,REVIEW ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY & ,COMMUNALISM ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,IA9 ,MC,KAY ,TEXT 3 ,?IS COLLECTION ( F\R ESSAYS CONTA9S ! LA/ WORKS ( ,MURRAY ,BOOK*94 ,AS SU*1 IT IS ( 9T]E/ TO ALL GRE5S & RADICALS4 ,EIRIK ,EIGLAD1 ! $ITOR ( ! J\RNAL 0,COMMUNALISM01 PROVIDES AN 9TRODUCTION & 5D PIECE TO ! BOOK4 ,( ! F\R ESSAYS1 ! FIR/ ?REE W]E WRITT5 :5 ,BOOK*9 WAS /ILL CONSID]$ HIMSELF AN AN>*I/4 ,! FIR/1 0,:AT IS ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY80 IS A GOOD 9TRODUCTION TO ,BOOK*9'S IDEAS & IS USEFUL = ?OSE UNAW>E ( HIS IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION TO LIB]T>IAN IDEAS & ECOLOGICAL POLITICS4 ,! SECOND & ?IRD >E OKAY1 AL?\< ! ?IRD DOES PRES5T 7,I ?9K7 A PSY*OLOGICAL CLUE ( :Y HE BROKE ) AN>*ISM4 ,! SECOND ESSAY 70,RADICAL ,POLITICS 9 AN ,]A ( ,ADVANC$ ,CAPITALISM07 IS UNREM>KABLE1 AL?\< ,BOOK*9 MAKES ! IMPORTANT PO9T ?AT CITIES CAN BE 0POLITICALLY DEC5TRALIZ$ 9/ITUTIONALLY 444 DESPITE !IR L>GE /RUCTURAL SIZE & !IR 9T]NAL 9T]DEP5D5CE4 ,9DE$1 H[ WELL !Y CAN FUNCTION IF !Y DO NOT DEC5TRALIZE /RUCTURALLY IS AN ECOLOGICAL ISSUE ( P>AM\NT IMPORTANCE1 AS PROBLEMS ( AIR POLLUTION1 ADEQUATE WAT] SUPPLY1 CRIME1 ! QUALITY ( LIFE1 & TRANSPORTATION SUGGE/40 ,! ?IRD1 5TITL$ 0,! ,ROLE ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 9 A ,P]IOD ( ,REACTION01 5DS ) ! APOCALYPTIC CONCLUSION ?AT 0%\LD ! D>KNESS ( CAPITALI/ B>B>ISM ?ICK5 TO ! PO9T :]E ?IS 5T]PRISE . IS NO LONG] POSSIBLE1 HI/ORY 444 WILL 9DE$ REA* ITS DEF9ITIVE 5D40 ,GIV5 ?AT FEW AN>*I/S W]E REMOTELY CONV9C$ BY ,BOOK*9'S 0LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM01 IT DOES NOT TAKE MU* ( A JUMP TO CONCLUDE ?AT AN>*ISM ITSELF IS CONTRIBUT+ TO ?IS 0D>KNESS40 ,AS SU*1 AN>*ISM ITSELF MU/ BE D5\NC$1 O!RWISE ! WORSE WILL HAPP54 ,H[EV]1 DISAGREE+ ) ,BOOK*9 NE$ NOT CONTRIBUTE TO ?IS D>KNESS 9 ! SLI*I/S4 ,! LA/ >TICLE HE WROTE1 IT EXPLA9S :Y HE REJECT$ AN>*ISM & EXPLA9S HIS ALT]NATIVE 7:AT HE T]MS 0COMMUNALISM074 ,AS ! 9TRODUCTION NOTES1 ,BOOK*9 PUBLICALLY BROKE ) AN>*ISM 9 #aiii &1 SUBSEQU5T WORKS W]E 9CREAS+LY M>R$ BY PETTY & 9ACCURATE ATTACKS ON AN>*ISM & QUEASY ATTEMPTS REWRITE HIS [N HI/ORY4 ,BO? ( :I* >E REFLECT$ 9 ?IS F9AL WORK4 ,?US WE F9D HIM NOT+ ?AT 0,I MYSELF ONCE US$ ?IS POLITICAL LABEL1 BUT FUR!R ?\*I/ = MO/ ( FIVE DECADES1 IT TOOK HIM AN UN*>ACT]I/ICALLY LONG TIME TO HAVE 0FUR!R ?\*ISM10 A T]M ONCE US$ BY ,BOOK*9 TO DESCRIBE HIS [N IDEAS1 BECOMES A 0SIMPLI/IC IDEOLOGY0 EQUAT$ ) 0PRIMITIVISM1 AU/]ITY1 & D5IAL40 ,SUFFICE TO SAY1 COMP>+ ,BOOK*9'S CRITICISMS ( AN>*ISM TO :AT AN>*ISM ACTUALLY /&S = WE F9D ?AT HIS PREVI\S POSITION WAS A MORE ACCURATE ONE & HIS PO/-AN>*ISM ( #aiii EASILY REFUT$ BY LOOK+ AT ,BOOK*9'S E>LY WORKS4 ,:I* IS NOT A PLEASANT POSITION TO BE 9 = ANY ?9K]4 ,HE CALLS HIS NEW POSITION 0COMMUNALISM01 >GU+ ?AT 0.ONE ( ! PR(ESS$LY ANTICAPITALI/ IDEOLOGIES ( ! PA/ - ,M>XISM1 AN>*ISM1 SYNDICALISM1 & MORE G5]IC =MS ( SOCIALISM - RETA9 ! SAME RELEVANCE ?AT !Y HAD AT AN E>LI] /AGE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & 9 AN E>LI] P]IOD ( TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCE4 ,NOR CAN ANY ( !M HOPE TO 5COMPASS ! MULTITUDE ( NEW ISSUES1 OPPORTUNITIES1 PROBLEMS1 & 9T]E/S ?AT CAPITALISM HAS REPEAT$LY CREAT$ OV] TIME40 ,:ILE APPLAUD+ ! DESIRE TO MAKE RADICAL POLITICS RELEVANT TO TODAY'S WORLD1 IT CAN BE FAIRLY SAID ?AT ,BOOK*9 DOES NOT DO ?IS4 ,BY REJECT+ AN>*ISM1 ! 9H]5T RE=MISM & IMPRACTICALITIES ( HIS FAVOR$ MEANS ( SOCIAL *ANGE BECOME GL>+LY OBVI\S4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,BOOK*9 /ATES ?AT HIS NEW IDEOLOGY'S 0MO/ IMPORTANT GOAL IS CLE>LY SPELL$ \T 9 A CONV5TIONAL DICTION>Y DEF9ITION40 ,COMMUNALISM1 ACCORD+ TO ,! ,AM]ICAN ,H]ITAGE ,DICTION>Y ( ! ,5GLI% ,LANGUAGE1 IS 0A !ORY OR SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T 9 :I* VIRTUALLY AUTONOM\S LOCAL COMMUNITIES >E LOOSELY B\ND 9 A F$]ATION40 ,BOOK*9 !N QUIBBLES OV] ?IS DEF9ITION 9 A FOOTNOTE1 /AT+ ?AT :AT IS 0SO SURPRIS+ AB\T ?IS M9IMALI/ DICTION>Y DEF9ITION IS ITS OV]ALL ACCURACY0 BE=E1 IRONICALLY1 0TAK.<+.> ISSUE0 ) ITS 0VIRTUALLY AUTONOM\S0 & 0LOOSELY B\ND0 BECAUSE !Y 0SUGGE/ A P>O*IAL & P>TICUL>I/IC1 EV5 IRRESPONSIBLE RELATION%IP ( ! COMPON5TS ( A CONF$]ATION TO ! :OLE40 ,YET GETT+ RID ( ?OSE WORDS DOES NOT LEAVE MU*3 0A !ORY OR SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T 9 :I* LOCAL COMMUNITIES >E 9 A F$]ATION40 ,:I* SAYS NO?+ MU* - MANY W\LD EV5 SAY IT DESCRIB$ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA4 ,NOT ?AT ?IS NOTION IS P>TICUL>LY NEW4 ,KROPOTK9 DISCUSSES 0COMMUNALISM0 9 0,WORDS ( A ,REBEL0 /AT+ ?AT ! NEXT REVOLUTION W\LD BE 0COMMUNALI/0 BUT ALSO 0COMMUNI/40 ,HE CONTRA/S COMMUNI/-AN>*ISM TO ?IS BY /AT+ ?AT :ILE ! 0COMMUNALI/0 W\LD SEIZE ! T[N HALL BE=E LETT+ ! MASSES EXPROPRIATE PROP]TY1 ! AN>*I/ W\LD ABOLI% BO? AT ! SAME TIME4 ,9DE$1 HIS CRITIQUE ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE CONTA9$ 9 ?AT AN?OLOGY W\LD HAVE BE5 WRITT5 ) ,BOOK*9'S PO/-AN>*I/ POLITICS 9 M9D - P>TICUL>LY GIV5 ,BOOK*9'S USE ( ! ,COMMUNE AS AN EXAMPLE ( HIS APPROA*4 ,AS WILL BE SE5 FROM \R DISCUSSION1 ,BOOK*9'S ATTEMPTS TO DI/ANCE 0COMMUNALISM0 FROM AN>*ISM NOT ONLY FAIL BUT %[ ! LIMITATIONS ( HIS [N POLITICS 9 COMP>ISON TO IT4 ,REJECT+ & REVIS+ ! PA/ ,:AT IS P>TICUL>LY GALL+ IS ! RE-WRIT+ ( ,BOOK*9'S [N HI/ORY4 ,?US HE PRON\NCES ?AT 0,AN>*ISM HAS (T5 BE5 CONFUS$ ) REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM0 )\T M5TION+ ?AT HE HIMSELF PO9T$ TO ! SIMIL>ITIES ( SYNDICALISM ) ,BAKUN9'S IDEAS4 ,HE NOT$ ?AT ! 0BITT] ANTAGONISMS BETWE5 AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S HAVE A LONG HI/ORY0 )\T BO!R+ ! READ] ) ! AWKW>D FACT ?AT1 PREVI\SLY1 HE HAD SID$ ) ! AN>*I/S & !IR OPPOSITION TO ! N>R[+ ( ! LIB]T>IAN VISION & /RUGGLE SYNDICALISM IMPLI$4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I BECOMES 0A TRULY CONFUS$ ORGANIZATION0 RA!R ?AN ! HI<-PO9T ( LIB]T>IAN PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATION IT HAD BE5 PREVI\SLY4 ,HE SEEMS TO S]I\SLY HAVE COME TO CONCLUDE ?AT IT WAS ONLY 0SOME:AT CONFUS$ AN>*I/S0 :O COEXI/$ ) ! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S 9 ! ,C,N,T1 A PRODUCT ( 0V]BAL CONFUSION RA!R ?AN IDEOLOGICAL CL>ITY06 ,SOME:AT IRONICALLY1 HE REPEATS ! COMMUNI/-AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ( SYNDICALISM 7AS BE/ EXPRESS$ BY ,MALATE/A71 >GU+ ?AT 0AS 9VALUABLE AS ! G5]AL /RIKE MAY BE AS A PRELUDE TO DIRECT CONFRONTATION ) ! /ATE0 !IR 0LIMITATIONS >E /RIK+ EVID5CE ?AT1 AS EPISODIC =MS ( DIRECT ACTION1 G5]AL /RIKES >E NOT EQUATABLE ) REVOLUTION0 ,A POSITION1 IT %\LD BE NOT$1 MO/ SYNDICALI/S HAVE HELD = SOME TIME4 ,HIS NEW F\ND APPRECIATION ( SYNDICALISM ALSO 5TAIL$ HIM D[NPLAY+ ! ROLE ( AN>*I/S 9 CREAT+ REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM1 /AT+ ?AT 0,GEORGES ,SOREL & MANY O!R PR(ESS$ REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S 9 ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY EXPRESSLY REG>D$ !MSELVES AS ,M>XI/S & EV5 MORE EXPRESSLY ES*EW$ AN>*ISM40 ,YET ,SOREL PLAY$ NO ROLE 9 CREAT+ SYNDICALISM1 SIMPLY COMM5T+ ON AN EXI/+ MOVEM5T 7& HE NOT$ ! KEY ROLE ( AN>*I/S 9 CREAT+ SYNDICALISM1 A TACTIC1 :I*1 AS ,MALATE/A PUT IT 9 #a#i#g1 0! SYNDICALI/S1 =GETT+ ! PA/1 CALL NEW1 EV5 ?\< IT WAS ALREADY GLIMPS$ & FOLL[$1 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 BY ! FIR/ ( ! AN>*I/S4074 ,ONLY 9 ,BRITA91 ,AM]ICA & ,ITALY WAS SYNDICALISM NOTABLE BY ! PRES5CE ( ,M>XI/S 7! PRODUCT ( ! RE=MISM ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY74 ,9 ,ITALY1 IT WAS !SE ,M>XI/-SYNDICALI/S :O BECAME FASCI/S :ILE ! AN>*I/S 9CREAS$ !IR 9FLU5CE 9 ! ,U,S,I BE=E BE+ REPRESS$ BY !IR =M] COLLEAGUES4 ,9 ,BRITA9 & ,AM]ICA1 !SE ,M>XI/-SYNDICALI/S G5]ALLY BECAME ,COMMUNI/S4 ,9 ANO!R /AGG]+ REWRIT+ ( HIS [N HI/ORY1 ,BOOK*9 /ATES ?AT 9 0! LATE #a#i#eS1 :5 AN>*ISM 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS A B>ELY DISC]NIBLE PRES5CE1 IT SEEM$ LIKE A SUFFICI5TLY CLE> FIELD 9 :I* ,I C\LD DEVELOP SOCIAL ECOLOGY 444 ,I WELL KNEW ?AT !SE VIEWS W]E NOT CONSI/5T ) TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ IDEAS40 ,:I* EXPLA9 HIS REPEAT$ WRIT+S 9 :I* HE DEF5D$ HIS AN>*I/ IDEAS AGA9/ ?OSE :O CLAIM$ O!RWISE6 ,!SE1 SIGNIFICANTLY1 EXT5D$ WELL 9TO ! #a#i#iS & SO TO /ATE ?AT 0.ODAY ,I F9D ?AT AN>*ISM REMA9S ! V]Y SIMPLI/IC 9DIVIDUALI/IC & ANTIRATIONALI/ PSY*OLOGY IT HAS ALWAYS BE50 IS REVISIONISM ( ! WORSE K9D4 ,HE EV5 TURNS HIS BACK ON HIS [N LEFTI/ PA/1 >GU+ ?AT ! 0REVOLUTION>Y ,LEFT 444 FRANKLY ]R$ PR(\NDLY :5 IT TOOK A SO-CALL$ '9T]NATIONALI/' POSITION & REFUS$ TO SUPPORT ! ,ALLIES 7!IR IMP]IALI/ PA?OLOGIES NOT)/&+7 AGA9/ ! VANGU>D ( WORLD FASCISM1 ! ,?IRD ,REI*40 ,?AT ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> WAS AN IMP]IALI/ W> WAS OBVI\S1 ) ! ,ALLIES HAPPILY TOL]AT+ FASCISM AS LONG AS IT DID NOT 5T] ITS SPH]E ( 9FLU5CE - A FACT CONFIRM$ :5 FASCI/S W]E PLAC$ 9TO POSITIONS ( P[] BY ! VICTORI\S ,ALLIES 9 PLACE ( ALT]NATIVE SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS CREAT$ BY P>TISANS4 ,IT %\LD ALSO BE NOT$ ?AT1 AT ! TIME1 ,BOOK*9 WAS A ,TROTSKYI/ & SO1 PRESUMABLY1 SUPPORT$ ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA AGA9/ FASCI/ AGGRESSION 7& SO ! ,TROTSKYI/S1 AS AN>*I/S NOT$ AT ! TIME1 VIOLAT$ ! 09T]NATIONALI/0 POSITION74 ,AU!NTIC AN>*ISM8 ,E*O+ C\NTLESS ,M>XI/S1 ,BOOK*9 N[ BELIEV$ ?AT AN>*ISM 0REPRES5TS 9 ITS AU!NTIC =M A HI*ISM10 >GU+ ?AT IT 0IS F> BETT] SUIT$ TO >TICULATE A ,PR\DHONIAN S+LE-FAMILY PEASANT & CRAFT WORLD ?AN A MOD]N URBAN & 9DU/RIAL 5VIRONM5T40 ,YET AS HE HIMSELF NOT$ 9 VOLUME #b ( 0,! ,?IRD ,REVOLUTION10 AN>*ISM1 LIKE SOCIALISM 9 G5]AL1 EVOLV$ AS SOCIETY ITSELF *ANG$ AS ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY DEVELOP$4 ,?IS WAS REFLECT$ 9 ,PR\DHON1 = EXAMPLE1 :O 9CREAS+LY BR\TISAN WORKPLACES4 ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK9 BUILT ON !SE *ANGES 9 BO? ! 0,PR\DHONIAN0 POLITICS & ! WID] ECONOMY & BY ! #a#h#gS MA9/REAM AN>*ISM WAS COMMUNI/-AN>*ISM4 ,P>T ( ! PROBLEM IS ?AT AN>*I/S DO NOT ACTUALLY KN[ :AT AN>*ISM REALLY IS4 0,REGRETTABLY10 HE WROTE1 0! USE ( SOCIALI/IC T]MS HAS (T5 PREV5T$ AN>*I/S FROM TELL+ US OR EV5 UND]/&+ CLE>LY :AT !Y >E40 ,GIV5 ?AT HE CONSID]$ HIMSELF AN AN>*I/ = OV] F\R DECADES1 HE SEEMS TO BE G5]ALIZ+ FROM HIS [N EXP]I5CE4 ,LUCKILY1 WE N[ HAVE ,BOOK*9 7OR AT LEA/ HIS E 09DIVIDUALI/S :OSE CONCEPTS ( AUTONOMY ORIG9ATE 9 A /RONG COMMITM5T TO P]SONAL LIB]TY RA!R ?AN TO SOCIAL FRE$OM1 OR SOCIALI/S COMMITT$ TO A /RUCTUR$1 9/ITUTIONALIZ$1 & RESPONSIBLE =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION40 ,9 FACT1 0AN>*ISM REPRES5TS ! MO/ EXTREME =MULATION ( LIB]ALISM'S IDEOLOGY ( UNFETT]$ AUTONOMY40 ,HE C\LD HAVE SAV$ HIMSELF A LOT ( WA/$ 5]GY IF ONLY HE HAD READ ,HAL ,DRAP]'S 7OR ANY O!R CLUELESS ,L59I/7 NONS5SE ON AN>*ISM1 :I* ASS]TS ! SAME4 ,SADLY = ,BOOK*9 ?IS IS SIMPLY NOT TRUE4 ,AN>*I/S LIKE ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK9 W]E DISMISSIVE ( ! CLAIMS ( B\RGEOIS 9DIVIDUALISM1 OR CLASSICAL LIB]ALISM 7AS HE WAS ONCE AW>E1 WRIT+ 9 0,SOCIAL ,AN>*ISM OR ,LIFE/YLE ,AN>*ISM0 ?AT 0,BAKUN9 (T5 EXPRESS$ HIS OPPOSITION TO ! 9DIVIDUALI/IC TR5D 9 LIB]ALISM 444 ) CONSID]ABLE POLEMICAL EMPHASIS074 ,9DE$1 ! 0MO/ EXTREME =MULATION ( LIB]ALISM0 IS RIIANISM0 :OSE ADH]5TS >E MO/ DEF9ITELY NOT AN>*I/S 7EV5 IF SOME ( !M TRY & APPROPRIATE ?AT LABEL7 AS !Y >E /AUN* SUPPORT]S ( HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATIONS 7MO/ OBVI\SLY1 WAGE LABOR74 ,!Y DISMISS ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & ! SOCIAL HI]>*IES IT PRODUCES &1 9 G5]AL1 SUPPORT BO? /ATE 7EI!R 9 M9IMAL OR PRIVATIZ$ =M7 TO PROTECT ! 0UNFETT]$ AUTONOMY0 ( ! BOSS AGA9/ HIS WAGE SLAVES & ! L& LORD AGA9/ HIS T5ANTS4 ,UNSURPRIS+LY1 9 ! PA/1 ,BOOK*9 CALL$ !SE ! 0SO-CALL$ LIB]T>IAN 7MORE ACCURATELY1 PROPRIET>IAN7 RI*ISM07 IS BAS$ ON 0DECISION-MAK+ BY MAJORITY VOT+ AS ! ONLY EQUITABLE WAY = A L>GE NUMB] ( PEOPLE TO MAKE DECISIONS40 0,AU!NTIC AN>*I/S01 APP>5TLY1 >GUE ?AT ?IS IS 0AU?ORIT>IAN & PROPOSE 9/EAD TO MAKE DECISIONS BY CONS5SUS40 ,YET :O >E !SE 0AU!NTIC0 AN>*I/S :O PROPOSE 0CONS5SUS0 DECISION MAK+8 ,IT IS NOT TO BE F\ND 9 ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN91 ,B]KMAN OR ,GOLDMAN4 ,KROPOTK9 M5TIONS IT ONCE1 :5 DISCUSS+ ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANT COMMUNITY4 ,>E !SE NOT 0AU!NTIC0 AN>*I/S8 ,IF ,BAKUN9 OR ,GOLDMAN >E NOT 0AU!NTIC0 AN>*I/S1 :O IS8 ,P]HAPS 9 ?OSE 0EXTREME0 ADH]5TS ( LIB]ALISM1 ! RIIANS08 ,YET !RE CONS5SUS IS NOT TO BE F\ND4 ,MURRAY ,RO?B>D HAPPILY SUPPORT$ ! AUTOCRATIC P[] ( ! PROP]TY [N] OV] !IR WAGE SLAVES & T5ANTS1 SEE+ 0HI]>*Y0 AS ONE ( ! 09/ITUTIONS NECESS>Y TO ! TRIUMPH ( LIB]TY0 7RAIS+ ! QUE/ION ( :AT P>T ( 0AN->*Y0 WAS H>D TO UND]/&874 ,HE WAS AGA9/ MAJORITY VOT+1 BUT ONLY BECAUSE IT WAS EGALIT>IAN & DID NOT REFLECT WEAL? 9EQUALITIES4 ,9/EAD1 HE FAVOR$ MAJORITY RULE 9 T]MS ( %>ES HELD 9 A COMPANY - ) M]E WORK]S OR T5ANTS HAV+ NO SAY IF !Y HAD NONE4 ,SO IT APPE>S !SE 0AU!NTIC0 AN>*I/S DO NOT EXI/ 9 REALITY4 ,?IS IS UNSURPRIS+1 AS AN>*I/S >E G5]ALLY FLUID 9 !IR VISION ( DECISION MAK+4 ,9 SOME CASES1 CONS5SUS MAY BE BE/1 9 O!RS MAJORITY DECISION MAK+ IS ACCEPTABLE4 ,ON ! QUE/ION ( M9ORITY RIE ACCEPTABLE 7= EXAMPLE1 DECID+ TO /RIKE7 9 O!RS !RE IS A RI IT WAS WRONG = ! M9ORITY TO GO ALONG 9 ! NAME ( P>TY DISCIPL9E & MAJORITY RIGU$ ?AT 0! AN>*O-COMMUNI/ NOTION ( A V]Y LOOSE 'F$]ATION ( AUTONOM\S COMMUNES' IS REPLAC$ ) A CONF$]ATION FROM :I* ITS COMPON5TS1 FUNCTION+ 9 A DEMOCRATIC MANN] ?R\< CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLIES1 MAY )DRAW ONLY ) ! APPROVAL ( ! CONF$]ATION AS A :OLE40 ,YET ! RIE P>T (8 ,& H[ W\LD ?IS BE 5=C$8 ,W\LD ! CONF$]ATION TAKE UP >MS AGA9/ ! REBELS 9 ORD] TO1 ,R\SSEAU-LIKE1 0=CE !M TO BE FREE08 ,IT IS1 !RE=E1 IRONIC TO READ ,BOOK*9 /ATE ?AT 0,COMMUNALISM AS AN IDEOLOGY IS NOT SULLI$ BY ! 9DIVIDUALISM & ! (T5 EXPLICIT ANTIRATIONALISM ( AN>*ISM2 NOR DOES IT C>RY ! HI/ORICAL BURD5 ( ,M>XISM'S AU?ORIT>IANISM AS EMBODI$ 9 ,BOL%EVISM40 ,AS HE WAS ONCE AW>E1 A LOVE ( 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM DOES NOT EQUATE TO 09DIVIDUALISM0 7AN AMBIGU\S T]M :I* HIDES A MULTITUDE ( 9T]PRETATIONS74 ,EQUALLY1 REFUS+ TO BASE Y\R POLITICS ON FREE ASSOCIATION DOES RAISE ! 0BURD50 ( ! AU?ORIT>IANISM REQUIR$ TO HOLD A CONF$]ATION TOGE!R4 ,AN>*ISM & ,DIRECT ,DEMOCRACY ,BOOK*9 DOES1 ( C\RSE1 TRY & PRES5T EVID5CE TO BACK UP HIS CLAIM4 ,KROPOTK91 HE WRITES1 0REJECT$ DEMOCRATIC DECISION-MAK+ PROC$URES0 & QUOTES FROM 0,KROPOTK9'S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PAMPHLETS03 0,MAJORITY RULE IS AS DEFECTIVE AS ANY O!R K9D ( RULE0 ,YET A QUICK CONSULTATION ( ! PAGE 9 QUE/ION %[S ?AT ,BOOK*9 HAS RIPP$ ?AT S5T5CE UTT]LY \T ( CONTEXT4 ,IT WAS1 9 FACT1 A DISMISSAL ( REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY1 ! NOTION 0?AT IT IS M]ELY /UPID TO ELECT A FEW M5 & TO 5TRU/ !M ) ! TASK ( MAK+ LAWS ON ALL POSSIBLE SUBJECTS40 ,MOREOV]1 AGA9 ON ! SAME PAGE1 ,KROPOTK9 C\NT]POISES F$]AL ORGANIZATION BAS$ ON CONGRESSES ( M&AT$ DELEGATES TO REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY4 ,SOME:AT IRONICALLY ,BOOK*9 ASS]TS ?AT ! 0SECTIONS0 ( ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION W]E 0! AU!NTIC MOTIVE =CES ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION & CONSCI\S AG5TS = ! MAK+ ( A NEW BODY POLITIC40 ,HE !N /ATES ?AT 0!Y W]E NEV] GIV5 ! CONSID]ATION !Y DES]VE 9 ! LIT]ATURE ON DEMOCRACY1 P>TICUL>LY DEMOCRATIC ,M>XI/ T5D5CIES & REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S0 & ?IS 0IS DRAMATIC EVID5CE ( ! FLAWS ?AT EXI/$ 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION40 ,H]E OMISSION PLAYS ITS P>T AS HE WAS SURELY AW>E ?AT ,KROPOTK9 DISCUSS$ !SE AT L5G? 9 HIS 0,! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION01 CONCLUD+ ?AT 0! ,REVOLUTION BEGAN BY CREAT+ ! ,COMMUNE 444 & ?R\< ?IS 9/ITUTION IT GA9$ 444 IMM5SE P[]40 ,IT WAS 9 !SE POPUL> ASSEMBLIES ?AT 0! MASSES1 ACCU/OM+ !MSELVES TO ACT )\T RECEIV+ ORD]S FROM ! NATIONAL REPRES5TATIVES1 W]E PRACTIC+ :AT WAS TO BE DESCRIB$ LAT] AS ,DIRECT ,SELF-,GOV]NM5T40 ,& SO 0! PR9CIPLES ( AN>*ISM 444 ALREADY DAT$ FROM #a#g#h#i1 & ?AT !Y HAD !IR ORIG91 NOT 9 !ORETICAL SPECULATIONS1 BUT 9 ! DE$S ( ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION40 ,= ,KROPOTK91 IT WAS A TRUISM ?AT 0! LIB]T>IANS W\LD NO D\BT DO ! SAME TO-DAY40 ,SIGNIFICANTLY ,KROPOTK9 NOT$ ?AT !SE COMMUNES W]E NOT CREAT$ BY /&+ = ELECTIONS1 BUT W]E 0MADE FROM BEL[ UPW>D1 BY ! F$]ATION ( ! DI/RICT ORGANIZATIONS2 IT SPR+ UP 9 A REVOLUTION>Y WAY1 FROM POPUL> 9ITIATIVE40 ,:I* IS ! CRUX ( ! ISSUE1 AS FEW AN>*I/S >E OPPOS$ TO POPUL> ASSEMBLIES4 ,! CRITIQUE ( ,BOOK*9'S 0LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM0 WAS PRECISELY ?AT IT WAS TI$ TO /&+ 9 ELECTIONS TO CREATE !SE BODIES1 I4E41 IT WAS HOPELESSLY RE=MI/ 9 ORI5TATION4 ,?IS FLAW$ P]SPECTIVE EXPLA9S HIS MO/ OBVI\S CONTRADICTION4 ,HE ASS]T$ ?AT COMMUNALI/S 0DO NOT CONT5D ?AT A ,COMMUNALI/ SOCIETY CAN BE LEGISLAT$ 9TO EXI/5CE0 BE=E1 ON ! V]Y SAME PAGE1 ADMITT+ ?AT !Y 0DO NOT HESITATE TO RUN C&IDATES 9 MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS :O1 IF ELECT$1 W\LD USE :AT REAL P[] !IR (FICES CONF] TO LEGISLATE POPUL> ASSEMBLIES 9TO EXI/5CE4 ,!SE ASSEMBLIES1 9 TURN1 W\LD HAVE ! P[] ULTIMATELY TO CREATE EFFECTIVE =MS ( T[N-MEET+ GOV]NM5T40 ,SO1 APP>5TLY1 A COMMUNALI/ SOCIETY CAN BE 0LEGISLAT$ 9TO EXI/5CE0 AFT] ALL4 ,& :AT IS ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! 0POPUL> ASSEMBLIES0 & A 0T[N-MEET+ GOV]NM5T08 ,H[ DO !Y DIFF] & :Y %\LD ! 0POPUL> ASSEMBLIES0 H& OV] !IR P[] TO !M8 ,!N !RE IS ! TOP-D[N APPROA*1 ) 0ADH]5TS ( ,COMMUNALISM MOBILIZ.<+.> !MSELVES TO ELECTORALLY 5GAGE 9 A POT5TIALLY IMPORTANT C5T] ( P[] - ! MUNICIPAL C\NCIL - & TRY TO COMPEL IT TO CREATE LEGISLATIVELY POT5T NEI ASSEMBLIES ?AN DID ! ,FR5* SECTIONS OR ! POPUL> CLUBS ( #ahdh & #a#h#g#a8 ,/RANGELY1 GIV5 ?AT IT WAS WRITT5 9 #b#b1 ?IS ESSAY MAKES NO M5TION ( ! POPUL> ASSEMBLIES CREAT$ 9 ,>G5T9A4 ,!SE FIT 9TO ! AN>*I/ VISION ( SOCIAL *ANGE1 BUT NOT ,BOOK*9'S4 ,GIV5 ! RE=MI/ NATURE ( !IR CREATION1 IT SEEMS D\BTFUL ?AT ,BOOK*9 W\LD BE PROV$ RIGU$ ?AT 0! NEW POPUL>-ASSEMBLYI/ MUNICIPAL CONF$]ATIONS WILL EMBODY A DUAL P[] AGA9/ ! /ATE ?AT BECOMES A S\RCE ( GR[+ POLITICAL T5SION IS OBVI\S4 ,EI!R A ,COMMUNALI/ MOVEM5T WILL BE RADICALIZ$ BY ?IS T5SION & WILL RESOLUTELY FACE ALL ITS CONSEQU5CES1 OR IT WILL SURELY S9K 9TO A MORASS ( COMPROMISES ?AT ABSORB IT BACK 9TO ! SOCIAL ORD] ?AT IT ONCE S\T ( ! /ATE & CANNOT BECOME AN EFFECTIVE 0DUAL P[]0 TO IT & ANY RADICALS US+ ELECTIONS WILL1 LIKE SO MANY O!RS BE=E !M1 0S9K 9TO A MORASS ( COMPROMISES0 ?AT ?IS TACTIC PRODUCES4 ,! FATE ( ! ,G]MAN ,GRE5S & ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS APPLI$ TO LOCAL ELECTIONS JU/ AS MU* NATIONAL ONES4 ,! TYRANNY ( /RUCTURELESSNESS ,)\T NAM+ H]1 ,BOOK*9 REPEATS SOME ( FEM9I/ ,JO ,FREEMAN'S >GUM5TS 9 CLASSIC ESSAY 0,! TYRANNY ( /RUCTURELESSNESS40 ,WE F9D HIM WRIT+ ?AT A 0S]I\S LIB]T>IAN APPROA* TO LEAD]%IP W\LD 9DE$ ACKN[L$GE ! REALITY & CRUCIAL IMPORTANCE ( LEAD]S - ALL ! MORE TO E/ABLI% ! GREATLY NE$$ =MAL /RUCTURES & REGULATIONS ?AT CAN EFFECTIVELY CONTROL & MODIFY ! ACTIVITIES ( LEAD]S & RECALL !M :5 ! MEMB]%IP DECIDES !IR RESPECT IS BE+ MISUS$ OR :5 LEAD]%IP BECOMES AN EX]CISE 9 ! ABUSIVE EX]CISE ( P[]40 ,HE PRES5TS ! USUAL /]EOTYPE ( AN>*I/S BE+ AGA9/ /RUCTUR$ ORGANIZATIONS1 >GU+ ?AT 0.RE$OM FROM AU?ORIT>IANISM CAN BE/ BE ASSUR$ ONLY BY ! CLE>1 CONCISE1 & DETAIL$ ALLOCATION ( P[]1 NOT BY PRET5SIONS ?AT P[] & LEAD]%IP >E =MS ( 'RULE' OR BY LIB]T>IAN METAPHORS ?AT CONCEAL !IR REALITY4 ,IT HAS BE5 PRECISELY :5 AN ORGANIZATION FAILS TO >TICULATE !SE REGULATORY DETAILS ?AT ! CONDITIONS EM]GE = ITS DEG5]ATION & DECAY40 ,IT W\LD BE *URLI% TO PO9T \T ?AT ,BAKUN9 RAIS$ ! ISSUE ( UNION ASSEMBLIES COMB9$ ) ! USE ( M&ATES & RECALL AS A MEANS ( RE/RICT+ ! P[] ( UNION LEAD]S OV] !IR MEMB]S & ?AT HE PLAC$ !SE AT ! HE>T ( HIS VISION ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION6 ,AS SU*1 AN AW>5ESS ( ! NE$ TO ORGANIZE 9 ORD] TO 0CONTROL0 DELEGATES HAS EXI/$ )9 09AU!NTIC0 AN>*ISM = SOME TIME4 ,EQUALLY *URLI% W\LD BE TO PO9T \T ! LOGICAL CONTRADICTION 9 HIS POSITION4 ,AFT] ALL1 = ,BOOK*9 !SE 0LEAD]S0 >E MEANT TO BE M&AT$ DELEGATES1 NOT REPRES5TATIVES4 ,IF ! 0LEAD]S0 >E ALLOCAT$ 0P[]0 !N !Y CAN DECIDE ON BEHALF ( !IR ELECTORATE &1 AS SU*1 !Y >E NOT DELEGATES4 ,HE CANNOT HAVE IT BO? WAYS1 >GU+ ?AT !SE 0LEAD]S0 %\LD HAVE 0P[]0 :ILE MA9TA9+ ?AT !Y >E M]E DELEGATES4 ,! PROBLEM EV]Y ORGANIZATION FACES IS ?AT ! 0LEAD]S0 />T TO ACT ON BEHALF ( ! MEMB]%IP1 I4E41 ?AAT !Y EX]T P[] OV] !M RA!R ?AN IMPLEM5T+ !IR M&ATES4 ,AN>*I/S HAVE AIM$ TO R$UCE ?AT T5D5CY1 ) V>Y+ DEGREES ( SUCCESS1 SO TO SUGGE/ WE >E IGNORANT ( ?IS NE$ IS /AGG]+4 ,BOOK*9 >GU$ ?AT0.RONICALLY1 NO /RATUM HAS BE5 MORE 9SI/5T 9 DEM&+ ITS FRE$OM TO EX]CISE ITS WILL AGA9/ REGULATION ?AN *IEFS1 MON>*S1 NOBLES1 & ! B\RGEOISIE40 ,UNM5TION$ IS !IR EQUALLY 09SI/5T0 DEM&S ?AT ?OSE SUBJECT TO !IR 0WILL0 FOLL[ ! 0REGULATION0 ?AT IMPLIES6 ,AFT] ALL1 ! B\RGEOISIE HAVE ALWAYS BE5 KE5 ON ASS]T+ 0! MANAG]S RITY 0LEAD]S0 HAS ALWAYS BE5 KE5 TO ACCUMULATE P[] )9 !IR ORGANIZATIONS1 MODIFY+ ! REGULATIONS TO SECURE ?AT P[] & LIMIT RANK-&-FILE P>TICIPATION AS MU* AS POSSIBLE4 ,=MAL /RUCTURES CAN1 & HAVE BE51 US$ TO SECURE ?AT AIM1 A FACT :I* ,BOOK*9 OV]LOOKS4 ,ULTIMATELY1 CONTRA-,BOOK*91 0P[] & LEAD]%IP0 BE EASILY BE =MS ( 0RULE01 ESPECIALLY IF !RE IS AN 0ALLOCATION ( P[]0 :I* HELPS TURN DELEGATES 9TO REPRES5TATIVES4 ,AS SU* AS ,BOOK*9 IS RI ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURES1 ?IS NE$ IS PRECISELY TO R$UCE ! 0ALLOCATION ( P[]0 TO A M9IMUM & 5SURE ?AT P[] RE/S 9 ! H&S ( ?OSE AFFECT$ BY DECISIONS RA!R ?AN A FEW 7DEMOCRATICALLY ELECT$7 0LEAD]S0 :O >E A GOV]NM5T 9 ! USUAL S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,MUNICIPALIZE ! ECONOMY8 ,BOOK*9 TURNS HIS FIRE ON 9DU/RIAL SELF-MANAGEM5T1 REPEAT+ HIS LONG /&+ 7& BASICALLY CORRECT7 CRITIQUE ?AT WE 0MU/ ALSO AVOID ! P>O*IALISM & ULTIMATELY ! DESIRES = PROPRIETOR%IP ?AT HAVE AFFLICT$ SO MANY SELF-MANAG$ 5T]PRISES1 SU* AS ! 'COLLECTIVES' 9 ! ,RUSSIAN & ,SPANI% REVOLUTIONS40 ,?IS 9VOLV$ A 0DRIFT AMONG MANY 'SOCIALI/IC' SELF-MANAG$ 5T]PRISES 444 T[>D =MS ( COLLECTIVE CAPITALISM ?AT ULTIMATELY L$ MANY ( !SE CONC]NS TO COMPETE ) ONE ANO!R = RAW MAT]IALS & M>KETS40 ,YET IT IS NOT CLE> ?AT HIS PROPOS$ SOLUTION W\LD AUTOMATICALLY ELIM9ATE ?IS PROBLEM3 0ITS AIM IS NOT TO NATIONALIZE ! ECONOMY OR RETA9 PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION BUT TO MUNICIPALIZE ! ECONOMY4 ,IT SEEKS TO 9TEGRATE ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9TO ! EXI/5TIAL LIFE ( ! MUNICIPALITY1 SU* ?AT EV]Y PRODUCTIVE 5T]PRISE FALLS UND] ! PURVIEW ( ! LOCAL ASSEMBLY1 :I* DECIDES H[ IT WILL FUNCTION TO MEET ! 9T]E/S ( ! COMMUNITY AS A :OLE40 ,IT W\LD BE *URLI% TO NOTE ?AT ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S ORGANIZ$ RURAL COMMUNES PRECISELY AS ,BOOK*9 RECOMM5DS &1 MOREOV]1 !SE C\LD & DID EXPRESS 0COLLECTIVE0 SELFI%NESS JU/ AS MU* AS ! SELF-MANAG$ WORKPLACES4 ,AS ) ! URBAN COLLECTIVES1 ! AN>*I/S 9VOLV$ HAD TO COMBAT !SE T5D5CIES4 ,! ,C,N,T WAS AW>E ( ?IS & CONSI/5TLY F\GU+ = SOCIALIZATION RA!R ?AN ! COMPROMISE ( 0COLLECTIVIZATION0 :I* ! REVOLUTION HAD PRODUC$4 ,SO IT %\LD BE /RESS$ ?AT !SE DEVELOPM5TS CAME AS NO SURPRISE1 !N AS N[1 AS AN>*I/S HAVE LONG >GU$ ?AT CREAT+ A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ SOCIETY CANNOT BE A*IEV$ QUICKLY OR SIMPLY4 ,ANY ATTEMPT TO TRANS=M SOCIETY1 !RE=E1 WILL BE M>K$ BY MI/AKES & N>R[1 & ULTIMATELY1 SELF-DEFEAT+ 9T]E/S EXPRESS+ !MSELVES4 ,ATTEMPTS TO GET >\ND !SE ) 9/ITUTIONAL FIXES >E TO BE AVOID$1 ?\<4 ,9 0REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIA0 IT WAS PRECISELY !SE T5D5CIES :I* W]E US$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO CONC5TRATE ECONOMIC P[] 9TO ! H&S ( ! /ATE1 EFFECTIVELY 5D+ WORKPLACE FRE$OM & ITS REPLACEM5T ) /ATE APPO9T$ MANAG]S IMPLEM5T+ 7OR1 MORE CORRECTLY1 TRY+ TO IMPLEM5T7 ! DECREES ( BUREAUCRATS MADE 9 IGNORANCE ( LOCAL CONDITIONS )9 ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE MA*9E4 ,YES1 ! 0DESIRES = PROPRIETOR%IP0 ( 9DIVIDUAL COLLECTIVES WAS APP>5TLY 5D$ BUT IT WAS REPLAC$ BY ! F> WORSE 0DESIRES = PROPRIETOR%IP0 ( A BUREAUCRACY4 ,GIV5 ?AT ! PROBLEMS ,BOOK*9 RI*I/S HAVE LONG REG>D$ EV]Y GOV]NM5T AS A /ATE & CONDEMN$ IT ACCORD+LY - A VIEW ?AT IS A RECIPE = ! ELIM9ATION ( ANY ORGANIZ$ SOCIAL LIFE :ATEV]40 ,= ,5GELS1 ANY ORGANIZATION IMPLI$ 0AU?ORITY01 = ,BOOK*9 IT CAME TO IMPLY 0GOV]NM5T0 & SO COLLECTIVELY MAK+ Y\R [N DECISIONS IS CONFUS$ ) LETT+ A FEW RUL]S MAKE !M = Y\4 ,IT DOES FEEL LIKE HE WAS PLAY+ ) WORDS :5 HE TRI$ TO EXPLA9 HIS NEW POSITION3 0,:ILE ! /ATE IS ! 9/RUM5T BY :I* AN OPPRESSIVE & EXPLOITATIVE CLASS REGULATES & CO]CIVELY CONTROLS ! BEHAVIOR ( AN EXPLOIT$ CLASS BY A RUL+ CLASS1 A GOV]NM5T - OR BETT] /ILL1 A POLITY - IS AN 5SEMBLE ( 9/ITUTIONS DESIGN$ TO DEAL ) ! PROBLEMS ( CONSOCIATIONAL LIFE 9 AN ORD]LY & HOPEFULLY FAIR MANN]4 ,EV]Y 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ ASSOCIATION ?AT CON/ITUTES A SY/EM = H&L+ PUBLIC AFFAIRS - ) OR )\T ! PRES5CE ( A /ATE - IS NECESS>ILY A GOV]NM5T4 ,BY CONTRA/1 EV]Y /ATE1 AL?\< NECESS>ILY A =M ( GOV]NM5T1 IS A =CE = CLASS REPRESSION & CONTROL40 ,:I* IS :AT ,M>XI/S HABITUALLY ASS]T AGA9/ AN>*I/S1 NAMELY ?AT ANY =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION CREAT$ 9 A REVOLUTION IS A 0/ATE0 REG>DLESS ( ITS NAME4 ,IT SEEMS AS PO9TLESS TO NOTE ?AT COLLECTIVE DECISION MAK+ IS NO MORE A 0GOV]NM5T0 ?AN A 0/ATE0 UNLESS Y\ WI% TO T]M ANY =M ( ASSOCIATION A 0GOV]NM5T0 REG>DLESS ( H[ IT IS ORGANIZ$4 ,?US1 BY ,BOOK*9'S LOGIC1 EV5 ,/IRN]'S 0,UNION ( ,EGOI/S0 W\LD BE A 0GOV]NM5T40 ,! KEY FACTORS1 SURELY1 >E :E!R IT IS FREELY JO9$ & SELF-MANAG$ )9 IT4 ,IF SO1 IT IS AN ABUSE ( ! LANGUAGE TO DESCRIBE AN ORGANIZATION AS A 0GOV]NM5T0 IF IT IS NOT HI]>*ICALLY /RUCTUR$ 70! WORD ',/ATE' 444 %\LD BE RES]V$ = ?OSE SOCIETIES ) ! HI]>*ICAL SY/EM & C5TRALIZATION0 CORRECTLY >GU$ ,KROPOTK974 ,O!RWISE ! T]M BECOMES SO WIDELY APPLICABLE AS TO BECOME MEAN+LESS4 ,!N !RE IS ! ISSUE ( SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,BOOK*9 DI/ORTS ,COL9 ,W>D'S >GUM5TS 7)\T M5TION+ :O HE MOCKS1 ( C\RSE7 ?AT 0! GOOD SOCIETY 444 EXI/S B5EA? ! OPPRESSIVE BURD5S ( CIVILIZATION LIKE F]TILE SOIL B5EA? ! SN[40 ,?AT ,W>D IS SIMPLY NOT+ ?AT AN>*I/IC TR5DS EXI/ 9 EV]Y SOCIETY IS H>DLY CONTROV]SIAL NOR DOES IT IMPLY1 AS ,BOOK*9 ASS]T$1 ?AT WE DO NOT NE$ TO 0PROACTIVELY CREATE0 AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY1 ?AT 0WE W\LD SIMPLY LET ! SN[ ABOVE IT MELT AWAY40 ,?AT HE FELT ! NE$ TO DO ?IS IS HAT*ET JOB IS SAD4 ,AFT] ALL1 FEW AN>*I/S W\LD DISAGREE ) ! NOTION ?AT WE %\LD 0TRY TO BUILD LA/+ ORGANIZATIONS & 9/ITUTIONS ?AT CAN PLAY A SOCIALLY TRANS=MATIVE ROLE 9 ! REAL WORLD40 ,?AT HAS BE5 ! /&>D LIB]T>IAN POSITION FROM ! />T4 ,TO P>APHRASE ,BOOK*9 FROM E>LY DAYS1 ! QUE/ION IS H[ WE ORGANIZE1 NOT :E!R WE DO OR NOT4 ,EQUALLY BIZ>RELY1 ,BOOK*9 ASS]T$ ?AT 0A CASE CAN MADE ?AT MANY ( ! IDEAS ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION ?AT 9 ! PA/ HAVE BE5 ADVANC$ 9 ! NAME ( 'AN>*Y' W]E (T5 DRAWN FROM ,M>XISM40 ,:I* W\LD HAVE COME AS A SURPRISE TO ,BAKUN91 BUT P]HAPS HE WAS NOT AN 0AU!NTIC0 AN>*I/4 ,GIV5 ?AT ,PR\DHON HAD RAIS$ ! IDEAS ( WORKPLACE SELF-MANAGEM5T1 F$]ALISM1 COMMUNES1 M&AT$ DELEGATES LONG BE=E ,M>X PRAIS$ !IR APPLICATION 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 WE CAN MORE TRULY /ATE ?AT A F> /RONG] CASE CAN BE MADE ?AT MANY ( ! IDEAS ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION ?AT 9 ! PA/ HAVE BE5 ADVANC$ 9 ! NAME ( 0,M>XISM0 W]E (T5 DRAWN FROM AN>*ISM4 ,?IS BECOMES EXTREMELY CLE> :5 ,L59' 0,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION0 IS COMP>$ TO ! IDEAS ,BAKUN9 WAS >GU+ = ! MID-#a#h#fS TO HIS DEA?4 ,AS PO9T$ \T BY ,BOOK*9 9 0,LI/51 ,M>XI/60 9 ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM NE>LY #d YE>S PREVI\SLY6 ,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ,! CRUX ( ! MATT] IS EXPRESS$ 9 HIS ACC\NT ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION1 :]E 0! ,SPANI% SYNDICALI/S 7& AN>*I/S7 REVEAL$ ONLY A M9IMAL CAPACITY TO UND]/& ! SITUATION 9 :I* !Y F\ND !MSELVES AFT] !IR VICTORY OV] ,FRANCO'S =CES 9 ! SUMM] ( #aicf & NO CAPACITY TO TAKE '! NEXT /EP' TO 9/ITUTIONALIZE A WORK]S' & PEASANTS' =M ( GOV]NM5T40 ,?IS FL[S FROM HIS NEW F\ND DI/9CTION BETWE5 0GOV]NM5T0 & 0/ATE01 NOT TO M5TION A COMPLETE CONFUSION BETWE5 P[] OV] ONESELF & P[] OV] O!RS 7:I* SUGGE/S ?AT ,BOOK*9'S /ATEM5T ?AT 0.BOVE ALL1 ,COMMUNALISM IS 5GAG$ ) ! PROBLEM ( P[]0 IS LESS ?AN ACCURATE74 ,:AT IS ALSO APP>5T IS ! UTT] LACK ( CONTEXT 9 ,BOOK*9'S ACC\NT4 ,LIKE ! ,L59I/S1 HE PRES5TS ! DECISION TO COLLABORATE TO FL[ PURELY FROM ! CLAIM$ LIMITATIONS 9 AN>*I/ !ORY RA!R ?AN ! SITUATION !Y FAC$4 ,?IS MAY HAVE BE5 DISCUSS$ 9 ! ORIG9AL APP5DIX TO ?IS ESSAY :I* IS NOT 9CLUD$ 9 ?IS BOOK BUT H]E WE >E LEFT ) GLIB IDEALISM :I* ROOTS ! DECISIONS MADE 9 ! HEADS ( ! AN>*I/S1 MISLEAD BY !IR [N IDEOLOGY4 ,?AT SAID !ORY URG$ ! DE/RUCTION ( ! /ATE & ITS REPLACEM5T BY A SY/EM ( WORK]S' C\NCILS IS LEFT AS UNM5TION$ AS ! REASONS :Y ?IS WAS NOT DONE UNDISCUSS$4 ,! LIMITATIONS 9 ,BOOK*9'S ANALYSIS CAN BE SE5 :5 HE WRITES ( ! 0AN>*I/S' DISDA9 = P[]0 :ILE1 AT ! SAME TIME QUOT+ ,BAKUN9 ON H[ ! NEW SOCIAL ORD] C\LD BE CREAT$ 0ONLY ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T & ORGANIZATION ( ! NONPOLITICAL OR ANTIPOLITICAL SOCIAL P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 CITY & C\NTRY40 ,! ,RUSSIAN1 ,BOOK*9 /ATES1 0EXPRESS$ ! TYPICAL VIEW ( .*ISM'S.> ADH]5TS06 ,SO MU* = ,BOOK*9'S PRIZ$ 0COH]5CE06 ,EQUALLY1 IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT ,BAKUN9 WAS NOT 0REJECT+ ) *>ACT]I/IC 9CONSI/5CY ! V]Y MUNICIPAL POLITICS :I* HE SANCTION$ 9 ,ITALY >\ND ! SAME YE>40 ,9 FACT1 ,BAKUN9 URG$ HIS FRI5DS TO /& = ,P>LIAM5T1 NOT MUNICIPAL (FICE4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS 9CONSI/5CY %\LD NOT CL\D HIS REAL CONTRIBUTION TO REVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 NAMELY ?IS VISION ( SOCIAL *ANGE3 0! ,ALLIANCE ( ALL LABOR ASSOCIATIONS 444 WILL CON/ITUTE ! ,COMMUNE 444 !RE WILL BE A /&+ F$]ATION ( ! B>RICADES & A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL 444 . DELEGATES 444 9VE/$ ) B9D+ M&ATES & ACC\NTABLE & REVOCABLE AT ALL TIMES 444 ALL PROV9CES1 COMMUNES & ASSOCIATIONS 444 . DELEGATE DEPUTIES TO AN AGRE$ PLACE ( ASSEMBLY 7ALL 444 9VE/$ ) B9D+ M&AT$ & ACC\NTABLE & SUBJECT TO RECALL71 9 ORD] TO F\ND ! F$]ATION ( 9SURG5T ASSOCIATIONS1 COMMUNES & PROV9CES 444 & TO ORGANIZE A REVOLUTION>Y =CE ) ! CAPACITY ( DEFEAT+ ! REACTION 444 IT IS ?R\< ! V]Y ACT ( EXTRAPOLATION & ORGANIZATION ( ! ,REVOLUTION ) AN EYE TO ! MUTUAL DEF5SES ( 9SURG5T >EAS ?AT ! UNIV]SALITY ( ! ,REVOLUTION 444 WILL EM]GE TRIUMPHANT40 ,! QUE/ION IS1 SURELY1 :Y ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I DID NOT PURSUE ?IS 0NEXT /EP01 ?IS VISION ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AT ! HE>T ( AN>*ISM4 ,TO BLAME A !ORY :5 ?AT !ORY WAS NOT IMPLEM5T$ SEEMS1 ON ! FACE ( IT1 UNCONV9C+ & SO BE/ LEFT TO ,M>XI/S4 ,CLASS ,ANALYSIS ,F9ALLY1 !RE IS ,BOOK*9'S CLASS ANALYSIS HE 9H]IT$ FROM ,L59ISM4 ,?US HE REPEAT$ HIS ID5TIFICATION ( 0WORK+ CLASS0 ) 9DU/RIAL WORK]S RA!R ?AN ALL WAGE SLAVES4 0,CONTR>Y TO ,M>X'S EXPECTATIONS10 ,BOOK*9 >GU$1 0! 9DU/RIAL WORK+ CLASS IS N[ DW9DL+ 9 NUMB]S & IS /EADILY LOS+ ITS TRADITIONAL ID5TITY AS A CLASS40 ,YET WAGE SLAV]Y IS JU/1 IF NOT MORE1 PR$OM9ANT TODAY AS 9 ! ]A ( 0PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM0 :I* ,BOOK*9 >GU$ 5D$ 9 ! #a#i#cS4 ,& LIKE ,L59I/S1 CLASS BECOMES TRANS=M$ 9TO A P]SPECTIVE RA!R ?AN AN OBJECTIVE POSITION )9 SOCIETY3 0! TRADITIONAL PROLET>IAT1 UPON :I* SYNDICALI/S & ,M>XI/S W]E OV]:ELM+LY1 9DE$ ALMO/ MY/ICALLY FOCUS$1 9TO A L>GELY PETTY-B\RGEOIS /RATUM :OSE M5TALITY IS M>K$ BY ITS [N B\RGEOIS UTOPIANISM ( 'CONSUMPTION = ! SAKE ( CONSUMPTION'40 ,:ILE !IR 0M5TALITY0 MAY BE 0PETTY-B\RGEOIS01 !IR 0/RATUM0 IS /ILL WORK+ CLASS4 ,DURRUTI1 = EXAMPLE1 NO MORE BECAME 0PETTY-B\RGEOIS0 :5 HE BECAME AN AN>*I/ ?AN ,M>X BECAME A 0PROLET>IAN0 :5 HE WROTE 0,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O40 ,?AT CLASS CONSCI\SNESS SEEMS TO BE AT A HI/ORICAL L[ IS AN ISSUE :I* NE$S TO BE ADDRESS$ & FIX$1 ALONG ) ! O!R NEGATIVE IMPACTS ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY ON 9DIVIDUAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,AS SU*1 ,BOOK*9 WAS RIIAT.> FROM A POT5TIALLY BROAD] & P]HAPS MORE EXT5SIVE CONFLICT ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE AGA9/ CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS40 ,YET IT SEEMS TO BE1 AS ) AN>*ISM1 HE ?REW ! BABY \T ) ! BA? WAT]4 ,/ILL1 HIS CONFUSIONS & LIMITATIONS ON CLASS ANALYSIS & /RUGGLE DO NOT IMPACT HIS FOCUS ON OPPRESSION AS WELL AS EXPLOITATION3 0,HI]>*Y1 TODAY1 IS BECOM+ AS PRON\NC$ AN ISSUE AS CLASS - AS WITNESS ! EXT5T TO :I* MANY SOCIAL ANALYZES HAVE S+L$ \T MANAG]S1 BUREAUCRATS1 SCI5TI/S1 & ! LIKE AS EM]G+1 O/5SIBLY DOM9ANT GR\PS40 ,NOT ?AT AN>*I/S BE=E ,BOOK*9 DID NOT NOTICE SOCIAL HI]>*IES1 F> FROM IT4 = AN>*I/S OPPRESSION IS AS IMPORTANT AS EXPLOITATION ,AS HE IS =C$ TO ADMIT 70,FROM AN>*ISM1 IT DRAWS ITS COMMITM5T TO ANTI/ATISM & CONF$]ALISM1 AS WELL AS ITS RECOGNITION ?AT HI]>*Y IS A BASIC PROBLEM ?AT CAN BE OV]COME ONLY BY A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ SOCIETY407 ,SO IT IS NOT ONLY SOCIAL ECOLOGY :I* PRES5TS 0A COH]5T VISION ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT 9T]TW9ES ! MUTUAL IMPACT ( HI]>*Y & CLASS ON ! CIVILIZ+ ( HUMANITY40 ,ONE ( ,BOOK*9'S MANY CONTRIBUTIONS TO AN>*ISM WAS TO L9K ?IS TO ECOLOGICAL ISSUES1 ?AT 0WE MU/ REORD] SOCIAL RELATIONS SO ?AT HUMANITY CAN LIVE 9 A PROTECTIVE BALANCE ) ! NATURAL WORLD40 ,CONCLUSIONS ,SADLY ,BOOK*9 IS NOT >\ND TO REPLY TO !SE PO9TS4 ,I D\BT HE W\LD HAVE AGRE$ ) ?IS ANALYSIS1 P>TICUL>LY AS !Y DRAW UPON HIS [N WORKS4 ,HE DID NOT SEEM TO TAKE CRITICISM EASILY1 :I* UND\BT$LY HELP$ MAKE ! DEBATES 9 ! #a#i#iS WORSE ?AN !Y HAD TO BE 7AL?\< ! RESPONSES TO ,BOOK*9'S 0,SOCIAL ,AN>*ISM & ,LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM0 DID NOT SEEM DESIGN$ TO PROVOKE COMRADELY DEBATE74 ,SUFFICE TO SAY1 HIS ACC\NT ( AN>*ISM & ITS FLAWS IS 9ACCURATE & PETTY & DOES HIS MEMORY NO FAVORS4 ,! VALID CORE ( HIS >GUM5T1 ! NE$ = COMMUNAL ORGANIZATIONS1 IS LO/ 9 HIS ANTI-AN>*I/ DIATRIBES NOR IS IT HELP$ ?AT ?IS NE$ HAS LONG BE5 RECOGNIZ$ 9 AN>*ISM & PLAC$ 9 A REVOLUTION>Y CONTEXT MISS+ FROM HIS V]SION4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ?\<1 ,I TAKE NO PLEASURE 9 %[+ UP ,BOOK*9'S CONTRADICTIONS & P]SONAL REVISIONISM4 ,IT IS A %AME ?AT HE 5D$ SU* A FRUITFUL POLITICAL LIFE BY WRIT+ SU* RUBBI%4 ,HOPEFULLY1 HIS PO/-AN>*I/ WORK WILL BE IGNOR$ 9 FAVOR ( HIS REAL1 IMPORTANT & /ILL RELEVANT CONTRIBUTIONS TO LIB]T>IAN !ORY - ALONG1 ( C\RSE1 ) HIS SILLY 0LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM0 FETI% :I* BECAME HIS UNDO+4 ,/ILL1 DUR+ ! TIME HE CONSID]$ HIMSELF AN AN>*I/ HE CONTRIBUT$ IMM5SELY TO \R MOVEM5T & ITS IDEAS4 ,EV5 AT HIS WORSE 7& HIS PO/-#a#i#i#i WORK WAS1 AT TIMES1 T]RIBLE7 HE IS WOR? READ+4 ,A,K ,PRESS %\LD BE PRAIS$ = PUBLI%+ ?IS BOOK = IT ALL[S AN>*I/S TO QUE/ION !IR POLITICS BY LOOK+ AT ,BOOK*9'S CRITIQUE1 FLAW$ AS IT IS4 ,IF WE CAN LE>N FROM & CL>IFY \R [N IDEAS BY DO+ SO1 !N EV5 ?IS LA/ WORK BY ,BOOK*9 WILL BE ( SOME VALUE AL?\< NOT AS MU* AS READ+ 0,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM0 OR 0,T[>D AN ,ECOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY40 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,FEBRU>Y #a#a1 #bba 3 ,REVIEW ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY & ,COMMUNALISM -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,REVIEW ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY & ,COMMUNALISM -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/