,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMUNE ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,K>L ,KORS* ,TEXT 3 ,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 9 ,DIE ,AKTION _?#a#i1 #aibi ,TRANSLAT$ BY ,&REW ,GILES-,PET]S & ,K>L-,HE9Z ,OTTO ,S\RCE3 ,CLASS ,AGA9/ ,CLASS2 ,TRANSCRIB$3 BY ,ZDRAVKO ,SAVESKI1 = M>XI/S4ORG #b#i2 ,I ,:AT %\LD EV]Y CLASS-CONSCI\S WORK] KN[ AB\T ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNE 9 ! PRES5T HI/ORICAL EPO* :I* HAS ON ITS AG5DA ! REVOLUTION>Y SELF-LIB]ATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS FROM ! CAPITALI/ YOKE8 ,& :AT IS KN[N AB\T IT TODAY BY EV5 ! POLITICALLY 5LIIAT8 ,!RE >E A FEW HI/ORICAL FACTS1 TOGE!R ) A FEW APPROPRIATE REM>KS BY ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 & ,L591 :I* N[ AFT] HALF A C5TURY ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC PROPAG&A PRIOR TO ! ,GREAT ,W> & AFT] ! P[]FUL NEW EXP]I5CES ( ! LA/ FIFTE5 YE>S1 HAVE ALREADY BECOME P>T & P>CEL ( PROLET>IAN CONSCI\SNESS4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS PIECE ( WORLD HI/ORY IS TODAY MO/LY DEALT ) AS LITTLE 9 ! S*OOLS ( ! 0DEMOCRATIC0 7,WEIM>7 REPUBLIC AS IT WAS E>LI] 9 ! S*OOLS ( ! ,KAIS]'S IMP]IAL MON>*Y4 ,I AM REF]R+ TO ! HI/ORY & SIGNIFICANCE ( ! GLORI\S ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 :I* HOI/$ ! R$ FLAG ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION ON ,M>* #a#h1 #a#h#g#a1 & KEPT IT FLY+ = SEV5TY-TWO DAYS 9 FI]CE BATTLES AGA9/ AN ONSLAUM$ HO/ILE WORLD4 ,?IS IS ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNE ( ! ,P>IS WORK]S 9 #ahga ( :I* ,K>L ,M>X SAID 9 HIS ADDRESS TO ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK]S ,ASSOCIATION ON ,MAY #c1 #a#h#g#a1 ON ! CIVIL W> 9 ,FRANCE1 ?AT ITS 0TRUE SECRET0 LAY 9 ! FACT ?AT IT WAS ESS5TIALLY A GOV]NM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASSES1 0! RESULT ( ! /RUGGLE BY ! PRODUC+ CLASS AGA9/ ! PROP]TI$ CLASS1 ! F9ALLY DISCOV]$ POLITICAL =M UND] :I* ! ECONOMIC LIB]ATION ( LABOR C\LD DEVELOP40 ,& IT WAS 9 ?IS S5SE ?AT TW5TY YE>S LAT]1 :5 ON ! OCCASION ( ! F\ND+ ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL & ! CREATION ( PROLET>IAN ,MAY ,DAY CELEBRATIONS AS ! FIR/ =M ( DIRECT 9T]NATIONAL MASS ACTION1 ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES ONCE AGA9 W]E OV]COME ) HOLY T]ROR :5EV] ! AL>M+ WORDS 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 W]E S\ND$4 ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS FLUNG ! PR\D S5T5CES 9TO ! FACES ( ! />TL$ PHILI/9ES3 0,WELL !N1 G5TLEM51 W\LD Y\ LIKE TO KN[ :AT ?IS DICTATOR%IP LOOKS LIKE8 ,LOOK AT ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 ,?AT WAS ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT40 ,& !N AGA91 MORE ?AN TWO DECADES LAT]1 ! GREATE/ REVOLUTION>Y POLITICIAN ( \R TIME1 ,L591 ANALYZ$ 9 EXACT DETAIL ! EXP]I5CES ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! OPPORTUNI/ DECL9E & CONFUSION 9 REG>D TO ! !ORIES ( ,M>X & ,5GELS 9 ! MA9 P>T ( HIS MO/ IMPORTANT POLITICAL WORK ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION4 ,& :5 A FEW WEEKS LAT] ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g1 :I* HAD BEGUN 9 ,FEBRU>Y AS A NATIONAL & B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 BROKE ?R\< ITS NATIONAL & B\RGEOIS B>RI]S & EXP&$ & DEEP5$ 9TO ! FIR/ PROLET>IAN WORLD REVOLUTION1 ! MASSES ( ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN WORK]S 7& ! PROGRESSIVE SECTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS ( ! :OLE WORLD71 TOGE!R ) ,L59 & ,TROTSKY1 WELCOM$ ?IS NEW =M ( GOV]NM5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 0C\NCIL SY/EM0 AS ! DIRECT CONT9UATION ( ! 0REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNE0 CREAT$ HALF A C5TURY E>LI] BY ! ,P>IS WORK]S4 ,SO F>1 SO GOOD4 ,AS UNCLE> AS ! IDEAS MAY HAVE BE5 ?AT B\ND TOGE!R ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S UND] ! =MULA 0ALL P[] TO ! C\NCILS10 FOLL[+ ?AT REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD ( /ORM & /RESS :I* SPREAD F> & WIDE OV] ,EUROPE AFT] ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL UPHEAVALS ( ! F\R W> YE>S2 H[EV] DEEP ALREADY !N ! RIFT MAY HAVE BE5 BETWE5 !SE IDEAS & ?AT REALITY :I* 9 ! NEW ,RUSSIA HAD COME TO ! =E UND] ! NAME ( 0,SOCIALI/ ,C\NCILS ,REPUBLIC0 NONE!LESS1 9 ?AT P]IOD ! CALL = C\NCILS W> A POSITIVE =M ( DEVELOPM5T ( A REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAN CLASS WILL SURG+ T[>D REALIZATION4 ,ONLY MOROSE PHILI/9ES C\LD BEWAIL ! VAGU5ESS ( ! C\NCILS CONCEPT AT ?AT TIME1 LIKE EV]Y 9COMPLETELY REALIZ$ IDEA1 & ONLY LIFELESS P$ANTS C\LD ATTEMPT TO ALLEVIATE ?IS DEFECT BY >TIFICIALLY CONTRIV$ 0SY/EMS0 LIKE ! 9FAM\S 0LITTLE BOXES-SY/EM0 ( ,DAUMIG & ,RI*>D ,MULL]4 ,:]EV] 9 ?OSE DAYS ! PROLET>IAT E/ABLI%$ ITS REVOLUTION>Y CLASS-DICTATOR%IP1 AS HAPP5$ 9 ,HUNG>Y & ,BAV>IA TEMPOR>ILY 9 #a#i#a#i1 IT NAM$ & =M$ ITS 0GOV]NM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS0-:I* WAS A RESULT ( ! /RUGGLE BY ! PRODUC+ CLASS AGA9/ ! PROP]TI$ CLASS & :OSE DET]M9$ PURPOSE WAS TO ACCOMPLI% ! 0ECONOMIC LIB]ATION ( LABOR0 - AS A REVOLUTION>Y C\NCIL GOV]NM5T4 ,& IF 9 ?OSE DAYS ! PROLET>IAT HAD BE5 VICTORI\S 9 ANYONE ( ! BIGG] 9DU/RIAL C\NTRIES1 P]HAPS 9 ,G]MANY DUR+ ! BIG COMM]CIAL /RIKES ( SPR+1 #a#i#a#i1 OR 9 ! C\NT]ACTION ( ! ,KAPP PUTS* 9 #a#i#b1 OR 9 ! C\RSE ( ! SO-CALL$ ,CUN[ /RIKE DUR+ ! ,RUHR-OCCUPATION & ! 9FLATION YE> ( #a#i#b#c1 OR 9 ,ITALY AT ! TIME ( ! OCCUPATION ( FACTORIES 9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#b-!N IT W\LD HAVE E/ABLI%$ ITS P[] 9 ! =M ( A ,C\NCIL ,REPUBLIC & IT W\LD HAVE UNIT$ TOGE!R ) ! ALREADY EXI/+ 0,F$]ATION ( ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,SOVIET ,REPUBLICS0 )9 A WORLD-F$]ATION ( REVOLUTION>Y C\NCIL REPUBLICS4 ,UND] TODAY'S CONDITIONS1 H[EV]1 ! C\NCIL CONCEPT HAS QUITE ANO!R SIGNIFICANCE1 AS DOES ! EXI/5CE ( A SO-CALL$ SOCIALI/ & 0REVOLUTION>Y0 C\NCIL GOV]NM5T4 ,N[ AFT] ! OV]COM+ ( ! WORLD ECONOMIC CRISIS ( #aiba & ! RELAT$ DEFEAT ( ! ,G]MAN1 ,POLI%1 & ,ITALIAN WORK]S-& ! FOLL[+ *A9 ( FUR!R PROLET>IAN DEFEATS 9CLUD+ ! ,BRITI% G5]AL /RIKE & M9]S' /RIKE ( #aibf - ,EUROPEAN CAPITALISM HAS COMM5C$ A NEW CYCLE ( ITS DICTATOR%IP ON ! BACKS ( ! DEFEAT$ WORK+ CLASS4 ,UND] !SE *ANG$ OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS WE1 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAN CLASS-FIY SIGNIFICANCE ( ! C\NCIL CONCEPT & ! REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] ( C\NCIL GOV]NM5T AS A DIRECT DEVELOPM5T ( ?AT POLITICAL =M ( ! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP 0DISCOV]$0 HALF A C5TURY AGO BY ! ,P>IS COMMUN>DES4 ,IT W\LD BE SUP]FICIAL & FALSE1 :5 LOOK+ AT ! FLAGRANT CONTRADICTIONS EXI/+ TODAY BETWE5 ! NAME & ! REAL CONDITION ( ! ,RUSSIAN 0,UNION ( ,SOCIALI/ ,SOVIET ,REPUBLICS10 TO SATISFY \RSELVES ) ! /ATEM5T ?AT ! M5 9 P[] 9 PRES5T-DAY ,RUSSIA 0BETRAY$0 ?AT ORIG9AL 0REVOLUTION>Y0 C\NCIL PR9CIPLE1 JU/ AS 9 ,G]MANY ,S*EIDEMANN1 ,MULL]1 & ,LEIP>T HAVE 0BETRAY$0 !IR 0REVOLUTION>Y0 SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLES ( ! DAP BE=E ! W>4 ,BO? CLAIMS >E TRUE )\T D\BT4 ,! ,S*EIDEMANNS1 ,MULL]S1 & ,LEIP>TS W]E TRAITORS TO !IR SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLES4 ,& 9 ,RUSSIA ! 0DICTATOR%IP0 EX]CIS$ TODAY FROM ! HITY APP>ATUS BY MEANS ( A MILLION-HEAD$ BUREAUCRACY OV] ! PROLET>IAT & ! :OLE ( ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA-?AT ONLY 9 NAME IS /ILL REM9ISC5T ( ! 0,COMMUNI/0 & 0,BOL%EVIK0 P>TY-HAS AS LITTLE 9 COMMON ) ! REVOLUTION>Y C\NCIL CONCEPT ( #aiag & #aiah AS ! ,FASCI/ P>TY DICTATOR%IP ( ! =M] REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRAT ,MUSSOL9I 9 ,ITALY4 ,H[EV]1 SO LITTLE IS EXPLA9$ 9 BO? CASES 9 REG>D TO 0BETRAYAL0 ?AT RA!R ! FACT ( BETRAYAL ITSELF REQUIRES EXPLANATION4 ,! REAL TASK ?AT ! CONTRADICTORY DEVELOPM5T FROM ! ONCE REVOLUTION>Y SLOGAN 0,ALL ,P[] TO ! ,C\NCILS0 TO ! N[ CAPITALI/-FASCI/ REGIME 9 ! SO-CALL$ SOCIALI/ SOVIET-/ATE HAS PUT ON ! AG5DA = US CLASS-CONSCI\S REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IANS IS RA!R A TASK ( REVOLUTION>Y SELF-CRITIQUE4 ,WE MU/ RECOGNIZE ?AT NOT ONLY DOES ?AT REVOLUTION>Y DIALECTIC APPLY TO ! IDEAS & 9/ITUTIONS ( ! FEUDAL & B\RGEOIS PA/1 BUT LIKEWISE TO ALL ?\D DUR+ ! HI!RTO PREVAIL+ /AGES ( ITS HI/ORICAL /RUGGLE = LIB]ATION4 ,IT IS ?IS DIALECTIC :I* CAUSES ! GOOD DE$ ( YE/]DAY TO BECOME ! MIS]Y ( TODAY AS ,GOE! SAID 9 HIS ,FAU/ - AS IT IS MORE CLE>LY & DEF9ITELY EXPRESS$ BY ,K>L ,M>X3 EV]Y HI/ORICAL =M TURNS AT A C]TA9 PO9T ( ITS DEVELOPM5T FROM A DEVELOP+ =M ( REVOLUTION>Y =CES ( PRODUCTION1 REVOLUTION>Y ACTION1 & DEVELOP+ CONSCI\SNESS 9TO ! %ACKLES ( ?AT DEVELOP+ =M4 ,& AS ?IS DIALECTICAL ANTI!SIS ( REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T APPLIES TO ALL O!R HI/ORICAL IDEAS & =MATIONS1 IT EQUALLY APPLIES ALSO TO ?OSE PHILOSOPHICAL & ORGANIZATIONAL RESULTS ( A C]TA9 HI/ORICAL PHASE ( REVOLUTION>Y CLASS /RUGGLE1 :I* IS EXEMPLIFI$ BY ! ,P>IS COMMUN>DS ( ALMO/ #f YE>S AGO 9 ! 0F9ALLY DISCOV]$0 POLITICAL =M ( GOV]NM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! %APE ( A REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNE4 ,! SAME IS APPLICABLE TO ! FOLL[+ NEW HI/ORICAL PHASE ( /RUGGLE 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S & PEASANTS1 & ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK+ CLASS1 :I* BR\Y C\NCILS P[]40 ,9/EAD ( BEWAIL+ ! 0BETRAYAL0 ( ! C\NCIL CONCEPT & ! 0DEG5]ATION0 ( ! C\NCIL P[] WE MU/ GA!R BY ILLUSION-FREE1 SOB]1 & HI/ORICALLY OBJECTIVE OBS]VATION ! BEG9N+1 MIDDLE1 & 5D ( ?IS :OLE DEVELOPM5T )9 A TOTAL HI/ORICAL PANORAMA & WE MU/ POSE ?IS CRITICAL QUE/ION3 ,:AT IS - AFT] ?IS TOTAL HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE -! REAL HI/ORICAL & CLASS-ORI5T$ SIGNIFICANCE ( ?IS NEW POLITICAL =M ( GOV]NM5T1 :I* BR\Y ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 AL?\< ITS DEVELOPM5T WAS =CEFULLY 9T]RUPT$ AFT] #gb DAYS DURATION1 & !N ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #aiag 9 CONCRETE1 MORE F9AL1 %APE8 ,IT IS ALL ! MORE NECESS>Y TO ONCE AGA9 BASICALLY ORI5T \RSELVES CONC]N+ ! HI/ORICAL & CLASS-ORI5T$ *>ACT] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNE & ITS FUR!R DEVELOPM5T1 ! REVOLUTION>Y C\NCILS SY/EM1 = EV5 ! B>E/ ( HI/ORICAL CRITIQUE %[S H[ COMPLETELY UNF\ND$ ! WIDELY SPREAD CONCEPTION IS TODAY AMONG REVOLUTION>IES :O !ORETICALLY REJECT & WANT TO 0DE/ROY0 9 PRACTICE ! P>LIAM5T1 CONCEIV$ AS A B\RGEOIS 9/ITUTION ) REG>D TO ITS ORIG9 & PURPOSE1 & YET AT ! SAME4 TIME SEE ! SO-CALL$ C\NCIL SY/EM1 & ALSO ITS PR$ECESSOR ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNE20 AS ! ESS5TIAL =M ( PROLET>IAN GOV]NM5T :I* /&S ) ITS :OLE ESS5CE 9 IRRECONCILABLE OPPOSITION TO ! ESS5CE ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE1 9 REALITY IT IS ! 0COMMUNE10 9 ITS ALMO/ ?\S& YE>S ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 :I* REPRES5TS AN OLD]1 B\RGEOIS =M ( GOV]NM5T ?AN P>LIAM5T4 ,! COMMUNE =MS FROM ! BEG9N+S 9 ! ELEV5? C5TURY UP TO ?AT HIY MOVEM5T ( ! B\RGEOISIE F\ND 9 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ( #a#g#h#i_/#i#c ! ALMO/ PURE CLASS-ORI5T$ MANIFE/ATION ( ?AT /RUGGLE :I* 9 ?IS :OLE HI/ORICAL EPO* ! !N REVOLUTION>Y B\RGEOIS CLASS HAS WAG$ 9 V>I\S =MS = ! REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE ( ! :OLE HI!RTO EXI/+ FEUDAL ORD] ( SOCIETY & ! F\ND+ ( ! NEW B\RGEOIS SOCIAL ORD]4 ,:5 ,M>X - AS WE SAW 9 ! PREVI\SLY QUOT$ S5T5CE ( HIS 0,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE0 - CELEBRAT$ ! REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMUNE ( ! ,P>IS WORK]S ( #ahga AS ! 0F9ALLY DISCOV]$ POLITICAL =M UND] :I* ! ECONOMIC LIB]ATION ( LABOR C\LD BE CONSUMMAT$10 HE WAS AW>E AT ! SAME TIME ?AT ! 0COMMUNE0 C\LD ONLY TAKE ON ?IS NEW *>ACT] - ITS TRADITIONAL =M HAV+ BE5 PASS$ ON OV] HUNDR$S ( YE>S ( B\RGEOIS /RUGGLE = FRE$OM - IF IT RADICALLY *ANG$ ITS 5TIRE PREVI\S NATURE4 ,HE EXPRESSLY CONC]NS HIMSELF ) ! MIS9T]PRETATIONS ( ?OSE :O AT ?AT TIME WANT$ TO REG>D ?IS 0NEW COMMUNE :I* %ATT]S ! MOD]N /ATE P[]0 AS A 0REVIVAL ( ! M$IEVAL COMMUNES :I* PREC$$ ?AT /ATE P[] & !NCE =M$ !IR F\NDATION40 ,& HE WAS F> REMOV$ FROM EXPECT+ ANY WONDR\S EFFECTS = ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE FROM ! POLITICAL =M ( ! COMMUNAL CON/ITUTION P] SE- DETA*$ FROM ! DEF9ITE PROLET>IAN CLASS-ORI5T$ CONT5T1 ) :I* ! ,P>IS WORK]S1 ACCORD+ TO HIS CONCEPT1 HAD = ONE HI/ORICAL MOM5T FILL$ ?IS POLITICAL =M1 A*IEV$ ?R\< /RUGGLE & PUT 9TO ! S]VICE ( !IR ECONOMIC SELF-LIB]ATION4 ,TO HIM ! DECISIVE REASON 5ABL+ ! ,P>IS WORK]S TO MAKE ! TRADITIONAL =M ( ! 0COMMUNE0 ! 9/RUM5T ( A PURPOSE :I* WAS SO COMPLETELY OPPOS$ TO !IR ORIG9AL HI/ORICALLY DET]M9$ GOAL LIES1 RA!R1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 9 ITS BE+ RELATIVELY UNDEVELOP$ & 9DET]M9ATE4 ,9 ! FULLY =M$ B\RGEOIS /ATE1 AS IT DEVELOP$ 9 ITS CLASSICAL %APE ESPECIALLY 9 ,FRANCE 7I4E41 9 ! C5TRALIZ$ MOD]N REPRES5TATIVE-/ATE71 ! SUPREME P[] ( ! /ATE IS1 ACCORD+ TO ! WELL KN[N WORDS ( ! 0,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O10 NO?+ MORE ?AN 0AN EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE :I* ADM9I/]S ! COMMON AFFAIRS ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS AS A :OLE02 ?US ITS B\RGEOIS CLASS *>ACT] IS READILY APP>5T4 ,H[EV]1 9 ?OSE UND]DEVELOP$ E>LY HI/ORICAL =MS ( B\RGEOIS /ATE CON/ITUTIONS1 ?AT ALSO 9CLUDE ! M$IEVAL 0FREE COMMUNE10 ?IS B\RGEOIS CLASS *>ACT]1 :I* ESS5TIALLY ADH]ES TO EV]Y /ATE1 COMES TO LILY APPE>+ & EV] MORE PURELY DEVELOP$ *>ACT] ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE P[] AS A 0SUPREME PUBLIC P[] = ! SUPPRESSION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 A MA*9E ( CLASS RULE0 7,M>X71 WE SEE ?AT 9 ?IS E>LI] PHASE ( DEVELOPM5T ! ORIG9ALLY DET]M9$ GOAL ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS ORGANIZATION /ILL PREVAILS AS AN ORGAN ( ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE ( LIB]ATION ( ! SUPPRESS$ B\RGEOIS CLASS AGA9/ ! M$IEVAL FEUDAL RULE4 ,H[EV] LITTLE ?IS /RUGGLE ( ! M$IEVAL B\RGEOISIE HAS 9 COMMON ) ! PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE = EMANCIPATION ( ! PRES5T HI/ORICAL EPO* IT YET REMA9S AS A HI/ORICAL CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,& ?OSE 9/RUM5TS CREAT$ !N BY ! B\RGEOISIE = ! REQUIREM5TS ( !IR REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE CONTA9 TO A C]TA9 EXT5T-BUT ONLY TO A C]TA9 EXT5T--C]TA9 =MAL CONNECT+ L9KS ) ! =MATION ( TODAY'S REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE ( EMANCIPATION :I* IS BE+ CONT9U$ BY ! PROLET>IAN CLASS ON ANO!R BASIS1 UND] O!R CONDITIONS1 & = O!R PURPOSES4 ,K>L ,M>X HAD ALREADY AT AN E>LI] DATE PO9T$ \T ! SPECIAL SIGNIFICANCE :I* !SE E>LI] EXP]I5CES & A*IEVEM5TS ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS /RUGGLE-:I* F\ND !IR MO/ IMPORTANT EXPRESSION 9 ! V>I\S PHASES ( DEVELOPM5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y B\RGEOIS COMMUNE ( ! MIDDLE AGES - HAD 9 REG>D TO ! =M+ ( MOD]N PROLET>IAN CLASS CONSCI\SNESS & CLASS /RUGGLE2 9 FACT1 HE PO9T$ ?IS \T V]Y MU* E>LI] ?AN ! GREAT HI/ORICAL EV5T ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 9SURRECTION ( #ahga P]MITT$ HIM TO PRAISE ?IS NEW REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNE ( ! ,P>ISIAN WORK]S AS ! F9ALLY DISCOV]$ POLITICAL =M ( ECONOMIC LIB]ATION ( LABOR4 ,HE HAD DEMON/RAT$ ! HI/ORICAL ANALOGY EXI/+ BETWE5 ! POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! B\RGEOISIE AS ! SUPPRESS$ CLASS /RUGGL+ = LIB]ATION )9 ! M$IEVAL FEUDAL /ATE & ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 MOD]N CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,IT IS FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE ?AT HE WAS ABLE TO W9 HIS MA9 !ORETICAL SUPPORT = HIS SPECIAL DIALECTICAL REVOLUTION>Y !ORY ( ! SIGNIFICANCE ( TRADE UNIONS & ! TRADE UNION /RUGGLE - A !ORY :I* UNTIL ?IS DAY IS /ILL NOT COMPLETELY & CORRECTLY UND]/OOD BY MANY ,M>XI/S FROM BO? ! LEFT & RIRIV$ AT IT BY COMP>+ ! MOD]N COALITIONS ( WORK]S ) ! COMMUNES ( ! M$IEVAL B\RGEOISIE1 /RESS+ ! HI/ORICAL FACT ?AT ! B\RGEOIS CLASS LIKEWISE BEGAN !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! FEUDAL SOCIAL ORD] BY =M+ COALITIONS4 ,ALREADY 9 ! POLEMICAL TREATISE AGA9/ ,PR\DHON WE F9D 9 REG>D TO ?IS PO9T ! FOLL[+ ILLU/RATION1 CLASSICAL TO ?IS DAY3 ,9 ! B\RGEOISIE WE HAVE TWO PHASES TO DI/+UI%3 ?AT 9 :I* IT CON/ITUT$ ITSELF AS A CLASS UND] ! REGIME ( FEUDALISM & ABSOLUTE MON>*Y1 & ?AT 9 :I*1 ALREADY CON/ITUT$ AS A CLASS1 IT OV]?REW FEUDALISM & MON>*Y TO MAKE SOCIETY 9TO A B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,! FIR/ ( !SE PHASES WAS ! LONG] & NECESSITAT$ ! GREAT] EF=TS4 ,?IS TOO BEGAN BY P>TIAL COMB9ATIONS AGA9/ ! FEUDAL LORDS4 ,MU* RESE>* HAS BE5 C>RI$ \T TO TRACE ! DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL PHASES ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE HAS PASS$ ?R\<1 FROM ! COMMUNE UP TO ITS CON/ITUTION AS A CLASS4 ,BUT :5 IT IS A QUE/ION ( MAK+ A PRECISE /UDY ( /RIKES1 COMB9ATIONS & O!R =MS 9 :I* ! PROLET>IANS C>RY \T BE=E \R EYES !IR ORGANIZATION AS A CLASS1 SOME >E SEIZ$ ) REAL FE> & O!RS DISPLAY A TRANSC5D5TAL DISDA94 7,M>X1 ,! ,POV]TY ( ,PHILOSOPHY1 *APT] #b1 _? #e7 ,:AT IS !ORETICALLY >TICULAT$ H]E1 BY ! Y\NG ,M>X 9 ! #a#h#d'S1 :O ONLY REC5TLY CROSS$ OV] TO PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM1 & :AT HE REPEATS 9 A SIMIL> =M A FEW YE>S LAT] 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O BY ILLU/RAT+ ! DIV]SE PHASES ( DEVELOPM5T ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ! PROLET>IAT1 HE ALSO >TICULATES ONCE AGA9 #b YE>S LAT] 9 ! WELL KN[N RESOLUTION ( ! ,G5EVA ,CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ASSOCIATION ( ,WORK]S ) REG>D TO TRADE UNIONS1 ,HE >GUES ?AT ! TRADE UNIONS HAVE ALREADY DUR+ !IR HI!RTO PREVAIL+ DEVELOPM5T BECOME 0! FOCAL PO9TS ( ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS 444 ,JU/ AS ! M$IEVAL MUNICIPALITIES & VILLAGES HAD BECOME FOCAL PO9TS ( ! B\RGEOISIE40 ,?IS IS SO AL?\< ! TRADE UNIONS >E NOT AW>E ( !IR FOCAL SIGNIFICANCE BEYOND ! IMM$IATE DAILY TASKS ( DEF5D+ ! WAGES & WORK+ H\RS ( ! WORK]S AGA9/ ! CONT9U\S EXCESSIVE DEM&S ( CAPITAL4 ,H5CE 9 ! FUTURE ! TRADE UNIONS MU/ ACT CONSCI\SLY AS SU* FOCAL PO9TS ( ! ORGANIZATION ( ! :OLE WORK+ CLASS4 ,I,I ,IF ONE WANTS TO UND]/& ,M>X'S LAT] POSITION REG>D+ ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNE ( ! ,P>ISIAN WORK]S 9 ITS REAL SIGNIFICANCE1 ONE MU/ TAKE HIS ORIG9AL CONCEPT ON ! HI/ORICAL RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! ORGANIZATIONAL =MS ( ! MOD]N PROLET>IAN & ! E>LI] B\RGEOIS CLASS /RUGGLE AS A />T+ PO9T4 ,! COMMUNE >OSE FROM ! /RUGGLE ( ! PRODUC+ CLASS AGA9/ ! EXPLOIT+ CLASS & BROKE UP 9 A REVOLUTION>Y ACT ! PREVAIL+ B\RGEOIS /ATE MA*9]Y4 ,:5 ,M>X CELEBRATES ?IS NEW COMMUNE AS ! F9ALLY DISCOV]$ =M = ! LIB]ATION ( LABOR1 IT WAS NOT AT ALL HIS DESIRE - AS SOME ( HIS FOLL[]S LAT] CLAIM$ & /ILL DO SO TO ?IS DAY - TO DESIGNATE OR BR& A DEF9ITE =M ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 :E!R IT IS CALL$ A REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNE OR A REVOLUTION>Y C\NCIL SY/EM1 AS A S+UL>LY APPROPRIATE & POT5TIAL =M ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAN CLASS DICTATOR%IP4 ,9 ! IMM$IATELY PREC$+ S5T5CE1 HE EXPRESSLY PO9TS TO 0! MULTIF>I\SNESS ( 9T]PRETATIONS :I* SUPPORT$ ! COMMUNE & ! MULTIPLICITY ( 9T]E/S EXPRESS$ 9 ! COMMUNE10 & HE EXPLA9$ ! ALREADY E/ABLI%$ *>ACT] ( ?IS NEW =M ( GOV]NM5T AS A 0POLITICAL =M ?OR\IS COMMUN>DES 9 ! FIRE ( BATTLE1 :I* DI/+UI%$ IT FROM ! 0CLASSIC DEVELOPM5T ( B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T10 ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE P[] ( ! MOD]N P>LIAM5T>Y REPUBLIC4 ,M>X'S ESS5TIAL PRESUPPOSITION IS ?AT 9 ! 5]GETIC PURSUIT ( ! REAL 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS ?IS =M CAN 9 ! 5D EV5 BE US$ AS ?AT LEV] :I* WILL OV]?R[ ! ECONOMIC BASES =M+ ! EXI/5CE ( CLASSES1 CLASS RULE1 & ! /ATE4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNAL CON/ITUTION ?US BECOMES UND] C]TA9 HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS ! POLITICAL =M ( A PROCESS ( DEVELOPM5T1 OR TO PUT IT MORE CLE>LY1 ( A REVOLUTION>Y ACTION :]E ! BASIC ESS5TIAL GOAL IS NO LONG] TO PRES]VE ANY ONE =M ( /ATE RULE1 OR EV5 TO CREATE A NEW] 0HI<] /ATE-TYPE10 BUT RA!R TO CREATE AT LA/ ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS = ! 0WI!R+ AWAY ( EV]Y /ATE ALTOGE!R40 ,)\T ?IS LA/ CONDITION1 ! COMMUNAL CON/ITUTION WAS ALL IMPOSSIBILITY & ALL ILLUSION10 ,M>X SAYS 9 ?IS CONTEXT ) ALL DESIR$ DI/9CTNESS4 ,NONE!LESS1 !RE REMA9S /ILL AN UNBALANC$ CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ON ONE H& ,M>X'S *>ACT]IZATION ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE AS ! F9ALLY DISCOV]$ 0POLITICAL =M0 = ACCOMPLI%+ ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL SELF-LIB]ATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS &1 ON ! O!R H&1 HIS EMPHASIS AT ! SAME TIME ?AT ! SUITABILITY ( ! COMMUNE = ?IS PURPOSE RE/S MA9LY ON ITS =MLESSNESS2 ?AT IS1 ON ITS 9DET]M9AT5ESS & OP5NESS TO MULTIPLE 9T]PRETATIONS4 ,IT APPE>S !RE IS ONLY ONE PO9T AT :I* ,M>X'S POSITION IS P]FECTLY CLE> & TO :I* HE PR(ESS$ AT ?IS TIME UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( C]TA9 POLITICAL !ORIES HE HAD 9 ! MEANTIME COME UP AGA9/ & :I* W]E 9CORPORAT$ 9 ?IS ORIG9AL POLITICAL CONCEPT-& NOT LEA/ UND] ! PRACTICAL IMPRESSION ( ! 5ORM\S EXP]I5CE ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ITSELF4 ,:ILE 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O ( #a#h#d#g-#d#h & LIKEWISE 9 ! ,9AUGURAL ,ADDRESS TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK]S' ,ASSOCIATION 9 #a#h#f#d1 HE /ILL HAD ONLY SPOK5 ( ! NECESSITY 0= ! PROLET>IAT TO CONQU] POLITICAL P[]0 N[ ! EXP]I5CES ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE PROVID$ HIM ) ! PRO( ?AT 0! WORK+ CLASS CAN NOT SIMPLY APPROPRIATE ! READY-MADE /ATE MA*9]Y & PUT IT 9TO MOTION = ITS [N PURPOSES1 BUT IT MU/ SMA% ! EXI/+ B\RGEOIS /ATE MA*9]Y 9 A REVOLUTION>Y WAY40 ,?IS S5T5CE HAS S9CE BE5 REG>D$ AS AN ESS5TIAL MA9 PROPOSITION & CORE ( ! :OLE POLITICAL !ORY ( ,M>XISM1 ESPECIALLY S9CE 9 #aiag ,L59 AT ONCE !ORETICALLY RE/OR$ ! UNADULT]AT$ ,M>XIAN !ORY ( ! /ATE 9 HIS WORK 0,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION0 & PRACTICALLY REALIZ$ IT ?R\< C>RY+ ?R\< ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION AS ITS EXECUTOR4 ,BUT OBVI\SLY NO?+ POSITIVE IS AT ALL YET SAID AB\T ! =MAL *>ACT] ( ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y SUPREME /ATE P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT ) ! M]ELY NEGATIVE DET]M9ATION ?AT ! /ATE P[] CANNOT SIMPLY 0APPROPRIATE ! /ATE MA*9]Y0 ( ! PREVI\S B\RGEOIS /ATE 0= ! WORK+ CLASS & SET IT 9 MOTION = !IR [N PURPOSES40 ,SO WE MU/ ASK3 = :I* REASONS DOES ! 0,COMMUNE0 9 ITS P>TICUL>1 DET]M9ATE =M REPRES5T ! F9ALLY DISCOV]$ POLITICAL =M ( GOV]NM5T = ! WORK+ CLASS1 AS ,M>X PUTS IT 9 HIS ,CIVIL ,W>1 & AS ,5GELS *>ACT]IZES IT ONCE MORE AT GREAT L5G? 9 HIS 9TRODUCTION TO ! ?IRD $ITION ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> TW5TY YE>S LAT]8 ,:ATEV] GAVE ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ?OSE FI]Y ADMIR]S ( ! C5TRALIZ$ SY/EM ( REVOLUTION>Y B\RGEOIS DICTATOR%IP REALIZ$ BY ! GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ! IDEA TO REG>D PRECISELY ! 0,COMMUNE0 AS ! 0POLITICAL =M0 ( ! REVOLUTION>Y DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 :5 IT APPE>$ TO BE ! COMPLETE OPPOSITE TO ?AT SY/EM8 ,9 FACT1 IF WE ANALYZE MORE EXACTLY ! POLITICAL PROGRAM & GOALS TO BE ATTA9$ AS PROPOS$ BY ! TWO F\ND]S ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM1 ,M>X & ,5GELS1 NOT ONLY 9 ! TIME BE=E ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 9SURRECTION1 BUT ALSO AFT]W>DS1 ! ASS]TION CANNOT BE MA9TA9$ ?AT ! =M ( PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP REALIZ$ BY ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #ahga W\LD 9 ANY P>TICUL> S5SE BE 9 UNISON ) ?OSE POLITICAL !ORIES4 ,9DE$1 ,M>X'S GREAT OPPON5T 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 HAD ON ?IS PO9T ! HI/ORICAL TRU? ON HIS SIDE :5 HE S>CA/ICALLY COMM5T$ ON ,M>X'S HAV+ ANNEX$ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE RETROSPECTIVELY3 0,! IMPACT ( ! ,COMMUNI/ 9SURRECTION WAS SO P[]FUL ?AT EV5 ! ,M>XI/S1 :O HAD ALL !IR IDEAS ?R[N TO ! W9D BY IT1 W]E =C$ TO D(F !IR HATS TO IT4 ,!Y DID MORE ?AN ?AT3 9 CONTRADICTION TO ALL LOGIC & !IR 9N]MO/ FEEL+S1 !Y ADOPT$ ! PROGRAM ( ! ,COMMUNE & ITS AIM AS !IR [N4 ,IT WAS A COMIC1 BUT 5=C$ TRAVE/Y4 ,!Y HAD TO DO IT1 O!RWISE !Y W\LD HAVE BE5 REJECT$ & AB&ON$ BY ALL- SO MI ,BRUPBA*]3 ,M>X & ,BAKUN91 PP4 #a#a#d-#a#a#e47 ,! REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS ( ! ,P>IS COMMUN>DES ( #ahga >E P>TLY D]IV$ FROM ! F$]ALI/IC PROGRAM ( ,BAKUN9 & ,PR\DHON1 P>TLY FROM ! CIRCLE ( IDEAS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ,JACOB9S SURVIV+ 9 ,BLANQUISM1 & ONLY TO A V]Y SMALL DEGREE 9 ,M>XISM4 ,TW5TY YE>S LAT]1 ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS CLAIM$ ?AT ! ,BLANQUI/S :O =M$ ! MAJORITY ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE HAD BE5 =C$ BY ! %E] WEIY GOV]NM5T0 ! EXACT OPPOSITE1 NAMELY ! FREE F$]ATION ( ALL ,FR5* COMMUNES ) ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 ,ON ?IS ISSUE ! SAME CONTRADICTION >ISES BETWE5 ,M>X & ,5GELS' POLITICAL !ORY UPHELD SO F> & !IR N[ PREVAIL+ UNCONDITIONAL ACKN[L$GM5T ( ! COMMUNE AS ! 0F9ALLY DISCOV]$ POLITICAL =M0 ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT IS ]RONE\S :5 ,L59 9 HIS #aiag WORK 0,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION0 DESCRIBES ! EVOLUTION ( ! ,M>XIAN !ORY ( /ATE1 AS IF ,M>X HAD 9 ! TRANSITION P]IOD UP TO #aheb ALREADY CONC]TIZ$ ! AB/RACT =MULATION ( ! POLITICAL TASK ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT 7AS PROPOS$ 9 HIS 0,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O0 ( #a#h#d#g-#d#h7 TO ! EFFECT ?AT ! VICTORI\S PROLET>IAT MU/ 0DE/ROY0 & 0SMA%01 ! EXI/+ B\RGEOIS SUPREME /ATE P[]4 ,AGA9/ ?IS !SIS ( ,L59 SPEAKS ,M>X & ,5GELS' [N TE/IMONY1 :O BO? DECL>$ REPEAT$LY ?AT JU/ ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #ahga PROVID$ = ! FIR/ TIME ! EFFECTIVE PRO( ?AT 0! WORK+ CLASS CANNOT SIMPLY APPROPRIATE ! READY MADE /ATE MA*9]Y & SET IT 9 MOTION = ITS [N PURPOSES40 ,IT WAS ,L59 HIMSELF :O PROVID$ ! LOGICAL GAP APPE>+ 9 HIS PRES5TATION ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/ /ATE !ORY AT ?IS PO9T BY SIMPLY JUMP+ OV] A TIME SPAN ( #b YE>S 9 HIS O!RWISE SO HI/ORICALLY CORRECT & PHILOLOGICALLY EXACT REPRODUCTION ( ,M>X & ,5GELS' REM>KS ON ! /ATE1 ,HE PROCE$S FROM ! #a#h? ,BRUMAIRE ( ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE 7#a#h#e#b7 /RAI 9 ,FRANCE 7#a#h#g#a7 & 9 SO DO+ OV]LOOKS AMONG O!R ?+S ! FACT ?AT ,M>X SUMM>IZ$ ! :OLE 0POLITICAL PROGRAM0 ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ?IS ONE LAPID>Y S5T5CE ( HIS ,9AUGURAL ,ADDRESS ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL3 0,IT IS !RE=E ! GREAT TASK ( ! WORK+ CLASS N[ TO SEIZE POLITICAL P[]40 ,YET EV5 9 ! TIME AFT] #a#h#g#a1 :5 ,M>X1 ON ACC\NT ( ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 ADVOCAT$ 9 A F> MORE C]TA9 & UNEQUIVOCAL WAY ?AT EV] BE=E ! 9DISP5SABLE NECESSITY ( CRU%+ ! B\RGEOIS /ATE MA*9]Y & BUILD+ ! PROLET>IAN CLASS DICTATOR%IP1 HE WAS F> REMOV$ FROM PROPAGAT+ A =M ( GOV]NM5T MODEL$ ON ! REVOLUTION>Y ,P>IS ,COMMUNE AS ! POLITICAL =M ( PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP1 ,JU/ = ?AT ONE HI/ORICAL MOM5T-9 :I* HE UNCONDITIONALLY & )\T RES]VATIONS CAME =W>D ON BEHALF ( ! H]OIC FIS1 UPHOLD ?IS /&PO9T-& ,I AM REF]R+ TO ! ,ADDRESS TO ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK]S' ,ASSOCIATION ON ! 0,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE10 WRITT5 9 BLOOD & FIRE ON BEHALF ( ?IS FIR/ 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT4 ,= ! SAKE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ESS5CE ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 HE REPRESS$ ! CRITIQUE :I* FROM HIS /&PO9T HE %\LD HAVE EX]CIS$ ON ! SPECIAL =M ( ITS HI/ORICAL MANIFE/ATION4 ,IF BEYOND ?AT HE EV5 W5T A /EP FUR!R & CELEBRAT$ ! POLITICAL =M ( ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNAL-CON/ITUTION DIRECTLY AS ! 0F9ALLY DISCOV]$ =M0 ( ! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP1 !N ! EXPLANATION DOES NOT LIE ANY MORE M]ELY ) HIS NATURAL SOLID>ITY ) ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S ( ,P>IS1 BUT ALSO 9 A SPECIAL1 SUBSIDI>Y PURPOSE4 ,HAV+ WRITT5 ! ,ADDRESS TO ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,I4,W4,A1 DIRECTLY AFT] ! GLORI\S BATTLE & DEFEAT ( ! ,P>IS COMMUN>DES1 ,M>X NOT ONLY WANT$ TO ANNEX ! ,M>XISM ( ! ,COMMUNE BUT ALSO AT ! SAME TIME ! ,COMMUNE TO ,M>XISM4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS S5SE ?AT ONE MU/ UND]/& ?IS REM>KABLE DOCUM5T1 IF ONE WI%ES TO CORRECTLY GRASP ITS MEAN+ & RANGE ( SIGNIFICANCE NOT ONLY AS A CLASSIC HI/ORICAL DOCUM5T LOOK$ AT AS A H]O'S EPIC OR AS A DEA? LAM5T4 ,RA!R BEYOND ALL ?AT1 IT %\LD BE SE5 AS A FRACTIONAL POLEMICAL TREATISE ( ,M>X AGA9/ HIS MO/ 9TIMATE OPPON5TS 9 ! BITT] /RUGGLES :I* HAD ALREADY BROK5 \T & W\LD SOON !REAFT] LEAD TO ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,?IS FRACTIONAL SUBSIDI>Y PURPOSE H9D]$ ,M>X FROM APPRAIS+ 9 A HI/ORICALLY CORRECT & COMPLETE WAY ?AT 9T]CONNECT+ REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! ,FR5* PROLET>IAT :I* BEGAN ) ! 9SURRECTIONS ( ! ,COMMUNE 9 ,LYON & ,M>SEILLES 9 #ahg & HAD ITS CLIMAX 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 9SURRECTION ( #a#h#g#a4 ,IT ALSO =C$ HIM TO EXPLA9 ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNAL CON/ITUTION1 WELCOM$ AS ! 0F9ALLY DISCOV]$ POLITICAL =M0 ( PROLET>IAN CLASS DICTATOR%IP1 AS A C5TRALI/ GOV]NM5T AS WELL - AL?\< ?IS WAS 9 CONTRA/ TO ITS ACTUAL ESS5TIAL BE+4 ,ALREADY ,K>L ,M>X & ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS !MSELVES1 & MORE SO ,L591 D5Y ! *>GE ?AT ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE HAD AN ESS5TIALLY F$]ALI/ *>ACT]4 ,IF ,M>X CANNOT HELP BUT EXPLA9 9 HIS %ORT ACC\NT ( ! SKET* ( ! ,ALL-,FR5* ,COMMUNAL ,CON/ITUTION PRODUC$ BY ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ! UNAMBIGU\S F$]ALI/ ASPECTS ( ?IS CON/ITUTION1 !N 9 SO DO+ HE /ILL EMPHASIZES PURPOSIVELY ! FACT 7NATURALLY NOT D5I$ BY SU* F$]ALI/S AS ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN97 ?AT 0! UNITY ( ! NATION WAS NOT TO BE BROK5 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y WAS TO BE ORGANIZ$0 ?R\< ?IS COMMUNAL CON/ITUTION4 ,HE UND]L9ES 0! FEW BUT IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS0 :I* >E /ILL REMA9+ TO BE DEALT ) BY A 0C5TRAL GOV]NM5T0 )9 ?IS COMMUNAL CON/ITUTION4 ,HE REM>KS ?AT ACCORD+ TO ! PLAN ( ! ,COMMUNE !SE FUNCTIONS 0W]E NOT - AS SOME 9T5TIONALLY FALSIFI$-TO BE ABOLI%$1 BUT W]E TO BE TRANSF]R$ TO COMMUNAL 7& /RICTLY RESPONSIBLE7 CIVIL S]VANTS40 ,ON ?IS BASIS1 ,L59 LAT] DECL>$ ?AT 0NOT A TRACE ( F$]ALISM IS TO BE F\ND0 9 ,M>X'S WRIT+S ON ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,COMMUNE4 0,M>X IS A C5TRALI/ & 9 HIS EXPLANATIONS CIT$ H]E !RE IS NO DEVIATION FROM C5TRALISM0 70,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION074 ,QUITE CORRECTLY SO1 BUT ,L59 OMITS TO M5TION AT ?IS PO9T ?AT ,M>X'S EXPOSITION ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE IS ALSO EV]Y?+ ELSE BUT A HI/ORICALLY CORRECT *>ACT]IZATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNE CON/ITUTION ASPIR$ TO BY ! ,P>IS COMMUN>DES & REALIZ$ 9 ! FIR/ BEG9N+S4 ,9 ORD] TO DEFLECT FROM ! F$]ATIVE & ANTI-C5TRALI/ *>ACT] ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE AS MU* AS POSSIBLE1 ,M>X & ,5GELS2 & LIKEWISE ,L591 HAVE EMPHASIZ$ ABOVE ALL ELSE ! NEGATIVE ASPECT1 ?AT IT REPRES5TS AS SU* ! DE/RUCTION ( ! PREVAIL+ B\RGEOIS /ATE P[]4 ,ON ?IS PO9T !RE IS NO QU>REL AMONG REVOLUTION>IES4 ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 & ,L59 HAVE JU/LY EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ! DECISIVE F\NDATION = ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] ( ! =M ( POLITICAL SUPREME P[] AS /AT$ BY ! ,COMMUNE IS TO BE S\IAN CLASS DICTATOR%IP4 ,!Y PO9T$ \T TO !IR 0F$]ALI/0 ADV]S>IES ) GREAT SEV]ITY ?AT ! DEC5TRALIZ$1 F$]ATIVE SIDLE =M AS SU* IS QUITE AS B\RGEOIS AS ! C5TRALI/ =M ( GOV]NM5T ( ! MOD]N B\RGEOIS /ATE4 ,!Y NEV]!LESS COMMITT$ ! SAME ]ROR :I* !Y SO /RONGLY OPPOS$ 9 !IR OPPON5TS1 NOT BY CONC5TRAT+ ON ! 0F$]ALI/0 *>ACT] ( ! COMMUNAL CON/ITUTION1 BUT RA!R BY EMPHASIZ+ TOO MU* ! O!R =MAL DIFF]5CES :I* DI/+UI%$ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE FROM P>LIAM5T>ISM & O!R SURPASS$ =MS ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE CON/ITUTION 7= EXAMPLE1 ON ! REPLACEM5T ( ! /&+ >MY ?R\< ! MILITIA1 ON ! UNIFICATION ( EXECUTIVE & LEGISLATIVE P[]1 & ON ! RESPONSIBILITY & RIIES74 ,!Y !REBY CREAT$ A CONSID]ABLE CONFUSION ( CONCEPTS \T ( :I* EM]G$ NOT ONLY H>MFUL EFFECTS ) REG>D TO ! POSITION ( ,M>XISM VIS-A-VIS ! ,P>IS COMMUNE1 BUT ALSO LIKEWISE = ! LAT] POSIT+ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/ DIRECTION VIS-A-VIS ! NEW HI/ORICAL PH5OM5ON ( ! REVOLUTION>Y C\NCIL SY/EM4 ,AS 9CORRECT AS IT MAY BE TO SEE ) ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN9 AN OV]COM+ ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE 9 ! 0F$]ATIVE0 =M1 IT IS JU/ AS 9CORRECT :5 TODAY SOME ,M>XI/ FOLL[]S ( ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNE ON ! REVOLUTION>Y C\NCIL SY/EM BELIEVE ON ! BASIS ( SU* MISUND]/OOD EXPLANATIONS BY ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 & ,L59 ?AT A P>LIAM5T>Y REPRES5TATIVE ) A %ORT-T]M1 B9D+ M&ATE REVOCABLE AT ANY TIME1 OR A GOV]NM5T FUNCTION>Y EMPLOY$ BY PRIVATE TREATY = ORD9>Y 0WAGES10 W\LD BE A LESS B\RGEOIS >RANGEM5T ?AN AN ELECT$ P>LIAM5T>IAN4 ,IT IS COMPLETELY ]RONE\S :5 !Y BELIEVE ?AT !RE >E ANY 0COMMUNAL0 OR 0C\NCIL-LIKE0 =MS ( CON/ITUTION :OSE 9TRODUCTION MAY CAUSE ! /ATE GOV]N$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAN P>TY 9 ! 5D TO REL9QUI% COMPLETELY ?AT *>ACT] ( AN 9/RUM5T ( CLASS SUPPRESSION :I* ADH]ES TO EV]Y /ATE4 ,! :OLE !ORY ( ! F9AL 0WI!R+ AWAY ( ! /ATE 9 ,COMMUNI/ SOCIETY10 TAK5 OV] BY ,M>X & ,5GELS \T ( ! TRADITION ( UTOPIAN SOCIALISM & FUR!R DEVELOP$ ON ! BASIS ( PRACTICAL EXP]I5CES ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE 9 !IR TIME1 LOSES ITS REVOLUTION>Y MEAN+ :5 ONE DECL>ES ) ,L59 ?AT !RE IS A /ATE :]E ! M9ORITY DOES NOT SUPPRESS ANYMORE ! MAJORITY1 BUT RA!R 0! MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE !MSELVES SUPPRESS !IR [N SUPPRESSORS02 & SU* A /ATE ( PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP !N 9 ITS CAPACITY AS 0FULFILL]0 ( TRUE OR PROLET>IAN DEMOCRACY 0IS ALREADY A WI!R+ AWAY ( ! /ATE0 70,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION074 ,IT IS HI< TIME AGA9 TO POSIT ) FULL CL>ITY ! TWO BASIC !ORIES ( ! REAL REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAN !ORY :I* BY TEMPOR>Y ADAPT+ TO PRACTICAL REQUIREM5TS ( SU* C]TA9 PHASES ( /RUGGLE AS ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 9SURRECTION ( #ahga & ! ,RUSSIAN ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION ( #aiag 9 ! 5D RAN 9TO DANG] ( BE+ ABROGAT$4 ,! ESS5TIAL F9AL GOAL ( PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE IS NOT ANYONE /ATE1 H[EV] 0DEMOCRATIC10 0COMMUNAL10 OR EV5 0C\NCIL-LIKE10 BUT IS RA!R ! CLASSLESS & /ATELESS ,COMMUNI/ SOCIETY :OSE COMPREH5SIVE =M IS NOT ANY LONG] SOME K9D ( POLITICAL P[] BUT IS 0?AT ASSOCIATION 9 :I* ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( EV]Y P]SON IS ! CONDITION = ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( ALL0 70,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O074 ,IRRESPECTIVE ( :E!R ! PROLET>IAN CLASS CAN 0CONQU]0 MORE OR LESS UN*ANG$ ! SURPASS$ /ATE APP>ATUS FOLL[+ ! ILLUSION ( ! ,M>XI/ RE=MI/S1 OR :E!R IT CAN ONLY REALLY APPROPRIATE IT ACCORD+ TO REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/ !ORY BY RADICALLY 0SMA%+0 ITS SURPASS$ =M & 0REPLAC+0 IT ?R\< A NEW VOLUNT>Y CREAT$ =M - UNTIL !N1 9 EI!R CASE ?IS /ATE WILL DIFF] FROM ! B\RGEOIS /ATE 9 ! P]IOD ( REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION ( CAPITALI/ 9TO ,COMMUNI/ SOCIETY ONLY ?R\< ITS CLASS NATURE & ITS SOCIAL FUNCTION1 BUT NOT ?R\< ITS POLITICAL =M4 0,! TRUE SECRET ( ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNE1 ! REVOLUTION>Y C\NCIL SY/EM1 & EV]Y O!R HI/ORICAL MANIFE/ATION ( GOV]NM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS EXI/S 9 ?IS SOCIAL CONT5T & NOT 9 ANYONE >TIFICIALLY DEVIS$ POLITICAL =M OR 9 SU* SPECIAL 9/ITUTIONS AS MAY ONCE HAVE BE5 REALIZ$ UND] SOME P>TICUL> HI/ORICAL CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,M>* #a1 #bba 3 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMUNE -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMUNE -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/