREAS+ PRODUCTION :ILE REFRA9+ FROM GIV+ ANY REVOLUTION>Y ADVICE ) REG>D TO ! RUNN+ ( L>GE COMPANIES4 #b EXAMPLES3 ! COMMUNIQUE ( ! ,B>CELONA LOCAL ,F$]ATION ( ,UNIONS ON ,JULY #b#h? & ! MANIFE/O ( ! P59SUL> COMMITTEE ( ! ,F,A,I ON ! #b#f? :I* W]E A COLLECTION ( ROMANTIC1 EV5 DELIRI\S1 DECL>ATIONS EXTOLL+ ! H]OISM ( ! WORK]S1 APPEAL+ = A 0NEW ]A01 BUT )\T EV5 ! LEA/ M5TION ( POLITICAL P[] OR SOCIALIZATION4 ,! CON/RUCTIVE REVOLUTION>Y DRIVE 7) ! DE FACTO ALLIANCE ( ! ,C,N,T & ,U,G,T7 ROSE FROM ! PEOPLE1 FROM ! UNIONS & FROM !IR ACTIVI/S1 :ILE ! COMMITTEES FOLL[$ A C\RSE ( MOD]ATION4.<#h.> ,!SE COMMITTEES ( 0(FICIALS0 W]E ALSO TO F9D !MSELVES CONFRONT$ ) CRITICISM :I* WAS AIM$ AT ! ORGANIZATIONS :I* !Y REPRES5T$4 ,! CRITICISMS W]E SOMETIMES WELL-F\ND$3 !RE W]E SOME ABUSIVE OR UNW>RANT$ SEIZURES ( GOODS1 >BITR>Y >RE/S BY GR\PS ( 9DIVIDUALS )\T M&ATE & EV5 SUMM>Y EXECUTIONS4 ,WE WILL GO ON TO SEE H[ AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO SORT \T ! PROBLEM ( :AT ONE MIY SECURITY01 BUT ONE ?+ ?AT WE CAN SEE IMM$IATELY IS ?AT ! COMMITTEES AT ! TOP W]E GO+ TO FALL 9TO ! TRAP :I* ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T & ?AT ( ,CATALONIA W]E SETT+3 BLACKMAIL BY =EIGN GOODS & BY CRUDE T]RORISM W]E US$1 EV5 BY ! COMMITTEE ( MILITIAS & ! HI<] RANKS ( ! ORGANIZATIONS4 ,C]TA9LY IT WAS NECESS>Y TO GU>D AGA9/ ANY PROVOCATIONS & IT IS TRUE ?AT W> %IPS ( =EIGN P[]S HAD >RIV$ 9 ! PORT ( ,B>CELONA4 ,! ,CATALAN REGIONAL COMMITTEE W5T SO F> AS TO GIVE A LI/ ( #hg ,5GLI% FIRMS :I* W]E TO BE RESPECT$ AT ALL CO/S4 ,BUT ! REPUBLICAN /ATE %AMELESSLY EXPLOIT$ A FEW ISOLAT$ ACTS ( EXCESS & ! ?REAT ( =EIGN SQUADRONS TO MOVE ! SITUATION 9 ! DIRECTION ( NORMALIZATION UND] GOV]NM5TAL AU?ORITY4 ,H[EV]1 ! GOV]NM5TS ( ,MADRID & ,B>CELONA W]5'T GO+ TO A*IEVE !IR AIM )\T PROBLEMS4 ,9 EFFECT1 BESIDE ! COMMITTEE ( MILITIAS :I* KEPT A REVOLUTION>Y APPE>ANCE1 0POPUL> PATROLS01 #g M5 DIVID$ 9TO #aa UNITS1 W]E CREAT$ TO TAKE C>E ( REVOLUTION>Y SECURITY4 ,ON ?IS OCCASION ! ,C,N,T RESPECT$ ! BALANCE ( =CES BETWE5 ! ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALIDAD W5T ALONG ) IT BUT IT KNEW ?AT ?IS WAS AN EMBRYONIC >M$ POPUL> =CE & IT W\LD DECREE ! DISSOLUTION ( ! PATROLS AS SOON AS IT WAS ABLE TO4 ,= !IR P>T1 ! RANK & FILE ORGANIZATIONS PURSU$ ! WORK ( SOCIALIZATION & A ,C\NCIL ( ! ,CATALAN ECONOMY WAS CREAT$ BY A DECREE ON ,AUGU/ #a#c?4 ,! ,GOV]NM5T'S ,FIR/ ,(F5SIVE ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,AUGU/1 ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T DECRE$ ! MOBILIZATION ( CLASSES #c#c1 #cd & #c#e4 ,9 ,B>CELONA1 ! Y\? :O W]E 9 !SE CLASSES CAME \T 9TO ! /REETS & REFUS$ TO GO TO B>RACKS4 ,!Y HELD DEMON/RATIONS CRY+ 0D[N ) ! >MY1 LONG LIVE ! POPUL> MILITIAS04 ,A NUMB] ( !SE M5 W]E ALREADY MEMB]S ( ! MILITIAS & W]E PREP>+ !MSELVES TO LEAVE = ! FRONT4 ,?IS TIME ! REGIONAL COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T1 ! GR\PS ( ! ,F,A,I & ! NEWSPAP] ,SOL>IDAD ,OBR]A W]E ON ! SIDE ( ?OSE :O REFUS$ MILIT>IZATION4 ,9 ?IS A REASONABLE REACTION ( ! BOTTOM AGA9/ ! PLANS EMANAT+ FROM GOV]NM5TAL SPH]ES CAN BE OBS]V$ & ?IS WAS A MASSIVE POPUL> REACTION4 ,H[EV]1 A COMPROMISE SOLUTION WAS TO PREVAIL UND] ! EGIS ( ! COMMITTEE ( MILITIAS & ! C\NCIL ( DEF5SE3 ! Y\? W5T TO B>RACKS1 BUT UND] ! AU?ORITY ( ! C\NCIL ( MILITIAS4 ,! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I APPROV$4 ,IT SEEM$ ?AT ! MO/ IMPORTANT ?+ HAD BE5 CONS]V$ DESPITE ! CONCESSIONS4 ,:ILE ! C>E] SOLDI]S ( V>I\S LEVELS W\LD BE UTILIZ$ 9 ! TE*NICAL FIELD1 ! COMM& W\LD BE ASSUM$ BY C\NCILS ( WORK]-SOLDI]S1 COMPOS$ ( ELECT$ SOLDI]S & DELEGATES FROM ! ORGANIZATIONS & P>TIES4 ,BUT LETS NOT =GET ?AT A 'C\NCIL ( DEF5SE' HAD JU/ BE5 CREAT$1 AT ! HE>T ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 :I* HAD MILIT>Y AU?ORITY OV] ,CATALONIA4 ,WE WILL DESCRIBE :AT ?IS C\NCIL ( DEF5SE AM\NT$ TO1 BUT WE %\LD NOTE ?AT ! 9ITIAL BUZZ ( OPPOSITION >IS+ FROM ! MOBILIZ$ Y\? HAD TREM5D\S 5]GY3 DUR+ AN IMM5SE RALLY :I* WAS HELD 9 ,B>CELONA ON ! #a? ( ,AUGU/1 ! V>I\S ORATORS ( ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I REAFFIRM$ ! IMPORTANCE ?AT ! PEOPLE %\LD NOT BE DIS>M$ UND] ANY PRETEXT4 ,! G5]AL IMPRESSION :I* EM]GES FROM ?IS FIR/ P]IOD IS AN IMPRESSION ( AMBIGUITY4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y VALUES SEEM$ TO HAVE BE5 DEF5D$ 9TRANSIG5TLY :ILE AT ! SAME TIME CONCRETE MEASURES HAD BE5 TAK5 :I* W5T T[>DS ! AB&ONM5T ( ! RADICAL L9E ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL TRANS=MATION4 ,H]E IS ANO!R EXAMPLE ( ?IS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME AS ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I W]E REFUS+ POPUL> DIS>MAM5T1 !Y W]E CREAT+ ) !IR P>TN]S A COMMITTEE ( ACCORD :I* GAVE A GREAT POSITION TO ! ,U,G,T 7:I* WAS ONLY BEG9N+ TO DEVELOP 9 ,CATALONIA7 & TO ! ,P,S,U,C :I* DECL>$ ITSELF TO BE 0! P>TY ( REVOLUTION>Y ORD]1 9 ! S5SE ( RESPECT = PRIVATE PROP]TY0 & :I* WAS TO DRA9 ! PETITE-B\RGEOIS =CES 9 ! C\RSE ( BECOM+ A SIGNIFICANT P>TY4 ,9CONTE/ABLY ! CREATION ( A COMMITTEE ( ACCORD ILLU/RATES ! POLITICS ( ! LEAD]S & IS ITSELF ALREADY A SIGN ( AN AB&ONM5T ( REAL REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS4 ,HAV+ SAID ?AT1 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! *OS5 DIRECTION1 IT IS DIFFICULT TO UND]/& H[ ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I ACCEPT$ ONLY HAV+ AS MANY REPRES5TATIVES ON ! COMMITTEE ( ACCORD AS DID ! ,U,G,T & ! ,P,S,U,C4 ,?IS W\LD COME TO WEI< HEAVILY 9 ! C\RSE ( ! MON?S TO COME4 ,T[>DS ,OP5 ,COLLABORATION ) ! ,GOV]NM5T ,9 ,MADRID1 AT ! />T ( ,SEPTEMB]1 ! GOV]NM5T ( ,GIRAL WAS REPLAC$ BY ! GOV]NM5T ( ,L>GO ,CABALL]O :O BEMOAN$ ! NONP>TICIPATION ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,TWO MON?S LAT]1 ON ! #c? ( ,OCTOB]1 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O REVEAL$1 9 AN 9T]VIEW ) ! ,DAILY ,EXPRESS1 REPRODUC$ 9 ALL ! PAP]S1 ! DESIRE ( ! ,C,N,T TO %>E ! RESPONSIBILITIES ( GOV]NM5T4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ON ! #cRD ( ,SEPTEMB]1 ISSUE #da ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I 9=MATION BULLET9 HAD PUBLI%$ A VIOL5TLY ANTI-/ATI/ >TICLE1 BUT 9 MID ,SEPTEMB] ! NATIONAL PL5UM ( ! REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS PROCLAIM$ ! NECESSITY ( P>TICIPATION 9 0A NATIONAL BODY EQUIPP$ TO ASSUME FUNCTIONS ( LEAD]%IP0 ?IS BODY BE+ A 0NATIONAL C\NCIL ( DEF5SE0 COMPOS$ ( #e DELEGATES ( ! ,C,N,T1 #e FROM ! ,U,G,T & #d 0REPUBLICANS01 UND] ! PRESID5CY ( ,L>GO ,CABALL]O4 ,C]TA9LY1 ! REPLACEM5T ( ! ANCI5T 9/ITUTIONS BY REGIONAL C\NCILS ( DEF5SE1 9 A WAY ?AT WAS CALL$ F$]ALI/ WAS DECL>$1 BUT EV]Y?+1 9CLUD+ ! REPRES5TATION ( ! ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! C\NCILS1 WAS DECID$ BY ! LEAD]S ( !SE ORGANIZATIONS1 & DID NOT RISE \T ( POPUL> ASSEMBLIES & !IR DELEGATES4 ,IT WAS A REAL P>TY P[] :I* WAS PUT 9 PLACE4 ,PUBLIC P[] WAS GO+ TO BE WIELD$ BY ,L>GO ,CABALL]O & HIS M9I/]S :O W]E MODE/LY CALL$ 0C\NCILORS04 ,9 FACT1 ! LEAD]S ( ! ,C,N,T WI%$ TO JO9 ! GOV]NM5T BUT HAD TO SAVE FACE & QUIET5 ! WORRIES ( !IR MILITANTS F\ND IT DIFFICULT TO ACCEPT ! OP5 AB&ONM5T ( !IR SWORN PR9CIPLES4 ,ON ! #c? ( ,SEPTEMB]1 A MEET+ ( ! NATIONAL PL5UM ( REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ( ! ,C,N,T RATIFI$ P>TICIPATION1 OR RA!R ACCORD+ TO ITS [N WORD+1 ACC$$ TO ! 9SI/5T DEM& = ! CREATION ( A NATIONAL C\NCIL ( DEF5SE4 ,9 BETWE5 TIME1 ON ! #b#g? ( ,SEPTEMB]1 ! 5TRANCE ( ! ,C,N,T REPRES5TATIVES 9TO ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALIDAD1 TAK+ ! TITLE 0C\NCIL ( DEF5SE0 WAS ANN\NC$1 CAUS+ ! DISSOLUTION ( ! COMMITTEE ( MILITIAS4 ,?US ! SITUATION ( DUAL P[] HAD PASS$4 ,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ 0UNCONTROLLABLES0 WAS TO GET MORE 9T5SE1 & ! NECESSITY ( /RONG DISCIPL9E WAS TO BE REAFFIRM$4 ,DURRUTI'S AMBIGU\S PHRASE 0WE R5\NCE ALL EXCEPT VICTORY0 WAS US$ AS COV] = ! OP]ATION1 TURN+ IT 9TO A W>N+ AGA9/ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 :ILE ,DURRUTI WAS AT ! SAME TIME DECL>+ TO ! ,MADRID PRESS3 0,WE1 ON ! O!R H&1 C>RY ON ! W> & ! REVOLUTION AT ! SAME TIME04 ,H[ HAD ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I BE5 ABLE TO COME TO ?IS8 ,H[ W]E !IR LEAD+ COMMITTEES ABLE TO GET A M&ATE = SU* A FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE8 ,HAD ! PROBLEMS POS$ BY ! W> & BY ! REVOLUTION REALLY BE5 TRULY ADDRESS$8 ,! DOCUM5TS ( ! EPO* >E SIL5T4 ,NO?+ WAS TREAT$ 9-DEP?2 ANALYSIS HAD BE5 REPLAC$ BY SPEE*ES & DECL>ATIONS4 ,IF 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 DISCUSSION WAS ALIVE1 EV5 HEAT$1.<#i.> APP>5TLY 9 ,SPA9 !RE WAS RESIGNATION4 ,BIR? ( AN ,OPPOSITION ,9 REALITY ! SITUATION WAS MORE COMPLEX ?AN IT APPE>$4 ,ONE MU/ TAKE ACC\NT ( TWO IMPORTANT OBJECTIVE FACTORS3 ON ONE H& MANY MILITANTS W]E AT ! FRONT1 !Y W]E AT W> & POLITICAL PROBLEMS W]E NOT AT ! TOP ( !IR LI/S S9CE !Y W]E FITICUL>LY DIFFICULT CONDITIONS & ) >MAM5TS :I* W]E (T5 WORSE ?AN DEFICI5T4 ,ON ! O!R H& MANY ( ! COMRADES 9 ! RE> W]E CONSCI\SLY ADVANC+ !IR AFFAIRS3 ! SOCIALIZATIONS & COLLECTIVIZATIONS W]E GO+ FULL /EAM AHEAD4 ,! POPUL> MILITIAS & ! POPUL> PATROLS APPE>$ AT LEA/ P>TIALLY LIKE ! EMBRYO ( A REAL POPUL>1 ANTI-B\RGEOIS P[]4 ,BO? GR\PS W]E TO BE SURPRIS$ BY ! EVOLUTION ( EV5TS2 ! EV] H>%] RETAK+ ( GOV]NM5TAL P[]1 ! ELIM9ATION ( POPUL> BODIES OR ATTEMPTS AT E/ABLI%+ DUAL P[]4 ,NEV]!LESS ! =CES OPPOS$ TO ! POLITICS ( ! (FIC] CORP & /RUGGLES = ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! BASE ( A WORK]S P[]1 C\LD BE OBS]V$4 ,9 ! MILITIAS AT ! FRONT RESI/ANCE TO MILIT>IZATION REMA9$ ALIVE & ! ADVANCES ( SOCIALIZATION & COLLECTIVIZATION W]E TO BE MA9TA9$ DESPITE ! DECISIONS ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,& !N1 ON ! PURELY POLITICAL FRONT1 RESI/ANCE NEV]!LESS %[$ ITSELF4 ,IT WAS (T5 %\T$ D[N1 HIDD5 BY ! SPEE*ES ( ! LEAD]S1 IT WAS SOMETIMES ALIVE & CLE> 9 MEET+S1 ESPECIALLY VISIBLE 9 ! PRESS3 ,RUTA1 ! ORGAN ( ! ,CATALAN LIB]T>IAN Y\?1 :I* WAS TO BE A PAP] ( OPPOSITION RI1 ! REVIEW ,ACRACIA FROM ,L]IDA1 ! DAILY ,NOSOTROS FROM ,VAL5CIA SUPPORT$ BY ! 0IRON COLUMN04 ,A WEAKNESS :I* WAS NOT TO BE SURM\NT$ UNTIL ! SPR+ ( #aicg BY ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI WAS ?AT ! OPPOSITION REMA9$ ON ! LEVEL ( 0ACRATE0 PURISM1 RA!R ?AN ON ! LEVEL ( ! NECESS>Y ANALYSIS ( ! UND]LY+ PROBLEMS4 ,ANO!R WEAKNESS WAS ! DISP]SION1 ! LACK ( COHESION1 ( CO-ORD9ATION4 ,! OPPOSITION WASN'T MADE UP ( A T5D5CY :I* W\LD /RUGGLE TO BE ABLE TO EXPRESS !MSELVES 9 ! ,CONF$]ATE PRESS4 ,& ?IS ISOLATION WAS SU* ?AT MO/ MILITANTS1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE :O W]E AT ! FRONT1 DIDN'T EV5 KN[ ?AT !RE WAS AN OPPOSITION4 ,:AT'S MORE ! OPPOSITION WAS TRAPP$ BY ! BLACKMAIL = ANTIFASCI/ UNITY1 BY ! NECESSITY TO DISGUISE DISAGREEM5TS 9 ! FACE ( ! 5EMY4 ,! COMMITTEES AT ! TOP DIDN'T HOLD BACK FROM US+ UND]H& MANEUV]S LIKE ! SPE$Y CONVOCATION ( A PL5UM = :I* ! MASS ASSEMBLIES W\LDN'T HAVE TIME TO PREP>E1 OR 9COMPLETE AG5DAS :I* ALL[$ !M TO PROPOSE IMPORTANT PO9TS1 UNANN\NC$1 AT ! LA/ MOM5T4.<#a.> ,F9ALLY ! CULT ( ! LEAD]1 ! *>ISMATIC P[] ( ! DECISION MAK] WAS AT PLAY 9 ! LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONS1 LIKE 9 EV]Y GR\P+4 ,TO SUM UP1 UND] ! COV] ( ! MAGIC PHRASES1 F$]ALISM & AUTONOMY1 ! LEAD]S HUNG ON TO P[] )9 ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I4 ,WE W\LD HAVE TO WAIT UNTIL ! GOV]NM5T & ! =CES :I* SUPPORT$ IT W5T VIOL5TLY ON ! (F5SIVE AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION>Y SECTORS TO SEE AT LA/ ! RIS+ ( AN OPPOSITION :I* ATTEMPT$ TO ADDRESS FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEMS1 0,LOS ,AMIGOS DE ,DURRUTI04 ,UP UNTIL !N REASONABLE REACTIONS W]E C]TA9LY SE5 BUT !Y W]E IMPROVIS$ & LACK$ POLITICAL CONT5T4 ,AS 9 MID ,OCTOB] '#c#f ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I COLUMN1 0! IRON COLUMN01 WAS TO LEAVE ! ,T]UEL FRONT = A BRIEF 9CURSION 9 ! RE>4 ,IT WAS 9T5D$ TO D5\NCE P>ASITISM & ! =CES ( REPRESSION1 TO DEM& ! DIS>MAM5T & DISSOLUTION ( ! CIVIL GU>D1 ! S5D+ ( ! >M$ TROOPS 9 ! S]VICE ( ! /ATE TO ! FRONT1 ! DE/RUCTION ( 9/ITUTIONAL FILES & >*IVES & ! SEIZURE ( FUNDS & PRECI\S METALS = ! PUR*ASE ( >MS1 ETC4 ,?AT 0CLEANS+0 9CURSION 9 ! RE> SAW MU* BLOOD SPILL$ DUR+ ! BATTLES ) ! =CES ( REPRESSION4 ,! ,IRON ,COLUMN PUBLI%$ A MANIFE/O EXPLA9+ ITS CONC]NS ?AT ! COMBATANTS %\LD NOT BE BETRAY$ 9 ! RE> & !Y EXPRESS$ !IR POLITICAL *OICE CLE>LY3 0,WE FITIES1 TO BE 0REFA%ION$0 BY ! HI< POLITICS ( ! RUL]S1 ! WILL ( !SE M5 TO FITICIPAT$ 9 ! GOV]NM5T1 ?AT ! REPRESSION WAS GIV5 FREE REIGN4 ,IT IS C]TA9 ?AT ! P>TICIPATION WAS EXP]I5C$ AS A SETBACK BY ! MILITANTS1 9CLUD+ ?OSE :O SUPPORT$ IT1 & AS A SIGN ( WEAKNESS BY !IR ADV]S>IES1 EXTREMELY HAPPY TO 5SN>E ! PR9CIPAL REVOLUTION>Y =CE 9 ! WEB ( LAWS & DECREES1 & )9 GOV]NM5TAL 0SOLID>ITY04 ,! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T LEFT ! ?REAT5$ CITY ( ,MADRID & RETREAT$ TO ,VAL5CIA4 ,MADRID WAS !N GOV]N$ BY A DELEGATE JUNTA ( DEF5SE1 ( :I* ! PRESID5T1 ,G5]AL ,MIAJA1 HAD AS A FIR/ DUTY TO REPLACE ! *ECKPO9TS & WAT* GU>DS ( ! MILITIAS ) SECURITY UNITS & ASSAULT GU>DS4 ,CLA%ES OCCURR$1 ,C,N,T ACTIVI/S W]E F\ND ASSASS9AT$4 ,! REPRESSION ALSO TOOK AN 9SIDI\S TRACK4 ,! BANK ( ,SPA9 POSSESS$ A VA/ TREASURE ( GOLD AS WELL AS L>GE CA% DEPOSITS 9 ,5GL& & 9 ! BANK ( ,FRANCE4 ,! POLICY ( NON9T]V5TION ALL[$ ,GREAT ,BRITA9 & ,FRANCE TO REFUSE ! USE ( !SE DEPOSITS BUT ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA WAS TO RECEIVE ! ,SPANI% GOLD 9 EX*ANGE = >MS & SUPPLIES4 ,! ,RUSSIAN >MS ONLY REA*$ ! SECTORS CONTROLL$ BY ! COMMUNI/ P>TY4 ,! ORGAN ( ?IS P>TY1 ,MUNDO ,OBR]O1 PRET5D$ TO BE \TRAG$ BY ! 9ACTIVITY ( ! ,>AGON FRONT1 :I* WAS MA9LY HELD BY CONF$]AL DIVISIONS :I* DIDN'T RECEIVE >MS1 :ILE ! WELL->M$ ,/AL9I/ UNITS WAT*$ 9 ! RE>4 ,?US1 LITTLE BY LITTLE1 A CAMPAIGN ( SL&] WAS SET 9 MOTION1 ( :I* ! ,C,N,T WAS NOT ! ONLY VICTIM4 ,! ,P,\,M WAS ! FIR/ T>GET4 ,! CONFLICT BETWE5 ! ,P,\,M & ! ,P,S,U,C PRECIPITAT$ A CRISIS ( GOV]NM5T 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,A NEW GOV]NM5T WAS 9/ALL$1 HYPOCRITICALLY COMPOS$ ( 0SOCIAL CATEGORIES0 & NOT ( P>TIES4 ,?US ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! UNIONS 7,C,N,T & ,U,G,T71 ( ! ,CATALAN LEFT REPRES5T+ ! PETITE B\RGEOISIE & ! RABASSAIRES 7SMALL PEASANTS7 W]E TO BE F\ND 9 IT1 :ILE ! ,P,\,M WAS EXCLUD$4 ,?IS DIDN'T %AME ! ,C,N,T :I* DESCRIB$ ! NEW GOV]NM5T AS APOLITICAL6 ,DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ! ,/AL9I/S HAD ORGANIZ$ DEMON/RATIONS AGA9/ ! LACK ( VITALS UNTIL ! >RIVAL ( ,RUSSIAN %IPS :I* BR\IAT ( ,B>CELONA1 PAID = BY ,SPANI% GOLD4.<#a#a.> ,! NUMB] ( 9CID5TS WAS TO 9CREASE3 ASSASS9AT$ COMRADES1 SUSP5D$ NEWSPAP]S1 & DET5TIONS 9 ! SPECIAL PRISONS ( ! ,/AL9I/ AG5TS :]E PRISON]S W]E TORTUR$4 ,! ,*EKA WAS MOV+ 9444 ,MEAN:ILE ON ! #b#a/ ( ,JANU>Y #aicg ! COMMITTEE ( ACCORD1 SET UP ON ! #a#a? ( ,AUGU/ 7SEE ABOVE71 APPEAL$ ONCE AGA9 = FRAT]NITY1 ) ! SIGNATURE ( ! ,C,N,T1 ,F,A,I1 ,U,G,T & ,P,S,U,C4 ,O!RWISE1 ) MU* RETIC5CE 9 ! CONF$]AL COLUMNS1 MILIT>IZATION ( ! MILITIAS W5T AHEAD4 ,! HI<] COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T W5T TO ! FRONT TO CONV9CE ! MILITIA MEMB]S ?AT ?IS MILIT>IZATION1 :I* T5D$ T[>DS ! REVIVAL ( ! OLD MILIT>Y REASON+1 WAS WELL-F\ND$4 ,SOME MILITIA MEMB]S LEFT ! COLUMNS BUT 9 ! 5D1 EV5 ! ,IRON ,COLUMN ACCEPT$ ! NEW REGULATIONS4 ,! ,/AL9I/ PROVOCATIONS W5T ON & A CRISIS WAS TO BE PROVOK$ 9 ,B>CELONA BY A DECREE ( ! #d? ( ,M>* #aicg FROM ! C\NCILOR ( PUBLIC ORD] ORD]+ ! DISB&M5T ( ! POPUL> PATROLS & ( V>I\S >M$ BODIES2 ! DIS>MAM5T ( ! POPUL> =CES = ! B5EFIT ( ! /ATE =CE4 ,! CONF$]AL & AN>*I/ ACTIVI/S >OSE AGA9/ !IR REPRES5TATIVES 9 ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T4 ,! F$]ATION ( AN>*I/ GR\PS ( ,B>CELONA1 ! REGIONAL COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T1 ! WORK]S & SOLDI]S' C\NCILS1 DEM&$ ! ANNULATION ( ! DECREE4 ,COMPANYS1 ! PRESID5T ( ! ,G5]ALIDAD1 TRI$ MANY LEGAL =MULAS TO RESOLVE ! CRISIS4 ,A NEW GOV]NM5T WAS =M$ ON ! #b#f? ( ,APRIL ) #d REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,C,N,T1 BUT NO?+ WAS RESOLV$4 ,MAY #aicg ,AT ! 5D ( ,APRIL & ! />T ( ,MAY ELEM5TS ( ! POLICE DIS>M$ SOME MILITANTS ( ! ,C,N,T & >RE/$ !M4 ,ON ! #bND ( ,MAY1 AT #c 9 ! AFT]NOON1 L>GE CONT+5TS ( ! /ATE =CES1 UND] ! COMM& ( ! G5]AL COMMISSION] ( PUBLIC ORD]1 LAUN*$ A SURPRISE ATTACK ON ! TELEPHONE EX*ANGE4 ,!Y C\LD ONLY GET AS F> AS ! GR\ND FLOOR & ! CONF$]AL MILITANTS 9 ! WORK+ CLASS >EAS W]E AL]T$4 ,AGA9/ ! /ATE =CES 7ASSAULT GU>DS1 NATIONAL REPUBLICAN GU>D -- EX4 CIVIL GU>D1 SECURITY S]VICE1 GU>D ( ! ,G5]ALITAT71 ! ,P,S,U,C & ! ,CATALAN SEP>ATI/S1 W]E RANG$ ! POPUL> =CES ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 LIB]T>IAN Y\?1 ,P,\,M1 POPUL> PATROLS1 B5EFIT+ FROM ! TE*NICAL ASSI/ANCE ( ! CONF$]AL COMMITTEES ( DEF5SE4 ,! B>RICADES W]E RAIS$ & ! BATTLE WAS AT LEA/ AS FI]CE AS ?AT ( ,JULY #a#i? #aicf ! MA/]Y ( ! T[N4 WAS AT /AKE4 ,! CONF$]AL M9I/]S ( ! ,G5]ALITAT HOP$ TO OBTA9 ! ANNULATION ( ! ORD]S :I* HAD BE5 GIV5 TO ! /ATE =CES & ! SACK+ ( !IR COLLEAGUES :O HAD ABUS$ !IR POSITIONS4 ,BUT ! O!R P>TIES DIDN'T WANT TO GIVE WAY4 ,! ATTITUDE ( PRESID5T ,COMPANYS WAS EQUIVOCAL & HE OPPOS$ ANY SANCTIONS AGA9/ ! P]PETRATORS4 ,A G5]AL /RIKE WAS LAUN*$4 ,! POPUL> =CES MADE !MSELVES MA/]S ( ! \TLY+ >EAS & ! MAJORITY ( ! C5T]4 ,! B>RACKS W]E TAK5 & ! GOV]NM5T'S RESI/ANCE WEAK5$ DESPITE ! SUP]IOR >MS ( ! ,P,S,U,C & ,CATALAN /ATE4 ,ON ! #d? ( ,MAY1 ! POPUL> =CES W]E ALREADY1 TO A L>GE EXT5T1 VICTORI\S.<#a#b.> ,BUT ! UPP] COMMITTEES APPEAL$ = ! WEAPONS TO BE LAID D[N :E!R !Y BE HELD BY ! COMM&]S ( ! PROVOK+ =CES OR BY ! REGIONAL COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T WEAPONS4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 A M9I/] 9 ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 WAS S5T BY ?AT COMMITTEE TO F9D A SOLUTION1 BY APPEAL+ TO ANTI-FASCI/ UNITY4 ,IT C]TA9LY SEEMS ?AT ! ,CATALANI/S1 ! COMMUNI/S ( ! ,G5]ALITAT & ! PRESID5T HIMSELF W\LDN'T HAVE BE5 DISPOS$ TO TAKE HE$ ( ! DO+S ( ,G>CIA ,OLIV] & HIS FRI5DS1 BUT ! ANTI-AIRCRAFT GUNS ( ,MONTJU* W]E 9 ! H&S ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I & ! CANNONS W]E READY TO FIRE AT ! PRESID5TIAL PALACE4 ,ON ! #e? ( ,MAY1 ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T RESIGN$ 5 MASSE4 ,! CONF$]AL =CES DIDN'T D>E TO C>RY ! MATT] TO ITS CONCLUSION [+ TO ! CALLS = A TRUCE & A CEASE-FIRE4 ,BUT ! MALCONT5T T[>DS ! COMMITTEES GREW4 ,IT WAS ?US ?AT ! 0,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI0 APPE>$1 :OSE PAMPHLET CONDEMN+ ! ATTITUDE ( CONCILIATION WAS DIS[N$ BY ! CONF$]AL COMMITTEES 9 A COMMUNIQUE CIRCULAT$ ON ! NICELONA WAS BROADCA/ ON ! RADIO4 ,IT APPEAL$ = A RETURN TO CALM 444,MEAN:ILE ! POLICE =CES MADE ATTEMPTS TO IMPROVE !IR POSITIONS & UNITS ( ! NAVY 5T]$ ! PORT4 ,! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T TOOK PUBLIC ORD] 9TO ITS H&S & S5T A L>GE CONT+5T ( ASSAULT GU>DS TO ,CATALONIA4 ,! APPEALS = CALM ( ,G>CIA ,OLIV] & ,M>IANO ,VASQUEZ.<#a#c.> W]E NOT HE$$4 ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y1 ! 5VOY FROM ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 HAV+ MIRACUL\SLY ESCAP$ ! 5EMIES GUNFIRE1 MANAG$ TO GET TO ,COMPANYS & PROVISIONALLY REMOV$ HIM FROM HIS DUTIES 9 ! NAME ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,IT SEEMS ?AT ,COMPANYS HAD BE5 AWAIT+ ! >RIVAL ( ! ,BRITI% SQUADRON :I* WAS 9 EFFECT SAIL+ T[>DS ,B>CELONA4 ,! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I1 ON ! NICELONA1 =CES :I* GU>DS ( CONF$]AL ORIG9 HAD JO9$ :5 IT WAS COMPOS$1 & ( :I* ! COMM&ANT WAS HIMSELF & OLD MILITIA MAN ( ! 0,T]RA Y ,LIB]TAD0 COLUMN4 ,! REGIONAL COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T CONSID]$ ! 0TRAGIC 9CID5T0 TO BE OV]4 ,BUT !RE W]E #e DEAD & #a PEOPLE W\ND$4 ,! 9T]V5+ >MI/ICE WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY ! PROMISE ( ! RELEASE ( PRISON]S ON BO? SIDES4 ,! CONF$]ALS C>RI$ \T ?IS PROMISE :ILE ! GOV]NM5T & ! ,*EKI/S KEPT !IR PRISON]S & EV5 C>RI$ \T NEW >RE/S4 ,9 FACT1 9 ! ,*EKI/ PRISONS1 MANY PRISON]S W]E EXECUT$ & UP TILL ! #a#a? ( ,MAY MANY MUTILAT$ BODIES W]E F\ND4 ,! EV5TS ( ,MAY #aicg HAD REP]CUSSIONS 9 ! :OLE REGION1 SO MU* SO ?AT CONF$]AL COLUMNS & ?OSE ( ! ,P,\,M REMA9$ TO PREV5T ! ,/AL9I/ ELEM5TS ( ! #b#a/ DIVISION FROM HEAD+ T[>DS ,B>CELONA4 ,WE W\LDN'T BE ABLE TO CONCLUDE ?IS BRIEF \TL9E ( EV5TS )\T 5T]+ 9TO EVID5CE ! ASSASS9ATION1 ON ! #e? ( ,MAY1 ( ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ MILITANTS1 ,CAMMILLO ,B]N]I & ,B>BI]I4.<#a#d.> ,B]N]I1 WRONGLY PRES5T$ AS ! LEAD].<#a#e.> ( ! 0,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI0 BY ! COMMUNI/S1 WAS1 AS HE WRITES HIMSELF1 9 A 0C5TRI/0 POSITION4 ,H[EV] HIS D5UNCIATIONS ( ,/AL9I/ CRIMES & HIS %>P & CUTT+ CRITICISMS ( GOV]NM5T POLICY 79CLUD+ ! ,C,N,T M9I/]S7 W]E HITT+ ! M>K4 ,! GOV]NM5TAL & ,/AL9I/ REPRESSION WAS NOT TO /OP ) ! >MI/ICE4 ,! DISB&M5T ( ! POPUL> PATROLS1 ORD]$ 9 ! DECREE ( ,M>* ! #d? WAS TO BE C>RI$ \T4 ,! CAMPAIGNS AGA9/ ! ,C,N,T W]E TO CONT9UE & !RE WAS ALSO TO BE ! MON/R\S CASE ( ! ,P,\,M4 ,BUT N[ WE %ALL LET ! 0,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI0 DO ! TALK+4 ,! ',FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI' & ! ',PEOPLE'S ,FRI5D' ,:O ,W]E ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI8 ,WE SAW1 9 P>T ONE1 ?AT OPPOSITION BEGAN TO %[ ITSELF AGA9/ ! LAWY]S :O W]E1 TO A GREAT] OR LESS] EXT5T1 ACCU/OM$ TO M9I/]IAL COLLABORATION4 ,NOTABLY ! ,CATALAN ,LIB]T>IAN Y\? HAD DECL>$ !IR REFUSAL TO 0BECOME ACCOMPLICES BY /AY+ SIL5T0 & !Y HAD EV5 ADD$ 0WE >E READY TO RETURN TO ILLEGAL EXI/5CE IF NECESS>Y4440 ,9 ! SPR+.<#a#f.> ( #aicg A GR\P+ ( OPPOSITION MILITANTS BEGAN TO COME \T 9 PUBLIC UND] ! NAME ( ! 0,AMIGOS DE ,DURRUTI0 & BE=E ! ,MAY DAYS1 !Y WROTE 9 A LEAFLET3.<#a#g.> 0,! REVOLUTION>Y & AN>*I/ SPIRIT ( ! #a#i? ( ,JULY HAS LO/ ITS FOCUS444 ,! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I :O1 DUR+ ! E>LY ,JULY DAYS1 BE/ EMBODI$ ! REVOLUTION>Y DIRECTION & POT5TIAL 5]GY ( ! /REETS1 TODAY F9D !MSELVES 9 A WEAK5$ POSITION S9CE !Y FAIL$ TO TRU/ 9 !MSELVES DUR+ ! DAYS EVOK$ ABOVE4 ,WE ACCEPT$ COLLABORATION1 AS M9OR P>TN]S1 :ILE WE W]E BY F> ! MAJOR =CE ON ! /REETS4 ,WE RE9=C$ ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! DECREPIT1 C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y PETIT B\RGEOIS4 ,9 NO WAY CAN WE TOL]ATE ! ADJ\RNM5T ( ! REVOLUTION UNTIL ! 5D ( ! MILIT>Y CONFLICT4 ,! GLORI\S WORK]S' MILITIAS444 >E FAC+ ! DANG] ( BE+ TRANS=M$ 9TO A REGUL> >MY :I* DOESN'T (F] ! LEA/ SAFEGU>D TO ! WORK+ CLASS40 ,9 ?IS LEAFLET1 ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI DRAW ATT5TION TO ! ?REAT ?AT ! 'PUBLIC ORD]' PROJECT = ,CATALONIA WAS POS+4 ,! PROJECT WAS PO/PON$ BUT WAS TO RAISE ITS HEAD AGA94 ,IT AIM$ TO REPLACE ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES 9 ! RE> ) A REPRESSIVE BODY1 0NEUTRAL1 AMORPH\S1 CAPITULAT+ 9 ! FACE ( ! C\NT] REVOLUTION04 ,PROPHETICALLY1 ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ADD$ ?AT 0IF SU* PLANS COME TO HOLD SWAY1 IT WILL NOT BE LONG BE=E WE ONCE AGA9 FILL ! PRISONS40 ,DUR+ ! ,MAY ,DAYS !Y PUBLI%$ A LEAFLET & A MANIFE/O :I* W]E W>MLY RECEIV$ BY ! WORK]S4 ,H]E >E ! CONT5TS ( ! LEAFLET 7WRITT5 9 ! MID/ ( ! ACTION1 ! /YLE IS SOB]74 ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 ',FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI' GR\P+3 ,WORK]S1 LET US NOT AB&ON ! /REETS4 ,A REVOLUTION>Y JUNTA4 ,EXECUTION ( ! GUILTY4 ,DIS>M+ ( ! >M$ BODIES4 ,SOCIALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY4 ,DISSOLUTION ( ! POLITICAL P>TIES :O HAVE ATTACK$ ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,WE SALUTE \R COMRADES ( ! ,P,\,M 7,WORK]S P>TY ( ,M>XI/ UNITY7 :O HAVE BE5 AT \R SIDES 9 ! /REETS4 ,LONG LIVE ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION6 ,BUT :O MADE UP ! 0,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI08 ,!Y CALL$ !MSELVES AN 'AGRUPACION'1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 NOT A GR\P1 BUT MORE A GR\P+1 A RALLY+4 ,!Y W]E ALL ,C,N,T ACTIVI/S1 MANY W]E ALSO MEMB]S ( ! MILITIAS :O HAD NOT AGRE$ ) MILIT>IZATION1 SOME HAD EV5 LEFT ! MILITIAS :5 MILIT>IZATION HAD BE5 PUT 9 PLACE4 ,O!RS W]E MEMB]S ( ! POPUL> PATROLS4 ,A GOOD NUMB] ( !M W]E /ILL AT ! FRONT 9 ! PR$OM9ANTLY CONF$]AL UNITS :I* HAD EM]G$ FROM ! 'IRON COLUMN'1 ! ',DURRUTI COLUMN' & O!RS4 ,BUT AFT] ! ,MAY DAYS !Y W]E SL&]$1 TREAT$ AS 'UNCONTROLLABLES'1 AS 'PROVOCATEURS'1 EV5 AS ,/AL9I/ AG5TS BY ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I1 OR AS FASCI/ AG5TS BY ! ,/AL9I/S & !IR ALLIES4 ,IT %\LD BE ADD$ ?AT ! (FICIALS ( ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T W]E TO VOLUNT>ILY CLASSIFY !M AS ,TROTSKYI/S1 DUE TO !IR C\RAGE\S DEF5SE ( ! ,P,\,M & ITS ACTIVI/S4 ,! ,TROTSKYI/S1 EXTREMELY HAPPY ) ?IS GODS5D1 TRI$ TO GIVE SOME CR$5CE TO ! RUMOR4 ,REC5TLY1 ISSUE #a ( CAHI]S ,LEON ,TROTSKI 7PUBLI%$ BY ! 9/ITUTION ( ! SAME NAME :I* IS MADE UP ( V>I\S GR\PS ( ! ,TROTSKYI/ P]SUASION7 PUBLI%$ A /UDY BY ,F4,M4 ,>&A ON ! 0,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI04 ,! AU?OR LABORI\SLY ATTEMPTS TO DEMON/RATE ! COLLABORATION BETWE5 !SE MILITANTS & ! ,TROTSKYI/S ( ! P]IOD4 ,:AT IS ! TRU? ( ! MATT]8 ,! SOLE E/ABLI%$ FACT1 \T ( ALL ! ALLEG$ SECRET AGREEM5TS1 IS ! RELATIONS BETWE5 A FEW ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI & ONE1 YES ONE S+LE ,TROTSKYI/ ACTIVI/1 AS IT HAPP5S ! ,G]MAN ,HANS ,DAVIS ,FREUND1 KN[N BY ! PSEUDONYM ,M\L94 ,NO?+ IS SAID AB\T ! NATURE ( !SE RELATIONS1 NONE ( ! NAMES ( ! MEMB]S ( ! 0,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI0 9 QUE/ION IS SPECIFI$444 ,BUT ?IS SEEMS SUFFICI5T TO ?IS 'HI/ORIAN' TO SPEAK ( A 0CLOSE ASSOCIATION06 ,ON PAGE #hc ( ! SAME ISSUE ( ! SAME PUBLICATION1 ,PI]RE ,BR\FF RECALLS1 MORE HONE/LY1 ?AT ! 0,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI0 0REJECT$ A MEET+ TO PLAN COMMON ACTIVITIES0444! FILE IS ?US EXTREMELY ?94 ,AS = ! DEF5SE ( ! ,P,\,M1 ?IS W\LD APPE> LOGICAL4 ,! ,/AL9I/S WANT$ TO DE/ROY ! ,P,\,M1 :I* OPPOS$ !IR HEGEMONY & DEF5D$ ! VICTIMS ( ! ,MOSC[ %[-TRIALS4 ,NOT BE+ ABLE TO DIRECTLY TAKE ON ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 ! ,/AL9I/S BLOCK$ EV]Y ALLIANCE :I* WAS 9DEP5D5T ( !M 7= EXAMPLE ! COLLABORATION BETWE5 ! LIB]T>IAN Y\? & ! ,P,\,M'S Y\? W+74 ,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT ! LEAD]S ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I ACCEPT$ ! EXPULSION ( ! ,P,\,M FROM ! GOV]NM5T BUT ?AT 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 ! LIB]T>IAN WORK]S F\IAN MOVEM5T & ! ,TROTSKYI/S TRI$ TO GIVE ! MY? A SIGNIFICANCE :I* IT NEV] HAD4 ,!Y TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! FACT ?AT ! AN>*I/ LEAD]S1 REJECT+ ALL RIGOR\S ANALYSIS COM+ FROM !IR [N RANKS1 W]E TRY+ TO DISCR$IT ! 0,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI0 & W]E ASSI/+ 9 !IR REPRESSION4 ,9 A MILIEU :]E ! WOR/ 9SULT WAS TO BE LABEL$ A ',M>XI/'1 ?IS ALSO ALL[$ !M TO AVOID DEAL+ ) !IR URG5T PROBLEMS & !IR PROP] RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ! 0,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI01 :O W5T ON TO PUBLI% A NEWSPAP] 9/EAD ( LEAFLETS AS !IR M\?PIECE1 W]E TO /RID5TLY /& !IR GR\ND1 PROCLAIM+ !IR ADH]5CE TO REVOLUTION>Y AN>*ISM DESPITE ! DISAV[ALS & SL&]S ?AT ! HIIAN MOVEM5T NEV] FAIL$ TO HURL AT !M4 ,?IS PAP] ,E,L ,AMIGO DEL ,PUEBLO1 ! PEOPLE'S FRI5D1 WAS PUBLI%$ FROM ,JULY TO ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#g1 9 EITICLES ?R[ LIIAN MOVEM5T4 ,WE READ1 9 AN >TICLE 5TITL$3 ,9TRODUC+ \RSELVES4 ,:Y WE >E PUBLI%+1 :AT DO WE WANT1 :]E >E WE GO+8 ,WE HAVE APPE>$ PUBLICLY )\T 9 ! LEA/ WANT+ TO 5GAGE 9 P]SONAL SQUABBLES4 ,\R AIMS >E L(TI]4 ,! SUCCESS ( \R ASPIRATIONS IS MEASUR$ 9 DAYS ( TRIUMPH & PASSION = \R IDEAS & DESIRES4 ,WE FEEL A PURE LOVE = ! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR & = ! ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION ( ,IB]IA4 ,BUT ?IS V]Y ATTA*M5T :I* WE PR(ESS = !SE ORGANIZATIONS :I* IS ( ! SAME SUB/ANCE AS \R WORRIES1 9CITES US TO CONFRONT C]TA9 9S9UATIONS :I* WE JUDGE AS WICK$ & UNW>RANT$4 ,! FOLL[+ ISSUE 9CLUD$ ON PAGE #c1 9 L>GE TYPE3 ,! ASSOCIATION ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI IS MADE UP ( ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I ACTIVI/S4 ,ONLY SYNDICAL ASSEMBLIES CAN EXPEL US FROM ! ,CONF$]AL ORGANIZATION4 ,MEET+S ( LOCAL & CANTONAL DELEGATES DO NOT HAVE ! P[] TO EXPEL COMRADES4 ,WE *ALL5GE ! COMMITTEES TO PUT ! QUE/ION ( ! ',FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI' TO ! ASSEMBLIES1 :]E ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! ORGANIZATION RESIDES4 ,! ATTA*M5T ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI TO ! ORGANIZATIONS ( ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T W5T AS F> AS AN ATTEMPT$ RECONCILIATION AS WE CAN READ 9 ! COMMUNIQUE 9 L>GE TYPE ON ! BOTTOM ( ! FRONT PAGE ( ! ?IRD ISSUE3 ,RESPECT+ ! AGREEM5T REA*$ DUR+ ! PL5UM ( GR\PS ( ! ,F,A,I1 & HOP+ ?AT ! COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I WILL DO ! SAME1 WE >E MAK+ A CORRECTION TO ! SUGGE/ION ( TREASON :I* APPE>$ 9 ! MANIFE/O ?AT CAME \T DUR+ ! ,MAY DAYS4 ,WE REPEAT :AT WE DECL>$ DUR+ ! PL5UM1 ?AT WE DIDN'T ATTRIBUTE A S5SE ( BAD FAI? & NEGLIG5CE TO ! WORD 'TREASON'4 ,IT IS ) ?AT 9T]PRETATION 9 M9D ?AT WE RECONSID] ! USE ( ! WORD 'TREASON' 9 ! HOPE ?AT ! COMMITTEES WILL ALSO RECTIFY ! SUGGE/ION ( 'AG5TS-PROVOCATEURS' :I* !Y HAVE HURL$ AT US4 ,WE HAVE BE5 ! FIR/ TO SET ! RECORD /RAIE WAIT+ = ! COMMITTEES TO FOLL[ ! EXAMPLE %[N H]E1 9 ! V]Y NE> FUTURE4 ,! /ORY ( ?IS ATTEMPT$ COMPROMISE IS AGA9 TAK5 UP 9 DETAIL 9 ISSUE #e1 PUBLI%$ ON ! #b? ( ,JULY1 ( :I* MO/ ( PAGE #c IS TAK5 UP ) A SOLEMN APPEAL4 ,WE SEE1 9 ?IS TEXT 5TITL$ 0,! GR\P+ ( ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI TO ! WORK]S01 H[ ! CONFLICT BETWE5 ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI & ! (FICIAL ORGANS ( ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I HAD BE5 PLAY$ \T4 ,H[1 AFT] POSITIONS HAD BE5 TAK5 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,MAY ,DAYS1 DESPITE ! PROMISES1 ! SYNDICAL ASSEMBLIES HAD NOT BE5 CONVOK$ TO DISCUSS ! ISSUES & H[ ! COMMITTEES HAD TAK5 ! DECISION TO EXPEL ! MEMB]S ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! ,LIB]T>IAN Y\? & MANY ACTIVI/S W]E OPPOS$ TO ! MEASURE4 ,! EXPULSIONS1 HAV+ BE5 CONFIRM$ BY A NATIONAL PL5UM BR++ TOGE!R ! REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 7! ,&ALUSIAN REGIONAL ORGANIZATION OPPOS$ ! DECISION71 W]E 9 FACT R>ELY C>RI$ \T 9 ! UNIONS4 ,! APPEAL TO ! WORK]S :I* F9I%$ ) CRIES ( 0LONG LIVE ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 LONG LIVE LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM0 & PO9T$ \T ! SYMPA!TIC MOOD 5C\NT]$ BY ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 WAS TO BE SC>CELY HE>D4 ,H[EV]1 ! V>I\S ISSUES ( ,AMIGO DEL ,PUEBLO CONTA9$ NEWS ( SIGNIFICANT SUBSCRIPTIONS1 ( NEW MEMB]S1 ( ! =MATION ( NEW BRAN*ES1 EI!R 9 CONF$]AL UNITS OR 9 LOCALITIES 9 ,CATALONIA 7,SANS1 ,T>RASSA OR ,SABADELL = EXAMPLE74 ,BUT 9 A %ORT ON PAGE #b ( ISSUE #c1 & 9 A L>GE BANN] ON ! BOTTOM ( PAGE #c ( ! SAME ISSUE1 WE LE>N ?AT ! ,B>CELONA LOCAL F$]ATION ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? & ! ,Y\? DEF5SE COMMITTEES HAD 9=M$ ! REGIONAL COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I ( !IR AGREEM5T ) ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI'S 9T]PRETATION ( ! ,MAY DAYS4 ,BUT ! GR\P+'S 9FLU5CE WAS TO REMA9 ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY LIMIT$ TO ,CATALONIA & MO/ ( ! COMBATANTS 9 ! PR$OM9ANTLY LIB]T>IAN UNITS NEV] EV5 KNEW ( !IR EXI/5CE4.<#a#h.> ,!Y LACK$ ! MEANS ( PUBLICIZ+ !MSELVES2 ,REPRESSION BO? OV]T & HIDD51 EX]CIS$ BY ! GOV]NM5T & ,C,N,T COMMITTEES WAS TO TRIUMPH QUICKLY4 ,ISSUE #d ( ,AMIGO DEL ,PUEBLO CONTA9$ NEWS ( ! >RE/ ( ,JAIME ,BALIUS1.<#a#i.> ! *IEF $ITOR ( ! PUBLICATION1 & ! CLOSURE BY ! POLICE ( !IR (FICE ON ,NO4 #a ,RAMBLAS DE LA ,FLORES4 ,! FOLL[+ ISSUES W]E P>TLY GIV5 OV] TO ! D5\NC+ ! ESCALAT+ REPRESSION & ! DIFFICULTIES ( PUBLI%+ ! PAP]4 ,ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#a/ #a#i#c#g1 ! LA/ ISSUE1 NUMB] #h1 LEFT ! PRESSES4 ,?US ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI W]E UNABLE TO BE ! RALLY+ PO9T = ! AN>*I/ OPPOSITION1 SPREAD ?9LY 9 ! ,CONF$]AL MASSES & AT ! FRONT4 ,BUT AT LEA/ !Y W]E ABLE TO LEAVE A LEGACY TO ! PROLET>IAT1 A COLLECTION ( ANALYZES & PROGRAMMATIC PROPOSALS :I* MU/ BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT4 ,EL ,AMIGO DEL ,PUEBLO ,IT IS 9 ?IS PUBLICATION1.<#b.> :I* HAS ALREADY BE5 CIT$ ?AT WE F9D ! CORE ( ! PROGRAM & ANALYSIS ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI4 ,WE POSSESS COPIES 7PHOTO-COPI$7 ( ! #h ISSUES ( ?IS PAP]1 :I* APPE>$ BETWE5 ,JULY & ! 5D ( ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#g4 ,)\T D\BT1 EV]Y?+ IS F\ND H]E1 BUT S9CE WE >E MAT]IALLY OBLIG$ TO MAKE A SELECTION1 WE HAVE CONC5TRAT$ ON ! MORE PR(\ND >TICLES & BE5 MORE RE/RA9$ ) REG>D TO ! POLEMIC & APOLOGETIC >TICLES4 ,H[EV] SOME?+ MU/ BE SAID AB\T ! LATT] DUE TO !IR FREQU5CY & REPETITIVELY4 ,?IS DOGG$NESS IS SIGNIFICANT1 AS IS ! /YLE EMPLOY$ :I* IS LIKELY TO SURPRISE TODAY'S READ]S4 ,IT %\LD BE /AT$1 EV5 IF ?IS IS LESS & LESS TRUE1 ?AT AN>*I/ LIT]ATURE 7) REF]5CE TO ! PRESS MORE ?AN !ORETICAL TEXTS7 MAKES 9T5SIVE USE ( ROMANTIC-REVOLUTION>Y LYRICISM4 ,ONE CAN F9D LONG 9CANTORY PASSAGES1 APPEAL+ AS MU* TO ! MEMORY ( ANCI5T ,ROME1 AS TO ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION4 ,:AT'S MORE1 ,SPA9 HAS A P5*ANT = EXCESSIVELY EPIC CONCOCTIONS.<#b#a.> & ! LANGUAGE L5DS ITSELF TO SO>+1 PASSIONATE4 ,BUT IT C]TA9LY W\LDN'T BE SUFFICI5T TO SEE ?IS AS M]ELY ! DESIRE ( ! ACTIVI/S TO EXPRESS !IR EXALT$ S5TIM5TS4 ,IT REPRES5TS ! LA/ FLAMES ( AN EPO*4 ,SPA9 ( #aicf WAS ONE ( ! LA/ HOMES ( ! 9SURRECTIONAL /ORM :I* ,EUROPE HAD EXP]I5C$ DUR+ ! PREVI\S C5TURY4 ,TO GET BACK TO ESS5TIAL MATT]S1 ! FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEMS1 WE HAVE !RE=E SELECT$ >TICLES & GR\P$ !M TOGE!R UND] A C]TA9 NUMB] ( TOPICS4 ,EA* TOPIC IS 9DICAT$ BY A SUB HEAD+ & MAKES REF]5CE TO PUBLI%$ >TICLES4 ,:Y ,DURRUTI8 ,BE=E ADDRESS+ ! SUB/ANTIAL QUE/IONS1 !RE IS A QUE/ION :I* \R READ]S C]TA9LY HAVE ! RI REVOLUTION>Y 9 #aicf ,SPA94 ,ASCASO FELL ON ! #a#i? ( ,JULY #aicf AT ! HEAD ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I COMBATANTS DUR+ ! ASSAULT ( ! ,AT>AZANAS B>RACKS4 ,DURRUTI LEFT ,B>CELONA = ! ,>AGON FRONT ) A COLUMN ( MILITIAM54 ,HE !N MADE = ,MADRID :I* WAS UND] IMM95T ?REAT FROM ! FASCI/S4 ,ON ! #b? ( ,NOVEMB] HE WAS FATALLY W\ND$ 9 CIRCUM/ANCES :I* REMA9 OBSCURE4 ,HIS LIFE WAS A S]IES ( ADV5TURES & HIS DEA? ON ! ,MADRID FRONT TURN$ HIM 9TO A LEG5D4 ,TO LE>N AB\T ! EPISODES ( HIS LIFE AS MU* AS AB\T ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( HIS DEA?1 ,ABEL ,PAZ' BOOK MU/ BE CONSULT$ 7SEE ! BIBLIOGRAPHY74 ,EQUALLY1 TO COMPLEM5T & CORRECT IT1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV]'S BOOK1 CIT$ ABOVE1 REVEALS ! LESS LAUDABLE ASPECTS ( ,DURRUTI'S P]SONALITY4 ,ONE PO9T DES]VES CL>IFICATION2 ,DURRUTI1 ,ASCASO & ! :OLE ',SOLID>IOS' AFF9ITY GR\P W\LD HAVE BE5 ?\*O-,BOL%EVIKS' BY C]TA9 ,SPANI% AN>*I/S 9 ! '#bS4 ,!Y W]E P>TISANS ( A REVOLUTION>Y ALLIANCE ) O!R =CES ( ! LEFT1 S9CE /RICTLY AN>*I/ 9SURRECTIONS W\LD HAVE BE5 DOOM$ TO FAILURE4 ,!Y TALK$ ( A CONQUE/ ( 'P[]'1 AFT] '! OLD MA*9]Y ( /ATE HAD BE5 DE/ROY$'4 ,SU* A PO9T ( VIEW HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON ) 'GOV]NM5TAL P>TICIPATION'1 CONTR>Y TO ,CES> ,M4 ,LOR5ZO'S CLAIMS 9 HIS BOOK ,SPANI% AN>*I/S & GOV]NM5T4 ,FUR!RMORE1 BETWE5 ?AT OLD P]IOD & #aicf ,DURRUTI HAD EVOLV$4 ,:O CAN SAY :AT ORI5TATION HE W\LD HAVE HAD IF DEA? HADN'T COME SO SOON8 ,ALL WE KN[ IS ?AT HE WANT$ TO MOBILIZE ALL 5]GY TO DEFEAT FASCISM & ?AT HE HAD EXPRESS$ HIS 9DIGNATION & CONTEMPT = ! 9DIFF]5CE & NEGLIG5CE 9 ! RE>4 ,A DECL>ATION MADE JU/ BE=E HIS DEA? 7& REPRODUC$ ON PAGE #d ( ISSUE #c ( ,AMIGO DEL ,PUEBLO7 CONDEMNS 0! PLOTS ! 9T]NAL /RUGGLES0 & DEM&S ?AT ! LEAD]S BE 0S9C]E & CON/RUCT AN EFFICI5T ECONOMY TO ALL[ ! RUNN+ ( A MOD]N W>04 ,HE ASKS = ! 0EFFECTIVE MOBILIZATION ( ALL ! WORK]S 9 ! RE>04 ,HE EXPRESSES RES]VATIONS AB\T ! NE$ = MILIT>IZATION & AFFIRMS ! EFFICI5CY ( DISCIPL9E AT ! FRONT4 ,IT IS NOT C]TA9 ?AT HE W\LD HAVE FOLL[$1 TO A FULL EXT5T1 ! DECISIONS ( ! ACTIVI/S :O W]E TO F9D !MSELVES 9 RADICAL OPPOSITION TO ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I 9 #a#i#c#g4 ,H[EV]1 ONE CAN /ILL UND]/& :Y ?OSE ACTIVI/S %\LD HAVE *OS5 HIM AS A SYMBOL ( A /]N /RUGGLE )\T CONCESSIONS4 ,! FIR/ PAGE ( ISSUE #a ( ,AMIGO DEL ,PUEBLO REVEALS A LOT4 ,IT IS 9 COLOR & CONTA9S ONLY A PROCLAMATION & SLOGANS >\ND A PORTRAIT ( ,DURRUTI HOLD+ ! FLAG ( ! ,C,N,T1 ! 0B&]A ROJI-NEGRA04 ,H]E IS ! ESS5TIAL P>TS ( ?AT PROCLAMATION1 ! TONE ( :I* IS FULLY 9 ! SPIRIT ( ?AT REVOLUTION>Y LYRICISM1 :I* WAS 9SEP>ABLE FROM ,SPANI% AN>*ISM4 ,5VELLOP$ 9 ! FOLDS ( ! R$ & BLACK FLAG1 \R PROLET>IAT ROSE TO ! SURFACE ) AN >D5T DESIRE = ABSOLUTE LIB]ATION4 ,ONE MAN BE/RODE ?OSE SUBLIME DAYS4 ,BU5AV5TURA ,DURRUTI ROOT$ HIMSELF 9 ! HE>T ( ! MULTITUDES4 ,HE F\G$ HIM ( HIS BURD51 9 TAK+ IT UPON \R %\LD]S4 ,) ?IS FLAG HELD AL(T1 WE WILL FALL OR WE WILL OV]COME4 ,!RE IS NO MIDDLE GR\ND3 TO VANQUI% OR TO DIE4 ,! BOTTOM ( ! PAGE DECL>ES1 9 V]Y L>GE TYPE3 ,>E WE PROVOCATEURS8 ,>E WE ! SAME OLD ?+8 ,DURRUTI IS \R GUIDE6 ,HIS FLAG IS \RS6 ,LONG LIVE ! ,F,A,I6 ,LONG LIVE ! ,C,N,T6 ,! DET]M9ATION TO ATTA* !MSELVES TO ! MEMORY ( ,DURRUTI 7& AT ! SAME TIME TO REPLY TO ! ACCUSATION ( BE+ 'PROVOCATEURS' OR 'IRRESPONSIBLES'7 IS EVID5T 9 ALL ( ! FOLL[+ ISSUES4 ,CAN WE TALK ( A CULT ( P]SONALITY H]E8 ,& DOES ,AMIGO DEL ,PUEBLO ANSW] ?IS QUE/ION8 ,! SECOND ISSUE ( ! PAP] IS MORE GIV5 OV] TO ,FRANCICSO ,ASCANO & 9DE$ ! TWO M5 >E 9SEP>ABLE ) REG>DS TO ! E/EEM 9 :I* !Y >E HELD BY \R ,SPANI% COMRADES1 AS !Y W]E 9SEP>ABLE 9 ! EV5TS :I* M>K$ \T !IR LIVES4 ,BUT ISSUE #c1 UND] ! HEAD+ 0LET US IMITATE ! PEOPLE'S H]OES01 DECL>ES ON PAGE #b3 444WE >E M9DFUL ( \R POSITION AS ICONOCLA/S4 ,H[EV]1 ,BU5AV5TURA ,DURRUTI W\LD HAVE BE5 \TRAG$ BY ?OSE :O AUDACI\SLY FALSIFY HIS POSITIONS & IDEAS4 ,)\T LYRICISM OR OPPORTUNISM HE W\LD HAVE UNAMBIGU\SLY F\E LETT+ US LOSE ! ,JULY REVOLUTION4 ,IT MU/ BE UND]/OOD ?AT TO IMITATE ,DURRUTI MEANS NEI!R TO HESITATE NOR TO WEAK54 ,IT MEANS ?AT WE POND] ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,JULY MOVEM5T &1 AFT] ANALYZ+ IT1 WE DECIDE ?AT ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION WILL NOT C>RY ! DAY :5 FAC$ ) \R CONCEPTION ( RESPONSIBILITY4 ,ISSUE #e TAKES UP ! ISSUE AGA91 9 A MORE G5]AL S5SE4 ,BUT ?IS >TICLE1 PR9T$ ON PAGE #d 9 ! 'IDEAS' SECTION & 5TITL$ 0NO IDOLS1 NO >BITR>Y DECISIONS0 IS CLE>LY AN OP9ION PIECE1 ADDRESS+ ?OSE \TSIDE ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI4 ,ONE P>T ( ?IS >TICLE TAKES UP ! DEF5SE ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI 7! GR\P+ IS DESCRIB$ AS AN 0AN>*I/ 9/ITUTION1 CREAT$ 9 ! L+]+ GLORY :I* A DEAD LEAD].<#b#b.> LEFT BEYOND HIS GRAVE04 ,IT SUPPORTS ! RIIETY ( /ATE0 & AGA9/ ! 09CONGRU\S0 C5TRALISM ( ! SUPPOS$ AN>*I/S :O HAD DECRE$ ! EXPULSION ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI FROM ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,! O!R P>T ( ! >TICLE DEALS ) 0! H]O0 & DECL>ES3 0WE >E OPPOS$ TO ALL TYPES ( IDOLATRY OR P]SONAL CULT4440 ,FUR!R ON1 ) REF]5CE TO ,DURRUTI1 IT SAYS3 HE OBTA9$ ! H]O'S GLORY BY VIRTUE ( HIS *>ACT] & S5TIM5TS1 NOT = HIS IDEAS4 ,&1 AS REG>DS HIS P]FECT IDEALISM1 !RE >E O!R PEOPLE AMONG ! ANONYM\S MASSES :O >E NOT CONSID]$ TO BE SYMBOLS & :O C\LD P]HAPS SURPASS \R H]O ,! FOLL[+ ISSUE 7NO #f1 #ab ,AUGU/ #a#i#c#g7 COMES BACK TO ! QUE/ION UND] ! HEAD+ 0,LOS ,CAUDILLOS40.<#b#c.> ,BUT ! ',CAUDILLISM' :I* IS D5\NC$ IS ?AT ( ! P>TIES :I* REIGNS 9 ! HI WILL BECAUSE HE ACT$ AS ! PEOPLE WI%$ HIM TO4 74447 ,BU5AV5TURA ,DURRUTI WAS A CAUDILLO4 ,BUT HE DIDN'T BECOME ONE ?R\< PETTY FLATT]Y4 ,HE ATTA9$ ?AT /ATE ?R\< ! C\RSE ( HIS LIFE1 ON ! /REET & BATTLEFIELD1 :ILE ?OSE O!RS :O ASPIRE TO BE CAUDILLOS W]E HANG+ \T 9 ! HALLS ( GR& HOTELS ALONGSIDE ELEGANT T\RI/S ,?IS IS ALL ?AT WE CAN DISCOV] 9 ! GUISE ( A SELF-CRITIQUE6 ,O!RWISE1 ?IS MATT] WAS NOT ADDRESS$ AGA9 9 ! LA/ ISSUES ( ,AMIGO DEL ,PUEBLO4 ,D5UNCIATION ( ,M9I/]IALISM ,WE HAVE SE51 9 ! FIR/ P>T ( \R /UDY1 ?AT A SIGNIFICANT NUMB] ( AN>*I/ & CONF$]AL ACTIVI/S PROTE/$ AGA9/ ! SPIRIT ( CONCESSION :I* GUID$ ! COMMITTEES AT ! SUMMIT ( ! ORGANIZATIONS4 ,H[EV] ! ADVOCATES ( GOV]NM5TAL COLLABORATION W]5'T ALWAYS CURSORY4.<#b#d.> ,?US ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN /AT$ SUBTLY ?AT ! NECESS>Y REVOLUTION W\LD BE C>RI$ \T BY ! MASSES & ?AT ! GOV]NM5T WAS M]ELY A GOOD 9/RUM5T = WAG+ ! W>4 ,HE ADD$ ?AT1 MOREOV]1 ! PRES5CE ( REVOLUTION>IES 9 ! GOV]NM5T W\LD 'P]HAPS' ALL[ !M TO PREV5T ! /ATE FROM PUTT+ 'EXCESSIVE OB/ACLES' 9 ! WAY ( ! PEOPLE'S ASPIRATIONS4 ,D4,A4 DE ,SANTILLAN >GU$ ?IS L9E 9 ,SOLI 7! POPUL> ABBREVIATION = ,SOL>IDAD ,OBR]A7 ON ,APRIL ! #a#f?1 A FEW DAYS BE=E ! EV5TS ( ,MAY4 ,HE =GOT TO SAY ?AT ! ,N,T-,F,A,I (FIC]S W]E COLLABORAT+ 9 A B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T :I* WAS CON/ANTLY /RIV+ TO LIMIT ! WORK]S' CONQUE/S.<#b#e.> & :I* HAD \/$ ! ,P,\,M )\T ! ,G>CIA ,OLIV]S OR HE ,MONTS5YS HAV+ RAIS$ !IR VOICES 9 PROTE/4 ,HE ALSO =GOT TO SPECIFY ?AT ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T HAD 9 NO WAY SUPPORT$ ! >MAM5T PRODUCTION EF=T :I* WAS C>RI$ \T 9 ,CATALONIA & ?AT ! LIB]T>IAN COLUMNS ( ! ,>AGON FRONT W]5'T RECEIV+ ANY >MS & HAT CONSEQU5TLY ! GOV]NM5T1 :ILE EXCELL+ 9 RE9=C+ ! SECURITY =CES ( ! E>1 DIDN'T HAVE A CLUE H[ TO WAGE ! W>4 ,H[ C\LD ,D4,A4 DE ,SANTILLAN NOT SEE ?AT DEF5SE ( ! B\RGEOIS WAS BE+ RE9=C$ EV]Y DAY AGA9/ ! /EPS TAK5 BY ! MASSES ( WORK]S & PEASANTS1 :ILE ! ,/AL9I/S W]E EXT5D+ !IR P[] BY !IR CONTROL ( ! =CES ( REPRESSION AS WELL AS BY !IR P>ALLEL POLICE =CE4 ,BUT M9I/]IALISM WAS TO CULM9ATE 9 ! ,MAY ,DAYS4 ,IT WAS ! MA9 TASK ( ISSUE #a ( ,AMIGO DEL ,PUEBLO TO ?R[ LI$ VISIBLY RU%$1 SOME >TICLES BE+ ALMO/ 5TIRELY SUPPRESS$ Y ! C5SOR4 ,WE CAN REASONABLY SUPPOSE ?AT IT WAS PUBLI%$ ON ,MAY #a#e? AS IT REPRODUCES A TEXT FROM ,B>CELONA1 DAT$ #a#a? ,MAY #a#i#c#g4 ,9 APPE>ANCE ?IS ISSUE IS CONSECRAT$ TO MAGNIFY+ ! MEMORY ( ,DURRUTI4 ,9 REALITY IT IS L>GELY FOCUS$ ON ! ,MAY ,DAYS4 ,! SECOND PAGE1 AT LEA/ HALF ( :I* WAS *OPP$ \T BY HE IMPLACABLE C5SOR%IP1 OP5S ! DEBATE )\T HESITATION1 BY COMP>+ #b MANIFE/OS2 ?AT ( ! REGIONAL COMMITTEES 7,C,N,T1 ,F,A,I & ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?7 & ?AT ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI4 ,! REGIONAL COMMITTEES' MANIFE/O IS AN APPEAL = WORK]S' UNITY 9 ORD] TO FACE UP TO ! PROVOCATIONS1 AN APPEAL = POLITICAL HONE/Y 9 ! RE>4 ,IT WELCOMES ! 0POPUL> DECISION0 :I* CAUS$ ! 5EMY'S PLAN TO BE HALT$4 ,BUT ?IS 5EMY IS NOT ID5TIFI$ & AFT] TRY+ TO JU/IFY ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I'S L9E 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ,JULY #a#i? #aicf & PRES5T+ ! MOD]ATION ( !IR PRES5T DEM&S AS A SIGN ( 0NOBL5ESS & LOYALTY01 IT F9I%ES ) ! FOLL[+ CAT*-CRIES 0,LONG LIVE ! PROLET>IAT'S REVOLUTION>Y ALLIANCE6 ,D[N ) ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION6 ,LONG LIVE ! ,C,N,T-,U,G,T UNITY1 ! GU>ANTEE ( TRIUMPH 9 ! W> & REVOLUTION04 ,?IS MANIFE/O CONTA9S NO REM9D] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y OBJECTIVES1 IT HELPS TO P]PETUATE ILLUSIONS 7ESPECIALLY :5 ONE KN[S :AT ! ,U,G,T LEAD]S 9 ,CATALONIA W]E UP TO71 IT CONTA9S NO CRITICISM ( ! GOV]NM5T & DOESN'T SAY A WORD AB\T ! ,C,N,T M9I/]S4 ,IT IS ! V]Y EPITOME ( HUMANUITY & POLITICAL WEAKNESS4 ,AS = ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI'S MANIFE/O1 IT IS MU* MORE RADICALLY C5SOR$2 IT D5\NCES ! ILLUSIONS 9 ANTI-FASCI/ UNITY & ! TREASON'S ( ! LEAD]S4 ,H]E >E ! \T/&+ PASSAGES 7! P>TS 9 BOLD >E SUB-HEAD+S 9 ! ORIG9AL TEXT74 ,IT HAS BE5 /AT$ ?AT ! DAYS ( ,JULY 7#a#i#c#f7 W]E A RESPONSE TO FASCI/ PROVOCATION1 BUT WE1 ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 HAVE PUBLICLY SUPPORT$ ! POSITION ?AT ! ESS5CE ( ?OSE MEMORABLE ,JULY DAYS RESIDES 9 ! PROLET>IAT'S DESIRE = ABSOLUTE EMANCIPATION4 ,! REGIONAL COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T DIS[NS US4 ,?IS DISAV[AL ON ! P>T ( ! SUPPOS$ EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES DOES NOT SURPRISE US4 ,WE KN[ 9 ADVANCE ?AT !SE COMMITTEES >E CAPABLE ( DO+ NO?+ EXCEPT TO P>ALYZE ! ADVANCE ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,WE KN[ ONLY TOO WELL ! ,TR5TI/ES :O >E MEMB]S ( ! REGIONAL COMMITTEE4 ,WE >E ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI :O HAVE 5\< MORAL AU?ORITY TO D5\NCE !SE 9DIVIDUALS :O HAVE BETRAY$ ! REVOLUTION & ! WORK+ CLASS1 ?R\< !IR 9COMPET5CE & NEGLIG5CE4 ,:5 WE HAD NO MORE 5EMIES 9 \R WAY1 !Y H&$ P[] BACK TO ,COMPANYS & ! PETIT-B\RGEOIS & :AT'S MORE1 GAVE CONTROL ( PUBLIC ORD] BACK TO ! ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T & G5]AL ,POZAS' DEF5SE S]VICE4 ,! TREASON IS 5ORM\S1 ! TWO ESS5TIAL SAFEGU>DS ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 SECURITY & DEF5SE1 H&$ TO \R 5EMIES ON A PLATE4 ,:AT TO DO8 ,DESPITE ! >RANG$ TRUCE1 ! SPIRIT ( ! DAYS :I* WE HAVE JU/ GONE ?R\< /ILL EXI/S4 ,WE HAVE COMMITT$ ! 5ORM\S ]ROR ( GIV+ TIME TO \R ADV]S>IES TO RE9=CE !IR POSITIONS4 ,WE HAVE GRANT$ ! ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T ! *ANCE TO S5D RE9=CEM5TS TO ! C\NT] REVOLUTION4 ,WE DIDN'T KN[ H[ TO /RIKE AT ! HE>T & !RE WAS NO CO-ORD9ATION ON ! FIELD ( 9SURRECTION4 ,WE >E OBS]V+ EV5TS TO COME4 ,WE >E NOT DISC\RAG$4 ,\R REVOLUTION>Y MORALE REMA9S SOLID4 ,WE RECOGNIZE ?AT ?IS IS A CRUCIAL /AGE = US4 ,WE WILL NOT LET \RSELVES BE DUP$ BY ! SUPPOS$ DANG] ( AN ATTACK BY ! %IPS ( ! ,5GLI% SQUADRON :5 9 REALITY ! DEMOCRATIC P[]S >E ASSI/+ FASCISM ) IMPUNITY4 74447 COMRADES NO WEAKNESS ,LONG LIVE ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION6 ,D[N ) ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION6 ,ON ! SAME PAGE1 A LITTLE >TICLE 5TITL$1 0,COMM5T>IES0 IS WOR? QUOT+3 ,WE >E REPRODUC+ ! MANIFE/O :I* ! REGIONAL COMMITTEE HAS JU/ LAUN*$ & WE >E JUXTAPOS+ ! MANIFE/O :I* \R GR\P+ PUBLI%$ A FEW DAYS BE=EH& & A LEAFLET4 . ,WE >E PO9T+ \T TO WORK]S ?AT ! SAME COMMITTEES :I* TREAT$ US AS PROVOCATEURS DUR+ ! ,MAY DAYS HAVE TO RECOGNIZE ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y TO ADOPT H>% & DECISIVE POSITIONS 9 FAVOR ( \R REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/S4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! ABOVE M5TION$ MANIFE/O1 WE OBS]VE AN EXTRAORD9>Y OB/ACLE4 ,WE CONT9UE TO BELIEVE ?AT ! REAL SPIRIT ( ! ,MAY DAYS CAN'T BE EXPLA9$1 BUT WE APPLAUD ! FACT ?AT ! EV5TS !MSELVES HAD ! EFFECT ( %[+ ! COMMITTEES ?AT !IR BEHAVIOR HAS BE5 S]I\SLY REGRETTABLE & WRONG4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS SAME FIR/ ISSUE ?AT ,ELEUT]IO ,ROIG1 ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL $ITORS1 COMP>ES ! 0TWO DATES0 ( ,JULY #aicf & ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 9 AN >TICLE ON PAGE #c4 ,HE EMPHASIZES ?AT :ILE ! OPPORTUNITY ( ! DAYS ( ,JULY '#c#f HAD BE5 LO/1 ! ,MAY DAYS W\LD HAVE ALL[$ A RETURN TO REVOLUTION4 ,BUT :ILE ,JULY '#c#f WAS WA/$ DUE TO 9CAPACITY & ! ABS5CE ( A PRACTICAL VISION1 :ILE ?IS AM\NT$ TO AN 0]ROR01 ON ! CONTR>Y 9 ,MAY '#c#g WE MU/ TALK ( 0TREASON0 & ! >TICLE CONCLUDES ?AT 0! HEADS ( ! GUILTY MU/ ROLL 9 ! DU/0 ,BUT ! CONDEMNATION ( M9I/]IALISM W\LDN'T BE COMPLETE )\T RECALL+ ?AT ! LEAD]S HAD 5T]$ ! ,G5]ALIDAD GOV]NM5T & C5TRAL GOV]NM5T :ILE ! PL5UM ( ! REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ( ! ,C,N,T HAD 5VISAG$ PROLET>IAN UNITY 9 T]MS ( REVOLUTION>Y BODIES1 REGIONAL & NATIONAL JUNTAS ( DEF5SE4 ,?IS BUREAUCRATIC DEVIATION IS D5\NC$ 9 ! >TICLE FROM PAGE #d ( ISSUE #a ?AT HAS ALREADY BE5 CIT$ 9 CONNECTION ) ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI4 ,F9ALLY ! >TICLE EMPHASIZES ! FACT ?AT ! PAGES ( ! ,C,N,T PRESS >E CLOS$ TO OPPOSITION & = ?IS REASON A PUBLICATION :I* CAN REAFFIRM REVOLUTION>Y POSITIONS IS NE$$4 ,! ,/EPS ( ! ,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION ,ONE ( ! TASKS ?AT ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI GAVE !MSELVES WAS ! D5UNCIATION ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y S*EMES4 ,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT ! FIR/ ISSUE ( ,AMIGO DEL ,PUEBLO HAD ALREADY ADDRESS$ ?IS TOPIC ) RESPECT TO ! ,MAY ,DAYS4 ,! POPUL> PATROLS1 :OSE EXI/5CE WAS ?REAT5$1 >E PRAIS$ & ! PAGES ( ! PAP] >E (F]$ TO !M4 ,! SUPPRESSION ( ! POPUL> TRIBUNALS & ! RETURN ( ! OLD JUDICI>Y IS D5\NC$4 ,A %ORT ANN\NCES ! MURD] ( ,B]N]I & ,B>BI]I4 ,:AT IS MO/ NOTABLE IS ! ANN\NCEM5T ( ! TOLL ( ! ,MAY ,DAYS3 #e DEAD1 #b W\ND$1 & NUM]\S REVOLUTION>IES IMPRISON$4 ,! SECOND ISSUE1 :I* CAME \T ON ! #b#f? ( ,MAY HAS A REPRODUCTION ( A V]Y F9E 5GRAV+ ON ! FRONT PAGE4 ,IT REPRES5TS1 9 R$ & BLACK1 ! TAK+ ( ! ,AT>AZANAS B>RACKS ON ,JULY #a#i? #a#i#c#f1 ALONGSIDE A PORTRAIT ( ,FRANCISCO ,ASCASO :O DI$ DUR+ ! FIE OPPOS$ TO ANY >MI/ICE4.<#b#f.> ,! BLOOD EXP5D$ BY ,SPANI% WORK]S IS AN 9SURM\NTABLE OB/ACLE ON :I* ! S*EMES ( ! POLITICIANS ( ?IS C\NTRY & ( WORLD-WIDE CAPITALI/ DIPLOMACY WILL FAIL4 ,TO CONQU] OR DIE1 NO O!R \TCOME IS POSSIBLE4 ,! NOTICE IS FLANK$ ON EI!R SIDE BY TWO %ORT >TICLES :I* CLE>LY \TL9E ! DANG] ( AN >MI/ICE ALL[+ ! RE-IMPOSITION ( 0CA/E-PRIVELEGES AGA9/ :I* ! ,IB]IAN PROLET>IAT >OSE DUR+ ! MEMORABLE DAYS ( ,JULY04 ,!RE W\LD BE SOME?+ 9 IT = ! ,EUROPEAN P[]S1 P>TICUL>LY ,FRANCE & ,BRITA91 :ILE ,HITL] W\LD OBTA9 ZONES ( 9FLU5CE & ,ITALY'S CONQUE/ ( ,ABYSS9IA W\LD BE RECOGNIZ$4 ,!SE P[]S SEE ! CLE> DANG] ?AT \R DESIRES WILL 9FECT ! P>IAHS ( NEI ?AT WE >E FIM$ REVOLUTION4 ,WE WILL NOT RETREAT 9 ! BATTLE ,UND] ! HEAD+ 0,! ,MAY DAYS01 PAGE #b DESCRIBES H[ ! ,P,S,U,C HAD ORGANIZ$ PROVOCATIONS ) ! AGREEM5T ( ! ,CATALAN P>TIES4 ,ON PAGE #d UND] ! HEADL9E1 0,! C\NT]-REVOLUTION CONT9UES TO ADVANCE01 !RE >E SEV]AL >TICLES FOCUS+ ON ! REPLACEM5T ( ,L>GO ,CABALL]O BY ,NEGR9 AT ! HEAD ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,IT IS ! $ITORIAL ON ?IS PAGE :I* P>TICUL>LY GRABS ONE'S ATT5TION BECAUSE EV5TS HAVE S9CE %[N ?AT ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI W]E RIE ! PR9CIPAL PASSAGES ( ?IS $ITORIAL3 ,! CRISIS :I* OCCURR$ 9 ! ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T IS ! LOGICAL CONSEQU5CE ( ! PREM$ITAT$ PLAN :I* WE HAVE SE5 9 ACTION1 ALL ACROSS ,CATALONIA4 ,! PRESS :I* APPLAUD$ ! 'CEASE-FIRE' HAS DECL>$ 9 L\D VOICES ?AT ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T EM]G$ RE9=C$ FROM ! ,MAY ,DAYS4 ,BUT IT W\LDN'T HAVE MADE S5SE IF A GOV]NM5T COMPOS$ ( TRADE-UNIONS.<#b#g.> %\LD BE ALL[$ TO PR(IT FROM ! 9T]V5TION ( UNI=M$ UNITS4 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O IS 9 DISGRACE444 444,! DEMOCRATIC P[]S :O >E 9T]E/$ 9 AN 5D TO ! ,SPANI% CONFLICT WANT TO PREP>E ! GR\ND = A DIFFICULT MANEUV]4 ,! ,C,N,T IS AN OB/ACLE TO ANY COMPROMISE4 ,!RE=E ! ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T MU/ HAVE ! CONSI/5CY ( COTTON WOOL4 ,! ,SPANI% COMMUNI/ P>TY WAS 9 ! =EFRONT ( ?IS PR(\ND *ANGE :I* ,SPANI% POLITICS HAS GONE ?R\<4 ,! ,M>XI/S1 :O >E ,M>XI/ 9 NAME ALONE1 HAVE DIRECT$ ALL ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y MA*9ATIONS :I* = A :ILE N[ HAVE BE5 ?REAT5+ TO RISE TO ! SURFACE & LEAVE !IR 9DELIBLE M>KS4 74447 ,! MO/ CRUCIAL ASPECT ( ! NEW SITUATION IS ! TRA9+ ( A NEW >MY :I*1 FROM N[ ON1 WILL HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! M5 :O W5T \T 9TO ! DUR+ ! FIR/ DAYS ( \R REVOLUTION1 RAGG$ & ) A SUBLIME FAI? 9 ! CAUSE ( ! PROLET>IAT444 ,ANO!R QUE/ION :I* WAS DEBAT$ ) MU* VIGOR 9 ! C\RSE ( ! CRISIS WAS ! QUE/ION ( DIS>MAM5T ( ! RE> :I* CLE>LY EQUALS DIS>MAM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! ,C,N,T'S EXIT FROM ! GOV]NM5TAL SPH]E DOESN'T DISPLEASE US1 AN>*I/ & REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S4 ,BUT ! ,C,N,T REPRES5TATIVES DIDN'T AB&ON ! GOV]NM5T \T ( CONVICTION1 !Y W]E PU%$ \T ( IT BY CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,! O!R >TICLES ON ?IS PAGE D5\NCE ! 0RESURRECTION ( P>LIAM5T0 :I* HAD BE5 DIS9T]R$ BY ,NEGR91 ,/AL9I/ ABUSES1 ! SYMPA?IES %[N BY ! 5TIRE PRESS -- SUBS]VI5T TO ! NEW GOV]NM5T & F9ALLY ! MEET+ 9 ,LONDON BETWE5 ! ,SOCIALI/ M9I/] ,JULIAN ,BE/EIRO & ! ,BRITI% =EIGN AFFAIRS M9I/]1 ,$51 AT PRECISELY ! TIME ( ! *ANGE ( GOV]NM5T 9 ,VAL5CIA4 ,IT IS ALMO/ SUP]FLU\S TO PO9T \T ?AT ALL ( ! ISSUES ( ,AMIGO DEL ,PUEBLO1 UNTIL ! V]Y 5D1 CONT9U$ TO TRACE ! DE$S :I* M>K$ ! /EPS ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,WE RECALL ! MO/ NOTABLE EXAMPLES4 ,ON ! FIR/ PAGE ( ISSUE #c1 IT IS %[N H[1 #bd H\RS BE=E ! ORD] = ! DISSOLUTION ( ! POPUL> PATROLS1 GR\PS ( ASSAULT GU>DS HAD ATTACK$ COMRADES FROM ! PATROLS4 ,! NAMES ( ! KILL$ COMRADES >E GIV5 & ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( !IR DEA?S >E SPECIFI$4 ,) REG>DS TO ?IS1 IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT ! NAMES ( ASSASS9AT$ ACTIVI/S >E GIV5 9 SEV]AL ISSUES4 ,! DISSOLUTION ( ! POPUL> PATROLS WAS TO BE MA9TA9$ :E!R OR NOT ! ,C,N,T REPRES5TATIVES %\LD RESIGN FROM ! ,G5]ALIDAD GOV]NM5T1 AS ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI DEM&$4 ,!IR PAP] ALSO PROTE/$ AGA9/ ! CONT9U$ IMPRISONM5T ( ANTI-FASCI/ ACTIVI/S :ILE DETA9$ FASCI/S HAD EV]Y AM5ITY1 SOME ( :OM W]E EV5 RELEAS$ UPON ACCEPT+ ! COMMUNI/ P>TY 7MORE PRECISELY ! ,P,S,U,C74 ,!SE ALMO/ UNBELIEVABLE FACTS >E RELAT$ P>TICUL>LY 9 ISSUE #f ( #a#b? ,AUGU/ #a#i#c#g1 :I* DESCRIBES ! CONDITION ( ANTIFASCI/ PRISON]S 9 ! MODEL PRISON 9 ,B>CELONA & 9 ! ,MADRID PRISON1 ESPECIALLY RES]V$ = WORK]S4 ,ALL ! L[] HALF ( ! FIR/ PAGE IS GIV5 OV] TO ?IS ISSUE1 AS WELL AS A %ORT ON PAGE #b & A LONG >TICLE ON PAGE #c1 5TITL$3 0,AFT] ! EV5TS1 ! REPRESSION ( LA/ ,MAY04 ,IT IS SPECIFI$1 9 ONE ( ! %ORTS ON PAGE #b1 ?AT 9 ! MODEL PRISON ! FASCI/S L>GELY CONTROL ! CRIM9AL RECORDS BUREAU1 ! 9FIRM>Y444 & ALMO/ ALL ! PO/+S4 ,9 ! PRISON MASS IS SAID1 ! FASCI/ HYMN IS SUNG1 ! FASCI/ SALUTE IS MADE1 FASCI/ PROPAG&A IS SPREAD ) ! COMPLICITY ( ! ,P,S,U,C :I* RECRUITS ITS MEMB]S FROM FASCI/ ELEM5TS & MANY ( !SE HAVE BE5 FRE$ & 5ROLL$ 9 ! P>TY ( ,COMOR]A & ,OVSE5KO4 ,& TO RELATE ?AT ! DIRECTOR ( ! PRISON WAS PROPOS$ BY ! ,C,N,T6 ,9 ! SAME ISSUE1 ! QUE/ION ( ! ASSASS9ATION ( ! ,P,\,M LEAD]1 ,&RE ,N91 IS POS$ ON PAGE #d4 ,! TRIAL ( ! ,P,\,M = ESPIONAGE IS D5\NC$ AS BE+ ! WORK ( ,KOM9T]N4 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI PR$ICT ?AT ! SORDID MANEUV] AGA9/ ! ,P,\,M WILL BE SOON REPEAT$ AGA9/ ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I ACTIVI/S4 ,AT ! 5D ( PAGE #d1 ! SY/EM 9 ! 9FIRM>Y ( ! MODEL PRISON IS REVIEW$ & ! PAGE 5DS ) ! FOLL[+ HI AFT] ! DAYS ( ,JULY1 IT IS EASI] TO FREE A FASCI/ ?AN A WORK]4 ,= ONE COMRADE FRE$1 #e FASCI/S GET \T4 ,ISSUE #g ( ,AMIGO DEL ,PUEBLO IS MO/LY DEVOT$ TO CA/+ LITICLE ON ! REPRESSION 9 ,>AGON4 ,! >TICLE GIVES ! DETAILS ( ! ATTACKS ON ! COLLECTIVES BY ,LI/]'S DIVISION4.<#b#h.> ,!SE ATTACKS W]E ACCOMPANI$ BY ! CLOS+ ( ! (FICES ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONS & ! >RE/ ( ! ACTIVI/S :O W]E MEMB]S ( ! C\NCIL ( ,>AGON1 :I* WAS DISSOLV$ BY ,NEGR9'S GOV]NM5T4 ,ON PAGE #b1 ! FIGURE ( #h WORK]S IMPRISON$ 9 ,B>CELONA IS GIV5 & A V]Y L>GE HII\S /AGES REA*$ BY ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION 9 LITTLE OV] A YE>4 ,H]E IS ! TRANSLATION4 ,JU/ #ac MON?S ,TRIUMPH ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ! ,JULY DAYS4 ,COLLABORATION ) ! PETITE-B\RGEOIS4 ,DISSOLUTION ( ! ANTIFASCI/ COMMITTEES4 ,POLITICAL 9T]V5TION ( ! ,U,S,S,R 9 ! ,G5]ALIDAD GOV]NM5T4 ,DEA? ( ,BU5AV5TURA ,DURRUTI4 ,ADVANCE ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,BOYCOTT ( ! CONF$]AL COLUMNS4 ,H&+ OV] ( ! T[N ( ,MALAGA4 ,MAY DAYS1 CEASE-FIRE6 ,NEGR9'S GOV]NM5T 9 ,VAL5CIA4 ,PRESID5TIAL GOV]NM5T 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! POPUL> PATROLS & DEF5SE COMMITTEES4 ,PUBLIC ORD] & DEF5SE TAK5 9 H& BY ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,AB&ONM5T ( ,BILBAO'S METALLURGY FACTORY TO FASCISM4 ,ASSASS9ATION ( ACTIVI/S FROM REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS4 ,VIOL5T REPRESSION AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT4 ,PRISONS /UFF$ ) WORK]S4 ,GOV]NM5T PRISONS4 ,DISAPPE>ANCE & DEA? ( ,&RE ,N94 ,ATTACKS ON COLLECTIVES1 UNIONS & CULTURAL C5T]S4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y PRESS 5*A9$4 ,DISSOLUTION ( ! C\NCIL ( ,>AGON4 ,?\S&S ( GU>DS1 FURNI%$ ) ABUNDANT >MS & SUPPLIES1 REMA9 9 ! RE> RECEIV+ W> PAY4 ,AL>M+ RISE 9 ! PRICE ( BASIC GOODS4 ,AZANA1 ,COMPANYS & ALL ! GREAT BUREAUCRATS CONT9UE TO BE TREAT$ 9 ! MANN] :I* !Y W]E ACCU/OM$ TO4 ,SC>CITY ( ESS5TIALS4 ,9 ! LUXURY RE/AURANTS ! PR(ITE]S ( ! REVOLUTION CONT9UE TO GORGE !MSELVES4 ,SE>*+ = CU%Y JOBS IS ! ORD] ( ! DAY4 ,! MILITIAS EAT BADLY & >E PAID V]Y IRREGUL>LY4 ,RECOGNITION ( RELIGI\S PR]OGATIVES4 ,9 ,VAL5CIA1 ! FIR/ CELEBRATION ( AN (FICIAL MASS4 ,BUT IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO WRAP-UP ?IS QUE/ION ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION )\T HAV+ A P>TICUL> LOOK AT ! PROBLEM ( ! >MY4 ,ALONG ! WAY IT HAS BE5 %[N ?AT ! GOV]NM5T WAS DO+ EV]Y?+ POSSIBLE TO 9SIDI\SLY REPLACE ! MILITIAS ) AN >MY ( ! TRADITIONAL TYPE2 A TOOL SPECIALLY CUT (F FROM ! POPUL> =CES4 ,A LONG >TICLE PUBLI%$ ON PAGE #d ( ISSUE #e 7DAT$ #b ,JULY #a#i#c#g71 ALL[S US TO MEASURE H[ F> ?IS PROCESS HAD GONE ONE YE> AFT] ,JULY ! #a#i? #a#i#c#f4 ,! >TICLE IS 9CISIVELY TITL$ 0T[>DS ! CREATION ( ! >MY ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION04 ,H]E >E ! IMPORTANT PIECES3 ,9DALECIO ,PRIETO 7SOCIALI/7 M9I/] ( NATIONAL DEF5SE DECREES3 ,FIR/LY3 IT REMA9S RIGOR\SLY =BIDD5 = 9DIVIDUALS ( ! >MY1 NAVY OR AIR =CE TO SPREAD PROPAG&A ) A VIEW TO GETT+ SOLDI]S1 L9E (FIC]S1 *IEFS OR (FIC]S TO 5ROLL 9 A P>TICUL> POLITICAL P>TY OR WORK]S ORGANIZATION4 ,9 MA9TA9+ ! MO/ SCRUPUL\S RESPECT = ! FRE$OM ( ?\N+ FROM ! BLOODY LESSONS ( HI/ORY IS ! B\RGEOIS4 ,EV5 AFT] GREAT EXP]I5CES1 9CLUD+ ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION ) ,C>NOT'S EXAMPLE1 !Y OPT$ \T ( CON/RUCT+ AN 0APOLITICAL0 >MY4 ,WE >E NOT DECEIV$ BY ! MY? ( IMP>TIALITY :I* IS ATTEMPT$ TO BE 5?RON$ BY ?IS DECREE4 ,WE KN[ ALL AB\T ! EXECUTION %[S PUT ON BY ,LI/] & ,EL ,CAMPES9O 9 ! C5TRAL REGION1 AGA9/ ELEM5TS BELONG+ TO \R ORGANIZATIONS4 ,DUE TO ?IS APOLITICISM1 CL&E/9E PROPAG&A IS AGA9 BE+ PRODUC$ 9 ! MILIT>Y1 LIKE BE=E ! #a#i? ( ,JULY4 ,IT IS ! B\RGEOIS LAUN*+1 9 AN ACCEL]AT$ WAY1 ! PROCESS ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,?IS IS A BRUTAL ?REAT BY ! PSEUDO-DEMOCRATIC DICTATOR%IP :I* IS TURN+ AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT & IS =BIDD+ ! FREE EXPRESSION ( \R IDEAS444 ,& \R MOVEM5T1 . DOES NOT OPPOSE SU* DECREES1 WOR?Y ( SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC RE=MISM6 ,& \R FIE BLOCK$ BY !SE 9TRUD]S :O 9 ,JULY RETREAT$ MEEKLY 9 ! FACE ( FASCI/ PROVOCATION & :O TODAY1 )\T ANY DIGNITY NOR COLLECTIVE FEEL+1 OP5LY ?R[ !MSELVES AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION>Y FIY LEAD]S KN[ IT WELL4 ,!Y CAN BE DEMOT$4 ,& EQUALLY ! ELEM5TS :I* ACCEPT$ MILIT>IZATION AS A MEANS ( CO-ORD9AT+ 5]GIES = RUNN+ ! W>1 BUT NOT AS AN ACCEPTANCE ( :ATEV] LAWS ! B\RGEOIS $ICTS 9 ?IS DOMA94 74447 ,A REVOLUTION>Y >MY 9 ! S]VICE ( ! LIB]ATION ( ! PROLET>IAT6 ,?AT IS \R C\NSEL4 ,& ALSO TO WORK )\T LETUP & PREV5T ! REBIR? ( MILIT>ISM ?R\< \R HESITATIONS & LACK ( REVOLUTION>Y VISION4 ,:AT HAPP5$ TO FASCISM MU/ HAPP5 TO SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM4 ,IT WILL NOT PASS4 ,WE WILL WIPE IT \T4 ,WE H]E BROA* ANO!R FUNDAM5TAL QUE/ION1 ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 W> & REVOLUTION1 & ! QUE/ION ( ! >M$ DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y T]RITORY4 ,?IS PROBLEM IS EVOK$ 9 EV]Y ISSUE ( ,AMIGO DEL ,PUEBLO4 ,W> & ,REVOLUTION ,9 ! FIR/ ISSUE1 !RE IS AN >TICLE ON PAGE #d ) ! V]Y TITLE 0W> & REVOLUTION04 ,H]E >E ! MA9 PASSAGES4 444,FROM ! FIR/ MOM5T ( CLA%ES ) ! SOLDI]S1 IT WAS ALREADY IMPOSSIBLE TO DIS5TANGLE ! W> & ! REVOLUTION4 ,WE W\LD BE UNJU/ IF WE BELIEV$ ?AT \R ,FRANCISCO ,ASCASO FELL VALIANTLY \T ( A SIMPLE DESIRE = COMBAT4 ,FRANCISCO ,ASCASO GAVE HIS LIFE BECAUSE HE KNEW ?AT ! BLOOD EXP5D$ BY HIM & BY HIS COMRADES :O FELL 9 ! ,JULY DAYS W\LD GIVE A BOO/ TO ! FLIY CONQUE/S4 74447 ,AS ! WEEKS & MON?S PASS$1 IT WAS SPECIFI$ ?AT ! W> :I* WE SUPPORT AGA9/ ! FASCI/S HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! W>S :I* /ATES DECL>E4 74447 ,! PETIT-B\RGEOIS P>TIES & ! (FICIAL ,M>XI/S W]E ! ONES :O V5T$ ! MO/ /EAM 9 DISASSOCIAT+ ! REVOLUTION FROM ! W>4 ,!Y SAY TO US1 US AN>*I/S1 ?AT WE HAVE TO WAIT UNTIL ! W> IS WON1 TO C>RY \T ! REVOLUTION4 ,!Y TELL US NOT TO BE IMPATI5T1 ?AT !RE WILL BE TIME 5\< = EV]Y?+4 ,BUT DUR+ ?IS TIME1 ?OSE :O DEF5D ! POSITION ?AT ! REVOLUTION MU/ BE DEF]R$ UNTIL AFT] ! W> /RIVE TO MONOPOLIZE ! POSITIONS ( COMM& & ! LEV]S ( P[] 9 ORD] TO /RANGLE ! REVOLUTION4 ,WE1 AN>*I/S1 CANNOT PLAY ! GAME ( ?OSE :O PRET5D ?AT \R W> IS ONLY A W> ( 9DEP5D5CE ) A FEW PURELY DEMOCRATIC ASPIRATIONS4 ,TO !SE PRET5SES WE1 ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 RESPOND ?AT \R W> IS A SOCIAL W>4 ,! >M$ W> :I* ! ,SPANI% WORK]S >E WAG+ IS ID5TICAL TO ! EPIC SAGA ( ! ,P>ISIAN WORK]S :O 9 ! #a#h? C5TURY GAVE !IR LIVES FI*Y ( CR[N$ HEADS4 ,\R W> IS COMP>ABLE TO ! ,P>IS COMMUNE4 ,\R W> POSSESSES ! SAME SOCIAL S5SE AS ! /RUGGLE WAG$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S AGA9/ ! :OLE WORLD4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO TALK ( ! W> )\T AT ! SAME TIME TALK+ ( ! CAUSE :I* 5G5D]$ IT4 ,SOME PRES5T-DAY CRITICS >E TRY+ TO PRES5T ! W> AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+4 ,?IS IS C]TA9LY MAT]IALLY ! CASE1 IT WAS A CASE ( LEGITIMATE DEF5SE :I* EMBRAC$ ! :OLE ( ,SPA9 9 A FEW H\RS4 ,BUT WE MU/ REFLECT4 ,! ,SPANI% ILLNESS GOES BACK MANY C5TURIES4 ,WE HAVE TO GO BACK TO F>-(F DATES TO SEE ?AT A CONFLICT EXI/S 9 ,SPA9 :I* ! PETIT-B\RGEOIS WASN'T ABLE TO RESOLVE & N[ CONC]NS ! PROLET>IAT 9 ITS TURN1 DUE TO ! 9ABILITY ( ! MESOCRACY . />T+ FROM ! ,CORTES ( ,CADIZ1 ?R\< ! LEAP 9 TIME1 WE >RIVE 9EVITABLY AT ! #a#i? ( ,JULY :I* WEI*I/S1 W\LDN'T HAVE TAK5 UP >MS4 ,I AM ABSOLUTELY C]TA9 ?AT IF ! ASSASS9 G5]ALS HADN'T PROVOK$ ?IS BLOODY W>1 A CONFLICT W\LD HAVE COME AB\T 9 ANY CASE444,POLITICAL REASONS AB\ND TO %[ ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS IS CURR5TLY /RUGGL+ TO DE/ROY ITS AGE-OLD 5EMIES :O >E ! LATIFUNDI/S1 ! *UR*1 SOLDI]S1 F9ANCIAL CAPITAL1 ! SPECULATORS4 ,! WORK]S >E ALSO FIANCE ( /ATI/ BODIES :OSE P[]S >E EXPLOIT$ BY ! PETIT-B\RGEOIS SO !Y CAN 5TR5* !IR FEW PRIVILEGES4 ,& TO !SE 5EMIES ( ! PROLET>IAT MU/ BE ADD$ 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL :I* L5DS ITS UNCONDITIONAL SUPPORT TO ,SPANI% FASCISM4 ,CAN WE TOL]ATE ?AT1 AFT] #i MON?S ( A BE/IAL W> :I* IS SADI/ICALLY KILL+ \R WOM5 & *ILDR51 ?AT IT %\LD BE SAID ?AT WE WILL TALK ( ! REVOLUTION LAT]8 74447 ,NO4 ,! FIE ?IS C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y PO9T ( VIEW ,! W>-REVOLUTION DILEMMA IS TAK5 UP AGA9 9 ISSUE #b BUT ) A DIFF]5T SLANT4 ,?IS >TICLE1 /ILL 5TITL$ 0,! W> & ! REVOLUTION01 ON PAGE #c1 D5\NCES ! PR(ITS & ABUSES :I* HAVE FREE-RE9 9 ! RE> :ILE ! MILITIA M5 LACK EV]Y?+ AT ! FRONT4 ,IT D5\NCES ! 5ORM\S WAGES & P]KS AW>D$ TO ! PRESID5T ( ! REPUBLIC1 ,MANUEL ,AZANA1 TO ,COMPANYS1 TO ! JUDICI>Y1 TO ! DEPUTIES ( ! C5TRAL & ,CATALAN P>LIAM5TS :I* MEET ONCE A MON?4 ,IT D5\NCES ! UPP] B\RGEOIS :O S5D REPRES5TATIVES TO LEAD COM=TABLE LIVES 9 ,P>IS1 ! PR(ITS ( ! W>-%IRK]S1 ! NEWLY RI*4 ,IT D5\NCES 0! 9CREASE 9 TRAFFIC ( TAXIS US$ BY BUREAUCRATS1 ! VILLA9S1 ! PRO/ITUTES1 ALL ?OSE :O FREQU5T LUXURY E/ABLI%M5TS1 CAB>ETS & DANC+-%[S :ILE ! WORK]S >E H>D PRESS$ ) ! DIFFICULTIES ( EV]YDAY LIFE1 & ! MILITIAS LACK PETROL & SUPPLIES4 ,TO TOP IT ALL1 ! ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T :I* ORGANIZES /REET-COLLECTIONS TO PAY = ! W> EF=T1 IS ALL ! :ILE PAY+ ! DEBTS CONTRACT$ BY ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T TO ,5GLI% F9ANCI]S4 ,! >TICLE ?US %[S1 9 A PRACTICAL MANN]1 ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO SOCIALIZE ! WEAL? ( ! C\NTRY1 PUTT+ EV]Y?+ 9 COMMON [N]%IP 9 S]VICE TO ! /RUGGLE1 & IT ?US CONCLUDES ?AT ! W> CAN'T BE DISSOCIAT$ FROM ! REVOLUTION4 ,9 EV]Y ISSUE ( ,AMIGO DEL ,PUEBLO1 ?IS TOPIC IS RAIS$1 9 ITS PLA9 =M1 OR REG>D+ O!R PROBLEMS1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 9 EXAM9+ ! ESCALATION ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,WE WILL ONLY M5TION ! LONG >TICLE ON PAGE #b ( ISSUE #f1 AGA9 5TITL$ 0,! W> & ! REVOLUTION04 ,IT GOES OV] ! EVID5CE :I* HAS ALREADY BE5 PUT =W>D1 BUT WE WILL M]ELY EXTRACT A FEW EXPRESSIONS :I* SEEM SIGNIFICANT TO US4 ,! >TICLE OPPOSES ! CALL = 0W>0 ) :I* 0! ,M>XI/ LEAD]S1 :O >E 9 NO WAY ,M>XI/1 DECEIVE ! PEOPLE0 & ! CALL = 0W> & REVOLUTION01 ALONE CAPABLE ( MOBILIZ+ ! WORK+ MASSES :I* IMPLIES1 0REVOLUTION 9 ! ECONOMY1 REVOLUTION 9 POLITICS1 REVOLUTION 9 ! >MY04 ,!RE=E :AT IS 9 QUE/ION H]E IS ! 5TIRE REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM & ALSO ! P]IL\S PROBLEM ( ! DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION1 ! REVOLUTION>Y >MY1 ! PEOPLE 9 >MS4 ,MILIT>IZATION ,! >M$ /RUGGLE ( ! MILITIAS DUR+ ! FIR/ FEW WEEKS DIDN'T POSE ANY !ORETIC PROBLEMS AS IT WAS AN EXPRESSION ( REVOLUTION>Y SELF-DEF5SE4 ,! COMBAT 9 REVOLUTION>Y DETA*M5TS WAS A =M ( ACTION ( ! PEOPLE 9 >MS4 ,IT WAS ) ! NECESSITY ( A TIGE BODIES1 ?AT ! PROBLEM ( MILIT>IZATION CAME UP4 ,IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT ?IS T]M1 LAD5 ) B\RGEOIS CONNOTATIONS1 WAS IMPOS$ BY SECTORS :I* WI%$ = ! REE/ABLI%M5T ( ! TYPE ( FUNCTION+ ( ! CLASSIC >MY4 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI DIDN'T RUN FROM ! DIFFICULTIES ( F9D+ A SOLUTION :I* W\LD TAKE ACC\NT ( ! NECESSITY = A MOD]N >M$ CONFLICT ( GREAT SCOPE & AT ! SAME TIME SAFEGU>D ! REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] ( ! COMBAT4 ,! HO/ILITY ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI TO ! MILIT>IZATION MEASURES ( ! GOV]NM5T HAS ALREADY BE5 CIT$ BUT IT IS 9 ISSUE #e ( ,AMIGO DEL ,PUEBLO ?AT ! QUE/ION IS DISCUSS$ 9 DETAIL4 ,WE F9D PRECISE PROPOSITIONS MADE BY MILITIAM5 ( ! ,DURRUTI COLUMN ON #a#f? ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#g1 ACTIVI/S :O MADE UP A L>GE NUMB] ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI4 ,!SE MILITANTS HELD ! ,GELSA SECTOR ( ! ,>AGON FRONT & BELONG$ TO V>I\S UNITS1 C5TURIES1 MA*9E-GUN SECTIONS1 >TILL]Y BATT]IES1 ETC4 ,UND] ! TITLE 0,! PROBLEM ( MILIT>IZATION01 ! TEXT IS AN APPEAL 0TO COMPANIONS1 TO CONF$]AL COLUMNS04 ,= />T]S1 IT DECL>ES ?AT TO LAY /RESS ON ! =M ( ORGANIZATION ( ! C5TURIES1 :5 ! FUNDAM5TAL NE$ IS = W> MAT]IALS1 IS TO MISPLACE ! PROBLEM4 ,BUT ! QUE/ION ( ORGANIZATION IS BY NO MEANS BRU%$ ASIDE1 NOTABLY CONC]N+ ! 0S+LE COLLECTIVE COMM&0 ( ! ,>AGON FRONT3 ,WE1 AS ACTIVI/S1 PROPOSE ! PRES5T S*EME TO ! ORGANIZATION & TO ! CONF$]AL COLUMNS1 :I* WE BELIEVE IS SUIT$ TO \R AN>*I/ BELIEFS3 ,COMPANIES WILL CON/ITUTE ! FOLL[+3 #d SQUADS ( #ab M5 "7 #dh :I* WILL MAKE UP A SECTION4 #d SECTIONS ( #dh M5 "7 #aib :I* WILL MAKE UP A COMPANY4 ,A BATTALION WILL BE MADE UP ( #c COMPANIES ( 9FANTRY & ONE ( SPECIALI/S4 ,A COMPANY ( SPECIALI/S 7MA*9E GUNS1 MORT>S1 HEAVY GUNS7 WILL BE COMPOS$ ( #hd M5 & ADD$ TO ! ?REE 9FANTRY COMPANIES WILL GIVE A TOTAL ( #ff M5 9 A BATTALION4 ,A REGIM5T WILL CONSI/ ( #c BATTALIONS GIV+ A TOTAL ( #aih M54 ,A BRIGADE WILL BE COMPOS$ ( #b REGIM5TS ( 9FANTRY1 CAVALRY1 >TILL]Y & SPECIAL S]VICES4 ,A DIVISION WILL BE MADE UP ( #b BRIGADES4 ,ALL !SE UNITS WILL BE COMM&$ BY TE*NICIANS :O HAVE GRADUAT$ SPECIAL W> S*OOLS4 ,WE WILL TAKE C>E SO ?AT !SE SPECIALI/S ON ! ,>AGON FRONT %\LD1 :]EV] POSSIBLE1 COME FROM ! SPECIAL W> S*OOLS ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?4 ,9 EA* ( !SE UNITS A POLITICAL DELEGATE WILL BE NAM$1 ELECT$ BY ! MEMB]S ( !SE UNITS1 HAV+ P[] OV] ! ADM9I/RATIVE & MORALE UPKEEP1 LEAV+ ! TE*NICIANS !IR P>TICUL> ACTIVITY4 ,NO DI/9CTIVE SIGNS 9DICAT+ ! DIFF]5T POSITIONS ( EV]YONE WILL BE ACCEPT$4 ,! TE*NICIAN WILL BE ABLE TO BE SACK$ AT ! REQUE/ ( ! UNIT :O WILL PLACE !IR REQUE/ 9 FRONT ( A TRIBUNAL ( ! COMPANY1 BATTALION ETC4 ,! COMMITTEES ( ! BATTALION WILL CONSI/ ( DELEGATES FROM ! COMPANIES1 ?OSE ( ! DIVISION1 ( DELEGATES FROM ! REGIM5TS1 & ! COMMITTEE ( ! S+LE COMM& ( ! ,>AGON FRONT WILL BE MADE UP ( DELEGATES FROM ! DIVISIONS4 ,TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ?IS GU>ANTEE ( REPRES5TATION1 RIAGON FRONT1 ORD]S = IMPLEM5T+ OP]ATIONS WILL NOT BE ALL[$ TO BE DISCUSS$4 ,TRIBUNALS WILL BE MADE UP TO PRON\NCE S5T5CES = DISCIPL9>Y BREA*ES1 9 ! COMPANY ITSELF IF ! *>GES >E LIE S]I\S4 ,!SE TRIBUNALS WILL BE MADE UP ( ! POLITICAL DELEGATES4 ,! DEGREE ( GUILT TO ! *>GE WILL BE E/ABLI%$ ACCORD+ TO ! HIDS ( JU/ICE1 ! ACCUS$ WILL ALWAYS BE GIV5 ! B5EFIT ( ANY D\BT :5 SANCTIONS >E APPLI$4 ,! PREC$+ TEXT1 DESPITE SOME LACK ( PRECISION1 CAN BE CONSID]$ AS A S]I\S EF=T TO RECONCILE ! NE$S ( A COORD9AT$ >M$ FIY =MALISM & PRET5D$ APOLITICISM4 ,9 FACT IT TAKES UP ! !SES ( ,CAMILLO ,B]N]I ON MILIT>IZATION1.<#b#i.> & 9 NUMB] #h1 ! LA/ ISSUE TO COME \T ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#a/ #a#i#c#g1 A L>GE BORD]$ >TICLE ON PAGE #d 5TITL$ 0,A CONF$]AL >MY01 9SI/S ON ! NECESSITY ( A POLITICALLY ORI5TAT$ >MY4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y >MY IS ! REVOLUTION 9 >MS4 ,ITS MEMB]S >E ! REVOLUTION>IES !MSELVES :O FIY *>ACT]4 ,:5 ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT DISAPPE>S FROM ! >MY1 IT IS TRANS=M$ 9TO A W> 9/RUM5T ( PR(ESSIONAL *>ACT] :I* BETRAYS ! REVOLUTION ITSELF 9 ! 5D4 ,HI/ORY GIVES US ! CASE ( ! ,FR5* >MY1 CREAT$ BY ! CONV5TION4 ,! AMALGAMATION ( VOLUNTE]S & L9E-TROOPS DIDN'T ?ROTTLE ! REVOLUTION1 SO WIDESPREAD WAS ! SPIRIT ( ! SANS-CULOTTES4 ,BUT ONCE A PR(ESSIONAL SPIRIT WAS IMPOS$1 ) HI]>*IES & AMBITI\S LEAD]S1 ! >MY ?AT HAD BE5 FI-MONG]+ ADV5TUR]-G5]AL4 ,9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 EXACTLY ! SAME ?+ HAPP5$4 ,! SEASON$ SOLDI]S :O MADE ! :OLE WORLD HOLD ITS BREA?1 9 !IR ,/ ,PET]SBURG E NO MORE ?AN A MEMORY4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT ( ! FIR/ FEW DAYS HAS *ANG$ 9TO A CL9ICAL PR(ESSIONALISM :I* S]VES ONLY ! DESIGNS ( ,/AL94 ,! DURATION & 9T5SITY ( ! W> REQUIRE L>GE MOBILIZATIONS ( MANP[]4 ,BUT WE %\LD KEEP 9 M9D ?AT ?IS WAS NOT ! ORIG9 ( \R >MY4 ,IT WAS BORN 9 ,JULY1 AT ! ,AT>AZANAS1 ON ! ,P>ALLEL1 & ON ,SAN ,PABLO ROAD1 !RE :]E OP5-%IRT$ M51 EMACIAT$ & TREMBL+ ) RAGE F\MY4 ,?AT 5?USIASM ( ! FIR/ FEW M9UTES W\LD HAVE ALL[$ US TO CREATE \R [N >MY & ?US WE W\LD HAVE AVOID$ ! CORRUPTION ( ! ESS5TIAL *>ACT] ( ,JULY4 ,! 9/RUCTION :I* HAS BE5 ISSU$ FROM ,VAL5CIA =BIDD+ PROPAG&A 9 ! RANKS ( ! >MY IS A MY?4 ,SOLDI]S ( ! REVOLUTION MU/ SPEAK ( ! REVOLUTION1 ( IDEAS4 ,TO PUT UP ) ! H>%NESS ( ! CAMPAIGNS1 & TO JUMP \T ( ! TR5*ES 9 PURSUIT ( ! 5EMY1 SPLA%+ ACROSS T]RA9 FLOOD$ ) GUNFIRE1 ONE NE$S TO HAVE AN IDEAL1 FELT ) DEEP PASSION1 A DEEP REVOLUTION>Y CONVICTION4 ,WE1 ,C,N,T COMRADES :O HAVE SPILL$ \R BLOOD 9 ! ,>AGON CAMPAIGNS HAVE TO KEEP \R SACR$ PROPOSITIONS ( SOCIAL R$EMPTION UNTA9T$4 ,& = ?IS1 ! RANKS ( ! CONF$]AL COLUMNS MU/ BE TIMY1 9 ,MAY AS WELL4 ,TODAY LET US DO :AT WE CAN SO ?AT ! ,C,N,T DIVISIONS >E ! >MY ( ! REVOLUTION & ITS GU>ANTEE4 ,! TEXTS :I* WE HAVE JU/ TRANSLAT$ >E TO BE F\ND1 SUMM$-UP1 9 ! PROPOSITIONS ( A PROGRAM PRES5T$ BY ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 AS WE %ALL SEE LAT] ON4 ,BUT BE=E BROA*+ ! FUNDAM5TAL QUE/ION ( ! PROGRAM1 WE /ILL HAVE TO EXAM9E A MAJOR ASPECT ( ! !ORETICAL EF=T ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI3 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 REVOLUTION>IES & ! PETIT-B\RGEOIS4 ,! ,PETIT-,B\RGEOIS & ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,! READ] C\LD REM>K ON MANY OCCASIONS 9 ALL ! PREC$+ ?AT ! PROBLEM ( RELATIONS ) ! PETIT-B\RGEOIS & ITS POLITICAL REPRES5TATIVES WAS CON/ANTLY PRES5T 9 ! PREOCCUPATIONS ( ! ,F,O,D4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS 9DISP5SABLE1 9 \R OP9ION1 TO GIVE ! MA9 PASSAGES ( AN >TICLE ON ! QUE/ION1 PUBLI%$ ON PAGE #c ( ISSUE #d 7,JUNE #b#bND #a#i#c#g7 & 5TITL$ 0,! PETIT-B\RGEOIS & ! REVOLUTION04 ,AFT] 9DICAT+ ?AT ! SUPPOS$LY ,M>XI/ P>TIES 70:I* >E ,M>XI/ 9 NAME ONLY07 LIKE ! ,P,S,U,C1 W]E 9 FACT ! DEF5D]S ( ! PETIT-B\RGEOIS :ILE !Y CLAIM$ TO BE REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ! AU?OR DEPLORES ! FACT ?AT CLE>LY PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATIONS1 ( :I* ! REVOLUTION>Y PA/ IS WELL KN[N1 >E ALSO ADOPT+ AMBIGU\S POSITIONS ) REG>D TO ! PETIT-B\RGEOIS4 ,HE GOES ON3 ,! PETIT-B\RGEOIS444MU/ BE RADICALLY SUPPRESS$1 NOT ONLY ITS POLITICAL LEAD]%IP1 BUT ALSO ! AUTONOM\S MANAGEM5T :I* IT MA9TA9S 9 ! ECONOMIC DOMA9 ?ANKS TO ! B5EVOL5CE ( \R ORGANIZATIONS4 ,?IS CLASS1 :OSE EGOTISM IS ! DIRECT CAUSE ( ALL ! \TRAGES ( ! SOCIAL ORD]1 KN[S P]FECTLY WELL ?AT IF ! REVOLUTION WAS TO TRIUMPH 7:I* C\LD ONLY BE PROLET>IAN 9 ?IS CASE71 !IR PRIVILEGES & O!R ADVANTAGES W\LD BE AUTOMATICALLY SUPPRESS$4 ,& 9 ! ACTUAL SITUATION :I* CONC]NS US AT ! MOM5T1 !Y >E NOT BL9D TO ! FACT ?AT \R HOME GR[N FASCISM1 LIKE ?AT FROM ABROAD1 GIVES !M ALL SORTS ( GU>ANTEES ( KEEP+ !IR POSITIONS & PR]OGATIVES4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 CONCRETELY1 ?AT ! PETIT-B\RGEOIS IS CLOS] TO ,FRANCO ?AN TO ! ,REPUBLIC1 NEV] M9D ! REVOLUTION4 74447 ,! PETIT-B\RGEOIS IS A DANG] 9 EV]Y DOMA9 = ! ADVANCE ( ! REVOLUTION & IF WE DON'T MANAGE TO NEUTRALIZE !IR (F5SIVE & DEF5SIVE WEAPONS1 !N WE RUN ! RISK ?AT1 ?ANKS TO !IR REACTION>Y ACTIVITIES1 ! REVOLUTION C\LD BE EXT+UI%$ 9 ITS 9FANCY1 AFT] HAV+ />T$ ) SO MANY SACRIFICES4 74447 ,! PETIT-B\RGEOIS1 AS WAS EV9C$ ABOVE1 IS CLOS] TO FASCISM ?AN ?OSE :O SUPPORT ! WORK]-REVOLUTION>Y /ANCE4 ,9 CONSEQU5CE1 ! PETIT-B\RGEOIS IS SABOTAG+ ! ECONOMY -- AS IT WILL CONT9UE TO DO AS LONG AS WE ACCORD IT RESPECT -- :I* IS ! SAME AS TO SABOTAGE ! REVOLUTION4 ,SMALL 9DU/RY & BUS9ESS1 9 ! H&S ( ! B\RGEOIS1 >E >MS BR&I%$ BY FASCISM AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION4 ,WE >E TOL]AT+ -- ! ECONOMY IS ALSO A WEAPON ( W> -- AN 5EMY BLESS$ ) (F5SIVE WEAPONRY1 9 \R [N H\SE4 ,FRANCO IS FIT ( ! FAM\S FIF? COLUMN 9 ! RE>1 ( :I* ! DEP>T$ ,MOLA TALK$ ON A C]TA9 OCCASION1 IF NOT ! PETIT-B\RGEOIS8 ,! >I/OCRACY8 ,! L>GE CAPITALI/S8 ,! =M] HAVE DISAPPE>$1 ! LATT] HAVE BE5 SUPPRESS$4 ,!Y CAN'T =M ! FIF? COLUMN4 ,?US :O >E ITS MEMB]S8 ,WE REPEAT1 !RE IS NO D\BT1 ! PETIT-B\RGEOIS4 74447 ,WE DO NOT ADOPT AMBIGU\S & CONFUS+ POSITIONS4 ,\R /R5G? IS ROOT$ 9 ! AU!NTIC PROLET>IAT4 ,! PETIT-B\RGEOIS IS AGA9/ US :I* IS TO BE AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION4 ,WE %\LDN'T BE ?ANK+ ! PETIT-B\RGEOIS1 WE MU/ FIACT]IZES !M & PROVES !M TO BE 5EMIES ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BUT ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I MU/ NEI!R DIRECTLY NOR 9DIRECTLY RESPECT !IR POSITION1 WORSE /ILL MA9TA9 A /ATE ( PASSIVITY & 9DIFF]5CE 9 ! FACE ( ?IS PROBLEM4 ,PUBLICALLY & PRIVATELY ?IS CLASS MU/ BE F\GUM5TS4 ,IT HATES ! REVOLUTION & IS TOIL+ ) ALL AVAILABLE MEANS TO PREV5T ! TRIUMPH ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS SABOTAG+ ! REVOLUTION>Y ECONOMY1 SPECULAT+ ON ! MO/ 9DISP5SABLE GOODS4 ,IT N\RI%ES ! #e? COLUMN4 ,IT WILL S]VE AS ! D5\NC+ F+] IF UN=TUNATELY FASCISM W9S ONE DAY4 ,IT WAS ! MO/ F]OCI\SLY S'A*>N]AIT1 IF ?AT IS POSSIBLE1 ON ! PROLET>IAT4 ,!RE=E IT MU/ BE F\TIES :O1 DRESS$ UP 9 SC>LET1 >E GETT+ READY TO B> ! ROAD ( ! 9SURG5T WORK]S4 ,! H&L+ ( ! PETIT-B\RGEOIS HAS WEI<$ HEAVILY AGA9/ ! WORK]S' DESIRES4 ,! POLITICALLY & MILIT>ILY ORGANIZ$ IS FI TO ?AT :I* EXI/$ BE=E ! ,JULY DAYS4 ,& AS WE PROGRESS 9 ! ANALYSIS ( ! REGRESSION :I* FOLL[$ ! 9ITIAL DAYS ( ! RIS+ ( ! PROLET>IAT1 WE WILL DISCOV] ! S]IES ( CONTRADICTIONS :I* W]E FATALLY DE/9$ TO OCCUR BY ! SIMPLE FACT ?AT WE >E HIT*$ TO ! C>T ( ! PETIT-B\RGEOIS4 ,! ,MAY /RUGGLE DISPLAY$ ! SAME *>ACT]I/ICS AS ! ,JULY EXPLOSION4 ,WE DIDN'T KN[ :]E WE W]E GO+6 ,WE ONLY KNEW ?AT ! 5EMY WAS PROPOS+ TO SNAT* ! CONQUE/S ( ,JULY FROM US & ?AT WE W]E GO+ TO DEF5D !M4 ,BUT A GUID+ IDEA WAS MISS+ :I* C\LD HAVE BE5 DECISIVE 9 ?OSE SUPREME MOM5TS4 ,MAY'S E*O IS />T+ TO FADE4 ,SOON IT WILL BE A MEMORY444 ,!RE >E TWO UND5IABLE REALITIES4 ,ONE ( !M IS ECONOMIC1 ! O!R SOCIAL4 ,) REG>DS TO ! ECONOMIC QUE/ION 9 ,SPA91 WE HAVE UNIONS :I* HAVE A HI< CON/RUCTIVE CAPACITY :I* CAN'T BE D5I$1 NOR EV5 QUE/ION$4 ,AS TO ! SOCIAL & LOCAL FUNCTIONS1 ! COMMUNE IS ! MO/ SUITABLE = FREE+ ! EX]CISE ( ACTIVITIES )9 BO? RURAL & URBAN >EAS4 ,:AT'S MORE1 SOME?+ FUNDAM5TAL MU/ BE AGRE$4 ,! CON/ITUTION ( A REVOLUTION>Y JUNTA IS 9DISP5SABLE4 ,?IS JUNTA %\LD NOT 9T]F]E 9 ! FUNCTIONS ( ! UNIONS & ! COMMUNES4 ,?IS REVOLUTION>Y JUNTA %\LD BE DEMOCRATICALLY ELECT$ BY ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,?IS LA/ >TICLE IS IMPORTANT S9CE IT SIGNALS ! />T ( ! ATTEMPT AT AN ANALYSIS TO :I* ! ,F,O,D W]E GO+ TO APPLY !MSELVES FROM ?IS ISSUE #d ( ,AD,P ON1 S9CE ! EV5TS ( ! ,MAY DAYS NO LONG] HELD ALL ( !IR ATT5TION4 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,!ORY & ,PROGRAM ,! POSITIONS TAK5 BY ! ,F,O,D ON ! PROBLEMS ?AT WE HAVE REVIEW$ SO F> >E NOT ONLY ?\TIALLY GIV5 OV] TO A CONCISE PRES5TATION ( A S]IES ( CONCRETE PROPOSITIONS4 ,H]E IS ! COMPLETE TRANSLATION1 UND] ! HEADL9E WE AG5TS-PROVOCATEURS & IRRESPONSIBLES PROPOSE3 MANAGEM5T ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL LIFE BY ! UNIONS2 FREE COMMUNES2 ,! >MY & PUBLIC ORD] MU/ BE CONTROLL$ BY ! WORK+ CLASS4 --,DISSOLUTION ( >M$ =CES4 ,MA9T5ANCE ( DEF5SE COMMITTEES & C\NCILS ( DEF5SE2 ,>MS MU/ BE UND] ! P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,RIFLES >E ! ULTIMATE GU>ANTEE ( REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/S4 ,NOBODY O!R ?AN ! WORK+ CLASS %\LD HAVE ACCESS TO !M2 ,ABOLITION ( HI]>*IES4 ,! PROLET>IAT'S 5EMIES %\LD BE ?R[N 9TO =TIFICATION BATTALIONS2 ,=C$ UNIONIZATION4 ,A WORK]'S BANK4 ,SUPPRESSION ( ! NE$ = REF]5CES TO OBTA9 WORK2 ,SOCIALIZATION ( ALL ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE4 ,FI4 ,CREATION ( RESID5TS' COMMITTEES2 ,IMM$IATE 9TRODUCTION ( ! FAMILY SAL>Y )\T BUREAUCRATIC EXCEPTIONS4 ,! W> & ! REVOLUTION MU/ AFFECT EV]YBODY EQUALLY4 ,SUPPRESSION ( ! B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T1 SUSP5SION ( PASSPORTS2 -,MOBILIZATION 9 ! FACE ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION2 ,TOTAL DISOB$I5CE TO ! CO]CIVE ME*ANISMS ( ! /ATE LIKE ! APPLICATION ( C5SOR%IP1 ! DIS>M+ ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ! /ATE CONFISCATION ( RADIO TRANSMITT]S2 ,DET]M9$ OPPOSITION TO ! MUNICIPALITIES TAK+ OV] ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9S(> AS ?IS W\LD MEAN ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS W\LD NOT BE ABSOLUTE MA/]S ( ! C\NTRY2 ,RETURN TO ! L>GELY REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT ( \R ORGANIZATIONS2 ,TOTAL OPPOSITION TO GOV]NM5TAL COLLABORATION :I* IS1 AS EV5TS HAVE %[N1 CONTR>Y TO ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT2 ,W> TO ! DEA? AGA9/ SPECULATORS1 BUREAUCRATS1 ?OSE :O CAUSE ! PRICE ( BASIC GOODS TO BE 9CREAS$2 ,READ9ESS TO GO TO W> AGA9/ ANY >MI/ICE2 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ?IS LI/ BR+S TOGE!R PROGRAMMATIC PO9TS :I* DON'T BELONG 9 ! SAME LEVEL ( DISCUSSION4.<#c.> ,BUT ! FOLL[+ ISSUES W]E TO SUPPLY MORE DETAILS4 ,ISSUE #e ( #b? ,JULY ELEVATES ITSELF TO ! LEVEL ( !ORETIC ?\E ! MO/ $IFY+ PASSAGES4 ,! TURN :I* EV5TS HAVE TAK5 S9CE ! ,MAY DAYS IS FULL ( LESSONS4 ,9 ! BALANCE ( =CES :I* WAS DEMON/RAT$ DUR+ ?OSE DAYS1 A VISIBLE TRANS=MATION HAPP5$4 ,?AT GIGANTIC MASS :I* REVOLV$ >\ND ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I A YE> AGO1 HAS SUFF]$ A NOTABLE RELAPSE4 ,IT IS NOT AN 9H]5T QUALITY ( ! CONF$]AL ORGANIZATION OR ! SPECIFIC ORGANIZATION.<#c#a.> ?AT ! WORK+ MASSES %\LD BE DI/ANC$ FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT444 ,! D[NW>D SPIRAL HAS TO BE 5TIRELY ATTRIBUT$ TO ! ABS5CE ( A CONCRETE PROGRAM1 ! LACK ( A FEW IMM$IATE GA9S & ! FACT ?AT WE FELL 9TO ! NETS ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y SECTORS1 AT ! PRECISE MOM5T :5 CIRCUM/ANCES W]E UNFOLD+ FAVORABLY = ! CR[N+ ( ! PROLET>IAT'S ASPIRATIONS4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE ( NOT HAV+ GIV5 FREE RE9 TO ,JULY'S ,ELAN1 9 A CLE>1 CLASS-BAS$ ORI5TATION1 WE HAVE R5D]$ A PETIT-B\RGEOIS DOM9ANCE POSSIBLE4 ,?IS W\LD NOT HAVE COME AB\T AT ALL IF1 9 ! CONF$]AL & AN>*I/ CIRCLES1 A UNANIM\S DECISION HAD BE5 TAK5 TO 9/ALL ! PROLET>IAT 9 *>GE ( ! C\NTRY4 ,BUT !RE WAS NO VISION ( 9CID5CE VECUES4 ,9 ,JULY WE DIDN'T UND]/& :AT A MOM5T\S TIME IT WAS4 ,WE W]E AFRAID4 ,! CANNONS ( ! =EIGN SQUADRONS W]E 9SPIR+ PUSILLANIMITY 9 A GR[+ P]C5TAGE ( ACTIVI/S4 ,WE GAVE GR\ND TO ! SECTORS :I* LAT] OPPOS$ ! TYPICALLY REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS ) PRET5SES ( A COM+ REACTION>Y TURN4 ,WE DON'T ?9K ?AT FAILURES HAVE TO BE EXCLUSIVELY IMPUT$ TO 9DIVIDUALS4 ,WE HAVE SUFFICI5T EVID5CE :I* %[S ?AT IMMORALITY C]TA9LY CONTRIBUT$ TO ! DISCR$IT+ ( O!R EV5TS4 ,BUT :AT REALLY CONTRIBUT$1 9 \R VIEW1 ?AT :I* CL9*$ ! OBVI\S LOSS ( A REVOLUTION :I* %\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE TO ESCAPE FROM ! TUTELAGE ( A FEW 9COMPET5TS1 IS ! ABS5CE ( A GUID+ VISION :I* W\LD HAVE CLE>LY M>K$ \T ! ROAD TO FOLL[4 ,IMPROVIZATION HAS ALWAYS YIELD$ PITIFUL RESULTS4 ,\R ASSUMPTION1 ACCORD+ TO :I* SOCIAL REALITIES W\LD BE =G$ )\T ! EXI/5CE ( A DIRECT+ =CE TO JEAL\SLY SAFEGU>D ! PREMISES ( ! REVOLUTION1 IS COMPLETELY DEBUNK$4 ,9 ,JULY1 :AT WAS DECISIVE WAS ?AT ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I ACT$ SO /UPIDLY AS TO BELIEVE ?AT A REVOLUTION ( ! SOCIAL TYPE C\LD %>E ITS ECONOMIC & SOCIAL ASPECTS ) 5EMY ELEM5TS4 ,?IS WAS ! GREATE/ ]ROR S9CE IT GAVE /R5G? TO ! PETIT-B\RGEOIS :I* TURN$ FURI\SLY AGA9/ ! WORK+ CLASS AS SOON AS IT HAD OBTA9$ FIRM SUPPORT FROM ! SUPPOS$ DEMOCRATIC P[]S ?R\< ! EFFECT ( DET\RS DE GU]RE4 ,9 ,MAY1 ONCE AGA9 ! SAME CONFLICT WAS ON4 ,AGA9 SUPREMACY 9 ! LEAD]%IP ( ! REVOLUTION WAS 9 QUE/ION4 ,BUT ! SAME 9DIVIDUALS1 :O 9 ,JULY W]E FRETT+ AT ! DANG] ( A =EIGN 9T]V5TION1 COMMITT$ ! ]ROR ( VISION DUR+ ! ,MAY ,DAYS :I* CULM9AT$ 9 ! FATEFUL 'CEASEFIRE'4 ,AN ]ROR :I*1 DESPITE ! AGRE$ TRUCE1 TRANSLAT$ 9TO ! 9/ANT DIS>M+ & PITILESS REPRESSION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,WE HAVE 9DICAT$ ! REASON4 ,WE HAVE A LOT ( EVID5CE4 ,DUR+ ! ,JULY DAYS C]TA9 ACTIVI/S1 :O P>TICIPAT$ 9 HYBRID =MATIONS PUBLICALLY ANN\NC$ ?AT LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM HAD TO BE R5\NC$4 ,BUT :AT CAN'T BE UND]/OOD IS ?AT AFT] ?IS DISAV[AL1 A CLE> & CATEGORICAL REAFFIRMATION WAS NOT PUT =W>D4 ,SOME?+ ALONG ! L9ES ( SAY+ ?AT1 9 DO+ AWAY ) \R PROGRAM1 ?AT IS TO SAY LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM1 WE :OLLY GAVE \RSELVES UP TO \R ADV]S>IES :O W]E & >E PUTT+ =W>D A PROGRAM & 9/RUCTIONS4 ,FROM ?AT MOM5T1 \R M>G9ALIZATION WAS LAID \T1 AS WE H&$ VICTORY TO ! P>TIES :I* WE HAD F\TIES \R RESOLVE TO BE MA/]S ( ! SITUATION4 ,! LACK ( CLASS SPIRIT CONTRIBUT$ TO ! /AGE ( DECL9E :I* WE >E WITNESS+4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( GUID+ SPEE*ES1 EXPRESSIONS ) C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y IMPLICATIONS W]E ?R[N \T4 ,& 9 \R 9T]V5TIONS WE HAVE BE5 TRAIL+ BEH9D ! MESOCRACY1 :5 IT %\LD HAVE BE5 ! ORGANIZATION ) ! MAJORITY ( 9VOLVEM5T 9 ,JULY :I* DISPOS$1 9 AN ABSOLUTE S5SE1 ( PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,AS TO ! PETIT-B\RGEOIS P>TIES4 ,!Y \BITRATOR ( ! SITUATION4 ,9 ! LA/ ISSUE ( \R PAP] WE DETAIL$ A PROGRAM4 ,WE ADVOCATE ! NECESSITY ( A REVOLUTION>Y JUNTA1 ( UNION PR$OM9ANCE 9 ECONOMIC MATT]S & A FREE ORGANIZATION ( COMMUNES4 ,\R GR\P+ WANT$ TO CREATE AN EXAMPLE1 LE/ WE %\LD PROCE$ 9 ! SAME WAY GIV5 CIRCUM/ANCES SIMIL> TO ?OSE ( ,JULY & ,MAY4 ,TRIUMPH RESIDES 9 ! EXI/5CE ( A PROGRAM :I* MU/ BE BACK$ UP1 )\T HESITATION1 BY RIFLES4 ,DESPITE ! ACCUMULATION ( ]RORS1 IT IS TO BE ASSUM$ ?AT1 SOON] OR LAT]1 ! PROLET>IAT WILL %[ ITSELF ANEW4 ,BUT :AT WE MU/ LABOR TO DO1 IS ?AT 9 ! CASE ( AN IMM$IATE OPPORTUNITY1 WE %\LD NOT FALL VICTIM AGA9 TO ! FE>S & WEAKNESSES :I* HAVE BR\IS+ FROM GREAT SOCIAL UPHEAVALS1 BUT :I* >E ROOT$ 9 TWO ESS5TIAL PO9TS :I* CAN'T BE AVOID$3 A PROGRAM & RIFLES4 ,WE HAVE TO MA9TA9 KE5 JUDGM5T 9 ! UNIONS & WORKPLACES4 ,WE HAVE TO TRY TO MAKE \R PROPOSALS PREVAIL4 ,)\T N]VOSISMES /]ILES1 )\T PRECIPITATIONS CONTRE-9DIQUEE1 WE >E PREP>+ ! WORK+ CLASS TO HAVE ! WISDOM NEXT TIME TO SEIZE1 FROM ! \TSET1 ! POSITION :I* HAS BE5 LAM5TABLY LO/ = WANT ( A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY4 ,! $ITORIALS ( ! FOLL[+ ISSUES1 ! LA/ ?REE1 AGA9 TAKE UP ! !ME ( ! NECESSITY = A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY & PROGRAM4 ,!RE WAS ONE SU* >TICLE 9 ISSUE #g ( #c#a/ ,SEPTEMB]1 UND] ! HEADL9E 0,A H>D EXP]I5CE0 & 9 ISSUE #h1 0,TO TRIUMPH A PROGRAM IS NE$$04 ,BUT !SE >TICLES DON'T GIVE US ANY?+ NEW4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ISSUE #f ( #a#b? ,AUGU/ #aicg GOES 9TO DETAIL AB\T ONE ( ! FUNDAM5TAL PO9TS ( ! PROGRAM1 & ITS $ITORIAL IS 5TITL$ 0,NECESSITY ( A REVOLUTION>Y JUNTA04 ,ON ?IS CRUCIAL PO9T WE >E GIV5 FUR!R 5LIDS ! DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,WE1 ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I ACTIVI/S1 :O >E GR\P$ TOGE!R 9 0! ,F,O,D0 /RONGLY BELIEVE ?AT ! PURITY ( ! ESS5CE ( ! REVOLUTION MU/ BE WAT*$ OV] DUR+ ! FEV]I% DAYS ( ! 9SURRECTIONAL FR5ZY1 & WE >E COMPLETELY CONV9C$ ?AT DUR+ A C]TA9 P]IOD1 GUIDANCE MU/ BE EX]CIS$ 9 ORD] TO ORI5TATE ! RHY?M ( ! REVOLUTION ON ! PA? :I* ALWAYS APPE>S 9 ! FIR/ MOM5TS4 444,ACCEPT+ ?IS !SIS1 WE HAVE TO CONCRETELY SEEK TO WORK \T ! WAY TO /RUCTURE ?IS BODY1 ! GUIDE & DEF5D] ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,! /ATE-C5T]$ =MS1 ) !IR COMPLICAT$ :EELS & COGS1 HAVE COMPLETELY FAIL$4 ,! /ATE MA*9E SUFFOCATES4 ,IT F9I%ES BY CREAT+ NEW ADVANTAGES = ! PRIVILEG$ & DEF5D]S ( A FEW IMPROVEM5TS :I* ONLY CONC]N A SMALL NUMB] ( PEOPLE4 ,! NASC5T SOCIETY MU/ FUNCTION PROP]LY US+ A =MULA :I* ALL[S US TO HONORABLY ACCOMPLI% ! SOCIAL FUNCTIONS 9 A MANN] CONSI/5T ) ! DAWN+ NEW ]A4 ,! =MATION ( A REVOLUTION>Y JUNTA IS AN 9EVITABLE NECESSITY4 ,?IS JUNTA WILL BE =M$ BY AU!NTIC REPRES5TATION ( ! WORK]S :O CAME \T 9TO ! /REETS ) >MS 9 !IR H&S4 ,! M5 ( ! B>RICADES >E ?OSE :O DEF5D ! REVOLUTION & >E ! ONLY ONES :O WILL NEI!R SELL NOR BETRAY ! RESULTS ( ! TRIUMPH4 74447 ,! DURATION ( ! TUTELAGE :I* ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S HAVE TO EX]CISE WILL DEP5D ON ! TIME IT TAKES = ! NEW ORD] TO BECOME CONSOLIDAT$4 74447 ,9 ,JULY AN ANTI-FASCI/ COMMITTEE WAS =M$ :I* DIDN'T CORRESPOND TO ! SCOPE ( ?AT SUBLIME H\R4 ,H[ C\LD IT HAVE N\RI%$ ! SPIRIT :I* >OSE FROM ! B>RICADES1 :5 FRI5DS & 5EMIES ( ! REVOLUTION SAT AT EA* O!RS SIDES 9 IT8 ,! ANTI-FASCI/ COMMITTEE WAS NOT1 9 ITS COMPOSITION1 ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,JULY /RUGGLE4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO GRASP ! MO/ LIVELY DESIRES :I* APPE> 9 ! /REETS4 ,IF !Y >E ALL[$ TO BE CORRUPT$ 9 ! FIR/ MOM5TS1 IT IS C]TA9 ?AT ! DEG5]ACY %[N 9 ! 9ITIAL =MS WILL CONT9UE ?R\< FOLL[+ TIMES4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT IF1 AT ! BEG9N+1 A CLE> & WISE DIRECTION IS KEPT1 ! REVOLUTION WILL REA* ! OBJECTIVE = :I* SO MANY LIVES >E LO/4 ,FUR!RMORE1 !RE IS A C]TA9 SECTION ( ! POPULATION :I*1 :ILE COM+ TO ACCEPT ! NEW /ATE ( AFFAIRS1 GOES ALONG ?R\< SIMPLE 9/9CT = PRES]VATION4 ,!SE 9DIVIDUALS >E F\ND 9 ! UNIONS1 9 ! WORKPLACES4 ,WE CAN'T CONC$E REPRES5TATION 9 ! NEW BODIES TO ?IS SECTOR :I* MU/ BE SE5 AS BE+ DIVORC$ FROM ! REVOLUTION4 ,MU* LESS %\LD WE GIVE RESPONSIBILITIES TO ?OSE :O >E DECL>$ 5EMIES4 ,= ! PREC$+ REASONS WE >E P>TISANS ( ! VIEW ?AT ! ONLY ONES TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y JUNTA %\LD BE ! URBAN WORK]S1 RURAL WORK]S & ! FITICLES4 ,9 ISSUE #d1 ( ,JUNE #b#bND1 WE READ ON PAGE #c1 UND] ! HEADL9E 0MUNICIPALIZATION & MILIT>IZATION01 ?AT ! T5ANTS ( P[] 9 ,CATALONIA W]E DEM&+ ! MUNICIPALIZATION ( PROVISION+ & ( TRANSPORT1 BUT ?IS MEANT ! ELIM9ATION ( UNION MANAGEM5T = ! B5EFIT ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y MUNICIPALITIES1 :]EAS ! ,F,O,D W]E AIM+ = FREE COMMUNES 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK]S4 ,9 ISSUE #g1 9 ! LA/ >TICLE ON PAGE #d1 UND] ! TITLE 0,CONC]N+ \R PROGRAM3 ALL ECONOMIC P[] TO ! UNIONS01 WE READ3 ,! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! FACT ?AT ! UNIONS >E ITS MO/ SOLID REPRES5TATIVES4 ,& ?US1 AS ! SOVIETS W]E UNDISPUT$ AS ! SUPREME ORGANS ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 9 \R REVOLUTION IT IS ! UNIONS :I* HAVE TO EX]CISE ALL ! ECONOMIC P[] 9 ! C\NTRY'S LIFE4 ,!RE=E1 ON !SE PO9TS1 ! ,F,O,D M]ELY REPEAT1 )\T ADD+ ANY DETAILS1 ! PROGRAM ( ! ,C,N,T FROM ! CONGRESS ( ,Z>AGOSSA 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#f4 ,)\T D\BT1 !RE IS SOME?+ ?AT MAY BE CONSID]$ AN OV]-SIMPLIFICATION ( AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ IDEAS 9 ?IS VIEW4 ,BUT IT SEEMS TO US ?AT ! DISCUSSION %\LD OP51 ESPECIALLY ON ! SMALL NUMB] ( FUNDAM5TAL QUE/ION = :I* ! CONTRIBUTION ( ! ,F,O,D IS 9VALUABLE3 ,CLASS ANALYSIS1 CONDEMNATION ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY1 & ! OPPOSITION ( ! PROLET>IAT TO ! PETIT-B\RGEOIS2 ,DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION & ! PROBLEMS POS$ BY >M$ /RUGGLE2 ,! NATURE & /RUCTURE ( ! P[] ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT MU/ WIELD2 ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI -- ,A ,BALANCE ,%EET ,:AT ,WE ,?9K ,TO ! ACTIVI/ :O /RIVES TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! BIR? ( AN AU!NTIC MEMORY ( ! ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN CURR5T ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 ! QUE/ION IS POS$ ?US3 :AT IS ! CONTRIBUTION ( ! HI/ORIC EPISODE ?AT WAS ! ACTS & IDEAS ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI8 ,!RE=E TO COMPLETE ?IS /UDY1 WE MU/ DRAW UP A BALANCE-%EET1 TO ASSESS 9 SOME WAY !IR A*IEVEM5TS & FAILURES4 ,:Y ! ,WEAKNESSES8 ,IF ONE REF]S TO ! 5SEMBLE ( ! HI/ORY ( ! 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 ! CONTRIBUTION ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI MU/ BE LIK5$ TO ?AT ( ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S ( ! PLAT=M1 ! ANALYZES ( ! ,ITALIAN ACTIVI/S AFT] ! ADV5TURE ( ! WORK]S' C\NCILS1 ! !ORIES ( ! C\NCIL COMMUNI/S 9 ! ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 ESPECIALLY ,G]MANY AFT] #a#i#b1 & = ?IS LA/ C\NTRY1 ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ! 5TIRE AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ & C\NCILI/ LEFT1 ! EF=TS ( ! ,BULG>IAN AN>*I/S TO CON/RUCT AN ORGANIZATION 9SPIR$ BY ! PLAT=M1 ! EXP]I5CES 9 ,FRANCE :I* CREAT$ ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/ ,UNION ( #a#i#b#g1 !N 9 #aicd ! FIR/ ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNI/ ,F$]ATION4 ,H[EV] ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI NEV] ALLUD$ TO ?IS PA/ :I* WAS /ILL REC5T 9 #a#i#c#f4 ,DID !Y NOT KN[ ( IT8 ,?IS IS1 AT LEA/ = MANY ( !M1 V]Y LIKELY4 ,!Y W]E ACTIVI/S ( A MOVEM5T1 ! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T1 :I* HAD V]Y P>TICUL> *>ACT]I/ICS4 ,IT MU/ BE /AT$ ONCE AGA9 ?AT ,SPANI% AN>*ISM EXI/$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( AN ACUTE CLASS /RUGGLE DRIV5 BY A P[]FUL MASS MOVEM5T ) A UNION /RUCTURE4 ,BUT ON ! LEVEL ( !ORY1 IT REMA9$ A LOOSE COLLECTION ( V]Y G5]AL ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN DECL>ATIONS1 SOMETIMES QUASI-9DIVIDUALI/1 SPR9KL$ ) A CONSPIRATORIAL & SOMETIMES V]Y VIOL5T PRACTICE1 ) A 'SPECIFIC' ORGANIZATION :I* MAKES ONE ?9K SOMETIMES ( ! ,C>BON>ISM ( ! PREC$+ C5TURY4 ,?IS IS ! REASON ?AT A NON-NEGLIGIBLE P>T ( ! ,C,N,T KEPT ITS DI/ANCE FROM ! ,F,A,I & EV5 LEAN$ T[>DS ',TR5TISM'4 ,! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T1 FAI?FUL TO C]TA9 ASPECTS ( ,BAKUN9ISM1 WAS 9FILTRAT$ BY MORAL & CULTURAL NOTIONS :I* W]E CLOS] TO PETIT-B\RGEOIS HUMANISM ?AN TO REVOLUTION>Y RIGOR4 ,IT DIDN'T COMPLETELY IGNORE :AT HAPP5$ BEYOND ! ,PYR5EES & ITS P]SECUT$ ACTIVI/S KNEW !IR ,FR5* & ,BELGIAN COMRADES V]Y WELL BUT1 FIX$ ON ITS TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ HYMN-BOOK1 IT H>DLY PAID ATT5TION TO :AT CAME FROM \TSIDE4 ,DR[N$ 9 ?IS CONFUSION & COMPLEXITY1 PLUNG$ FROM ! FIR/ DAY 9 ! CAULDRON ( BATTLE1 ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI W]E TOO LITTLE1 TOO LATE1 AT A TIME :5 ! BUREAUCRATIZATION ( ! MOVEM5T WAS ALREADY IRREV]SIBLE & :5 M9I/]IALISM WAS ACCEPT$1 ALBEIT RESIGN$LY1 BY A L>GE NUMB] ( ACTIVI/S4 ,!Y ONLY EM]G$ 9 RESPONSE TO ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y S*EMES :I* DEVELOP$ 9 #a#i#c#g1 !Y DIDN'T CON/ITUTE AN OPPOSITION GR\ND$ ON A SOLID ANALYSIS :I* MIANCE ( A MESSAGE TO ! REVOLUTION>IES ( ! WORLD1 NOT AS ! EXPRESSION ( A POSSIBILITY TO R$RESS ! SITUATION4 ,!Y LEFT LATE & !Y NEV] >RIV$3 ! BUREAUCRACY ( M9I/]IALISM DID EV]Y?+ TO EXT+UI% !IR VOICES1 HOLD+ ! RE9S ( ! ORGANIZATION FIRMLY 9 H&4 ,!Y W]E !MSELVES C>RI$ ALONG BY EV5TS1 DISP]S$ ON V>I\S FRONTS1 P9N$ D[N BY MILIT>IZATION1 !Y DISAPPE>$ V]Y QUICKLY4 ,IT IS C]TA9LY TRUE ?AT IT ISN'T EASY TO CREATE A CON/RUCTIVE & CRITICAL =CE 9 ! MIDDLE ( CIVIL W>1 COM+ FROM A COMPLETELY 9SUFFICI5T DOCTR9AL BASIS4 ,!Y KNEW PRACTICALLY NO?+ ( ! !ORETICAL EF=TS C>RI$ \T 9 ! C\RSE ( ! PREVI\S DECADE 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T1 EF=TS :I* NOBODY ELSE HAD CAPITALIZ$ ON 9 A COH]5T :OLE AT ?AT TIME1 & :I* /ILL HAV5'T GONE BEYOND ! LEVEL ( AMBIGUITY4.<#c#b.> ,! 9SUFFICI5CIES ( ! CONTRIBUTION ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI >E !RE=E EASILY EXPLA9$4 ,WE WILL RAPIDLY SUM !M UP4 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI DIDN'T KN[ H[ TO BREAK ) A REVOLUTION>Y ROMANTICISM SOMETIMES T+$ ) A H9T ( H]O WOR%IP4 ,!SE FAIL+S1 APP>5TLY M9OR1 HAVE )\T D\BT CONTRIBUT$ TO OBSCUR+ !IR ANALYZES & =BADE !M FROM ATTA9+ A VIEW :I* REMA9S CLE> TODAY4 ,TO ?IS ROMANTICISM IS SOMETIMES ADD$ A PRON\NC$ TA/E = SIMPLIFICATION3 ! PURE & SIMPLE SUPPRESSION1 ) ! /ROKE ( A P5 ONE MIIAN COMMUNISM1 IT REMA9$1 AS WE HAVE SE51 SIMPLI/IC & REPETITIVE4 ,EV5 REG>D+ ! /RUCTURE ( ! SPECIFIC ORGANIZATION1 !Y W]E CONT5T TO BE ! FAI?FUL GU>DIANS ( A DEBATABLE TRADITION3 !Y W]E = ! MA9T5ANCE1 PURE & SIMPLE1 ( ! CONSPIRATORIAL & ROMANTIC OLD-/YLE AN>*ISM ( ! ,F,A,I FROM #aibg & IF !Y DID REJECT ! NEW /RUCTURES ( ! ,F,A,I 7PUT =W>D 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#g71 IT WAS ) A GREAT POV]TY ( >GUM5TS4 ,!IR ANTI-PLAT=MISM WAS A H9DRANCE4.<#c#c.> ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO DI/+UI% ! BUREAUCRATIC TURNS ! NEW /RUCTURE C\LD HAVE FAVOR$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( A MAJOR DE>? ( !ORETICAL ANALYSIS1 FROM ! BASIC S\NDNESS ( ! CALL+ 9TO QUE/ION ( ! SMALL AFF9ITY GR\PS4 ,ON ! PROBLEM ( WORK]S' UNITY LIKE ON ?AT ( ! =MATION ( A REVOLUTION>Y JUNTA1 WE HAVE C]TA9LY P]CEIV$ AN EVOLUTION1 GO+ FROM ! CALLS = COMMITTEES REPRES5T+ ! ORGANIZATION1 TO DEM&S = BODIES *OS5 BY RANK & FILE /RUCTURES4 ,AN 9DISPUTABLY POSITIVE EVOLUTION BUT ONE :I*1 DESPITE ALL1 LEAVES ! TA/E ( AMBIGUITY 9 ! M\?4 ,! ,A*IEVEM5TS ,H[EV]1 WE CAN'T REMA9 9DIFF]5T TO ! DIFFICULT BATTLE :I* ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI F\IAN MOVEM5T4 ,IT IS BECAUSE !IR EXP]I5CE IS COMP>ABLE TO NO O!R1 BECAUSE !Y ROSE 9 ! FULL FLIIAN MOVEM5T4 ,& !N BESIDE ! %AD[S !RE >E MANY LI*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI TOOK UP ! DEF5SE ( ! ,P,\,M1 )\T HESITAT+1 :ILE ! LEAD]S ( ! ,C,N,T HESITAT$ & VACILLAT$4 ,!Y REFUS$ TO VILIFY ! 0,M>XI/S0 BUT F\XI/ 9 NAME ONLY 7& SU* A DI/9CTION WAS TRULY H]ETICAL 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ MOVEM5T74 ,!Y /IGMATIZ$ ! C[>DICE ( ! (FIC]S :O GAVE !MSELVES UP TO >I?METIC DEMOCRACY -- TO JU/IFY !IR ABDICATION -- :I* GAVE AN UNJU/IFI$ WEIGUM5T :I* EQUAT$ LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM ) 'AN>*I/ DICTATOR%IP'4 ,!Y D5\NC$ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y S*EMES :I* CONT9U$ TO GR[4 ,BUT :AT WILL REMA9 !IR FUNDAM5TAL CONTRIBUTION IS ! RESOLUTION ( ! W>-REVOLUTION DILEMMA1 !IR ADOPTION ( AN AU!NTICALLY REVOLUTION>Y POSITION1 ! AFFIRMATION ( ! NE$ = A WORK]S' P[] AS AGA9/ M9I/]IAL COLLABORATION1 ! PREEM95CE ( CLASS-BAS$ ANALYSIS1 ! D5UNCIATION ( !ORETICAL FLUX & IMPROVIZATION4 ,! NE$ = A REVOLUTION>Y JUNTA WAS REF9$ LITTLE BY LITTLE1 ?IS JUNTA BE+ CONCEIV$ AS EMANAT+ FROM RANK & FILE BODIES & NOT FROM AMONG ! (FIC]S ( ! V>I\S ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! DIFFICULT QUE/ION ( ! >M+ ( ! PROLET>IAT & ESPECIALLY ! NE$ = AN >M$ /RUGGLE 9 ! CONDITIONS ( A MOD]N W> WAS BROA*$ 9 ! MID/ ( A BATTLE SITUATION & ! MO/ PRECISE PROPOSITIONS1 ! MO/ ?\Y MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION WAS LAID \T BY SPECIFY+ MEASURES :I* W\LD GU>ANTEE DEMOCRACY 9 ! UNITS & R5D] ! OLD MILIT>Y =MALISM USELESS4 ,F9ALLY1 ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI R$ISCOV]$ ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ?AT :AT CAN BE CALL$ ! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ POLE1 9S(> AS IT CONC]NS ! NE$ = A SPECIFIC REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION1 :I* WORKS \T A !ORY & CONSID]S A PROGRAM 9DISP5SABLE4 ,BUT IF ONE CONTE/S ! IDEA ( A 'TUTELAGE' TO BE EX]CIS$ DUR+ ! FIR/ P]IOD ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESSUS1 :I* ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI PUT =W>D1 !Y MU/ BE CR$IT$ = HAV+ POS$ ?IS S]I\S PROBLEM4 ,! BALANCE %EET IS L>GELY POSITIVE4 ,! HI/ORY ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI1 TRAGIC & BRIEF1 WILL REMA9 AN IMPORTANT EPISODE 9 ! CON/RUCTION ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4 .<#a.> ,LA ,C,N,T 5 LA REVOLUCION ,ESPANOLA1 ,J ,PEIRATS1 $4 ,C,N,T1 TOME #a1 PAGES #ee TO #e#h4 .<#b.> ,?IS WAS D5\NC$ BY ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI AS A MANEUV] ( ! RE=MI/ W+ ( ! ,C,N,T 79 NO4 #h ( !IR ,ORGAN1 ,EL ,AMIGO DEL ,PUEBLO7 .<#c.> ,Y\ CAN FREQU5TLY F9D ?IS CONCEPTION AMONG ! ,G]MAN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S ( ! ,F,A,U,D1 ! ,SW$ES ( ! ,S,A,C1 ! ,>G5T9IANS ( ! ,=,A ETC4 .<#d.> 0,A-CRATIE01 TOTAL ABS5CE ( AU?ORITY1 (T5 SEEM$ TO ,SPANI% AN>*I/S AS A CLE>] T]M ?AN AN>*Y1 FROM :I* COMES ! USE ( ! ADJECTIVE 0ACRATE0 9 PLACE ( AN>*I/4 .<#e.> ,LA ,C,N,T 5 LA REVOLUCION ,ESPANOLA1 ,J4 ,PEIRATS1 TOME #b P4 #cbh 7$4 ,C,N,T1 ,T\L\SE #a#i#e#b7 .<#f.> ,CONSULT ,HI/OIRE DES REPUBLIQUES ESPAGNOLES BY ,VICTOR ,ALBA4 .<#g.> ,AT ! CORE ( ! =CES ( ! RITY2 ITS L9KS ) ,ITALIAN FASCISM & ! ,NAZIS W]E OP5LY DECL>$4 .<#h.> ,IT IS H[EV] 9 !SE A*IEVEM5TS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T ?AT ! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T WAS ABLE TO %[ ITS CAPACITY & ITS VALUE & ?US WRITE ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL PAGE ( ! REVOLUTION4 .<#i.> ,= EXAMPLE ! PAP] $IT$ BY ,PRUDHOMMEAUX ,L',ESPAGNE ANTIFASCI/E HAD TO LEAVE ,B>CELONA = ,FR5* T]RITORY TO AVOID C5ETI/E C5SOR%IP4 ,GU]RA DI ,CLASSE ! PAP] ( ! ,ITALIAN VOLUNTE]S1 9SPIR$ BY ,B]N]I HAD TO SUSP5D ITS PUBLICATION4 .<#a.> ,IT IS $IFY+ TO CONSULT ! WORK ( ,JOSE ,PEIRATS ON ?IS MATT]4 ,LA ,C,N,T 5 LA REVOLUCION ,ESPANOLA1 TOME #a1 PAGE #bge =W>D4 ,9 ! #a#i#e#e1 ,BU5OS ,AIRES $ITION4 .<#a#a.> ,SEE ! BOTTOM ( PAGE #afd ( ,LA ,C,N,T 5 LA REVOLUCION ,ESPANOLA BY ,JOSE ,PEIRATS1 TOME #b1 $4 ,C,N,T4 .<#a#b.> ,?IS IS TRUE 9 G5]AL = ,B>CELONA1 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO PR$ICT :AT W\LD HAVE HAPP5$ ON AN OV]ALL SCALE IF ! 0CEASEFIRE0 HAD NOT TAK5 PLACE4 .<#a#c.> ,G>CIA ,OLIV] & ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y1 M9I/]S ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I1 ,M>IANO ,VASQUEZ1 FIR/ REGIONAL1 !N NATIONAL SECRET>Y ( ! ,C,N,T4 .<#a#d.> ,!RE >E SOLID !ORIES ACCORD+ TO :I* ! ASSASS9S W]E F> RIATI/S1 L9K$ TO ,ITALIAN FASCI/S4 ,! >*IVES ( ,MUSSOL9I'S SECRET POLICE1 ! ,O,V,R,A1 SEIZ$ AFT] ! FALL ( FASCISM1 L$ ,B]N]I'S FAMILY & FRI5DS TO DRAW ?IS CONCLUSION4 ,ELSE:]E1 9 HIS BOOK ,LOS ,ECOS DE LOS ,PASOS1 ON PAGE #dca & #d#c#b1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ! M9I/] ( JU/ICE AT ! TIME ( ! KILL+1 QUE/IONS ! AN>*I/ 0OBSESSION0 ) BLAM+ ! COMMUNI/S = EV]Y CRIME1 & IS 9CL9$ TO SEE ! H& ( ! ,O,V,R,A 9 ! MURD] ( ,B5]I4 .<#a#e.> ,9 ,GRIDO DEL ,POPOLO1 ! (FICIAL ORGAN ( ! ,ITALIAN COMMUNI/ P>TY1 ! SECRET>Y ( :I* WAS ,TOGLIATTI4 .<#a#f.> ,! GR\P+ =M$ 9 ,FEBRU>Y ACCORD+ TO ,JAMES ,BALIUS :O WAS AT ONE /AGE 9 *>GE ( $IT+ ,AMIGO DEL ,PUEBLO 7ACCORD+ TO A REPORT WRITT5 9 ,MAY #ai< BY ! ,>LES GR\P ( ! ,O,C,L1 EX-,O,R,A1 :O W]E ABLE TO MEET ,JAIME ,BALIUS = ! PAP] ,FRONT ,LIB]TAIRE74 ,ACCORD+ TO A LETT] FROM ,JAIME ,BALIUS DAT$ ,JUNE #b#d? #aidf TO ,BURNETT ,BOLLOT5 7SEE HIS BOOK ,LA ,REVOLUTION ,ESPAGNOLE $4 ,RU$O ,IB]ICO P4 #c#d#f71 ! GR\P+ WAS CREAT$ BY MILITIA M5 ( ! ,>AGON FRONT :O HAD COME TO ,B>CELONA TO PROTE/ AGA9/ ! MILIT>IZATION DECREES4 ,IT WAS TO C\NT BETWE5 #d & #e ?\S& MEMB]S BY ! />T ( ,MAY4 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A1 ! ,C,N,T'S PAP] 9 ,CATALONIA PUBLI%$ A /ATEM5T ON ,M>* #e? ANN\NC+ ! CREATION ( 0,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI04 .<#a#g.> ,! FOLL[+ PASSAGES W]E TAK5 FROM A LEAFLET QUOT$ BY A WITNESS1 ,L4 ,NICOLAS1 9 AN >TICLE 9 ! REVIEW ,LA ,REVOLUTION PROLET>I5NE NO4 #b#d#f1 ,MAY #a#i#c#g4 .<#a#h.> ,H[EV]1 WELL-KN[N ,C,N,T ACTIVI/S GAVE P]SONAL SUPPORT TO ! ,F,O,D4 ,ONE F9DS ! NAME ,MIGUEL ,*UECA1 A MEMB] ( ! C\NCIL ( ,>AGON1 AMONG ! PUBLI%$ LI/ ( SUBSCRIB]S4 ,*UECA1 AN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ACTIVI/ :O WAS V]Y W>Y ( ! ,F,A,I1 ?US EXPRESS$ HIS OPPOSITION TO ! ,C,N,T'S BUREAUCRATIZATION & ! CAPITULATIONS ( ITS LEAD]%IP4 .<#a#i.> ,JAIME ,BALIUS' >RE/ WAS CLOAK$ 9 SIL5CE1 EV5 9 ! CONF$]AL PRESS4 .<#b.> ,EL ,AMIGO DEL ,PUEBLO1 '! PEOPLE'S FRI5D' WAS A NAME *OS5 9 MEMORY ( ,M>AT'S PAP] DUR+ ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION4 ,! TEXTS PUBLI%$ BY ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI 7LEAFLETS1 !ORETICAL PAMPHLETS1 PAP]S7 W]E REPRODUC$ 9 #aigg BY ',ETC,ET]A Y COLECTIVO DE DOCUM5TACION HI/ORICO-SOCIAL' 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,?IS COLLECTIVE SPECIFIES ?AT TWO ISSUES ( ! PAP] W]E $IT$ 9 PRISON & PR9T$ CL&E/9ELY BY ,C,N,T ACTIVI/S ON ! PAP] & MA*9ES ( ?AT ORGANIZATION4 ,ISSUES #e TO #h W]E PR9T$ 9 ,P]PIGNAN4 ,BETWE5 ,JULY & ,DECEMB] #a#i#f#a1 A FEW 'SURVIVORS' ( ! ,F,O,D PUBLI%$ #d ISSUES ( ,AD,P BUT !SE ISSUES1 ADDRESS+ MATT]S ( ! DAY1 >E FAIRLY CONFUS$ & )\T 9T]E/ TO \R /UDY4 .<#b#a.> ,JOSE ,PEIRATS EXPRESSES ?IS DISPOSITION EXTREMELY WELL 7BOOK CIT$ ABOVE1 TOME #a1 BOTTOM ( PAGE #dg & TOP ( PAGE #d#h7 ) REG>D TO ! POLEMICS :I* RAG$ 9 ! ,C,N,T 9 ! #c'S4 .<#b#b.> ,! WORD 'CAUDILLO' IS US$ MANY TIMES 9 ?IS >TICLE2 IT IS DIFFICULT TO F9D AN ,5GLI% EQUIVAL5T4 ,IT MEANS 9SPIR$ GUIDE RA!R ?AN LEAD]4 .<#b#c.> ,! WORD 'CAUDILLO' IS US$ MANY TIMES 9 ?IS >TICLE1 IT IS DIFFICULT TO F9D AN ,5GLI% EQUIVAL5T4 ,IT MEANS 9SPIR$ GUIDE RA!R ?AN LEAD] .<#b#d.> ,REF] TO ! P>AGRAPH 5TITL$ '! MASSES & ! *IEFS' 9 P>T ONE4 .<#b#e.> ,! DISSOLUTION ( ! COMMITTEE ( MILITIAS 9 ,SEPTEMB] #aicf 9 ,CATALONIA & ! PUBLIC ORD] DECREE1 ISSU$ BY ! ,MADRID GOV]NM5T ON ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#f1 %\LD BE RECALL$4 ,!Y PUT ALL ( ! =CES 9 ! RE> UND] /ATE CONTROL4 .<#b#f.> ,?IS REF]S TO AN EV5TUAL >MI/ICE BETWE5 ! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T & ,FRANCO :I* ! SUPPOS$ 'DEMOCRATIC P[]S' W]E MAK+ A LOT ( NOISE AB\T4 ,EVID5TLY ANY SU* >MI/ICE W\LD HAVE REQUIR$ ?AT ! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T C\LD CONTROL ! REVOLUTION>IES4 .<#b#g.> ,JUAN ,NEGR91 A MEMB] ( ! MOD]ATE W+ ( ! ,SOCIALI/ P>TY1 HAD BE5 ! M9I/] = F9ANCE4 ,HE BECAME AN ALLY ( ! ,/AL9I/S ) AN AIM ( REE/ABLI%+ ! AU?ORITY ( ! B\RGEOIS REPUBLICAN /ATE4 ,IT IS SURPRIS+ ?AT !Y H]E TALK ( A GOV]NM5T MADE UP ( UNIONS4 ,! AU?OR CLE>LY WI%ES TO CONTRA/ ,CABALL]O'S GOV]NM5T1 CONTA9+ ,C,N,T & ,U,G,T REPRES5TATIVES1 ) ! NEW GOV]NM5T :I* ONLY 9CLUD$ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! POLITICAL P>TIES1 ?US EXCLUD+ ! ,C,N,T4 .<#b#h.> ,LI/] COMM&$ A ,/AL9I/ DIVISION4 .<#b#i.> ,9 ! C\RSE ( ! 9T]VIEW ( ,C4 ,B]N]I ) ,SPA9 & ! ,WORLD1 HE HAD DECL>$3 0= MY P>T ,I AM A P>TISAN ( A JU/ MEAN4 ,WE MU/N'T FALL 9TO MILIT>Y =MALISM OR ANTIMILIT>I/ SUP]/ITION444,9 TOTAL !RE=E1 ,I ?9K ! NECASS>Y RE=MS ( ! MILITIAS W\LD BE ! FOLL[+3 CLE> DI/9CTION BETWE5 MILIT>Y COMM& & POLITICAL CONTROL2 9 ! DOMA9 ( ! PREP>ATION & EXECUTION ( W> OP]ATIONS3 RIGOR\S FULFILL+ ( RECEIV$ ORD]S BUT CONS]VATION ( C]TA9 BASIC RI*IVES ( ,T]RE ,LIBRE ,APRIL-,MAY #a#i#c#h71 REPRODUC$ BY ,$ITIONS ,SP>TACUS4 .<#c.> ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI HAD PUBLI%$ A PAMPHLET CALL$ 0T[>DS A NEW REVOLUTION01 TRY+ TO BR+ TOGE!R !IR HI/ORICAL 9T]PRETATIONS & !IR !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL VIEWS4 ,BUT !SE #bg PAGES >E G5]ALLY ON ! LEVEL ( PROPAG&A & IT IS MORE WOR?:ILE TO REF] TO ! PAGES ( ,AMIGO DEL ,PUEBLO4 .<#c#a.> ,9 ! TRADITIONAL P>LANCE ( ! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T1 ! ORGANIZATION ( REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/S IS CALL$ 'SPECIFIC' 7LA ESPECIFICA7 TO DIFF]5TIATE IT FROM ! MASS UNION ORGANIZATION :I* IS ONLY TANG5TIALLY LIB]T>IAN4 .<#c#b.> ,H[EV]1 WE MU/ PO9T \T ! PROGRAMMATIC EF=TS RECALL$ BY ,DANIEL ,GU]9 AT ! 5D ( HIS PREFACE & PURSU$ TODAY BY ,ALT]NATIVE ,LIB]TAIRE4 .<#c#c.> ,WE >E REF]R+ TO ! ORGANIZATIONAL PLAT=M ( ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S4 ,?IS 'PLAT=M'1 SOMETIMES KN[N AS ,>*9OV'S PLAT=M 7FROM ! NAME ( ONE ( ! $ITORS7 ADVOCATES A RIGOR\S ORGANIZATION ( AN>*I/ ACTIVI/S & !IR CO-ORD9AT$ 9T]V5TION AMONG ! MASSES4 7,S\RCE3 WWW4/RUGGLE4WS LIBCOM4ORG47 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MESSAGE ( ! ',FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI' -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/