,REVIEW ( 0,S*OP5HAU] UND ,NIETZS*E E9 VORTRAGSZYKLUS0 BY ,GEORG ,SIMMEL 

#aig 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,GEORGES ,PALANTE 

,TEXT 3 

,M4 ,G ,SIMMEL'S BOOK DEVELOPS )9 AN 9TELLECTUAL FRAMEWORK WID] ?AN ?AT 9 :I* HI/ORICAL-CRITICAL /UDIES ( ?IS K9D USUALLY MOVE4 ,= ! AU?OR IT'S NOT A QUE/ION ( /UDY+ ,S*OP5HAU]'S & ,NIETZS*E'S WORK 9 DETAIL1 BUT ( DRAW+ UP A BALANCE %EET ( MOD]N CULTURE BY TAK+ AS TYPICAL EXAMPLES ( ?IS CULTURE ! TWO GREAT PHILOSOPHICAL FIGURES :O SUM UP ITS ESS5TIAL OPPOSITIONS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,M4 ,SIMMEL'S GOAL IS TO /UDY ,S*OP5HAU] & ,NIETZS*E 9 FUNCTION ( MOD]N CULTURE4 

,9 ! FIR/ *APT] ! AU?OR =MULATES ! RESPECTIVE POSITIONS ( ! TWO ?9K]S CONFRONT+ ?IS CULTURE4 ,! TWO PHILOSOPHIES ( ,S*OP5HAU] & ,NIETZS*E >E ! P]FECT EXPRESSION ( \R /ATE ( CIVILIZATION4 ,! *>ACT]I/IC ( ALL ADVANC$ SOCIETIES - :I* AS A RESULT ( ?IS >E BO? DIFF]5TIAT$ & COMPLICAT$ - IS ! NE$ = UNITY1 = A F9AL 5D 7,5DZWECK7 CAPABLE ( CONF]R+ A MEAN+ ON IT4 ,= A LONG TIME ,*RI/IANITY SATISFI$ ?IS NE$ = UNITY4 ,TODAY IT HAS LO/ ITS HOLD OV] S\LS1 BUT ! NE$ = UNITY SURVIVES4 

,S*OP5HAU]'S PHILOSOPHY EXPRESSES ?AT NO/ALGIA = A F9AL & TOTAL UNITY4 ,! ,S*OP5HAU]IAN WILL-TO-LIFE1 DOM9AT$ BY ! LAW ( ! 9SATIABILITY ( DESIRE1 & 9CAPABLE ( RE/+ ON A F9AL GOAL1 IS ! SYMBOL ( ?IS4 ,! CONSID]ATION ( A UNIV]SE PROPELL$ BY ! WILL = A GOAL & YET DEPRIV$ ( A GOAL IS ALSO ,NIETZS*E'S PO9T ( DEP>TURE4 ,BUT BETWE5 ,S*OP5HAU] & ,NIETZS*E !RE IS ,D>W94 ,:ILE ,S*OP5HAU] /OPS AT ! NEGATION ( A F9AL GOAL & CONCLUDES AT ! NEGATION ( ! WILL-TO-LIFE1 ,NIETZS*E F9DS 9 MANK9D'S EVOLUTION ! POSSIBILITY ( A GOAL ?AT P]MITS LIFE TO AFFIRM ITSELF4 ,9 ,S*OP5HAU] IT IS ! HORROR ( LIFE ?AT IS AFFIRM$1 9 ,NIETZS*E IT'S ! S5TIM5T ( LIFE'S MAGNIFIC5CE4 ,! ,SUP]MAN IS ! =MULA ( LIFE'S ASC5SION1 :I* ALWAYS SURPASSES ITSELF1 9 OPPOSITION TO ! ET]NAL MONOTONY ( ! ,S*OP5HAU]IAN UNIV]SE4 ,9 A REM>KABLE P>ALLEL BETWE5 ! TWO ?9K]S ,M4 ,SIMMEL REM>KS ?AT ,NIETZS*E BETT] ANSW]S ?AN ,S*OP5HAU] ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! MOD]N SPIRIT4 0,?IS ASC5DANCE ( LIFE IS ! GREAT & IMP]I%ABLE CONSOLATION :I*1 ?ANKS TO ,NIETZS*E1 HAS BECOME ! LI<T ( \R MOD]N 9TELLECTUAL L&SCAPE4 ,?IS FUNDAM5TAL CONCEPT MAKES US =GET ! ANTI-SOCIAL =M :I* IT CLO!S ITSELF 9 9 ,NIETZS*E1 SO ?AT DESPITE ?IS ANTI-SOCIAL T5D5CY ,NIETZS*E APPE>S1 COMP>$ TO ,S*OP5HAU]1 AS A MU* MORE FITT+ EXPRESSION ( ! MOD]N LIFE FEEL+4 ,& IT IS ! TRAGIC SIDE ( ,S*OP5HAU]'S DE/9Y ?AT ) SUP]IOR =CES HE DEF5D$ ! LESS] CAUSE4 ,S*OP5HAU] IS AN 9COMP>ABLY MORE PR(\ND ?9K] ?AN ,NIETZS*E1 A BRILLIANT METAPHYSICIAN1 HE>+ 9 ! DEP?S ( HIS S\L ! MY/]I\S S\NDS ( UNIV]SAL EXI/5CE4 ,IT IS NOT ! METAPHYSICAL 9/9CT ?AT 9SPIRES ,NIETZS*E3 IT'S ! G5IUS ( ! PSY*OLOGI/ & ! MORALI/ ?AT DOM9ATE 9 HIM4 ,BUT HE LACKS ! GR& /YLE ( ,S*OP5HAU]1 :I* BUR/S FROM T5SION ( ! ?9K] T[>DS ! MY/]Y ( ?+S1 & NOT ONLY ( MAN & HIS VALUE2 ?IS GR& /YLE ?AT SEEMS TO BE REFUS$ 9 ! MO/ S+UL> FA%ION TO M5 ( ! GREATE/ PSY*OLOGICAL F9ESSE40 

,( ! SEV5 *APT]S ?AT FOLL[1 FIVE >E D$ICAT$ TO ,S*OP5HAU] & TWO TO ,NIETZS*E4 ,AS CONC]NS ,S*OP5HAU]1 WE %\LD NOTE ! P5ETRAT+ CRITIQUE TO :I* ,M4 ,SIMMEL SUBMITS PESSIMISM44 ,HE NOTES ?AT ,S*OP5HAU]'S PESSIMISM IS NOT BAS$ ON ! AM\NT ( SUFF]+1 BUT ON ?IS /ATEM5T ( PR9CIPLE3 EVIL IS AN A PRIORI ( LIFE4 ,IT IS A FUNCTION ( DESIRE1 ! ESS5CE ( LIFE4 ,TO A SY/EM BAS$ ON ! PSY*OLOGICAL OBS]VATION ?AT DESIRE IS ACCOMPANI$ BY PA9 & ITS SATISFACTION BY PLEASURE1 MU/ BE OPPOS$ A PSY*OLOGICAL REFUTATION4 ,9 ! WILL ,S*OP5HAU] ONLY CONSID]S ! OB/ACLE OR ! DEP>TURE & >RIVAL PO9TS4 ,HE =GETS ! TRAJECTORY BETWE5 ! TWO 5D PO9TS1 A TRAJECTORY EA* /EP ( :I* IS ACCOMPANI$ BY PLEASURE1 BE IT ONLY ! PLEASURE ( ANTICIPATION4 ,?IS REFUTATION IS ID5TICAL TO ?AT ( ,GUYAU1 :O IS NOT QUOT$ BY ,M4 ,SIMMEL4 ,S*OP5HAU]'S SUCCESSORS WANT$ TO ADD EMPIRICAL PRO(S TO ! METAPHYSICAL PRO( ( EVIL3 ! SUM ( ! EVIL SURPASSES ! SUM ( ! GOOD4 ,AGA9 LIKE ,GUYAU1 ,M4 ,SIMMEL REM>KS ?AT ! COMP>ISON ISN'T POSSIBLE4 ,& ,S*OP5HAU]1 FAI?FUL TO HIS PR9CIPLE ( ! METAPHYSICAL UNITY ( ! WILL & CONSEQU5TLY ( UNIV]SAL SUFF]+1 DOESN'T L+] OV] ! QUE/ION ( ! DI/RIBUTION ( GOOD & EVIL AMONG 9DIVIDUALS4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 ANY SY/EM RE/+ ON ! DIFF]5TIATION ( 9DIVIDUALS & !IR ABSOLUTE REALITY IS ESPECIALLY ATTA*$ TO ! QUE/ION ( DI/RIBUTION4 ,AN EXAMPLE3 SOCIALISM4 

,( ! TWO *APT]S ON ,NIETZS*E ONE IS CALL$ 0,HUMAN ,VALUES & ,DECAD5CE10 & ! O!R 0,! ,MORALITY ( ,DI/9CTION40 ,S*OP5HAU] RECOGNIZES ONLY ONE VALUE1 NON-LIFE4 ,NIETZS*E GLORIFIES LIFE4 ,NIETZS*E ATTACKS ,*RI/IANITY1 :I* SACRIFICES ! /RONG TO ! WEAK &1 BECAUSE ( ?IS1 IS A DECAD5CE4 ,BUT !RE IS A MISUND]/&+ 9 ! ?\<T ( ,NIETZS*E3 HE LOOKS ONLY AT ! MORAL SIDE ( ,*RI/IANITY & NOT AT ITS TRANSC5D5TAL VALUE4 ,9 REALITY ,*RI/IANITY & ,NIETZS*E EXALT ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,BUT :ILE = ,NIETZS*E IT REA*ES ITS APEX 9 ?IS LIFE1 = ,*RI/IANITY IT ONLY REA*ES IT 9 ! ,K+DOM ( ,GOD4 ,NIETZS*E DOESN'T SEE 9 ,*RI/IANITY ! 9T5SIVE CULTIVATION ( ! S\L1 HE ONLY SEES ITS PRACTICAL ALTRUISM4 ,HE ONLY SEES ! ACT ( *>ITY1 HE DOESN'T SEE ! 9T5SE /ATE ?AT PREC$ES IT4 ,HE ONLY SEES ! C5TRIFUGAL =CE & NOT ! C5TRIPETAL4 ,NIETZS*E D5IES ,GOD3 ! OPPOSITION BETWE5 ,GOD & ! ,I DEM&S ?IS4 ,ONLY ,S*LEI]MA*] WAS ABLE TO RECONCILE ! TWO BY ABSORB+ ! ONE 9 ! O!R4 ,TO ! ,K+DOM ( ,GOD ,NIETZS*E SUB/ITUTES ! IDEA ( A HUMANITY REALIZ$ BY 9DIVIDUALS ( ! ELITE1 :I* HE OPPOSES TO ?AT ( SOCIETY4 ,GOE! TOO HAD ISOLAT$ 0DAS ALLGEME9-M5S*LI*E40 ,NIETZS*E SAYS3 HUMANITY ONLY LIVES 9 9DIVIDUALS & NOT 9 SOCIETY4 ,! PROGRESS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL IS ! PROGRESS ( SOCIETY4 ,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! SOCIAL CONCEPT ! 9DIVIDUAL IS A PO9T ( 9T]SECTION ( SOCIAL ?READS4 ,FROM ! ,NIETZS*EAN PO9T ( VIEW ! 9DIVIDUAL IS A REALITY3 HE SUMS UP A L9E ( MAN ?AT EXIT$ UP TO HIS >RIVAL4 ,& IF ?IS L9E IS AN ASC5D+ L9E ! 9DIVIDUAL 9C>NATES HUMANITY'S PROGRESS4 ,M4 ,SIMMEL OPPOSES ,NIETZS*EAN 9DIVIDUALISM TO LIB]ALISM4 

,A PROPOS ( ,NIETZ*EAN >I/OCRATISM ,M4 ,SIMMEL CLEV]LY COMP>ES ,NIETZS*E & ,M4 ,MAET]L9CK4 ,NIETZS*E PLACES ! VALUE ( LIFE 9 A FEW ELITE 9DIVIDUALS & A FEW H]OIC H\RS1 CULM9AT+ PO9TS ( 9DIVIDUAL EXI/5CE1 0RUPTURE ( ! EQUILIBRIUM ( \R P5DULUM BETWE5 HEAV5 & E>?40 ,M4 ,MAET]L9CK PLACES ! VALUES ( LIFE 9 DAILY EXI/5CE & 9 EA* ( ITS MOM5TS4 ,!RE IS NO NE$ ( ! H]OIC1 ! CATA/ROPHIC1 ! EXCEPTIONAL4 0,LE>N TO V5]ATE ! SMALL H\RS ( LIFE40 ,?IS IS ! SAME IDEA AS ?AT EXPRESS$ 9 ! WORK] ES!TIC ( ! SCULPTOR ,MEUNI]3 ! 9DIVIDUAL1 >I/OCRATIC1 & ES!TIC VALUE & *>M ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 BUT :O ONLY C\NTS AS AN EQUAL DRAWN FROM A CR[D ( HIS PE]S4 ,MAET]L9CK MAKES ! DEMOCRATIC EVALUATION DESC5D 9TO ! 9F9ITE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL S\L4 

,! F9AL *APT]1 0,! ,MORALITY ( ,DI/9CTION10 CONTA9S MANY IDEAS NO LESS SUBTLE & +5I\S4 ,?US ! REM>K ?AT IT IS NOT ! ACT BUT BE+ ?AT GIVES A MAN HIS RANK4 ,SOCIETY ONLY RESPECTS :AT A MAN DOES2 HUMANITY1 ON ! O!R H&1 ONLY PR(ITS FROM :AT A MAN IS4 ,M4 ,SIMMEL RECALLS H]E ! PHRASE ( ,S*ILL]3 0,NOBLE NATURES C\NT = :AT !Y >E2 COMMON NATURES = :AT !Y DO40 

,WE HAVE GONE ON AT L5G? ON ?IS BOOK ?AT DES]VES A SPECIAL PLACE 9 ,NIETZS*EAN LIT]ATURE1 A BOOK F]TILE 9 +5I\S CONNECTIONS1 P5ETRAT+ CRITICISMS1 & SUBTLE PSY*OLOGICAL & SOCIOLOGICAL OBS]VATIONS4 ,9 SUMM>Y ! TWO ESS5TIAL PO9TS TO BE NOT$ >E3 ! REFUTATION ( ,S*OP5HAU]IAN PESSIMISM ?R\< ,GUYAU'S CONCEPTS1 & ! REFUTATION ( ,NIETZS*EAN >I/OCRATISM ?R\< ! MORAL DEMOCRATISM ( ,MAET]L9CK4 ,M4 ,SIMMEL REPROA*ES ,S*OP5HAU] = ONLY TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT EXTREME /ATES1 PA9 & PLEASURE1 & NEGLECT+ TRANSITIONAL /ATES4 ,HE REPROA*ES ,NIETZS*E = ONLY PAY+ ATT5TION TO ! SUMMITS ( LIFE & H]OIC H\RS1 & NEGLECT+ DAILY LIFE & ANONYM\S H\RS1 ?AT CONT9UITY ?AT =MS ! UN9T]RUPT$ & SOLID C\RSE ( \R DE/9Y4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aig 3 ,REVIEW ( 0,S*OP5HAU] UND ,NIETZS*E E9 VORTRAGSZYKLUS0 BY ,GEORG ,SIMMEL -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #b#a1 #bb 3 ,REVIEW ( 0,S*OP5HAU] UND ,NIETZS*E E9 VORTRAGSZYKLUS0 BY ,GEORG ,SIMMEL -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,REVIEW ( 0,S*OP5HAU] UND ,NIETZS*E E9 VORTRAGSZYKLUS0 BY ,GEORG ,SIMMEL -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/