,BOOK #b1 ,*APT] #c 
,! ,A/ONI%+ ,9/ITUTION ,CALL$ ,CRIM9AL ,LAW 

#ahiiahii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LEO ,TOL/OY 

,TRANSLATOR 3 ,L\ISE ,MAUDE 

,TEXT 3 

,MASLOVA MI<T BE S5T (F ) ! FIR/ GANG ( PRISON]S1 !RE=E ,NEKHLUD(F GOT READY = HIS DEP>TURE4 ,BUT !RE WAS SO MU* TO BE DONE ?AT HE FELT ?AT HE C\LD NOT F9I% IT1 H[EV] MU* TIME HE MI<T HAVE4 ,IT WAS QUITE DIFF]5T N[ FROM :AT IT HAD BE54 ,=M]LY HE US$ TO BE OBLIG$ TO LOOK = AN OCCUPATION1 ! 9T]E/ ( :I* ALWAYS C5T]$ 9 ONE P]SON1 I4E41 ,DMITRI ,IVANOVIT* ,NEKHLUD(F1 & YET1 ?\< EV]Y 9T]E/ ( HIS LIFE WAS ?US C5T]$1 ALL !SE OCCUPATIONS W]E V]Y WE>ISOME4 ,N[ ALL HIS OCCUPATIONS RELAT$ TO O!R PEOPLE & NOT TO ,DMITRI ,IVANOVIT*1 & !Y W]E ALL 9T]E/+ & ATTRACTIVE1 & !RE WAS NO 5D TO !M4 ,NOR WAS ?IS ALL4 ,=M]LY ,DMITRI ,IVANOVIT* ,NEKHLUD(F'S OCCUPATIONS ALWAYS MADE HIM FEEL VEX$ & IRRITABLE2 N[ !Y PRODUC$ A JOYFUL /ATE ( M9D4 ,! BUS9ESS AT PRES5T OCCUPY+ ,NEKHLUD(F C\LD BE DIVID$ UND] ?REE HEAD+S4 ,HE HIMSELF1 ) HIS USUAL P$ANTRY1 DIVID$ IT 9 ?AT WAY1 & ACCORD+LY KEPT ! PAP]S REF]R+ TO IT 9 ?REE DIFF]5T PORTFOLIOS4 ,! FIR/ REF]R$ TO ,MASLOVA1 & WAS *IEFLY ?AT ( TAK+ /EPS TO GET H] PETITION TO ! ,EMP]OR ATT5D$ TO1 & PREP>+ = H] PROBABLE J\RNEY TO ,SIB]IA4 

,! SECOND WAS AB\T HIS E/ATES4 ,9 ,PANOVO HE HAD GIV5 ! L& TO ! PEASANTS ON CONDITION ( !IR PAY+ R5T TO BE PUT TO !IR [N COMMUNAL USE4 ,BUT HE HAD TO CONFIRM ?IS TRANSACTION BY A LEGAL DE$1 & TO MAKE HIS WILL1 9 ACCORDANCE ) IT4 ,9 ,K\SM9SKI ! /ATE ( ?+S WAS /ILL AS HE HAD FIR/ >RANG$ IT1 I4E41 HE WAS TO RECEIVE ! R5T2 BUT ! T]MS HAD TO BE FIX$1 & ALSO H[ MU* ( ! MONEY HE W\LD USE TO LIVE ON1 & H[ MU* HE W\LD LEAVE = ! PEASANTS' USE4 ,AS HE DID NOT KN[ :AT HIS J\RNEY TO ,SIB]IA W\LD CO/ HIM1 HE C\LD NOT DECIDE TO LOSE ?IS REV5UE ALTOGE!R1 ?\< HE R$UC$ ! 9COME FROM IT BY HALF4 

,! ?IRD P>T ( HIS BUS9ESS WAS TO HELP ! CONVICTS1 :O APPLI$ MORE & MORE (T5 TO HIM4 ,AT FIR/ :5 HE CAME 9 CONTACT ) ! PRISON]S1 & !Y APPEAL$ TO HIM = HELP1 HE AT ONCE BEGAN 9T]C$+ = !M1 HOP+ TO LI<T5 !IR FATE1 BUT HE SOON HAD SO MANY APPLICATIONS ?AT HE FELT ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( ATT5D+ TO ALL ( !M1 & ?AT NATURALLY L$ HIM TO TAKE UP ANO!R PIECE ( WORK1 :I* AT LA/ R\S$ HIS 9T]E/ EV5 MORE ?AN ! ?REE FIR/4 ,?IS NEW P>T ( HIS BUS9ESS WAS F9D+ AN ANSW] TO ! FOLL[+ QUE/IONS3 ,:AT WAS ?IS A/ONI%+ 9/ITUTION CALL$ CRIM9AL LAW1 ( :I* ! RESULTS W]E ?AT 9 ! PRISON1 ) SOME ( ! 9MATES ( :I* HE HAD LATELY BECOME ACQUA9T$1 & 9 ALL ?OSE O!R PLACES ( CONF9EM5T1 FROM ! ,PET] & ,PAUL ,=TRESS 9 ,PET]SBURG TO ! ISL& ( ,SAKHAL91 HUNDR$S & ?\S&S ( VICTIMS W]E P9+8 ,:AT DID ?IS /RANGE CRIM9AL LAW EXI/ =8 ,H[ HAD IT ORIG9AT$8 

,FROM HIS P]SONAL RELATIONS ) ! PRISON]S1 FROM NOTES BY SOME ( ?OSE 9 CONF9EM5T1 & BY QUE/ION+ ! ADVOCATE & ! PRISON PRIE/1 ,NEKHLUD(F CAME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! CONVICTS1 ! SO-CALL$ CRIM9ALS1 C\LD BE DIVID$ 9TO FIVE CLASSES4 ,! FIR/ W]E QUITE 9NOC5T PEOPLE1 CONDEMN$ BY JUDICIAL BLUND]4 ,SU* W]E ! ,M5%(FS1 SUPPOS$ TO BE 9C5DI>IES1 ,MASLOVA1 & O!RS4 ,!RE W]E NOT MANY ( !SE2 ACCORD+ TO ! PRIE/'S WORDS1 ONLY SEV5 P] C5T41 BUT !IR CONDITION EXCIT$ P>TICUL> 9T]E/4 

,TO ! SECOND CLASS BELONG P]SONS CONDEMN$ = ACTIONS DONE UND] PECULI> CIRCUM/ANCES1 I4E41 9 A FIT ( PASSION1 JEAL\SY1 OR DRUNK5NESS1 CIRCUM/ANCES UND] :I* ?OSE :O JUDG$ !M W\LD SURELY HAVE COMMITT$ ! SAME ACTIONS4 

,! ?IRD CLASS CONSI/$ ( PEOPLE PUNI%$ = HAV+ COMMITT$ ACTIONS :I*1 ACCORD+ TO !IR UND]/&+1 W]E QUITE NATURAL1 & EV5 GOOD1 BUT :I* ?OSE O!R PEOPLE1 ! M5 :O MADE ! LAWS1 CONSID]$ TO BE CRIMES4 ,SU* W]E ! P]SONS :O SOLD SPIRITS )\T A LIC5SE1 SMUGGL]S1 ?OSE :O GA!R$ GRASS & WOOD ON L>GE E/ATES & 9 ! =E/S BELONG+ TO ! ,CR[N2 ! ?IEV+ M9]S2 & ?OSE UNBELIEV+ PEOPLE :O ROBB$ *UR*ES4 

,TO ! F\R? CLASS BELONG$ ?OSE :O W]E IMPRISON$ ONLY BECAUSE !Y /OOD MORALLY HI<] ?AN ! AV]AGE LEVEL ( SOCIETY4 ,SU* W]E ! ,SECT>IANS1 ! ,POLES1 ! ,CIRCASSIANS REBELL+ 9 ORD] TO REGA9 !IR 9DEP5D5CE1 ! POLITICAL PRISON]S1 ! ,SOCIALI/S1 ! /RIK]S CONDEMN$ = )/&+ ! AU?ORITIES4 ,!RE WAS1 ACCORD+ TO ,NEKHLUD(F'S OBS]VATIONS1 A V]Y L>GE P]C5TAGE BELONG+ TO ?IS CLASS2 AMONG !M SOME ( ! BE/ ( M54 

,! FIF? CLASS CONSI/$ ( P]SONS :O HAD BE5 F> MORE S9N$ AGA9/ BY SOCIETY ?AN !Y HAD S9N$ AGA9/ IT4 ,!SE W]E CA/AWAYS1 /UPEFI$ BY CONT9UAL OPPRESSION & TEMPTATION1 SU* AS ! BOY :O HAD /OL5 ! RUGS1 & HUNDR$S ( O!RS :OM ,NEKHLUD(F HAD SE5 9 ! PRISON & \T ( IT4 ,! CONDITIONS UND] :I* !Y LIV$ SEEM$ TO LEAD ON SY/EMATICALLY TO ?OSE ACTIONS :I* >E T]M$ CRIMES4 ,A GREAT MANY ?IEVES & MURD]]S ) :OM HE HAD LATELY COME 9 CONTACT1 ACCORD+ TO ,NEKHLUD(F'S E/IMATE1 BELONG$ TO ?IS CLASS4 ,TO ?IS CLASS ,NEKHLUD(F ALSO RECKON$ ?OSE DEPRAV$1 DEMORALIZ$ CREATURES :OM ! NEW S*OOL ( CRIM9OLOGY CLASSIFY AS ! CRIM9AL TYPE1 & ! EXI/5CE ( :I* IS CONSID]$ TO BE ! *IEF PRO( ( ! NECESSITY ( CRIM9AL LAW & PUNI%M5T4 ,?IS DEMORALIZ$1 DEPRAV$1 ABNORMAL TYPE WAS1 ACCORD+ TO ,NEKHLUD(F1 EXACTLY ! SAME AS ?AT AGA9/ :OM SOCIETY HAD S9N$1 ONLY H]E SOCIETY HAD S9N$ NOT DIRECTLY AGA9/ !M1 BUT AGA9/ !IR P>5TS & =EFA!RS4 

,AMONG ?IS LATT] CLASS ,NEKHLUD(F WAS SPECIALLY /RUCK BY ONE ,OKHOT91 AN 9VET]ATE ?IEF1 ! ILLEGITIMATE SON ( A PRO/ITUTE1 BR\<T UP 9 A DOSS-H\SE1 :O1 UP TO ! AGE ( #c1 HAD APP>5TLY NEV] MET ) ANY ONE :OSE MORALITY WAS ABOVE ?AT ( A POLICEMAN1 & :O HAD GOT 9TO A B& ( ?IEVES :5 QUITE Y\NG4 ,HE WAS GIFT$ ) AN EXTRAORD9>Y S5SE ( HUMOR1 BY MEANS ( :I* HE MADE HIMSELF V]Y ATTRACTIVE4 ,HE ASK$ ,NEKHLUD(F = PROTECTION1 AT ! SAME TIME MAK+ FUN ( HIMSELF1 ! LAWY]S1 ! PRISON1 & LAWS HUMAN & DIV9E4 

,ANO!R WAS ! H&SOME ,F$OR(F1 :O1 ) A B& ( ROBB]S1 ( :OM HE WAS ! *IEF1 HAD ROBB$ & MURD]$ AN OLD MAN1 AN (FICIAL4 ,F$OR(F WAS A PEASANT1 :OSE FA!R HAD BE5 UNLAWFULLY DEPRIV$ ( HIS H\SE1 & :O1 LAT] ON1 :5 S]V+ AS A SOLDI]1 HAD SUFF]$ MU* BECAUSE HE HAD FALL5 9 LOVE ) AN (FIC]'S MI/RESS4 ,HE HAD A FASC9AT+1 PASSIONATE NATURE1 ?AT LONG$ = 5JOYM5T AT ANY CO/4 ,HE HAD NEV] MET ANYBODY :O RE/RA9$ HIMSELF = ANY CAUSE :ATEV]1 & HAD NEV] HE>D A WORD AB\T ANY AIM 9 LIFE O!R ?AN 5JOYM5T4 

,NEKHLUD(F DI/9CTLY SAW ?AT BO? !SE M5 W]E RI*LY 5D[$ BY NATURE1 BUT HAD BE5 NEGLECT$ & CRIPPL$ LIKE UNC>$-= PLANTS4 

,HE HAD ALSO MET A TRAMP & A WOMAN :O HAD REPELL$ HIM BY !IR DULLNESS & SEEM+ CRUELTY1 BUT EV5 9 !M HE C\LD F9D NO TRACE ( ! CRIM9AL TYPE WRITT5 AB\T BY ! ,ITALIAN S*OOL1 BUT ONLY SAW 9 !M PEOPLE :O W]E REPULSIVE TO HIM P]SONALLY1 JU/ 9 ! SAME WAY AS SOME HE HAD MET \TSIDE ! PRISON1 9 SWALL[-TAIL COATS WE>+ EPAULETS1 OR B$ECK$ ) LACE4 ,& SO ! 9VE/IGATION ( ! REASONS :Y ALL !SE V]Y DIFF]5T P]SONS W]E PUT 9 PRISON1 :ILE O!RS JU/ LIKE !M W]E GO+ AB\T FREE & EV5 JUDG+ !M1 =M$ A F\R? TASK = ,NEKHLUD(F4 

,HE HOP$ TO F9D AN ANSW] TO ?IS QUE/ION 9 BOOKS1 & B\<T ALL ?AT REF]R$ TO IT4 ,HE GOT ! WORKS ( ,LOMBROSO1 ,G>(ALO1 ,F]RY1 ,LI/1 ,MAUDSLEY1 ,T>D1 & READ !M C>EFULLY4 ,BUT AS HE READ HE BECAME MORE & MORE DISAPPO9T$4 ,IT HAPP5$ TO HIM AS IT ALWAYS HAPP5S TO ?OSE :O TURN TO SCI5CE NOT 9 ORD] TO PLAY A P>T 9 IT1 NOR TO WRITE1 NOR TO DISPUTE1 NOR TO TEA*1 BUT SIMPLY = AN ANSW] TO AN EV]YDAY QUE/ION ( LIFE4 ,SCI5CE ANSW]$ ?\S&S ( DIFF]5T V]Y SUBTLE & +5I\S QUE/IONS T\*+ CRIM9AL LAW1 BUT NOT ! ONE HE WAS TRY+ TO SOLVE4 ,HE ASK$ A V]Y SIMPLE QUE/ION3 0,:Y1 & ) :AT RI<T1 DO SOME PEOPLE LOCK UP1 TORM5T1 EXILE1 FLOG1 & KILL O!RS1 :ILE !Y >E !MSELVES JU/ LIKE ?OSE :OM !Y TORM5T1 FLOG1 & KILL80 ,& 9 ANSW] HE GOT DELIB]ATIONS AS TO :E!R HUMAN BE+S HAD FREE WILL OR NOT4 ,:E!R SIGNS ( CRIM9ALITY C\LD BE DETECT$ BY MEASUR+ ! SKULLS OR NOT4 ,:AT P>T H]$ITY PLAY$ 9 CRIME4 ,:E!R IMMORALITY C\LD BE 9H]IT$4 ,:AT MADNESS IS1 :AT DEG5]ATION IS1 & :AT TEMP]AM5T IS4 ,H[ CLIMATE1 FOOD1 IGNORANCE1 IMITATIV5ESS1 HYPNOTISM1 OR PASSION ACT4 ,:AT SOCIETY IS4 ,:AT >E ITS DUTIES1 ETC41 ETC4 

,!SE DISQUISITIONS REM9D$ HIM ( ! ANSW] HE ONCE GOT FROM A LITTLE BOY :OM HE MET COM+ HOME FROM S*OOL4 ,NEKHLUD(F ASK$ HIM IF HE HAD LE>N$ HIS SPELL+4 

0,I HAVE10 ANSW]$ ! BOY4 

0,WELL1 !N1 TELL ME1 H[ DO Y\ SPELL 'LEG'80 

0,A DOG'S LEG1 OR :AT K9D ( LEG80 ! BOY ANSW]$1 ) A SLY LOOK4 

,ANSW]S 9 ! =M ( NEW QUE/IONS1 LIKE ! BOY'S1 WAS ALL ,NEKHLUD(F GOT 9 REPLY TO HIS ONE PRIM>Y QUE/ION4 ,HE F\ND MU* ?AT WAS CLEV]1 LE>N$ MU* ?AT WAS 9T]E/+1 BUT :AT HE DID NOT F9D WAS AN ANSW] TO ! PR9CIPAL QUE/ION3 ,BY :AT RI<T SOME PEOPLE PUNI% O!RS8 

,NOT ONLY DID HE NOT F9D ANY ANSW]1 BUT ALL ! >GUM5TS W]E BR\<T =W>D 9 ORD] TO EXPLA9 & V9DICATE PUNI%M5T1 ! NECESSITY ( :I* WAS TAK5 AS AN AXIOM4 

,NEKHLUD(F READ MU*1 BUT ONLY 9 SNAT*ES1 & PUTT+ D[N HIS FAILURE TO ?IS SUP]FICIAL WAY ( READ+1 HOP$ TO F9D ! ANSW] LAT] ON4 ,HE W\LD NOT ALL[ HIMSELF TO BELIEVE 9 ! TRU? ( ! ANSW] :I* BEGAN1 MORE & MORE (T51 TO PRES5T ITSELF TO HIM4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahih 3 ,BOOK #b1 ,*APT] #c -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#c1 #bba 3 ,BOOK #b1 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 

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