,REVIEW3 ,! ,RESI/IBLE ,RISE ( ,B5ITO ,MUSSOL9I 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,IA9 ,MC,KAY 

,TEXT 3 

,! RISE ( FASCISM 9 ,ITALY IS A SUBJECT ( 9T]E/ TO AN>*I/S AS ,MUSSOL9I'S RISE CANNOT BE DETA*$ FROM ! BI5NIO ROSSO1 ! TWO R$ YE>S ( #aiai & #a#i#b4 ,ITALY WAS ON ! V]GE ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 REA*+ A PEAK ) ! FACTORY OCCUPATIONS ( #a#i#b4 ,FASCISM WAS A RESPONSE TO ?IS1 A 0PREV5TIVE C\NT]-REVOLUTION0 7TO USE ,LUIGI ,FABBRI'S EXPRESSION74 

,UN=TUNATELY1 !RE >E FEW DEC5T BOOKS ON ?IS P]IOD 9 ,5GLI%4 ,?IS MADE ,TOM ,BEHAN'S 0,! ,RESI/IBLE ,RISE ( ,B5ITO ,MUSSOL9I' 7,BOOKM>KS1 #b#c7 POT5TIALLY V]Y IMPORTANT4 ,IT CLAIMS TO BE ! AB\T ! 0,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO 0 7,AD,P71 ! WORLD'S FIR/ ANTI-FASCI/ MOVEM5T :I*1 :ILE MANAG+ TO DEFEAT ,MUSSOL9I'S ,BLACK ,%IRTS ON NUM]\S OCCASIONS1 IS R>ELY GETS 9TO ! HI/ORY BOOKS4 ,H[EV]1 BE+ ! ,S,W,P1 ! BOOK IS RIDDL$ ) 9ACCURACIES & DI/ORTIONS4 ,!SE1 IRONICALLY1 >E EASILY ID5TIFI$ SIMPLY BY READ+ ! REF]5CES ,BEHAN HIMSELF PROVIDES4 ,&1 BE+ ! ,S,W,P1 ! WORSE RELATE TO ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S -- IRONICALLY1 AS !SE W]E ! ONLY GR\PS :O SUPPORT$ ! ,AD,P :OLEHE>T$LY &1 D\BLY IRONICALLY1 ! ONLY PEOPLE :O PUBLICLY ADVOCAT$ ! 0UNIT$ FRONT0 TACTIC ,BEHAN *AMPIONS4 

,?IS BOOK ITSELF IS NOT ALL BAD4 ,! ACTUAL ACC\NTS ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,AD,P & SPECIFIC 7SUCCESSFUL7 FI<TS AGA9/ ! ,BLACK ,%IRTS 9 ,ROME1 ,P>MA & ,S>ZANA PRES5TS ! ,5GLI% SPEAK+ WORLD ) MU* NEW MAT]IAL4 ,IT IS A %AME Y\ HAVE TO WADE ?R\< SO MU* CRAP TO GET TO IT4 ,HE ALSO CORRECTLY %[S FASCISM IS A DEF5SE ( CAPITALISM AGA9/ A REBELLI\S WORK+ CLASS1 ! /ATE PROTECTION ( ! ,BLACK ,%IRTS1 ! L9KS BETWE5 ! FASCI/S & ! POLICE & ! FUND+ PROVID$ BY 9DU/RIALI/S & L&LORDS4 ,& HE IS RI<T 9 /RESS+ ?AT FASCISM C\LD HAVE BE5 /OPP$ & 9 PLAC+ ! ,AD,P AT ! C5T] ( ANY ATTEMPT TO DO SO4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS %\LD NOT DETRACT FROM ! MAJOR LIMITATIONS 9 ,BEHAN'S BOOK1 NAMELY ?AT IT IS IDEOLOGICALLY DRIV5 & UTT]LY UNRELIABLE ON ! DYNAMICS ( ! P]IOD & SO ANY LESSONS TO LE>N FROM IT4 

,FACTUAL ]RORS AB\ND4 ,AS AN EXAMPLE1 HE ASS]TS ?AT AN>*ISM 9 ! #a#h#gS WAS 0MORE ATTUN$ TO ! NE$S ( ! PEASANTS0 & ?AT IT 0WAS CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! T[NS & C\NTRYSIDE ( ! ,S\?1 & HAD RELATIVELY LITTLE FOLL[+ 9 ! NOR!RN CITIES40 ,:ILE ?IS MAY REFLECT ,M>XI/ DOGMA1 ! FACTS >E RADICALLY DIFF]5T4 ,ACCORD+ TO ONE ( HIS [N REF]5CES1 ,ITALIAN AN>*ISM'S REAL /RON<OLD AT ?IS TIME WAS NOR? C5TRAL ,ITALY1 ) ! MAJORITY ( MEMB]S BE+ >TISANS & WORK]S4 ,! PEASANTRY HAD ! LEA/ REPRES5TATION4 

,!N !RE >E ! OMISSIONS4 ,HE MAKES NO M5TION ( ! ,ITALIAN ,AN>*I/ ,UNION1 ! TW5TY ?\S& /RONG AN>*I/ F$]ATION ) A DAILY NEWSPAP] :I* PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 ! BI5NIO ROSSO4 ,AN>*I/S ONLY APPE> AS 09DIVIDUALS0 & NEV] AS P>T ( AN ORGANIZATION4 ,HE ALSO =GETS TO M5TION 7LIKE ,BOB ,BLACK7 ?AT ! 0SURPRIS+LY L>GE NUMB] ( REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S0 :OM ,MUSSOL9I 0F\ND COMMON GR\ND )0 AFT] ! W> W]E ,M>XI/S 7ACCORD+ ,DAVID ,ROB]TS1 ONE ( HIS1 & ,BLACK'S1 REF]5CES74 ,SIMIL>LY1 HE D[NPLAYS ?AT ,MUSSOL9I HAD BE5 A LEAD+ LEFT-W+ ,M>XI/ BE=E ! W>1 DISMISS+ HIM AS A 0DEMAGOGUE0 ) 0SUP]FICIAL RADICALISM40 ,H[ HE MANAG$ TO RISE SO F> 9 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY TO BEG9 ) IS LEFT UNASK$4 

,HIS MO/ \TRAGE\S CLAIM1 H[EV]1 IS ?AT 0SEMI-AN>*I/1 SEMI-REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/ ,U,S,I F$]ATION 444 ) ITS MA9 /RON<OLD 9 ! RURAL >EAS ( ! ,PO VALLEY 444 !RE=E PLAY$ A RELATIVELY M9OR ROLE 9 ! BIG 9DU/RIAL DISPUTES0 ( ! BI5NIO ROSSO4 ,BEHAN DOES PROVIDE A REF]5CE1 NAMELY A #aifc ACADEMIC /UDY CALL$ 0,! ,ITALIAN ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T0 BUT FAILS TO EXPLA9 :Y ! READ] %\LD PREF] ?IS S\RCE TO SUBSEQU5T WORKS BY ,GWYN ,WILLIAMS1 ,C>L ,LEVY & ,M>T9 ,CL>K 7ALL ( :I* HE USES AS REF]5CES7 :I* FOCUS DIRECTLY ON ! FACTORY OCCUPATIONS4 ,P]HAPS BECAUSE !SE WORKS %[ ?AT IT WAS ! LIB]T>IANS :O FIR/ RAIS$ ! IDEA ( FACTORY OCCUPATIONS & PLAY$ ! LEAD+ ROLE 9 #a#i#b8 

,IT IS UND]/&ABLE :Y ,BEHAN %\LD REWRITE HI/ORY SO4 ,HIS BOOK %[S ! ABSOLUTE FAILURE ( ,M>XISM 79 ALL ITS GUISES74 ,LOOK+ AT ! ,ITALIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 IT PROV$ ,BAKUN9 RI<T1 NOT ,M>X & ,5GELS1 BY BECOM+ AS BUREAUCRATIC & RE=MI/ AS HE HAD PR$ICT$4 ,HE D5\NCES ! 0,SOCIALI/S' 9ABILITY TO PROVIDE /RONG LEAD]%IP10 YET HE FAILS1 UNLIKE AN>*I/S AT ! TIME1 TO L9K ?IS TO ! HI]>*ICAL LEAD]%IP SO BELOV$ BY ,M>XI/S4 ,! IRONY ( CALL+ = 0/RONG0 LEAD]%IP 9 A BOOK AB\T RESI/+ FASCISM ALSO SEEMS LO/ ON HIM6 

,?IS BL9DNESS IS REPEAT$ 9 HIS DISCUSSION ( ! ,ITALIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 7,P,Q4 ,HE DEPLORES ITS ACTIONS & ITS LEAD]%IP1 YET NEV] ASKS BASIC QUE/IONS AB\T :AT IT SAYS AB\T ,L59ISM4 ,HE /ATES ?AT 0MANY ,P,C#a MEMB]S US$ !IR COMMON S5SE & JO9$ ! ,AD,P0 AGA9/ !IR P>TY'S WI%ES & ! DESPITE 0FE$BACK FROM BEL[0 ! 0,P,C,I ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE DUG ITS HEELS 940 ,:Y1 IF ! ,L59I/ P>TY IS MO/ DEMOCRATIC EV]1 DID ! ,P,C,I PURSUE ITS POLICY AGA9/ ! WI%ES ( ITS MEMB]S8 ,& IF ,BORDIGA WAS SO AT ODDS ) ! MEMB]%IP !N :Y DID !Y 70(T5 ! MO/ POLITICALLY SOPHI/ICAT$ ACTIVI/S07 SUPPORT HIM BY AN OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY 9 #aibb & REPEAT$LY ELECT HIM AS LEAD]8 

,?IS IS ! KEY PROBLEM ) ! BOOK4 ,:ILE ,BEHAN CLAIMS ?AT ! ,AD,P 0=MS ! C5TRAL P>T ( ! BOOK1 ! REAL FOCUS IS ON ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,HE DISCUSSES ! 9S & \TS ( ITS 9T]NAL POLITICS & ITS RELATIONS ) ,MOSC[ F> MORE ?AN GIV+ A S]I\S ACC\NT ( ! PROBLEMS FAC+ ! ,AD,P1 H[ IT ORGANIZ$1 H[ CONFRONT$ FASCISM & ITS RELATIONS ) O!R ANTI-FASCI/ =CES4 ,UNSURPRIS+LY1 :5 ,BEHAN DOES DISCUSS ! POLITICS ( ! ,AD,P1 HE R>ELY DOES IT JU/ICE4 ,HE /ATES1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT 0!Y W]E /ILL 9FLU5C$ BY ! IDEAS ( ,D',ANNUNZIO & !RE=E NATIONALISM0 BE=E QUOT+ !IR FIR/ MANIFE/O :I* CLE>LY /AT$ ?AT 0,WE REJECT ! MANIPULATIONS & GRE$ ( PATRIOTISM1 :I* TAKES PRIDE ONLY 9 ITS RACE4 ,WE AVOID ALL NATIONALI/ S*EM+40 ,IF ,BEHAN GETS SU* BASIC PO9TS WRONG1 IT IS FAIR TO SAY ?AT HIS ATT5TION IS LESS ?AN FOCUS$ ON ! ,AD,P6 

,POND]+ ! ACTIONS ( ! ,P,C#a LEAD]%IP HE TRIES TO EXPLA9 ?IS BY ! P>TY BE+ Y\NG 79FANTILE87 AS WELL AS BE+ 0MU* SMALL]0 ?AN ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY4 ,HE !N ADDS ?AT 0IT ALSO HAD TO CONT5D ) A V]Y L>GE AN>*I/ MOVEM5T40 ,?IS 0CONTEXT0 ALL[S SOME ( ITS 0SUSPICION & SECT>IANISM0 TO BE 0UND]/OOD40 ,IS HE REALLY SUGGE/+ ?AT IT WAS AN>*I/ SECT>IANISM ?AT CAUS$ ! ,P,C,I LEAD]%IP TO RECIPROCATE8 ,BUT ?AT DOES NOT FIT ) YE>S ( AN>*I/ >GUM5TS = A UNIT$ FRONT4 ,9ITIALLY RAIS$ BY LIB]T>IANS 9 ,JANU>Y #aiai :5 ,>M&O ,BOR<I1 AN>*I/ SECRET>Y ( ! ,U,S,I1 PROPOS$ A 0UNIT$ REVOLUTION>Y FRONT10 IT WAS REJECT$ BY ! ,SOCIALI/ TRADE UNION4 ,9 MID-,SEPTEMB] #a#i#b1 ! ,U,S,I SPONSOR$ AN 09T]PROLET>IAT0 CONV5TION 9 :I* ! ,P,S,I REFUS$ TO P>TICIPATE4 ,BEHAN IS SIL5T ON ?IS4 

,HE DOES QUOTE ,MALATE/A'S APPEAL = UNITY AGA9/ FASCISM MADE 9 ,MAY #a#i#b#b1 :ILE IGNOR+ PREVI\S LIB]T>IAN CALLS 7& ,M>XI/ RESPONSES TO !M74 ,GIV5 ?AT HE >GUES ?AT ! TRAG$Y WAS ?AT ! 0,COMMUNI/ & ,SOCIALI/ LEFT NEV] CAME TOGE!R >\ND AN 5L>G$ ,AD,P TO =M A UNIT$ FRONT AGA9/ FASCI/ ATTACKS10 ?IS SIL5CE IS /RANGE4 ,P>TICUL>LY AS ! AN>*I/ POLICY W\LD HAVE WORK$4 ,! SUCCESSFUL RESI/ANCE TO FASCISM 9 ,P>MA & ELSE:]E WAS DUE TO ! APPLICATION ( LIB]T>IAN IDEAS ( A REVOLUTION>Y UNIT$ FRONT4 

,9 SPITE ( LACK ( EVID5CE & (FICIAL HO/ILITY1 ,BEHAN TRIES HIS BE/ TO PA9T ! ,P,C#a AS ! MA9SPR+ ( ! ,AD,P4 ,:ILE ACKN[L$G+ ?AT 0ITS MEMB]%IP CAME FROM MANY DIFF]5T POLITICAL TRADITIONS0 HE ASS]TS NOT ONLY ?AT ! 0MAJORITY W]E PROBABLY ,COMMUNI/S0 BUT ALSO 0IF !Y CONT9U$ TO 5GAGE 9 POLITICS !Y G5]ALLY BECAME ,COMMUNI/S06 ,:AT IS IT8 ,& H[ C\LD ! ,P,C#a HAVE 05T]$ ! ,AD,P 5 MASSE0 IF !Y W]E 0PROBABLY0 ! MAJORITY8 ,& IF ! MAJORITY ( ! ,AD,P W]E COMMUNI/S1 :Y DID ! ,P,C#a LEAD]%IP OPPOSE IT8 ,HE EV5 SELECTIVELY QUOTES ,GRAMSCI1 CONV5I5TLY =GETT+ ?AT HE CONSID]$ ! P>TY LEAD]%IP'S ATTITUDE CORRECT AS IT 0CORRESPOND$ TO A NE$ TO PREV5T ! P>TY MEMB]S FROM BE+ CONTROLL$ BY A LEAD]%IP ?AT WAS NOT ! P>TY'S LEAD]%IP40 ,BEHAN'S CONTRADICTIONS CAN ONLY BE EXPLA9$ BY ! OBVI\S FACT ?AT ! 0MAJORITY0 9 ! ,AD,P W]E NOT 0PROBABLY0 COMMUNI/S AT ALL4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! /RONGE/ WORK+-CLASS RESI/ANCE TO ,FASCISM WAS 9 PLACES ) A /RONG AN>*I/ TRADITION1 A FACT ,BEHAN IGNORES4 

,P]HAPS ! PROBLEMS ) ! HI/ORICAL ACCURACY ( ,BEHAN'S ACC\NT C\LD BE =GIV5 IF HE MANAG$ TO DRAW CORRECT CONCLUSIONS FROM ?IS P]IOD BUT HE DOES NOT4 ,HE /ATES ?AT ! ANTICAPITALI/ DEMON/RATIONS 0HAVE BR\<T PEOPLE TOGE!R1 & TAU<T !M ! IMPORTANCE ( HAV+ HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE ON ! /REETS - ( SAFETY 9 NUMB]S40 ,YET HIS EXAMPLE1 ,G5OA1 DOES NOT PROVE ?IS AS L>GE NUMB]S DID NOT /OP ! POLICE ATTACK6 ,IF ! RISE ( ,MUSSOL9I CAN BE SAID TO %[ ANY?+ IT IS ?AT 0SAFETY 9 NUMB]S0 IS NOT 5\<4 

,9CR$IBLY HE ASS]TS ?AT ! ,ANTI-,NAZI ,LEAGUE 7,A,N,L7 HAS 0SOME SIMIL>ITIES0 TO ! ,AD,P4 ,:AT AN 9SULT TO ! ,AD,P6 ,! ,AD,P WAS ROOT$ 9 WORK+ CLASS LIFE & IT IS PRECISELY SU* L9KS ?AT ANTI-FASCI/S NE$ TO REBUILT4 ,YET ,BEHAN SEEMS TO REJECT ?IS1 >GU+ ?AT ! CLASS BAS$ POLITICS ( ! #a#i#bS W]E A MI/AKE AS ! 0/]ILE V]BAL EXTREMISM0 ( ! ,P,S,I RESULT$ 9 0A PRACTICAL REFUSAL TO MAKE COMMON CAUSE ) ANY 'PROGRESSIVE B\RGEOIS' ELEM5TS40 ,BY #aib #a1 HE >GUES4 ! WORK+ CLASS 0WAS N[ ON ! DEF5SIVE & NE$$ ALLIES4 ,?IS MEANT CREAT+ ALLIANCES ON ! GR\ND1 EV5 \TSIDE ! WORK+ CLASS40 ,9 O!R WORDS1 :ILE ATTACK+ ! 0,POPUL> ,FRONT10 HIS VISION = ! ,AD,P & ,A,N,I1 IS PRECISELY ?AT4 ,:AT ELSE DO Y\ CALL A MI%-MA% ( 9DIVIDUALS & T5D5CIES UNIT$ BY ! L[E/ COMMON D5OM9ATOR ( BE+ 0\TRAG$ & DISGU/$ BY FASCISM8 

,FASCISM NE$S TO BE F\<T US+ REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ IDEAS1 NOT ! ,A,N,L'S 0TWO SIMPLE /R&S01 NAMELY 0! EXPOSURE ( PEOPLE PRET5D+ TO BE DEMOCRATS AS ,NAZI ,HITL]-LOV]S0 & 0MILITANT CAMPAIGN+ TO 5SURE ?AT ! ,NAZIS NEV] GA9 A /ABLE FOO?OLD 9 SOCIETY40 ,?IS DOES NOT PRES5T AN ALT]NATIVE TO FASCISM &1 MOREOV]1 CAN BOIL D[N TO SUPPORT+ ,NEW ,LABOR 7OR EV5 ! ,TORIES74 ,GIV5 ?AT !SE P>TIES >E RESPONSIBLE = MA9TA9+ ! SOCIAL PROBLEMS ?AT FASCI/S TRY TO USE TO SCAPEGOAT O!RS1 ! MESSAGE IS ?AT 0ANTI-FASCISM0 MEANS SUPPORT+ ! /ATUS QUO4 

,BEHAN DOES1 ( C\RSE1 PAY LIP S]VICE TO ! NE$ = ANTI-FASCISM TO BE RELEVANT TO WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE1 YET ?IS IS NOT SE5 AS BE+ AT ! CORE ( ANTI-FASCISM AS IT NOT ONE ( ! 0TWO SIMPLE /R&S40 ,HE PATRONIZ+ /ATES ?AT 0A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY IS NE$$ TO $UCATE & ORGANIZE TOGE!R ) WORK]S40 ,?US ! WORK+ CLASS 7LIKE ! ,A,P7 IS CONSID]$ ! /EAM :I* ! 5G9E]S ( REVOLUTION USE TO IMPLEM5T !IR IDEOLOGICALLY CORRECT PR9CIPLES4 ,RA!R ?AN A SOCIALISM ROOT$ 91 & GR[+ \T (1 WORK+ CLASS LIFE & /RUGGLES1 WE HAVE A 0SOCIALISM0 :I* ! WORK+ CLASS MU/ BE 0$UCAT$0 9TO FOLL[+4 

,LITTLE WOND] ?AT >M$ ) SU* AN ELITI/ & PATRONIZ+ ATTITUDE ! ,S,W,P & ITS FRONTS HAVE BE5 SO 9EFFECTUAL AGA9/ ! ,B,N,P4 ,RA!R ?AN PRES5T A WORK+ CLASS SOCIALISM1 ! ,S,W,P IS PURSU+ AN ESS5TIALLY CONS]VATIVE AG5DA & FAILS TO EXPLA9 ! CLASS >GUM5T AGA9/ FASCISM4 ,LITTLE WOND] ?AT ITS 9T]V5TIONS HAVE MEET ) SO LITTLE SUCCESS -- 9 SPITE ( LEAFLET+ AGA9/ ! ,B,N,P1 PEOPLE /ILL VOT$ = !M4 ,CLE>LY LABEL$ !M 0,NAZI ,HITL]-LOV]S0 DOES NOT WORK4 ,FASCISM WILL ONLY BE DEFEAT$ :5 A VIABLE WORK+ CLASS SOCIALISM EXI/S -- ONE BAS$ ON SELF-MANAGEM5T1 DIRECT ACTION & SOLID>ITY 7I4E4 AN>*ISM74 ,AS ! RESI/IBLE RISE ( ,ITALIAN ,FASCISM %[S4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #a#a1 #bba 3 ,REVIEW3 ,! ,RESI/IBLE ,RISE ( ,B5ITO ,MUSSOL9I -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,REVIEW3 ,! ,RESI/IBLE ,RISE ( ,B5ITO ,MUSSOL9I -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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