,REPORT ON ,FASCISM ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,AMADEO ,BORDIGA ,TEXT 3 ,F\R? ,CONGRESS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,REPORT ON ,FASCISM ,NOVEMB] #a#f1 #aibb ,S\RCE3 ,PUBLI%$ 9 ,T[>D ! ,UNIT$ ,FRONT3 ,PROCE$+S ( ! ,F\R? ,CONGRESS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 #aibb 7HTTPS3_/_/WWW4HAYM>KETBOOKS4ORG_/BOOKS_/#d#g#b-T[>D-!-UNIT$-FRONT71 PP4 #d#c-#d#b#c ,TRANSLATION3 ,TRANSLATION BY ,JOHN ,RIDDELL ,H,T,M,L ,M>KUP3 ,DAVID ,WALT]S = ! ,M>XI/S ,9T]NET ,>*IVE1 #bah ,COPYRI COMRADES1 ,I REGRET ?AT UNUSUAL CIRCUM/ANCES AFFECT+ COMMUNICATION BETWE5 \R DELEGATION & \R P>TY PREV5T ME FROM HAV+ ACCESS TO ALL ! S\RCE MAT]IAL ON ?IS QUE/ION4.<#e.> ,!RE IS A WRITT5 REPORT FROM ,COMRADE ,TOGLIATTI1 BUT ,I DO NOT HAVE IT H]E2 9 FACT1 ,I HAVE NOT HAD A *ANCE TO READ IT4 ,) REG>D TO ! PRECISE /ATI/ICAL DATA1 ,I MU/ REF] COMRADES :O WI% DETAIL$ 9=MATION TO ?IS REPORT1 :I* WILL SURELY >RIVE SOON & WILL BE TRANSLAT$ & DI/RIBUT$ H]E4 ,I HAVE JU/ RECEIV$ NEW 9=MATION FROM A REPRES5TATIVE ( \R P>TY'S C5T] :O >RIV$ 9 ,MOSC[ YE/]DAY EV5+ & 9=M$ US REG>D+ ! MO/ REC5T FASCI/ ATTACKS ON ,ITALIAN COMRADES4 ,I WILL TAKE UP ?IS NEWS 9 ! LA/ P>T ( MY REPORT4 ,GIV5 :AT ,COMRADE ,RADEK SAID H]E YE/]DAY 9 HIS TALK REG>D+ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY'S RESPONSE TO FASCISM1 ,I MU/ ALSO TAKE UP ANO!R SIDE ( ! QUE/ION4 ,\R ,COMRADE ,RADEK CRITICIZ$ ! /ANCE ( \R P>TY T[>D ! QUE/ION ( ! FASCI/S1 N[ ! DOM9ANT POLITICAL ISSUE 9 ,ITALY4 ,HE CRITICIZ$ \R POSITION - \R SO-CALL$ POSITION - AS BE+ ?AT WE WANT TO HAVE A SMALL P>TY & JUDGE ALL ISSUES SOLELY FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! P>TY'S ORGANIZATION & ITS IMM$IATE ROLE1 )\T ADDRESS+ ! GREAT POLITICAL QUE/IONS4 ,S9CE TIME IS %ORT1 ,I WILL TRY NOT TO BE BRIEF4 ,9 DISCUSS+ ! ,ITALIAN QUE/ION & \R RELATION%IP TO ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY WE WILL ALSO HAVE TO TAKE UP ! QUE/ION ( ! NEW SITUATION 9 ,ITALY CREAT$ BY FASCISM4 ,LET ME GO DIRECTLY TO MY REPORT1 BEG9N+ ) ! ORIG9S ( ! FASCI/ MOVEM5T4 ,:AT Y\ MID ORIG9 REA*ES BACK TO ! YE>S #aiad & #a#i#a#e1 ! P]IOD LEAD+ UP TO ,ITALY'S 5TRY 9TO ! ,WORLD ,W>4 ,IT BEGAN ) GR\PS SUPPORT+ ?IS 9T]V5TION1 :I* 9CLUD$ REPRES5TATIVES ( DIFF]5T POLITICAL CURR5TS4 ,!RE WAS A RI4 ,9 FACT1 BE=E !Y CAME \T = W> ON ! ,5T5TE SIDE1 !Y ACTUALLY HAD FAVOR$ W> AGA9/ ! ,5T5TE4 ,9 ADDITION1 !RE W]E CURR5TS ( ! LEFT B\RGEOISIE3 ! ,ITALIAN RADICALS1 LEFT-W+ DEMOCRATS & REPUBLICANS :OSE TRADITION DEM&$ LIB]ATION ( ,TRIE/E & ! ,TR5T9O4.<#f.> ,& ?IRDLY1 ! 9T]V5TION MOVEM5T ALSO EMBRAC$ SOME ELEM5TS ( ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T3 REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S & AN>*I/S4 ,& ?IS GR\P+ ALSO 9CLUD$ AN 9DIVIDUAL ( P>TICUL> IMPORTANCE1 ,MUSSOL9I1 ! LEAD] ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY'S LEFT W+ & ! DIRECTOR ( ,AVANTI4 ,BY & L>GE1 ! MIDDLE GR\P DID NOT TAKE P>T 9 ! FASCI/ MOVEM5T & WAS REABSORB$ 9TO TRADITIONAL B\RGEOIS POLITICS4 ,:AT REMA9$ 9 ! FASCI/ MOVEM5T W]E ! F>-RI LEFT3 EX-AN>*I/S1 EX-SYNDICALI/S1 & EX-REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S4 ,9 ,MAY #a#i#a#e1 ! C\NTRY WAS DRAGG$ 9TO ! W> AGA9/ ! WILL ( ! MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION & EV5 ( P>LIAM5T1 :I* F\ND NO WAY TO RESI/ ?IS SUDD5 POLITICAL C\P4 ,?IS WAS A BIG VICTORY = !SE POLITICAL GR\PS4 ,BUT :5 ! W> 5D$1 !IR 9FLU5CE DW9DL$ - 9 FACT1 !Y W]E AW>E ( ?IS EV5 DUR+ ! W>4 ,!Y HAD IMAG9$ ! W> AS A V]Y SIMPLE UND]TAK+4 ,AS PEOPLE SAW ?AT ! W> WAS DRAGG+ ON1 !SE GR\PS COMPLETELY LO/ !IR POPUL>ITY1 :I* TO BE FRANK WAS NEV] ?AT GREAT4 ,:5 ! W> 5D$1 !SE GR\PS' 9FLU5CE BECAME M9IMAL4 ,DUR+ & AFT] ! P]IOD ( DEMOBILIZATION1 T[>D ! 5D ( #a#i#a#h1 DUR+ #a#i#a#i1 & ! FIR/ HALF ( #a#i#b1 AMID ! G5]ALIZ$ DISCONT5T G5]AT$ BY ! RESULTS ( ! W>1 ?IS POLITICAL T5D5CY WAS COMPLETELY 9EFFECTIVE4 ,NONE!LESS1 !RE IS A POLITICAL & ORGANIZATIONAL CONNECTION BETWE5 ! MOVEM5T ?AT !N SEEM$ ALMO/ EXT+UI%$ & ! P[]FUL MOVEM5T N[ DEPLOY$ BE=E \R EYES4 ,! FASCI DI COMBATTIM5TO . NEV] W5T \T ( EXI/5CE4 ,MUSSOL9I REMA9$ LEAD] ( ! FASCI/ MOVEM5T1 :OSE PAP] IS ,IL ,POPOLO D',ITALIA .4 ,9 ! ELECTIONS AT ! 5D ( ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#i1 ! FASCI/S W]E UTT]LY DEFEAT$ 9 ,MILAN1 :]E !IR DAILY PAP] & LEAD]%IP WAS LOCAT$4 ,!IR VOTE TOTAL WAS EXTREMELY SMALL1 YET !Y CONT9U$ !IR WORK4 ,?ANKS TO ! REVOLUTION>Y 5?USIASM ?AT HAD TAK5 HOLD ( ! MASSES1 ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ CURR5T ( ! PROLET>IAT BECAME MU* /RONG] AFT] ! W>4 ,!RE IS NO NE$ = ME TO GO 9TO ! CAUSES = ?AT H]E4 ,NONE!LESS ?IS CURR5T DID NOT KN[ H[ TO UTILIZE ?IS FAVORABLE SITUATION4 ,9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS1 ?IS T5D5CY WI!R$ AWAY COMPLETELY BECAUSE ALL ! FAVORABLE OBJECTIVE & PSY*OLOGICAL CONDITIONS = /R5G!N+ A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION W]E NOT MAT*$ BY ! EXI/5CE ( A P>TY CAPABLE ( UTILIZ+ ?IS SITUATION TO BUILD A /ABLE ORGANIZATION4 ,I DO NOT CLAIM1 AS ,COMRADE ,Z9OVIEV HAS DONE1 ?AT ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY C\LD HAVE MADE ! REVOLUTION 9 ?OSE DAYS4 ,BUT AT ! V]Y LEA/ IT C\LD HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 5D[+ ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES ( ! WORK+ MASSES ) A SOLID ORGANIZATION4 ,IT WAS NOT CAPABLE ( C>RY+ \T ?IS TASK4 ,WE !RE=E HAD TO WITNESS ! DECL9E ( ! POPUL>ITY PREVI\SLY 5JOY$ BY ! SOCIALI/ CURR5T 9 ,ITALY1 ) ITS CONSI/5T ANTIW> /ANCE4 ,& 9 ?IS CRISIS ( ,ITALIAN SOCIAL LIFE1 TO ! DEGREE ?AT ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T MADE ONE MI/AKE AFT] ANO!R1 ! OPPOSITE MOVEM5T1 FASCISM1 BEGAN TO GA9 /R5G?4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 FASCISM SUCCE$$ V]Y WELL 9 TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! CRISIS ?AT N[ GRIPP$ ! ECONOMY & :OSE EFFECTS W]E 9CREAS+LY FELT BY ! PROLET>IAT'S TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS4 ,AT ! MO/ CRITICAL MOM5T1 ! FASCI/ MOVEM5T GA9$ /R5G? FROM ,D',ANNUNZIO'S EXP$ITION TO ,FIUME1 :I* 5D[$ IT ) A C]TA9 MORAL AU?ORITY4.<#g.> ,AL?\< ,D',ANNUNZIO'S MOVEM5T WAS DI/9CT FROM FASCISM1 ?AT EV5T L$ TO ! RISE ( ITS ORGANIZATION & >M$ /R5G?4 ,WE HAVE REF]R$ TO ! CONDUCT ( ! PROLET>IAN SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 :OSE MI/AKES W]E REPEAT$LY CRITICIZ$ BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,!SE MI/AKES L$ TO A COMPLETE REV]SAL 9 ! ATTITUDE ( ! B\RGEOISIE & O!R CLASSES4 ,! PROLET>IAT WAS DIVID$ & DEMORALIZ$4 ,AS ! WORK+ CLASS SAW VICTORY SLIP ?R\< ITS H&S1 ITS MOOD %IFT$ RADICALLY4 ,IT CAN BE SAID ?AT 9 #aiai & #aib ! ,ITALIAN B\RGEOISIE HAD SOME:AT COME TO T]MS ) ! FACT ?AT IT W\LD HAVE TO WITNESS ! VICTORY ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,! MIDDLE CLASS & PETTY-B\RGEOISIE W]E 9CL9$ TO PLAY A PASSIVE ROLE1 FOLL[+ 9 ! WAKE NOT ( ! BIG B\RGEOISIE BUT ( ! PROLET>IAT1 :I* WAS ON ! $GE ( VICTORY4 ,BUT N[ ! MOOD *ANG$ FUNDAM5TALLY4 ,RA!R ?AN WITNESS+ A PROLET>IAN VICTORY1 WE SEE 9/EAD H[ ! B\RGEOISIE IS GA!R+ ITS =CES = DEF5SE4 ,AS ! MIDDLE CLASS SAW ?AT ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY WAS NOT ABLE TO ORGANIZE ITSELF TO GET ! UPP] H&1 !Y GAVE EXPRESSION TO !IR DISSATISFACTION4 ,!Y GRADUALLY LO/ ! CONFID5CE !Y HAD PLAC$ 9 ! PROLET>IAT'S DET]M9ATION & TURN$ T[>D ! OPPOSITE SIDE4 ,AT ?IS MOM5T ! B\RGEOISIE LAUN*$ ! CAPITALI/ (F5SIVE1 CAPITALIZ+ ABOVE ALL ON ! MOOD ( ! MIDDLE CLASS4 ,?ANKS TO ITS V]Y HET]OG5E\S COMPOSITION1 FASCISM WAS ABLE TO SOLVE ?IS PROBLEM2 9DE$ IT WAS EV5 ABLE TO RE9 9 SOME:AT ! (F5SIVE ( ! B\RGEOISIE & CAPITALISM4 ,ITALY IS A CLASSIC EXAMPLE ( ! CAPITALI/ (F5SIVE4 ,AS ,COMRADE ,RADEK EXPLA9$ H]E YE/]DAY1 ?IS (F5SIVE IS A COMPLEX PH5OM5ON1 :I* MU/ BE EXAM9$ NOT ONLY 9 T]MS ( WAGE R$UCTIONS OR EXT5SION ( ! H\RS ( WORK1 BUT ALSO 9 ! G5]AL >5A ( ! B\RGEOISIE'S POLITICAL & MILIT>Y CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,9 ,ITALY1 DUR+ ! P]IOD ( FASCISM'S DEVELOPM5T1 WE HAVE EXP]I5C$ EV]Y =M ( ! CAPITALI/ (F5SIVE4 ,FROM ITS V]Y BEG9N+S1 AFT] A CRITICAL DISCUSSION ( ! SITUATION1 \R ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9DICAT$ TO ! ,ITALIAN PROLET>IAT ITS TASKS 9 UNIFI$ SELF-DEF5SE AGA9/ ! B\RGEOIS (F5SIVE4 ,IT DREW UP A COH]5T PLAN = ! PROLET>IAT'S MOBILIZATION AGA9/ ?IS (F5SIVE4 ,9 ORD] TO EXAM9E ! CAPITALI/ (F5SIVE AS A :OLE1 WE MU/ ANALYZE ! SITUATION 9 G5]AL T]MS1 P>TICUL>LY ) REF]5CE TO 9DU/RY1 ON ! ONE H&1 & AGRICULTURE ON ! O!R4 ,9 9DU/RY ! CAPITALI/ (F5SIVE TOOK ADVANTAGE ABOVE ALL ( ! ECONOMIC CONDITIONS4 ,! CRISIS HAD BEGUN1 & UNEMPLOYM5T WAS SPREAD+4 ,A PORTION ( ! WORK]S HAD TO BE LAID (F1 & IT WAS SIMPLE = ! EMPLOY]S TO ?R[ \T ( ! FACTORIES ! WORK]S :O L$ ! TRADE UNIONS1 ! EXTREMI/S4 ,! 9DU/RIAL CRISIS 5ABL$ ! EMPLOY]S TO R$UCE WAGES & TO PLACE 9 QUE/ION ! DISCIPL9>Y & MORAL CONCESSIONS !Y HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 =C$ TO GRANT ! WORK]S ( !IR FACTORIES4 ,AT ! \TSET ( ?IS CRISIS1 ! EMPLOY]S =M$ A CLASS ALLIANCE1 ! ,G5]AL ,LEAGUE ( ,9DU/RY1 :I* ORGANIZ$ ?IS /RUGGLE & DIRECT$ ! CAMPAIGN 9 EA* SEP>ATE BRAN* ( 9DU/RY4 ,9 ! MAJOR CITIES1 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! WORK+ CLASS DID NOT BEG9 ) ! IMM$IATE USE ( =CE4 ,9 G5]AL1 ! URBAN WORK]S W]E 9 L>GE GR\PS2 !Y C\LD READILY GA!R 9 L>GE NUMB]S & (F] A S]I\S DEF5SE4 ,! PROLET>IAT WAS ABOVE ALL DRIV5 9TO TRADE UNION /RUGGLES1 :I* UND] ! CONDITIONS ( ACUTE ECONOMIC CRISIS HAD UNFAVORABLE \TCOMES4 ,UNEMPLOYM5T WAS GR[+ /EADILY4 ,! ONLY WAY TO SUCCESSFULLY )/& ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLES UNFOLD+ ACROSS 9DU/RY W\LD HAVE BE5 TO TRANSF] ACTIVITY FROM ! TRADE UNION DOMA9 TO ?AT ( REVOLUTION1 ?R\< ! DICTATOR%IP ( A G5U9ELY ,COMMUNI/ POLITICAL P>TY4 ,BUT ! ,ITALIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY WAS NOT SU* AN ORGANIZATION4 ,DUR+ ! DECISIVE CONFRONTATION1 IT WAS NOT ABLE TO %IFT ! ACTIVITY ( ! ,ITALIAN PROLET>IAT 9TO A REVOLUTION>Y FRAMEWORK4 ,! P]IOD 9 :I* ,ITALIAN TRADE UNIONS HAD WON MAJOR SUCCESSES 9 IMPROV+ WORK+ CONDITIONS N[ GAVE WAY TO ONE ( DEF5SIVE /RIKES BY ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! TRADE UNIONS SUFF]$ ONE DEFEAT AFT] ANO!R4 ,9 ,ITALY ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( AGRICULTURAL CLASSES1 ESPECIALLY RURAL WAGE WORK]S & ALSO LAY]S ?AT >E NOT FULLY PROLET>IANIZ$1 HAS GREAT IMPORTANCE4 ,! RUL+ CLASSES HAD TO UTILIZE A WEAPON ( /RUGGLE TO C\NT] ! 9FLU5CE ?AT ,R$ ORGANIZATIONS HAD WON 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,9 A L>GE P>T ( ,ITALY1 NAMELY ! PLA9 ( ! ,PO1 :I* IS ECONOMICALLY ! MO/ IMPORTANT1 ! SITUATION LOOK$ SURPRIS+LY LIKE A LOCAL DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT OR AT LEA/ ( ! RURAL WORK]S4 ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY HAD WON CONTROL ( MANY MUNICIPALITIES AT ! 5D ( #aib & 9/ITUT$ A MUNICIPAL TAX POLICY DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! AGRICULTURAL & MIDDLE B\RGEOISIE4 ,WE HAD FL\RI%+ TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS !RE1 PLUS SIGNIFICANT COOP]ATIVES & MANY BRAN*ES ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY4 ,& EV5 :]E ! MOVEM5T WAS L$ BY ! RE=MI/S1 ! RURAL WORK+ CLASS TOOK A REVOLUTION>Y /&4 ,! EMPLOY]S W]E =C$ TO PAY TAXES TO ! ORGANIZATION1 A C]TA9 SUM ?AT W\LD PROVIDE A SORT ( GU>ANTEE ?AT ! EMPLOY] W\LD RESPECT ! CONTRACT IMPOS$ ON HIM BY TRADE UNION /RUGGLE4 ,! SITUATION WAS SU* ?AT ! AGRICULTURAL B\RGEOISIE C\LD NO LONG] LIVE 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE & WAS =C$ TO RETREAT TO ! CITIES4 ,! ,ITALIAN ,SOCIALI/S COMMITT$ C]TA9 ]RORS1 ESPECIALLY ) REG>D TO ! ACQUISITION ( L& & ! T5D5CY ( POOR T5ANTS AFT] ! W> TO PUR*ASE L& 9 ORD] TO BECOME SMALLHOLD]S4 ,! RE=MI/ ORGANIZATIONS =C$ !SE T5ANTS TO REMA91 AS IT W]E1 SLAVES ( ! MOVEM5T ( RURAL WORK]S4 ,?AT 5ABL$ ! FASCI/ MOVEM5T TO GA9 SOLID SUPPORT H]E4 ,9 AGRICULTURE !RE WAS NO CRISIS ( VA/ UNEMPLOYM5T1 :I* W\LD HAVE 5ABL$ ! L&[N]S TO WAGE A VICTORI\S C\NT](F5SIVE ON ! LEVEL ( TRADE UNION /RUGGLES4 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS SITUATION ?AT ! EXPANSION ( FASCISM BEGAN1 BAS$ ON USE ( PHYSICAL VIOL5CE & >M$ =CE4 ,ITS BASE WAS ! RURAL L&[N+ CLASS1 & IT ALSO UTILIZ$ ! DISSATISFACTION >\S$ AMONG ! MIDDLE LAY] ( AGRICULTURAL CLASSES BY ! ORGANIZATIONAL ]RORS ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & ! RE=MI/ LEAD]S4 ,FASCISM BAS$ ITSELF ON ! OV]ALL SITUATION3 ! /EADILY GR[+ DISCONT5T ( ALL PETTY-B\RGEOIS LAY]S1 ! SMALL M]*ANTS1 ! SMALL L&HOLD]S1 ! DIS*>G$ SOLDI]S1 & ! =M] (FIC]S1 :O1 AFT] ! ROLE !Y HAD PLAY$ 9 ! W>1 W]E DISAPPO9T$ BY !IR CURR5T /ATUS4 ,ALL !SE ELEM5TS W]E UTILIZ$1 ORGANIZ$1 & =M$ UP 9TO CONT+5TS4 ,& !N ?IS MOVEM5T TACKL$ ! TASK ( DE/ROY+ ! P[] ( ,R$ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! ,ITALIAN C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! ME?OD UTILIZ$ BY FASCISM IS QUITE DI/9CTIVE4 ,FASCISM ASSEMBL$ ALL ! DIS*>G$ SOLDI]S :O C\LD NOT F9D !IR PLACE 9 SOCIETY AFT] ! W> & PUT !IR MILIT>Y EXP]I5CE TO WORK4 ,! FIR/ /EP WAS TO =M ITS MILIT>Y DETA*M5TS NOT 9 ! BIG 9DU/RIAL CITIES BUT 9 ! LOCALITIES ?AT CAN BE VIEW$ AS C5T]S ( ,ITALIAN AGRICULTURAL DI/RICTS1 LIKE ,BOLOGNA & ,FLOR5CE4 ,!Y F\ND SUPPORT H]E FROM ! MUNICIPAL AU?ORITIES1 ( :I* MORE LAT]4 ,! FASCI/S HAD WEAPONS & TRANSPORT1 5JOY$ IMMUNITY FROM ! LAW1 & MADE USE ( !SE FAVORABLE CONDITIONS EV5 9 DI/RICTS :]E !Y W]E NUM]ICALLY /ILL SMALL] ?AN !IR OPPON5TS4 ,TO BEG9 )1 !Y ORGANIZ$ 'PUNITIVE EXP$ITIONS'4 ,H]E IS H[ ?IS WAS DONE3 ,!Y OV]RAN A SPECIFIC SMALL T]RITORY1 DE/ROY$ ! HEADQU>T]S ( PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATIONS1 =CIBLY COMPELL$ ! MUNICIPAL C\NCILS TO RESIGN1 IF NECESS>Y W\ND+ OR KILL+ ! LEAD]S ( !IR OPPON5TS1 OR AT LEA/ =C+ !M TO LEAVE ! REGION4 ,! WORK]S ( ?IS LOCALITY W]E NOT 9 A POSITION TO M\NT RESI/ANCE AGA9/ !SE CONT+5TS1 >M$ & SUPPORT$ BY ! POLICE & PULL$ TOGE!R FROM ALL P>TS ( ! C\NTRY4 ,! LOCAL FASCI/ GR\P1 :I* PREVI\SLY HAD NOT D>$ *ALL5GE ! /R5G? ( ! PROLET>IAN =CES 9 ?AT >EA1 C\LD N[ W9 ! UPP] H&4 ,PEASANTS & WORK]S W]E N[ T]RORIZ$ & KNEW ?AT IF !Y D>$ M\NT ANY K9D ( CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ?IS GR\P1 ! FASCI/S W\LD REPEAT !IR EXP$ITION ) MU* /RONG] =CES1 AGA9/ :I* NO RESI/ANCE WAS POSSIBLE4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 FASCISM WON A DOM9ANT POSITION 9 ,ITALIAN POLITICS1 M>*+ ACROSS ! L&1 ONE DI/RICT AFT] ANO!R1 ACCORD+ TO A PLAN ?AT CAN V]Y EASILY BE TRAC$ ON A MAP4 ,ITS />T+ PO9T WAS ,BOLOGNA4 ,A SOCIALI/ CITY ADM9I/RATION WAS 9/ALL$ !RE 9 ,SEPTEMB] & ,OCTOB] #a#i#b1 ACCOMPANI$ BY A BIG MOBILIZATION ( ,R$ =CES4 ,!RE W]E 9CID5TS3 . SESSIONS W]E DISRUPT$ BY PROVOCATIONS FROM \TSIDE4 ,%OTS W]E FIR$ AT ! B5*ES ( ! B\RGEOIS M9ORITY1 P]HAPS BY AG5TS PROVOCATEURS4 ,?IS OCCURR5CE L$ TO ! FIR/ BIG FASCI/ ATTACK4 ,REACTION WAS N[ UNLEA%$1 C>RY+ \T DE/RUCTION1 >SON1 & ACTS ( VIOL5CE AGA9/ LEAD]S ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,AID$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 ! FASCI/S TOOK CONTROL ( ! CITY4 ,!SE EV5TS ON ! HI/ORIC DAY ( #ba ,NOVEMB] #aib LAUN*$ ! T]ROR1 & ! ,BOLOGNA MUNICIPAL C\NCIL WAS NEV] ABLE TO RETURN TO (FICE4 ,SPREAD+ \T FROM ,BOLOGNA1 FASCISM FOLL[$ A PA? ?AT WE CANNOT DESCRIBE H]E 9 ALL ITS DETAILS4 ,WE WILL SAY ONLY ?AT IT EXP&$ 9 TWO GEOGRAPHICAL DIRECTIONS3 FIR/LY TO ! 9DU/RIAL TRIANGLE ( ! ,NOR?WE/3 ,MILAN1 ,TUR91 & ,G5OA2 SECONDLY TO ,TUSCANY & ! C5T] ( ,ITALY1 9 ORD] TO SURR\ND & ?REAT5 ! CAPITAL4 ,IT WAS CLE> FROM ! \TSET ?AT ! SAME FACTORS ?AT HAD BLOCK$ ! EM]G5CE ( A L>GE SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 S\!RN ,ITALY ALSO PREV5T$ ! GR[? ( A FASCI/ MOVEM5T !RE4 ,SO LITTLE IS ! FASCI/ MOVEM5T AN EXPRESSION ( ! BACKW>D SECTOR ( ! B\RGEOISIE ?AT IT APPE>$ 9ITIALLY NOT 9 S\!RN ,ITALY BUT PRECISELY 9 ! >EA :]E ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T WAS MO/ DEVELOP$ & ! CLASS /RUGGLE WAS MO/ EVID5T4 ,GIV5 !SE FACTS1 H[ %\LD ! FASCI/ MOVEM5T BE UND]/OOD8 ,IS IT A PURELY AGR>IAN MOVEM5T8 ,?AT WAS NOT AT ALL :AT WE MEANT :5 WE EXPLA9$ ?AT ! MOVEM5T GREW UP PRIM>ILY 9 RURAL >EAS4 ,FASCISM CANNOT BE DESCRIB$ AS AN 9DEP5D5T MOVEM5T ( ANY SPECIFIC SECTOR ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,IT IS NOT AN ORGANIZATION ( AGR>IAN 9T]E/S OPPOS$ TO ?OSE ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM4 ,LET US NOTE ?AT EV5 9 DI/RICTS :]E FASCI/ ACTIONS TOOK PLACE ONLY 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 IT BUILT ITS POLITICAL_/MILIT>Y ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! BIG CITIES4 ,BY P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! ELECTIONS ( #a#i#b#a1 ! FASCI/S OBTA9$ A P>LIAM5T>Y CAUCUS4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 9DEP5D5TLY FROM FASCISM1 AN AGR>IAN P>TY WAS =M$4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( FUR!R EV5TS WE SAW ?AT ! 9DU/RIAL EMPLOY]S SUPPORT$ FASCISM4 ,A DECISIVE /EP 9 ?IS NEW SITUATION WAS ! REC5T DECL>ATION ( ! ,G5]AL ,LEAGUE ( ,9DU/RY1 :I* PROPOS$ ?AT ,MUSSOL9I BE ASK$ TO =M A NEW CAB9ET4 ,BUT EV5 MORE SIGNIFICANT 9 ?IS REG>D IS ! PH5OM5ON ( ! FASCI/ TRADE UNION MOVEM5T4 ,AS ,I SAID1 ! FASCI/S KNEW H[ TO PR(IT FROM ! FACT ?AT ! SOCIALI/S NEV] HAD AN AGR>IAN POLICY1 & ?AT C]TA9 =CES 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 :O W]E NOT CLE>LY P>T ( ! PROLET>IAT1 HAD 9T]E/S C\NT]POS$ TO ?OSE ( ! ,SOCIALI/S4 ,! FASCI/ MOVEM5T HAD TO EMPLOY EV]Y 9/RUM5T ( BRUTAL & SAVAGE VIOL5CE4 ,YET IT WAS ABLE TO COMB9E ?IS ) ! USE ( ! MO/ CYNICAL DEMAGOGY4 ,FASCISM ATTEMPT$ TO BUILD CLASS ORGANIZATIONS ( ! PEASANTS & EV5 ! RURAL WAGE WORK]S4 ,9 A C]TA9 S5SE IT EV5 OPPOS$ ! L&[N]S4 ,!RE W]E EXAMPLES ( TRADE UNION /RUGGLES UND] FASCI/ LEAD]%IP ?AT W]E QUITE SIMIL> 9 !IR ME?ODS TO ?OSE ( ! E>LI] ,R$ ORGANIZATIONS4 ,?IS MOVEM5T1 :I* USES COMPULSION & T]ROR TO CREATE FASCI/ TRADE UNIONS1 IS NOT 9 ANY WAY A =M ( /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! EMPLOY]S4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IT W\LD ALSO BE WRONG TO CONCLUDE ?AT FASCISM IS A MOVEM5T ( ! AGRICULTURAL EMPLOY]S AS SU*4 ,9 REALITY FASCISM IS A L>GE & UNIFI$ MOVEM5T ( ! RUL+ CLASS1 CAPABLE ( TURN+ TO ITS ADVANTAGE & MAK+ USE ( EV]Y MEANS & ALL P>TICUL> & LOCAL 9T]E/S ( DIFF]5T GR\PS ( AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL EMPLOY]S4 ,! PROLET>IAT DID NOT SUCCE$ 9 UNIFY+ 9 A UNIT$ ORGANIZATION = A COMMON /RUGGLE TO TAKE P[]1 SUBORD9AT+ TO ?IS GOAL ! IMM$IATE 9T]E/S ( SMALL GR\PS4 ,IT WAS NOT ABLE TO RESOLVE ?IS PROBLEM AT ! PROP] TIME4 ,! ,ITALIAN B\RGEOISIE SEIZ$ ON ?IS FACT & SET \T TO DO ?IS 9 ITS [N RIIAN1 CAPITALI/ (F5SIVE4 ,FASCISM CREAT$ A TRADE UNION MOVEM5T4 ,:AT WAS ITS PURPOSE8 ,TO CONDUCT A CLASS /RUGGLE8 ,NEV]6 ,! FASCI/ TRADE UNION MOVEM5T WAS BUILT ) ! SLOGAN ?AT ALL ECONOMIC 9T]E/S HAVE ! RI\ND ! SAME PR9CIPLE4 ,! ACTIONS ( ALL PR(ESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS MU/ BE SUBORD9AT$ TO NATIONAL 9T]E/S1 NATIONAL PRODUCTION1 NATIONAL PRE/IGE1 & SO ON4 ,?IS IS CLASS COLLABORATION1 NOT CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,ALL 9T]E/S >E WELD$ TOGE!R 9 A SO-CALL$ NATIONAL 9T]E/4 ,WE KN[ WELL :AT SU* NATIONAL UNITY MEANS3 ! ABSOLUTE & C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y PRES]VATION ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE & ITS 9/ITUTIONS4 ,9 \R OP9ION1 ! CREATION ( FASCISM CAN BE PUT D[N TO ?REE MA9 FACTORS3 ! /ATE1 ! BIG B\RGEOISIE1 & ! MIDDLE CLASSES4 ,! FIR/ ( !SE FACTORS IS ! /ATE1 :I* PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ,ITALY 9 ! CREATION ( FASCISM4 ,REPORTS ( ! ,ITALIAN B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T'S CRISES1 OCCURR+ 9 QUICK SUCCESSION1 GIVE RISE TO ! BELIEF ?AT ! ,ITALIAN B\RGEOISIE POSSES A /ATE APP>ATUS ?AT IS SO PREC>I\S ?AT A S+LE BL[ W\LD SUFFICE TO OV]?R[ IT4 ,?AT IS 5TIRELY WRONG4 ,! B\RGEOISIE WAS ABLE TO BUILD UP ! FASCI/ ORGANIZATION PRECISELY TO ! DEGREE ?AT ! /ATE APP>ATUS /ABILIZ$4 ,DUR+ ! P]IOD IMM$IATELY FOLL[+ ! W>1 ! /ATE APP>ATUS EXP]I5C$ A CRISIS4 ,ITS OBVI\S CAUSE WAS DEMOBILIZATION3 ALL ! =CES ?AT HAD BE5 5GAG$ 9 ! W> W]E SUDD5LY ?R[N ONTO ! LABOR M>KET4 ,AT ?IS CRITICAL MOM5T ! MA*9]Y ( /ATE1 :I* UP UNTIL !N HAD BE5 BUSY DELIV]+ ALL ! MEANS ( /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! EXT]NAL FOE1 HAD TO *ANGE 9TO AN APP>ATUS TO DEF5D ITS P[] AGA9/ 9T]NAL REVOLUTION4 ,= ! B\RGEOISIE ?IS POS$ AN IMM5SE PROBLEM1 :I* C\LD NOT BE RESOLV$ EI!R TE*NICALLY OR MILIT>ILY ?R\< AN OP5 /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IT HAD TO BE DEALT ) POLITICALLY4 ,?IS WAS ! P]IOD ( ! FIR/ LEFT-W+ GOV]NM5TS AFT] ! W>1 :5 ! POLITICAL CURR5T L$ BY ,NITTI & ,GIOLITTI WAS 9 P[]4 ,IT WAS PRECISELY ?IS POLICY ?AT MADE IT POSSIBLE = FASCISM TO SECURE ITS SUBSEQU5T VICTORY4 ,FIR/ !RE HAD TO BE CONCESSIONS TO ! PROLET>IAT1 & !N1 AT ! MOM5T :5 ! /ATE APP>ATUS HAD TO BE CONSOLIDAT$1 FASCISM APPE>$ ON ! SC5E4 ,:5 ! FASCI/S CRITICIZE !SE GOV]NM5TS = C[>DICE AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION>IES1 ?IS IS PURE DEMAGOGY4 ,9 REALITY ! FASCI/S [E !IR VICTORY TO ! CONCESSIONS & DEMOCRATIC POLICY ( ! FIR/ PO/W> GOV]NM5TS4 ,NITTI & ,GIOLITTI MADE CONCESSIONS TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,C]TA9 ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY'S DEM&S W]E MET3 DEMOBILIZATION1 A LIB]AL 9T]NAL REGIME1 & AMNE/Y = DES]T]S4 ,!SE V>I\S CONCESSIONS W]E MADE 9 ORD] TO W9 TIME TO RE/ORE ! /ATE ON A SOLID F\NDATION4 ,IT WAS ,NITTI :O CREAT$ ! ',GU>DIA ,REGIA'1 ?AT IS1 ! ,ROYAL ,GU>D1 :I* WAS NOT EXACTLY A POLICE AG5CY BUT RA!R HAD AN 5TIRELY NEW MILIT>Y *>ACT]4 ,ONE ( ! RE=M ,SOCIALI/S' MAJOR ]RORS WAS 9 NOT SEE+ ! FUNDAM5TAL NATURE ( ?IS *ALL5GE1 :I* C\LD EV5 HAVE BE5 C\NT]$ ON CON/ITUTIONAL GR\NDS BY PROTE/+ ! FACT ?AT ! /ATE WAS CREAT+ A SECOND >MY4 ,! ,SOCIALI/S DID NOT GRASP ! IMPORTANCE ( ?IS QUE/ION1 VIEW+ ,NITTI AS SOMEONE ?AT ONE C\LD WORK ) 9 A LEFT GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS IS YET MORE EVID5CE ( H[ 9COMPET5T ?IS P>TY IS TO DEVELOP ANY UND]/&+ ( ! C\RSE ( ,ITALIAN POLITICS4 ,GIOLITTI COMPLET$ ,NITTI'S WORK4 ,HIS W> M9I/]1 ,BONOMI1 SUPPORT$ FASCISM'S FIR/ /IRR+S4 ,HE PLAC$ HIMSELF AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! MOVEM5T !N TAK+ %APE & ( ! DEMOBILIZ$ (FIC]S1 :O1 EV5 AFT] !IR RETURN TO CIVILIAN LIFE1 CONT9U$ TO DRAW ! GREAT] P>T ( !IR WAGE4 ,HE PLAC$ ! 5TIRE /ATE APP>ATUS AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! FASCI/S1 PROVID+ !M ) ALL ! MEANS NE$$ TO CREATE AN >MY4 ,:5 ! FACTORY OCCUPATIONS OCCURR$1 ?IS GOV]NM5T UND]/OOD V]Y WELL ?AT ) ! >M$ PROLET>IAT TAK+ *>GE ( ! FACTORIES1 & ! REVOLUTION>Y UPSURGE ( ! RURAL PROLET>IAT HEAD$ T[>D TAK+ ! L&1 IT W\LD BE AN 5ORM\S ]ROR TO LAUN* 9TO BATTLE BE=E ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y =CES HAD BE5 ORGANIZ$4 ,! GOV]NM5T PREP>$ ! ORGANIZATION ( ! REACTION>Y =CES ?AT W\LD ONE DAY SMA% ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T4 ,9 ?IS IT DREW SUPPORT FROM ! MANEUV]S ( ! TREA*]\S LEAD]S ( ! ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR1 :O W]E !N MEMB]S ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY4 ,BY CONC$+ ! LAW ON WORK]S' CONTROL1 :I* WAS NEV] IMPLEM5T$ OR EV5 VOT$ ON1 ! GOV]NM5T SUCCE$$ AT ?IS CRITICAL MOM5T 9 RESCU+ ! B\RGEOIS /ATE4.<#h.> ,! PROLET>IAT HAD TAK5 CONTROL ( ! FACTORIES & ! L&4 ,BUT ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY %[$ ONCE AGA9 ?AT IT WAS 9CAPABLE ( RESOLV+ ! PROBLEM ( UNITY 9 ACTION ( ! 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL WORK+ CLASS4 ,?IS ]ROR 5ABL$ ! B\RGEOISIE TO SOON A*IEVE UNITY ON A C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y BASIS1 A UNITY ?AT PUT IT 9 A POSITION TO TRIUMPH OV] ! WORK]S BO? ( ! FACTORIES & 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,AS WE SEE1 ! /ATE PLAY$ A MO/ IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! FASCI/ MOVEM5T'S DEVELOPM5T4 ,AFT] ! GOV]NM5TS ( ,NITTI1 ,GIOLITTI1 & ,BONOMI CAME ! ,FACTA GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS GOV]NM5T PROVID$ A COV] GIV+ FASCISM FULL FRE$OM ( ACTION 9 ITS T]RITORIAL (F5SIVE4 ,DUR+ ! ,AUGU/ #aibb /RIKE1 MAJOR BATTLES TOOK PLACE BETWE5 ! WORK]S & ! FASCI/S1 :O W]E OP5LY SUPPORT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T4.<#i.> ,LET US TAKE ! EXAMPLE ( ,B>I4 ,AL?\< ! FASCI/S MU/]$ UP ALL !IR =CES1 !Y W]E UNABLE DUR+ AN 5TIRE WEEK ( FII1 :O RETREAT$ TO !IR HOMES 9 ! OLD CITY & DEF5D$ !MSELVES >MS 9 H&4 ,! FASCI/S HAD TO RETREAT1 LEAV+ A GREAT MANY ( !IR =CES ON ! FIELD ( BATTLE4 ,& H[ DID ! ,FACTA GOV]NM5T RESPOND8 ,DUR+ ! NID1 :O ADVANC$ TO ! ATTACK4 ,A TORP$O BOOT /ATION$ 9 ! PORT AIM$ ITS FIRE ON ! H\SES4 ,MA*9E GUNS1 >MOR$ C>S1 & >TILL]Y W]E BR\T]S WAS TAK54.<#a.> ,?AT HAPP5$ ?R\<\T ! 5TIRE C\NTRY4 ,:]EV] IT WAS EVID5T ?AT ! WORK]S HAD =C$ FASCI/S TO RETREAT1 ! GOV]NM5T 9T]V5$1 %OOT+ WORK]S :O RESI/$1 & >RE/+ & S5T5C+ WORK]S :OSE ONLY CRIME WAS SELF-DEF5SE1 :ILE FASCI/S :O HAD DEMON/RABLY COMMITT$ DESPICABLE CRIMES W]E SY/EMATICALLY SET FREE BY ! AU?ORITIES4 ,SO MU* = ! FIR/ FACTOR1 ! /ATE4 ,! SECOND FACTOR 9 FASCISM IS1 AS ,I HAVE SAID1 ! BIG B\RGEOISIE4 ,! BIG CAPITALI/S ( 9DU/RY1 ! BANKS1 COMM]CE1 & ! BIG L&[N]S1 HAVE A NATURAL 9T]E/ 9 ! F\ND+ ( AN ORGANIZATION ( /RUGGLE ?AT DEF5DS !IR (F5SIVE AGA9/ WORK+ PEOPLE4 ,BUT ! ?IRD FACTOR ALSO PLAYS A V]Y IMPORTANT ROLE 9 CON/ITUT+ FASCI/ P[]4 ,9 ORD] TO CREATE AN ILLEGAL REACTION>Y ORGANIZATION BESIDE ! /ATE1 =CES MU/ BE RECRUIT$ ?AT >E DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE ?AT ! HI< RUL+ CLASS CAN F9D 9 ITS [N SOCIAL MILIEU4 ,?IS IS A*IEV$ BY TURN+ TO ! LAY]S ( ! MIDDLE CLASS ?AT WE HAVE M5TION$ & ADVOCAT+ !IR 9T]E/S1 9 ORD] TO 5SN>E !M4 ,?AT IS :AT FASCISM SET \T TO DO1 & IT MU/ BE ADMITT$ ?AT !Y SUCCE$$4 ,IT RECRUIT$ =CES FROM ! LAY]S ?AT >E CLOSE/ TO ! PROLET>IAT AMONG ?OSE DISCONT5T$ BECAUSE ( ! W>1 AMONG PETTY B\RGEOIS1 MIDDLE-LEVEL B\RGEOIS1 M]*ANTS & TRAD]S1 & ABOVE ALL AMONG 9TELLECTUAL B\RGEOIS Y\?4 ,9 JO9+ UP ) FASCISM1 !Y F9D AGA9 ! 5]GY TO LIFT !MSELVES MORALLY & CLOAK !MSELVES 9 ! TOGA ( COMBAT+ ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T1 A*IEV+ AN EXALT$ PATRIOTISM 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ,ITALIAN IMP]IALISM4 ,!SE LAY]S PROVID$ FASCISM ) A SIGNIFICANT NUMB] ( SUPPORT]S & 5ABL$ IT TO ORGANIZE MILIT>ILY4 ,?OSE >E ! ?REE FACTORS ?AT 5ABL$ \R OPPON5TS TO CONFRONT US ) A MOVEM5T ?AT KN[S NO EQUAL 9 BRUTALITY & SAVAG]Y1 & YET IS A SOLID MOVEM5T ) A LEAD] ( GREAT POLITICAL DEXT]ITY4 ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY WAS NEV] ABLE TO GRASP ! MEAN+ ( ! 5EMY ORGANIZATION SPR++ UP 9 ! =M ( FASCISM4 ,AVANTI HAD NO UND]/&+ ( :AT ! B\RGEOISIE WAS PREP>+ AS IT SEIZ$ ON ! DISA/R\S ]RORS ( ! PROLET>IAN LEAD]S4 ,IT DID NOT WANT TO M5TION ,MUSSOL9I1 FE>+ ?AT EMPHASIZ+ HIS ROLE W\LD S]VE AS AN ADV]TISEM5T4 ,WE !RE=E SEE ?AT FASCISM DOES NOT REPRES5T ANY NEW POLITICAL DOCTR9E4 ,BUT IT HAS A P[]FUL POLITICAL & MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION & AN 9FLU5TIAL PRESS1 :I* IS MANAG$ ) MU* J\RNALI/IC SKILL & ECLECTICISM4 ,BUT IT HAS NO IDEAS & NO PROGRAM4 ,& N[ ?AT IT HAS TAK5 ! HELM ( /ATE1 IT FACES CONCRETE PROBLEMS & HAS TO ADDRESS ! ORGANIZATION ( ,ITALY'S ECONOMY4 ,ONCE IT PASSES OV] FROM ITS NEGATIVE TO ITS POSITIVE EF=TS1 IT WILL %[ SIGNS ( WEAKNESS1 DESPITE ITS ORGANIZATIONAL TAL5T4 ,WE HAVE EXAM9$ ! HI/ORICAL FACTORS & ! SOCIAL REALITY \T ( :I* ! FASCI/ MOVEM5T TOOK %APE4 ,WE MU/ N[ ADDRESS ! IDEOLOGY ?AT IT ADOPT$1 ALONG ) ! PROGRAM IT US$ TO W9 ! V>I\S =CES ?AT >E FOLL[+ IT4 ,\R ANALYSIS LEADS TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT FASCISM HAS ADD$ NO?+ TO ! TRADITIONAL IDEOLOGY & PROGRAM ( B\RGEOIS POLITICS4 ,ALL ?+S CONSID]$1 ITS SUP]IORITY & ITS SPECIFICITY CONSI/ ( ITS ORGANIZATION1 DISCIPL9E1 & HI]>*Y4 ,ASIDE FROM ?IS EXCEPTIONAL & MILIT>I/IC EXT]IOR1 IT POSSESSES NO?+ BUT A REALITY FULL ( DIFFICULTIES ?AT IT IS UNABLE TO OV]COME4 ,! ECONOMIC CRISIS WILL CON/ANTLY R5EW ! CAUSES ( REVOLUTION1 :ILE FASCISM WILL BE UNABLE TO REORGANIZE ! SOCIAL APP>ATUS ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,FASCISM DOES NOT KN[ H[ TO GO BEYOND ! ECONOMIC AN>*Y ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,IT HAS A DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL TASK1 :I* LIES 9 COMBAT+ POLITICAL AN>*Y & ! ORGANIZATIONAL AN>*Y ( POLITICAL GR\P+S ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS4 ,DIFF]5T LAY]S ( ! ,ITALIAN RUL+ CLASS HAVE TRADITIONALLY =M$ POLITICAL & P>LIAM5T>Y GR\P+S ?AT1 AL?\< NOT BAS$ ON FIRMLY ORGANIZ$ P>TIES1 /RUGGLE AGA9/ EA* O!R & COMPETE TO ADVANCE !IR P>TICUL> & LOCAL 9T]E/S4 ,?IS LEADS TO MANEUV]S ( EV]Y K9D 9 ! P>LIAM5T>Y CORRIDORS4 ,! B\RGEOISIE'S C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y (F5SIVE REQUIRES ?AT ! =CES ( ! RUL+ CLASS UNITE 9 SOCIAL & GOV]NM5TAL POLITICS4 ,FASCISM MEETS ?IS REQUIREM5T4 ,BY PLAC+ ITSELF ABOVE ALL ! TRADITIONAL B\RGEOIS P>TIES1 IT GRADUALLY DEPRIVES !M ( CONT5T4 ,?R\< ITS ACTIVITY1 IT REPLACES !M4 ,& ?ANKS TO ! BLUND]S ( ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T1 IT HAS SUCCE$$ H>NESS+ TO ITS PLAN ! POLITICAL P[] & HUMAN MAT]IAL ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES4 ,BUT IT IS 9CAPABLE ( DEVELOP+ AN IDEOLOGY & A SPECIFIC PROGRAM ( ADM9I/RATIVE RE=M ( SOCIETY & /ATE ?AT IS ANY BETT] ?AN ?AT ( TRADITIONAL B\RGEOIS POLITICS1 :I* IS BANKRUPT A ?\S& TIMES OV]4 ,! CRITICAL SIDE ( ! FASCI/'S SUPPOS$ DOCTR9E IS ( NO GREAT M]IT4 ,IT PORTRAYS ITSELF AS ANTI-SOCIALI/ & ALSO ANTI-DEMOCRATIC4 ,AS = ANTI-SOCIALISM1 FASCISM IS CLE>LY A MOVEM5T ( ANTI-PROLET>IAN =CES & MU/ TAKE A /& AGA9/ ALL SOCIALI/ OR SEMI-SOCIALI/ ECONOMIC =MS4 ,H[EV]1 IT DOES NOT SUCCE$ 9 (F]+ ANY?+ NEW 9 ORD] TO %ORE UP ! SY/EM ( PRIVATE [N]%IP1 O!R ?AN CLI*ES AB\T ! FAILURE ( COMMUNISM 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,IT SAYS ?AT DEMOCRACY MU/ GIVE WAY TO A FASCI/ /ATE BECAUSE ( ITS FAILURE TO COMBAT ! REVOLUTION>Y & ANTI-SOCIAL =CES4 ,BUT ?AT IS NO MORE ?AN AN EMPTY PHRASE4 ,FASCISM IS NOT A CURR5T ( ! B\RGEOIS ,RII/OCRACY1 ! CL]GY1 & ! HI< CIVILIAN & MILIT>Y (FICIALS1 SEEK+ TO REPLACE ! DEMOCRACY ( A B\RGEOISIE GOV]NM5T & CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y ) MON>*ICAL DESPOTISM4 ,FASCISM 9CORPORATES ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE ( ALL ! ALLI$ B\RGEOIS =CES1 & = ?IS REASON IT IS BY NO MEANS NECESS>ILY COMPELL$ TO DE/ROY ! DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS4 ,FROM \R ,M>XI/ PO9T ( VIEW1 ?IS SITUATION IS BY NO MEANS P>ADOXICAL1 BECAUSE WE KN[ ?AT ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM IS ONLY A COLLECTION ( DECEPTIVE GU>ANTEES1 BEH9D :I* ! RUL+ CLASS CONDUCTS ITS BATTLE AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT4 ,FASCISM EXPRESSES SIMULTANE\SLY REACTION>Y VIOL5CE & ! DEMAGOGIC ADROITNESS ?AT ! B\RGEOIS LEFT HAS ALWAYS BE5 ABLE TO USE 9 DECEIV+ ! PROLET>IAT & GU>ANTEE+ ! SUPREMACY ( BIG CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S OV] ! POLITICAL NE$S ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES4 ,:5 ! FASCI/S GO BEYOND !IR SO-CALL$ CRITICISM ( LIB]AL DEMOCRACY & REVEAL !IR POSITIVE1 IDEOLOGICAL NOTIONS1 PREA*+ AN EXCESSIVE PATRIOTISM & DRIVEL AB\T ! PEOPLE'S HI/ORICAL MISSION1 !Y >E FA%ION+ A MY?OLOGY :OSE LACK ( S]I\S F\NDATIONS WILL BE EVID5T AS SOON AS IT IS SUBJECT$ TO TRUE SOCIAL CRITICISM1 :I* EXPOSES ! L& ( ILLUSORY VICTORIES ?AT BE>S ! NAME ,ITALY4 ,AS REG>DS 9FLU5C+ ! MASSES1 WE SEE H]E AN IMITATION ( ! CLASSICAL /ANCE ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY4 ,:5 IT IS ASS]T$ ?AT ALL 9T]E/S MU/ BE SUBORD9AT$ TO ! SUP]IOR 9T]E/ ( ! NATION1 ?AT MEANS ?AT CLASS COLLABORATION IS UPHELD 9 PR9CIPLE1 :ILE 9 PRACTICE ! CONS]VATIVE B\RGEOIS 9/ITUTIONS >E SUPPORT$ AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT'S EF=TS TO FREE ITSELF4 ,?AT IS ! ROLE ?AT LIB]AL B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY HAS ALWAYS PLAY$4 ,:AT IS NEW 9 FASCISM IS ! ORGANIZATION ( A B\RGEOIS RUL+ P>TY4 ,POLITICAL EV5TS ON ! FLOOR ( ,ITALY'S P>LIAM5T HAVE AWAK5$ ! BELIEF ?AT ! B\RGEOIS /ATE APP>ATUS HAS 5T]$ A CRISIS SO PR(\ND ?AT ONE BL[ FROM \TSIDE W\LD BE SUFFICI5T TO BREAK IT4 ,9 REALITY ! CRISIS IS M]ELY ONE ( ! B\RGEOIS ME?ODS ( GOV]NM5T1 :I* >OSE BECAUSE ( ! IMPOT5CE ( ! TRADITIONAL GR\P+S & LEAD]S ( ,ITALIAN POLITICS1 :O W]E NOT ABLE TO CONDUCT ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ REVOLUTION>Y =CES AT A TIME ( ACUTE CRISIS4 ,FASCISM CREAT$ AN ORGANISM ?AT WAS CAPABLE ( TAK+ OV] ! ROLE ( HEAD+ UP ?IS C\NTRY'S MA*9]Y ( /ATE4 ,BUT :5 ! FASCI/S MOVE FROM 5GAGEM5T 9 !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ PROLET>IANS TO ELABORAT+ A POSITIVE & SPECIFIC PROGRAM = ! ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY & ADM9I/RATION ( ! /ATE1 BASICALLY !Y HAVE M]ELY REPEAT$ ! BANAL !MES ( DEMOCRACY & SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY4 ,!Y HAVE NOT CREAT$ !IR [N CONSI/5T SY/EM ( PROPOSALS & PROJECTS4 ,?US1 = EXAMPLE1 !Y HAVE ALWAYS MA9TA9$ ?AT ! FASCI/ PROGRAM WILL LEAD TO A DECREASE 9 ! BUREAUCRATIC /ATE APP>ATUS1 BEG9N+ AT ! TOP ) A R$UCTION 9 ! NUMB] ( M9I/RIES & !N C>RY+ =W>D 9 ALL DOMA9S ( ADM9I/RATION4 ,N[ IT IS TRUE ?AT ,MUSSOL9I DID DECL9E ! PRIME M9I/]'S P]SONAL RAILWAY C>4 ,BUT HE O!RWISE 9CREAS$ ! NUMB] ( M9I/]S & GOV]NM5TAL UND]-SECRET>IES1 9 ORD] TO F9D PO/S = HIS PRETORIAN GU>D4 ,AS = ! QUE/ION ( MON>*Y OR REPUBLIC1 FASCISM MADE V>I\S REPUBLICAN OR 5IGMATIC GE/URES1 ONLY TO OPT = PURE LOYAL MON>*ISM4 ,SIMIL>LY1 AFT] A GREAT \TCRY AB\T P>LIAM5T>Y CORRUPTION1 FASCISM HAS TAK5 OV] 5TIRELY ! PRACTICES ( P>LIAM5T4 ,FASCISM %[$ SO LITTLE T5D5CY TO ADOPT ! FEATURES ( UNALLOY$ REACTION ?AT IT ALL[$ BROAD SCOPE = TRADE UNIONISM4.<#a#a.> ,AT ITS ,ROME CONGRESS ( #a#i#b#a1 :]E FASCISM MADE ALMO/ COMICAL EF=TS TO SPECIFY ITS DOCTR9E1 AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO PORTRAY FASCI/ TRADE UNIONISM AS ! PRIMACY ( ! 9TELLECTUAL CATEGORIES ( LABOR4 ,BUT ?IS SUPPOS$ !ORETICAL CONCEPTION HAS LONG S9CE BE5 REFUT$ BY UGLY REALITY4 ,! FASCI/ TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS >E BAS$ ON NAK$ =CE PLUS ! MONOPOLY OV] JOB OPPORTUNITIES ?AT ! EMPLOY]S >E (F]+ 9 ORD] TO BREAK ! ,R$ ORGANIZATIONS4 ,H[EV]1 IT HAS NOT SUCCE$$ 9 EXT5D+ ITS REA* TO ! CATEGORIES ( WORK DEM&+ GREAT] TE*NICAL SPECIALIZATION1 :I* GIVE ! WORK] AN ADVANTAGE4 ,IT A*IEV$ SUCCESS ONLY AMONG ! AGRICULTURAL WORK]S & SOME ( ! LESS QUALIFI$ CATEGORIES ( URBAN WORK]S1 SU* AS ! LONG%OREM51 = EXAMPLE4 ,IT DID NOT SUCCE$ AMONG ! MORE ADVANC$ & 9TELLIG5T SECTOR ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IT DID NOT EV5 GIVE AN IMPULSE TO ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T AMONG (FICE WORK]S & TRADESM54 ,FASCI/ TRADE UNIONISM HAS NO S]I\S !ORETICAL F\NDATION4 ,! FASCI/S' IDEOLOGY & PROGRAM CONTA9 A TANGL$ JUMBLE ( B\RGEOIS & PETTY-B\RGEOIS IDEAS & DEM&S4 ,ITS SY/EMATIC EMPLOYM5T ( VIOL5CE AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT BY NO MEANS PREV5TS IT FROM SCOOP+ UP OPPORTUNISM FROM ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC S\RCES4 ,ONE 9DICATION ( ?AT IS ! /ANCE ( ! ,ITALIAN RE=MI/S4 ,= A TIME !IR POLICIES W]E GUID$ BY ANTI-FASCI/ PR9CIPLES & ! ILLUSION ?AT !Y C\LD BUILD A B\RGEOIS-PROLET>IAN COALITION GOV]NM5T AGA9/ ! FASCI/S4 ,N[ !Y >E JO9+ UP ) ! VICTORI\S FASCI/S4 ,?IS RAPPRO*EM5T IS NOT AT ALL P>ADOXICAL4 ,IT WAS 5C\RAG$ BY MANY CIRCUM/ANCES & WAS PR$ICTABLE1 BAS$ ON MANY 9DICATIONS4 ,CONSID] = EXAMPLE ! ,D',ANNUNZIO MOVEM5T1 :I* WAS L9K$ TO FASCISM1 & NONE!LESS MADE ! ATTEMPT TO W9 ! SUPPORT ( PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATIONS ON ! BASIS ( A PROGRAM D]IV$ FROM ! ,FIUME CON/ITUTION ?AT WAS SUPPOS$LY BAS$ ON PROLET>IAN OR EV5 SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLES4 ,I %\LD M5TION A FEW O!R ?+S ?AT ,I CONSID] QUITE IMPORTANT TO ! FASCI/ PH5OM5ON1 BUT ,I LACK ! TIME4 ,! O!R ,ITALIAN COMRADES WILL BE ABLE TO EXP& ON MY REM>KS :5 !Y TAKE ! FLOOR4 ,I HAVE ALSO LEFT \T EV]Y?+ RELAT+ TO ! FEEL+S & SUFF]+S EXP]I5C$ BY ,ITALIAN WORK]S & ,COMMUNI/S1 BECAUSE ?AT DID NOT APPE> TO ME TO BE ESS5TIAL TO ! QUE/ION4 ,I MU/ N[ TAKE UP ! MO/ REC5T EV5TS 9 ,ITALY1 REG>D+ :I* ! ,CONGRESS EXPECTS A PRECISE REPORT4 ,! MO/ REC5T EV5TS ,\R DELEGATION LEFT ,ITALY BE=E ! MO/ REC5T EV5TS & WAS AT FIR/ RA!R POORLY 9=M$ AB\T !M4 ,YE/]DAY EV5+ A DELEGATE ( \R ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE >RIV$ & GAVE US A REPORT4 ,I CAN ASSURE Y\ ?AT ?IS IS AN ACCURATE REPORT ON ! FACTS WE HAVE RECEIV$ REG>D+ ! REC5T EV5TS 9 ,ITALY1 :I* ,I WILL N[ PRES5T TO Y\4 ,AS ,I SAID E>LI]1 ! ,FACTA GOV]NM5T AF=D$ ! FASCI/S ! BROADE/ FRE$OM ( ACTION TO C>RY \T !IR POLICIES4 ,H]E IS AN EXAMPLE4 ,! FACT ?AT EA* SUCCESSIVE GOV]NM5T HAS 9CLUD$ /RONG REPRES5TATION FROM ! ,ITALIAN ,CA?OLIC-PEASANT ,PEOPLES ,P>TY DID NOT PREV5T ! FASCI/S FROM PURSU+ !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ORGANIZATIONS1 LEAD]S1 & 9/ITUTIONS ( ?IS P>TY4 ,! EXI/+ GOV]NM5T WAS A TOTAL %AM1 :OSE ONLY ACTIVITY CONSI/$ ( PROMOT+ ! T]RITORIAL & GEOGRAPHIC DRIVE ( ! FASCI/S T[>D P[]4 ,9 REALITY ! GOV]NM5T WAS PREP>+ ! GR\ND = A FASCI/ PUTS*4 ,MEAN:ILE1 A NEW GOV]NM5TAL CRISIS BROKE \T4 ,DEM&S W]E RAIS$ ?AT ,FACTA RESIGN4 ,! MO/ REC5T ELECTIONS HAD PRODUC$ A P>LIAM5T 9 :I* ! P>TY REPRES5TATION WAS SU* AS TO PREV5T ! B\RGEOIS P>TIES FROM CON/ITUT+ A /ABLE MAJORITY 9 !IR TRADITIONAL WAYS4 ,IT WAS CU/OM>Y TO SAY ?AT ,ITALY WAS RUL$ BY A 'HUGE LIB]AL P>TY'4 ,BUT ?AT WAS NOT A P>TY AT ALL1 9 ! USUAL MEAN+ ( ! WORD4 ,SU* A P>TY NEV] EXI/$ & WAS NOT =M$ AS AN ORGANIZATION4 ,IT WAS JU/ A MI%MA% ( P]SONAL CLIQUES ( ?IS OR ?AT POLITICIAN ( ! ,NOR? OR ,S\?1 PLUS CLIQUES ( 9DU/RIAL OR RURAL B\RGEOIS1 RUN BY PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIANS4 ,!SE POLITICIANS1 TAK5 TOGE!R1 =M$ 9 FACT ! CORE ( EV]Y P>LIAM5T>Y COALITION4 ,N[ ! MOM5T HAD COME :5 FASCISM HAD TO *ANGE ?IS SITUATION1 IF IT WAS TO AVOID A SEV]E 9T]NAL CRISIS4 ,AN ORGANIZATIONAL QUE/ION WAS ALSO 9VOLV$4 ,! NE$S ( ! FASCI/ MOVEM5T HAD TO BE MET1 & ! ORGANIZATION'S CO/S PAID4 ,!SE MAT]IAL RES\RCES HAD BE5 SUPPLI$ ON A MASSIVE SCALE BY ! RUL+ CLASSES &1 IT SEEMS1 BY GOV]NM5TS ABROAD4 ,FRANCE HAD GIV5 MONEY TO ! ,MUSSOL9I GR\P4 ,A SECRET SESSION ( ! ,FR5* CAB9ET DEBAT$ A BUDGET ?AT 9CLUD$ SIGNIFICANT FUNDS PASS$ ON TO ,MUSSOL9I 9 #a#i#a#e4 ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY CAME UPON DOCUM5TS ( ?IS TYPE1 BUT IT DID NOT PURSUE ! MATT]1 ?9K+ ?AT ,MUSSOL9I WAS WA%$ UP4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,ITALIAN GOV]NM5T ALWAYS MADE ?+S EASI] = ! FASCI/S1 AS = EXAMPLE 9 5ABL+ L>GE GR\PS ( FASCI/S TO USE ! RAILWAYS )\T PAY+4 ,NONE!LESS ! 5ORM\S EXP5SES ( ! FASCI/ MOVEM5T W\LD HAVE CAUS$ GREAT DIFFICULTIES1 HAD !Y NOT MADE A DIRECT BID = P[]4 ,!Y C\LD NOT WAIT = NEW ELECTIONS1 EV5 ?\< !Y C\LD BE SURE ( SUCCESS4 ,! FASCI/S ALREADY HAVE A /RONG POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ) ?REE HUNDR$ ?\S& MEMB]S2 !Y CLAIM IT IS EV5 L>G]4 ,!Y C\LD HAVE WON BY 'DEMOCRATIC' MEANS4 ,BUT !Y W]E 9 A RU% TO BR+ ?+S TO A HEAD4 ,ON #bd ,OCTOB] !RE WAS A MEET+ ( ! FASCI/ ,NATIONAL ,C\NCIL 9 ,NAPLES4 ,?IS EV5T1 TRUMPET$ BY ! :OLE B\RGEOIS PRESS1 IS N[ CLAIM$ TO HAVE BE5 A MANEUV] AIM$ AT DI/RACT+ ATT5TION FROM A C\P D'ETAT4 ,AT A C]TA9 MOM5T ! CONGRESS P>TICIPANTS W]E TOLD TO /OP DELIB]ATIONS2 !RE WAS SOME?+ MORE IMPORTANT TO DO4 ,EV]YONE WAS TOLD TO GO BACK TO !IR DI/RICT1 & A FASCI/ MOBILIZATION BEGAN4 ,?AT WAS #bf ,OCTOB]4 ,9 ! CAPITAL !RE WAS /ILL COMPLETE CALM4 ,FACTA HAD /AT$ ?AT HE W\LD NOT RESIGN UNTIL HE HAD CONV5$ P>LIAM5T ONE MORE TIME1 9 ORD] TO OBS]VE ! USUAL PROC$URE4 ,NONE!LESS1 DESPITE ?IS /ATEM5T1 HE PRES5T$ ! K+ ) HIS RESIGNATION4 ,NEGOTIATIONS BEGAN REG>D+ =MATION ( A NEW GOV]NM5T4 ,! FASCI/S M>*$ ON ,ROME1 ! FOCUS ( !IR ACTIVITY4 ,!Y W]E ESPECIALLY ACTIVE 9 C5TRAL ,ITALY & ,TUSCANY4 ,NO?+ WAS DONE TO /OP !M4 ,SAL&RA WAS ASK$ TO =M A NEW GOV]NM5T1 BUT HE DECL9$ BECAUSE ( ! ATTITUDE ( ! FASCI/S4 ,IT IS V]Y PROBABLE ?AT ! FASCI/S1 IF NOT APPEAS$ BY ,MUSSOL9I'S APPO9TM5T1 W\LD HAVE RIS5 UP LIKE BRIG&S1 EV5 AGA9/ ! WILL ( !IR LEAD]S1 PLUND]+ & DE/ROY+ EV]Y?+ 9 ! CITIES & C\NTRYSIDE4 ,PUBLIC OP9ION WAS SOME:AT >\S$4 ,! ,FACTA GOV]NM5T /AT$ ?AT !Y W\LD DECL>E A /ATE ( SIEGE4 ,?IS WAS DONE1 & A MAJOR CLA% WAS EXPECT$ BETWE5 ! GOV]NM5T'S =CES & ?OSE ( ! FASCI/S4 ,PUBLIC OP9ION WAIT$ ?R\< A LONG DAY = ?IS TO HAPP52 \R COMRADES W]E HID+ ?IS POSSIBILITY4 ,! FASCI/S DID NOT 5C\NT] S]I\S RESI/ANCE ANY:]E DUR+ !IR ADVANCE4 ,& NONE!LESS1 !RE W]E SOME CIRCLES 9 ! >MY DISPOS$ TO C\NT] ! FASCI/S4 ,! SOLDI]S W]E READY TO TAKE ON ! FASCI/S1 :ILE MO/ ( ! (FIC]S SUPPORT$ !M4 ,! K+ REFUS$ TO SIGN ! DECL>ATION ( A /ATE ( SIEGE4 ,?AT MEANT ACCEPT+ ! FASCI/S' CONDITIONS1 :I* HAD BE5 PR9T$ 9 ! ,POPOLO D',ITALIA1 NAMELY3 ',MUSSOL9I %\LD BE ASK$ TO =M A NEW M9I/RY1 & ?IS WILL PROVIDE A LEGAL SOLUTION4 ,O!RWISE1 WE >E M>*+ ON ,ROME & WILL TAKE CONTROL ( IT'4 ,SOME H\RS AFT] ! /ATE ( SIEGE HAD BE5 LIFT$1 IT WAS LE>N$ ?AT ,MUSSOL9I WAS HEAD$ = ,ROME4 ,MEASURES HAD BE5 TAK5 = MILIT>Y DEF5SE2 TROOPS HAD BE5 ASSEMBL$2 ! CITY WAS SURR\ND$ BY CAVALRY4 ,BUT ! AGREEM5T HAD ALREADY BE5 F9ALIZ$1 & ON #ca ,OCTOB] ! FASCI/S TRIUMPHANTLY 5T]$ ,ROME4 ,MUSSOL9I =M$ A NEW GOV]NM5T1 & :OSE COMPOSITION IS WELL KN[N4 ,! FASCI/ P>TY1 :I* HAS ONLY ?IRTY-FIVE SEATS 9 P>LIAM5T1 HAS ! ABSOLUTE MAJORITY 9 ?IS GOV]NM5T4 ,MUSSOL9I IS NOT ONLY ! HEAD ( ! C\NCIL ( M9I/]S BUT ALSO HOLDS ! PORTFOLIOS = 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL AFFAIRS4 ,MEMB]S ( ! FASCI/ P>TY DIVID$ UP ! O!R IMPORTANT PORTFOLIOS & MADE !MSELVES AT HOME 9 MO/ ( ! O!R M9I/RIES4 ,S9CE !RE HAD NOT YET BE5 A FULL BREAK ) ! TRADITIONAL P>TIES1 ! GOV]NM5T 9CLUD$ TWO REPRES5TATIVES ( ! SOCIALLY 9CL9$ DEMOCRATS - ?AT IS1 LEFT B\RGEOIS =CES2 AS WELL AS RI*I/ =CES W]E REPRES5T$ BY ,G5]AL ,DIAZ 9 ! M9I/RY ( W> & ,ADMIRAL ,?AON DI ,REVEL 9 ! M9I/RY ( ! NAVY4 ,! ,PEOPLE'S ,P>TY1 :I* IS V]Y /RONG 9 P>LIAM5T1 CONCLUD$ A SKILLFUL COMPROMISE ) ,MUSSOL9I4 ,ON ! PRETEXT ?AT ! P>TY'S LEAD+ BODY C\LD NOT MEET 9 ,ROME1 RESPONSIBILITY = ACCEPT+ ,MUSSOL9I'S PROPOSALS WAS ?RU/ ONTO A SEMI(FICIAL GA!R+ ( P>LIAM5T>Y DEPUTIES4 ,NONE!LESS1 !Y SUCCE$$ 9 P]SUAD+ ,MUSSOL9I TO GRANT SOME CONCESSIONS1 & ! NEWSPAP]S ( ! ,PEOPLE'S ,P>TY W]E ABLE TO /ATE ?AT ! NEW GOV]NM5T DID NOT PROPOSE ANY MAJOR *ANGES 9 ! ELECTORAL SY/EM OR P>LIAM5T4 ,! COMPROMISE EMBRAC$ EV5 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS4 ,= A TIME IT SEEM$ ?AT ! RE=M-SOCIALI/ ,BALDESI W\LD TAKE P>T 9 ! GOV]NM5T4 ,MUSSOL9I WAS SUFFICI5TLY ADROIT TO RELAY ! (F] TO ,BALDESI ?R\< ONE ( HIS LIEUT5ANTS4 ,:5 ,BALDESI DECL>$ HE W\LD BE GLAD TO ACCEPT ?IS PO/1 ,MUSSOL9I /AT$ ?AT ! (F] HAD BE5 A P]SONAL 9ITIATIVE BY ONE ( HIS ASSOCIATES1 = :I* ,MUSSOL9I TOOK NO RESPONSIBILITY4 ,& ?US IT WAS ?AT ,BALDESI DID NOT GET TO JO9 ! CAB9ET4 ,MUSSOL9I DID NOT ACCEPT A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! RE=MI/ ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR ON ! GR\NDS ( OPPOSITION BY RIY POLITICAL P>TY4 ,WE SEE 9 !SE EV5TS A COMPROMISE BETWE5 ! TRADITIONAL POLITICAL CLIQUES & ! DIFF]5T LAY]S ( ! RUL+ CLASS - ! GREAT L&[N]S & ! F9ANCIAL & 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/S1 :O LEAN TO SUPPORT ( ! NEW GOV]NM5T CREAT$ BY A MOVEM5T ?AT HAS SECUR$ ! SUPPORT ( ! PETTY-B\RGEOISIE4 ,9 \R VIEW1 FASCISM IS A ME?OD TO SECURE ! P[] ( ! RUL+ CLASSES BY UTILIZ+ EV]Y MEANS AVAILABLE TO !M1 9CLUD+ EV5 MAK+ USE ( ! LESSONS ( ! FIR/ PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION4 ,:5 FAC$ BY AN ECONOMIC CRISIS1 IT IS NOT 5\< = ! /ATE M]ELY TO MA9TA9 ITS P[]4 ,IT NE$S A UNIFI$ P>TY1 A UNIFI$ C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION4 ,?R\< ITS CONTACT ) ! 5TIRE B\RGEOISIE1 ! FASCI/ P>TY REPRES5TS 9 A C]TA9 S5SE :AT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY IS 9 ,RUSSIA ?ANKS TO ITS RELATION%IP TO ! PROLET>IAT1 ?AT IS1 A WELL-ORGANIZ$ & DISCIPL9$ BODY ?AT LEADS & SUP]VISES ! /ATE APP>ATUS AS A :OLE4 ,! FASCI/ P>TY 9 ,ITALY HAS PLAC$ ITS POLITICAL COMMISS>S 9 ALMO/ EV]Y SIGNIFICANT PO/ 9 ! BRAN*ES ( ! /ATE APP>ATUS4 ,IT IS ! LEAD+ BODY ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE 9 ! P]IOD ( IMP]IALI/ DECL9E4 ,9 MY VIEW1 ?AT IS AN ADEQUATE HI/ORICAL EXPLANATION ( FASCISM & ( ! REC5T DEVELOPM5TS 9 ,ITALY4 ,! FIR/ ACTIONS ( ! NEW GOV]NM5T %[ ?AT IT DOES NOT 9T5D TO ALT] ,ITALY'S TRADITIONAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,:5 ,I PR$ICT ?AT FASCISM WILL BE LIB]AL & DEMOCRATIC1 ,I DO NOT ( C\RSE MEAN ?AT CONDITIONS WILL BE FAVORABLE = ! PROLET>IAN & SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5TS HAVE NEV] GIV5 ! PROLET>IAT ANY?+ O!R ?AN DECL>ATIONS & PROMISES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,MUSSOL9I'S GOV]NM5T GU>ANTEES ?AT IT WILL RESPECT FRE$OM ( ! PRESS4 ,BUT IT DID NOT REFRA9 FROM ADD+ ?AT ! PRESS MU/ BE WOR?Y ( ?AT FRE$OM4 ,:AT DOES ?AT TELL US8 ,IT MEANS ?AT ! GOV]NM5T WILL PRET5D TO RESPECT FRE$OM ( ! PRESS1 :ILE P]MITT+ ITS FASCI/ MILIT>Y ORGANIZATIONS TO /RIKE \T AGA9/ ,COMMUNI/ NEWSPAP]S :5EV] !Y *OOSE1 AS HAS ALREADY HAPP5$ 9 ! PA/4 ,WE MU/ ALSO NOTE ?AT ! FASCI/ GOV]NM5T IS MAK+ C]TA9 CONCESSIONS TO ! B\RGEOIS LIB]ALS4 ,LITTLE CONFID5CE %\LD BE PLAC$ 9 ! ,MUSSOL9I GOV]NM5T'S ASSURANCES ?AT IT PLANS TO CONV]T ITS MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION 9TO SPORT CLUBS1 OR SOME?+ ( ! LIKE4 ,H[EV]1 WE DO KN[ ?AT DOZ5S ( FASCI/S W]E TAK5 9TO POLICE CU/ODY BECAUSE !Y HAD RESI/$ ,MUSSOL9I'S ORD] TO DEMOBILIZE4 ,:AT IS ! IMPACT ( !SE EV5TS ON ! PROLET>IAT8 ,IT F\ND ITSELF 9 A SITUATION :]E IT C\LD PLAY NO SIGNIFICANT ROLE 9 ! /RUGGLE & HAD TO BEHAVE ALMO/ PASSIVELY4 ,AS = ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 IT ALWAYS UND]/OOD ?AT A VICTORY ( FASCISM W\LD BE A DEFEAT = ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,WE HAD NO D\BT AB\T ! FACT ?AT WE >E NOT AT PRES5T 9 A POSITION TO TAKE ! (F5SIVE AGA9/ FASCI/ REACTION1 & HAD TO ASSUME A DEF5SIVE PO/URE4 ,! QUE/ION IS !RE=E *IEFLY :E!R ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY'S POLICIES SUCCE$$1 9 ?IS FRAMEWORK1 9 PROTECT+ ! ,ITALIAN PROLET>IAT TO ! GREATE/ EXT5T POSSIBLE4 ,IF 9/EAD ( A COMPROMISE BETWE5 ! B\RGEOISIE & FASCISM !RE HAD BE5 AN \TBREAK ( A MILIT>Y CONFLICT1 ! PROLET>IAT C\LD P]HAPS HAVE PLAY$ A C]TA9 ROLE 9 E/ABLI%+ A UNIT$ FRONT = A G5]AL /RIKE1 & A*IEV+ SOME SUCCESS4 ,BUT 9 ! GIV5 SITUATION1 ! PROLET>IAT DID NOT TAKE P>T 9 ! ACTIONS4 ,AL?\< ! UNFOLD+ EV5TS HAD 5ORM\S SIGNIFICANCE1 WE MU/ ALSO BE> 9 M9D ?AT ! *ANGE ON ! POLITICAL /AGE WAS LESS ABRUPT ?AT IT APPE>$1 S9CE CONDITIONS HAD BECOME MORE & MORE ACUTE BE=E FASCISM LAUN*$ ITS F9AL ATTACK4 ,! ONLY EXAMPLE ( A /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T & FASCISM WAS 9 ,CREMONA1 :]E SIX P]SONS W]E KILL$4 ,! PROLET>IAT F\Y WORK] CONT+5TS HAD A CLA% ) ! FASCI/ B&S4 ,!RE W]E SOME W\ND$4 ,! NEXT DAY1 ! ,ROYAL ,GU>D OCCUPI$ ! WORK]S' DI/RICT1 ROBB+ !M ( ALL MEANS ( DEF5D+ !MSELVES1 & ! APPROA*+ FASCI/S %OT ! WORK]S D[N 9 COLD BLOOD4 ,?AT IS ! BLOODIE/ EPISODE ?AT TOOK PLACE DUR+ !SE /RUGGLES 9 ,ITALY4 ,:5 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY PROPOS$ A G5]AL /RIKE1 ! ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR DIS>M$ ! ,COMMUNI/S1 CALL+ ON ! PROLET>IAT TO IGNORE ! DANG]\S DIRECTIVES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS4 ,A REPORT WAS SPREAD AB\T ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAD DISSOLV$2 ?IS WAS AT A TIME :5 \R NEWSPAP]S W]E UNABLE TO PUBLI%4 ,9 ,ROME1 ! BLOODIE/ EPISODE = \R P>TY WAS ! SEIZURE ( ! $ITORIAL (FICES ( ,COMUNI/A4 ,! PR9T %OP WAS OCCUPI$ ON #ca ,OCTOB]1 JU/ AT ! MOM5T ! NEWSPAP] WAS TO APPE>1 :ILE ONE HUNDR$ ?\S& FASCI/S HELD ! CITY UND] OCCUPATION4 ,ALL ! $ITORS MANAG$ TO SLIP \T ?R\< SIDE DOORS1 EXCEPT = ! $ITOR-9-*IEF1 ,COMRADE ,TOGLIATTI4 ,HE WAS 9 HIS (FICE1 & ! FASCI/S CAME 9 & SEIZ$ HOLD ( HIM4 ,\R COMRADE'S CONDUCT WAS FRANKLY H]OIC4 ,HE BOLDLY DECL>$ ?AT HE WAS $ITOR-9-*IEF ( ,COMUNI/A4 ,HE WAS QUICKLY PUT UP AGA9/ ! WALL1 9 ORD] TO BE %OT1 :ILE FASCI/S DROVE BACK ! CR[D4 ,\R COMRADE ESCAP$ ONLY ?ANKS TO ! FACT ?AT ! FASCI/S GOT NEWS ?AT ! O!R $ITORS HAD FL$ OV] ! RO( & RU%$ UP TO CAPTURE !M4 ,ALL ?IS DID NOT PREV5T \R COMRADE FROM SPEAK+ A FEW DAYS LAT] AT A RALLY 9 ,TUR9 ON ! OCCASION ( ! ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION4 7,APPLAUSE7 ,BUT :AT ,I HAVE JU/ REPORT$ IS AN ISOLAT$ EV5T4 ,\R P>TY ORGANIZATION IS 9 RA!R GOOD %APE4 ,! FACT ?AT ,COMUNI/A IS NOT APPE>+ RESULTS NOT FROM A GOV]NM5TAL DECISION BUT BECAUSE ! PR9T %OP DOES NOT WANT TO PUBLI% IT4 ,! DIFFICULTIES 9 PUBLI%+ W]E ECONOMIC1 NOT TE*NICAL4 ,9 ,TUR9 ! ,ORD9E NUOVO BUILD+ WAS OCCUPI$1 & ! WEAPONS /OR$ !RE W]E SEIZ$4 ,BUT WE >E PR9T+ ! NEWSPAP] AT ANO!R LOCATION4 ,ALSO 9 ,TRIE/E ! POLICE SEIZ$ \R PAP]'S PR9T %OP1 BUT ?IS PAP] TOO IS COM+ \T UND]GR\ND4 ,\R P>TY IS /ILL ABLE TO FUNCTION LEGALLY1 & \R SITUATION IS NOT ?AT BAD4 ,BUT WE DO NOT KN[ H[ ?+S WILL DEVELOP1 & ,I MU/ !RE=E BE CAUTI\S 9 SPEAK+ ( \R P>TY'S FUTURE SITUATION & ACTIVITY4 ,! COMRADE :O HAS JU/ >RIV$ IS A LEAD+ WORK] 9 ONE ( \R IMPORTANT LOCAL P>TY ORGANIZATIONS4 ,HIS HAS AN 9T]E/+ PO9T ( VIEW1 ALSO %>$ BY MANY O!R MILITANTS1 NAMELY1 ?AT WE WILL N[ BE ABLE TO WORK BETT] ?AN WAS ! CASE BE=E4 ,I DO NOT SAY ?AT ?IS OP9ION IS A WELL-E/ABLI%$ FACT4 ,BUT ! COMRADE ) ?IS VIEWPO9T IS A MILITANT :O WORKS DIRECTLY ) ! MASSES1 & HIS OP9ION HAS GREAT WEITY HAS DISSOLV$4 ,WE HAVE PUBLI%$ A D5IAL & E/ABLI%$ ! TRU?4 ,\R C5TRAL POLITICAL PUBLICATIONS1 \R UND]GR\ND MILIT>Y C5T]1 \R TRADE UNION C5T] >E WORK+ ACTIVELY & !IR RELATION%IPS TO O!R REGIONS HAVE BE5 RE/OR$ 9 ALMO/ EV]Y CASE4 ,! COMRADES :O /AY$ 9 ,ITALY NEV] LO/ !IR HEAD = A MOM5T1 & !Y >E DO+ ALL ?AT IS REQUIR$4 ,AVANTI WAS DE/ROY$ BY ! FASCI/S1 & A FEW DAYS WILL BE NE$$ TO 5ABLE ?IS PAP] TO APPE> ONCE MORE4 ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY'S C5TRAL HEADQU>T]S 9 ,ROME WAS DE/ROY$ & ALL ITS PRIVATE FILES BURN$1 RITY .<,S,P.> REG>D+ ! POLEMIC BETWE5 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & ! ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR1 WE HAVE NOT SE5 A DECL>ATION ( ANY K9D4 ,AS = ! RE=MI/S1 IT IS CLE> FROM ! TONE ( !IR NEWSPAP]S1 :I* >E /ILL APPE>+1 ?AT !Y WILL UNITE ) ! NEW GOV]NM5T4 ,) REF]5CE TO ! TRADE UNIONS1 ,COMRADE ,REPOSSI ( \R TRADE UNION COMMITTEE BELIEVES ?AT IT WILL BE POSSIBLE TO CONT9UE \R WORK4 ,?AT COMPLETES ! 9=MATION ?AT WE HAVE RECEIV$1 :I* DATES FROM #f ,NOVEMB]4 ,I HAVE SPOK5 AT L5G?4 ,I WILL NOT TAKE UP ! QUE/ION ( \R P>TY'S POSITION DUR+ ! C\RSE ( FASCISM'S DEVELOPM5T1 & 9/EAD RES]VE ?AT = O!R PO9TS ON ! CONGRESS AG5DA4 ,WE ONLY WANT TO ADDRESS H]E ! PROSPECTS = ! FUTURE4 ,WE HAVE SAID ?AT FASCISM WILL HAVE TO COPE ) ! DISSATISFACTION CREAT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T'S POLICIES4 ,NONE!LESS WE KN[ V]Y WELL ?AT :5 A MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION EXI/S ALONGSIDE ! /ATE1 IT IS EASI] TO COPE ) DISSATISFACTION & UNFAVORABLE ECONOMIC CONDITIONS4 ,UND] ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ?AT WAS TRUE 9 A MU* DEEP] S5SE1 BECAUSE HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T IS ON \R SIDE4 ,! FASCI/S >E EXCELL5TLY ORGANIZ$ & FIRM 9 !IR VIEWS4 ,GIV5 ?IS1 IT CAN BE =ESE5 ?AT ! FASCI/ GOV]NM5T WILL BE F> FROM UN/ABLE4 ,Y\ HAVE SE5 ?AT ,I HAVE 9 NO WAY EXAGG]AT$ ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* \R P>TY HAS /RUGGL$4 ,WE CANNOT MAKE ?AT 9TO A MATT] ( SYMPA?Y4 ,P]HAPS ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,ITALY HAS MADE MI/AKES4 ,IT CAN BE CRITICIZ$4 ,BUT ,I BELIEVE ?AT AT ! PRES5T MOM5T ! COMRADES' CONDUCT DEMON/RATES ?AT WE HAVE ACCOMPLI%$ A GREAT TASK1 ! =MATION ( A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY ( ! PROLET>IAT1 :I* WILL PROVIDE ! BASIS = AN UPRIS+ ( ! ,ITALIAN WORK+ CLASS4 ,! ,ITALIAN ,COMMUNI/S HAVE ! RID TO ! REVOLUTION & ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,NOTES #e4 ,! 'UNUSUAL CIRCUM/ANCES' FL[$ FROM ,MUSSOL9I'S ASSUMPTION ( P[] ON #ca ,OCTOB] #a#i#b#b4 #f4 ,TRIE/E & ! ,TR5T9O W]E T]RITORIES ) A SUB/ANTIAL ,ITALIAN POPULATION ?AT HAD BE5 RETA9$ BY ,AU/RIA-,HUNG>Y AFT] ! PROCESS ( ,ITALIAN UNIFICATION ( #ahei - #g2 BO? W]E AW>D$ TO ,ITALY 9 #a#i#a#i4 #g4 ,POSSESSION ( ! CITY ( ,FIUME1 ON ! NOR!RN ,ADRIATIC1 HAD BE5 DISPUT$ AT ! #aiai ,P>IS ,PEACE ,CONF]5CE BY ,ITALY & NEWLY CON/ITUT$ ,YUGOSLAVIA4 ,:ILE NEGOTIATIONS CONT9U$1 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#a#i1 AN ,ITALIAN NATIONALI/ MILITIA DETA*M5T L$ BY ,D',ANNUNZIO SEIZ$ ! CITY4 ,FIUME RETA9$ DE FACTO 9DEP5D5CE UNTIL #a#i#b#d1 :5 ! T]RITORY WAS DIVID$ BETWE5 ,ITALY & ,YUGOSLAVIA4 #h4 ,! MASSIVE /RIKE WAVE ( ,SEPTEMB] #aib 9 ,ITALY4 ,IT WAS BR\ATIONS1 & ! ACTION WAS HAMP]$ BY SECT>IANISM AMONG LEFT P>TIES4 ,! /RIKE FAIL$ & GAVE WAY TO A SWEEP+ FASCI/ (F5SIVE AGA9/ LABOR ORGANIZATIONS1 BACK$ BY ! >MY & POLICE4 ,H[EV]1 9 ,P>MA & ,B>I1 :]E UNIT$ FRONTS HAD BE5 A*IEV$ LOCALLY1 WORK]S WON /RIK+ VICTORIES OV] FASCI/ ATTACK]S4 #a4 ,! WORK]S' SUCCESSFUL DEF5SE ( ! OLD CITY 9 ,B>I1 & ALSO !IR SIMULTANE\S & DECISIVE VICTORY 9 ,P>MA1 FL[$ FROM ! A*IEVEM5T ( FIDITI DEL ,POPOLO 7,PEOPLE'S ,COMM&OS7 - A UNITY R>E AT ?AT TIME4 #a#a4 ,BO? ! ,G]MAN & ,RUSSIAN TEXTS = ! PREC$+ WORDS TRANSLATE AS 'BROAD SCOPE = SYNDICALISM'4 ,?IS IS AN APP>5T MI/RANSLATION ( ,BORDIGA'S REM>KS1 :I* W]E DELIV]$ 9 ,FR5*1 & W\LD HAVE US$ ! WORD 'SYNDICALISME' - 'TRADE UNIONISM'4 ,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,M>* #c1 #bba 3 ,REPORT ON ,FASCISM -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,REPORT ON ,FASCISM -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/