,:Y ,?IS ,BOOK ,WAS ,WRITT5 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,:Y ,?IS ,BOOK ,WAS ,WRITT5 

  

,I HAD LONG ?\<T ( WRIT+ A COMPACT BOOK ?AT W\LD DE>LY SUMM>IZE MY VIEWS ON 0REMAK+ SOCIETY0 FROM AN ECOLOGICAL VIEW0 PO9T4 ,IT SEEM$ TO ME 7AS IT DID TO MANY ( MY FRI5DS7 ?AT A NE$ EXI/$ TO BR+ ! IDEAS ,I HAVE DEVELOP$ OV] SEV]AL L>GE BOOKS 9TO A WORK ( SOME TWO HUNDR$ PAGES2 ONE ?AT W\LD NOT BE TOO DEM&+ = 9TELLIG5T READ]S :O >E 9T]E/$ 9 SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 

,BUT :AT F9ALLY MADE ME DECIDE TO WRITE ?IS BOOK WAS A RA!R *ILL+ 9CID5T4 ,E>LY 9 ,JUNE1 #a#i#h#g1 ,I WAS PRIVILEG$ TO BE A FEATURE SPEAK] 9 A SIX-DAY ,NATIONAL ,GA!R+ ( ,AM]ICAN ,GRE5S 9 ,AMH]/1 ,MASSA*USETTS4 ,! EV5T RECEIV$ A SURPRIS+ AM\NT ( NATIONAL PRESS COV]AGE -- & RI<TLY SO4 ,AB\T TWO ?\S& PEOPLE FROM AT LEA/ =TY-TWO /ATES CAME TO ,AMH]/ TO DEBATE ! !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL PROBLEMS ( A ,GRE5 MOVEM5T 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,?IS WAS ! BIGGE/ GA!R+ ( 9DEP5D5T ,AM]ICAN RADICALS 9 MANY YE>S4 ,L>GELY ANTI-CAPITALI/ & ACTIVI/1 !SE ,GRE5S W]E DEEPLY 9VOLV$ 9 !IR NEI<BORHOODS1 COMMUNITIES1 & WORKPLACES4 ,!Y REFLECT$ A WIDE SPECTRUM ( RADICALISM 9 ,AM]ICA -- GIV+ EXPRESSION TO ITS PROMISE & ITS PROBLEMS1 ITS HOPES & LIMITATIONS4 

,! GA!R+ WAS M>K$ BY OV] A DOZ5 PL5>Y SESSIONS ( FIVE HUNDR$ TO A ?\S& PEOPLE & BY AN A/ONI%+ NUMB] ( WORK%OPS ON ISSUES AS EXOTIC AS ECOLOGICAL E?ICS & AS TIMELY AS FEM9ISM1 RACISM1 IMP]IALISM1 & ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY2 9DE$1 ALMO/ EV]Y PRACTICAL SOCIAL PROBLEM ?AT C\LD BE ( 9T]E/ TO ! RAPIDLY GR[+ ,GRE5 MOVEM5T 9 ,AM]ICA4 ,!RE W]E HEAT$ DISPUTES OV] ELECTORAL V]SUS NON-ELECTORAL POLITICS1 9DEP5D5T V]SUS COALITION POLITICS1 REVOLUTION>Y V]SUS RE=MI/ POLITICS1 &1 9 %ORT1 ALL ! DEBATES ?AT HAVE E*O$ OV] ! YE>S 9 MAJOR RADICAL GA!R+S4 

,BUT SOME?+ FAIRLY NEW SURFAC$ 9 !SE DEBATES4 ,A NUMB] ( T5D5CIES1 9DE$1 WAYS ( ?9K+1 APPE>$ ?AT MAY SEEM UNIQUELY ,AM]ICAN1 BUT :I* ,I ?9K HAVE ALREADY EM]G$ OR WILL EM]GE 9 ,GRE5 MOVEM5TS1 & P]HAPS RADICAL MOVEM5TS G5]ALLY1 \TSIDE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,I CAN BE/ DESCRIBE AT LEA/ ONE ( !SE T5D5CIES BY GIV+ AN ACC\NT ( ! 9CID5T ?AT TR\BL$ ME4 ,IT OCCURR$ 9 AN AFT]-D9N] SMALL ( \R MEET+ PLACE TO DISCUSS ! EV5TS ( ! DAY4 ,A Y\NG1 TALL1 RA!R ROBU/ MAN FROM ,CALI=NIA BEGAN TO TALK 9 A VAGUE WAY AB\T ! NE$ TO 0OBEY0 ! 0LAWS ( NATURE10 TO 0HUMBLY SUBJUGATE \RSELVES0 7IF ,I RECALL HIS WORDS CORRECTLY7 0TO NATURE'S COMM&S40 ,RHETORICAL AS HIS WORDS SEEM$ AT FIR/ UTT]ANCE1 ,I BEGAN TO F9D HIS 9CREAS+LY /RID5T MONOLOGUE V]Y DI/URB+4 

,HIS USE ( WORDS LIKE 0OBEY10 0LAWS ( NATURE10 0SUBJUGATE 0 & COMM&S0 REM9D$ ME ( ! V]Y SAME LANGUAGE ,I HAVE HE>D FROM ANTI-ECOLOGICAL PEOPLE :O BELIEVE ?AT NATURE MU/ 0OBEY0 \R COMM&S & ITS 0LAWS0 MU/ BE US$ TO 0SUBJUGATE0 ! NATURAL WORLD ITSELF4 ,:E!R ,I WAS ?9K+ ( ! Y\NG ,CALI=NIA ,GRE5 :O WAS BOMB>D+ ME ) HIS SEEM+LY 0ECOLOGICAL0 V]BIAGE1 OR ( MOD]N ACOLYTES ( ! COLD DEITIES ( SCI5CE :O BELIEVE ?AT 0MAN0 MU/ RU?LESSLY CONTROL NATURE 9 0HIS0 [N 9T]E/1 IT WAS CLE> TO ME ?AT !SE TWO SEEM+LY OPPOS$ VIEWS HAD A BASIC ?+ 9 COMMON4 ,!Y JO9TLY %>$ ! VOCABUL>Y ( DOM9ATION & SUBJUGATION4 ,JU/ AS MY ,CALI=NIA ,GRE5 BELIEVES ?AT HUMAN BE+S %\LD BE DOM9AT$ BY NATURE1 SO ! ACOLYTES ( SCI5TISM BELIEVE ?AT NATURE %\LD BE DOM9AT$ BY 0MAN40 

,MY ,CALI=NIA ,GRE51 9 EFFECT1 HAD M]ELY REV]S$ ?IS UNSAVORY RELATION%IP BETWE5 HUMAN BE+S & NATURE BY TURN+ PEOPLE 9TO OBJECTS ( DOM9ATION1 JU/ AS HIS SCI5TI/IC OPPON5TS 7USUALLY BIG 9DU/RIALI/S1 F9ANCI]S1 & 5TREPR5EURS 9 \R MOD]N CORPORATE SOCIETY7 TURN ! WORLD ( LIFE1 9CLUD+ HUMAN BE+S1 9TO OBJECTS ( DOM9ATION4 ,! FACT ?AT HUMANITY1 TOGE!R ) NATURE1 W]E BE+ LOCK$ 9TO A COMMON DE/9Y BAS$ ON DOM9ATION BY A HI]>*ICAL M5TALITY & SOCIETY1 SEEM$ TO ELUDE MY ,CALI=NIA ,GRE5 ) HIS SIMPLI/IC MESSAGE ( 0SURR5D]+0 TO NATURE & ITS 0LAWS40 

,ALREADY DEEPLY DI/URB$ BY ! FACT ?AT A SELF-PR(ESS$ ,GRE5 C\LD ?9K SO MU* LIKE HIS ECOLOGICAL OPPON5TS1 ,I DECID$ TO ASK HIM A BLUNT QUE/ION3 0,:AT DO Y\ ?9K IS ! CAUSE ( ! PRES5T ECOLOGICAL CRISIS80 ,HIS ANSW] WAS V]Y EMPHATIC3 0,HUMAN BE+S6 ,PEOPLE >E RESPONSIBLE = ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS60 

0,DO Y\ MEAN ?AT PEOPLE SU* AS BLACKS1 WOM51 & ! OPPRESS$ >E CAUS+ ECOLOGICAL IMBALANCES -- NOT CORPORATIONS1 AGRIBUS9ESS1 RUL+ ELITES1 & ! ,/ATE80 ,I ASK$ ) COMPLETE A/ONI%M5T4 

0,YES1 PEOPLE60 HE ANSW]$ EV5 MORE HEAT$LY4 0,EV]YONE6 ,!Y OV]POPULATE ! E>?1 !Y POLLUTE ! PLANET1 !Y DEV\R ITS RES\RCES1 !Y >E GRE$Y4 ,?AT'S :Y CORPORATIONS EXI/ -- TO GIVE PEOPLE ! ?+S !Y WANT40 

,I SUSPECT \R DISCUSSION W\LD HAVE BECOME EXPLOSIVE IF MY ,CALI=NIA ,GRE5 HAD NOT BE5 DI/RACT$ BY A NE>BY GAME ( VOLLEY-BALL & LEAP$ UP TO JO9 IT4 

,I C\LD NOT =GET ?IS CONV]SATION4 ,9DE$1 IT HAUNTS ME TO ! PRES5T DAY BECAUSE ( ! EXT5T1 AS ,I HAVE S9CE LE>N$1 TO :I* IT REFLECTS ! ?9K+ ( MANY 5VIRONM5TALI/S1 SOME ( :OM W\LD MILITANTLY CALL !MSELVES 0RADICALS40 

,! MO/ /RIK+ FEATURE ( SU* A WAY ( ?9K+ IS NOT ONLY ?AT IT CLOSELY P>ALLELS ! WAY ( ?9K+ ?AT IS F\ND 9 ! CORPORATE WORLD4 ,:AT IS MORE S]I\S IS ?AT IT S]VES TO DEFLECT \R ATT5TION FROM ! ROLE SOCIETY PLAYS 9 PRODUC+ ECOLOGICAL BREAKD[N4 ,IF 0PEOPLE0 AS A SPECIES >E RESPONSIBLE = 5VIRONM5TAL DISLOCATIONS1 !SE DISLOCATIONS CEASE TO BE ! RESULT ( SOCIAL DISLOCATIONS4 ,A MY?IC 0,HUMANITY0 IS CREAT$ -- IRRESPECTIVE ( :E!R WE >E TALK+ AB\T OPPRESS$ E?NIC M9ORITIES1 WOM54 ,?IRD ,WORLD PEOPLE1 OR PEOPLE 9 ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD -- 9 :I* EV]YONE IS BR\<T 9TO COMPLICITY ) P[]FUL CORPORATE ELITES 9 PRODUC+ 5VIRONM5TAL DISLOCATIONS4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! SOCIAL ROOTS ( ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS >E %REWDLY OBSCUR$4 ,A NEW K9D ( BIOLOGICAL 0ORIG9AL S90 IS CREAT$ 9 :I* A VAGUE GR\P ( ANIMALS CALL$ 0,HUMANITY0 IS TURN$ 9TO A DE/RUCTIVE =CE ?AT ?REAT5S ! SURVIVAL ( ! LIV+ WORLD4 

,R$UC$ TO A M]E SPECIES1 HUMAN BE+S CAN N[ BE TREAT$ AS A SIMPLE ZOOLOGICAL PH5OM5ON SUBJECT TO ! 0BIOLOGICAL LAWS0 ?AT PRESUMABLY DET]M9E ! 0/RUGGLE = EXI/5CE0 9 ! ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,IF !RE IS A FAM9E1 = EXAMPLE1 IT CAN BE 0EXPLA9$0 BY SIMPLE BIOLOGICAL NOTIONS LIKE A 0%ORTAGE ( FOOD10 PRESUMABLY CAUS$ BY 0EXCESS POPULATION10 ,IF !RE IS A W>1 IT CAN BE EXPLA9$ BY ! 0/RESSES0 PRODUC$ BY 0OV]CR[D+0 OR ! NE$ = 0LIV+ SPACE40 

,9 A LIKE MANN]1 WE CAN DISMISS OR EXPLA9 AWAY HUNG]1 MIS]Y1 OR ILLNESS AS 0NATURAL *ECKS0 ?AT >E IMPOS$ ON HUMAN BE+S TO RETA9 ! 0BALANCE ( NATURE40 ,WE CAN COM=TABLY =GET ?AT MU* ( ! POV]TY & HUNG] ?AT AFFLICTS ! WORLD HAS ITS ORIG9 9 ! CORPORATE EXPLOITATION ( HUMAN BE+S & NATURE -- 9 AGRIBUS9ESS & SOCIAL OPPRESSION4 ,HUMAN BE+S1 Y\ SEE1 >E M]ELY A SPECIES LIKE RABBITS1 LEMM+S1 & ! LIKE1 :O >E 9EXORABLY SUBJECT TO REL5TLESS 0NATURAL LAWS40 .<#a.> 

,IF ONE VIEWS ! HUMAN CONDITION ?IS WAY1 SU* ?AT ALL LIFE-=MS >E 0BIOC5TRICALLY0 9T]*ANGEABLE DESPITE !IR UNIQUE QUALITIES1 PEOPLE1 TOO1 BECOME 9T]*ANGEABLE ) LOCU/S OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 VIRUSES -- AS HAS BE5 S]I\SLY SUGGE/$ 9 A DEBATE BY ADVOCATES ( ?IS VIEWPO9T -- & >E EQUALLY EXP5DABLE 9 ! 9T]PLAY ( SO-CALL$ NATURAL LAWS4 

,! Y\NG ,CALI=NIAN :O PRES5T$ !SE VIEWS EXPRESS$ ONLY ! CRUDE/ NOTIONS ?AT MAKE UP ?IS GR[+ IDEOLOGY4 ,HE MAY V]Y WELL HAVE BE5 ONE ( ?OSE PEOPLE ,I HAVE REC5TLY 5C\NT]$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES :O BELIEVES ?AT ,AFRICAN *ILDR5 -- PRESUMABLY LIKE O!R 0ANIMALS0 -- %\LD BE P]MITT$ TO />VE BECAUSE !Y >E 0OV]POPULAT+0 ! CONT95T & BURD5+ ! BIOLOGICAL 0C>RY+ CAPACITY0 ( !IR RESPECTIVE C\NTRIES4 ,OR1 :AT IS EQUALLY VICI\S1 ?AT ! ,A,I,D,S EPIDEMIC %\LD BE WELCOM$ AS A MEANS ( R$UC+ 0EXCESSIVE0 POPULATION4 ,OR1 MORE *AUV9I/ICALLY1 ?AT 0IMMIGRANTS0 TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES FROM ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA 7(T5 ,9DIANS :OSE ANCE/ORS CAME TO ! ,AM]ICAS ?\S&S ( YE>S AGO7 %\LD BE KEPT \T BECAUSE !Y ?REAT5 0\R0 RES\RCES4 

,PRES5T$ 9 SO CRUDE & RACI/ A =M1 ) ! USE ( WORDS LIKE 0\R0 TO DESIGNATE AN ,AM]ICA :OSE RES\RCES >E ACTUALLY [N$ BY A H&FUL ( GIANT CORPORATIONS1 ?IS VIEWPO9T IS LIKELY TO BE REPUGNANT TO MO/ ,AM]ICANS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 AS SIMPLE-M9D$1 PURELY ZOOLOGICAL ANSW]S TO HI<LY COMPLEX SOCIAL QUE/IONS1 ! VIEWPO9T L5DS TO GA9 A GR[+ FOLL[+1 P>TICUL>LY AMONG ! MORE MA*O1 AU?ORIT>IAN1 & REACTION>Y TYPES :O HAVE ALWAYS US$ 0NATURE0 & 0NATURAL LAWS0 AS SUB/ITUTES = A /UDY ( REAL SOCIAL ISSUES & CONC]NS4 

,! TEMPTATION TO EQUATE HUMAN BE+S :O LIVE 9 COMPLEX1 HI<LY 9/ITUTIONALIZ$1 & BITT]LY DIVID$ SOCIETIES ) ORD9>Y ANIMALS1 IS F9D+ ITS VOICE 9 SEEM+LY SOPHI/ICAT$ >GUM5TS ?AT (T5 P>ADE UND] ! GUISE ( 0RADICAL0 ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHIES4 ,! RESURG5CE ( A NEW ,MAL?USIANISM ?AT CONT5DS ?AT GR[? RATES 9 POPULATION T5D TO EXCE$ GR[? RATES 9 FOOD PRODUCTION IS DIE MO/ S9I/] IDEOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ALL4 

,! MY? ?AT POPULATION 9CREASES 9 PLACES LIKE ! ,SUDAN1 = EXAMPLE1 RESULT 9 FAM9E 7NOT ! NOTORI\S FACT ?AT ! ,SUDANESE C\LD EASILY FE$ !MSELVES IF !Y W]E NOT =C$ BY ! ,AM]ICAN-CONTROLL$ ,WORLD ,BANK & ,9T]NATIONAL ,MONET>Y ,FUND TO GR[ COTTON 9/EAD ( GRA9S7 TYPICALLY REPRES5TS ! K9D ( >GUM5TS ?AT >E GA9+ POPUL>ITY AMONG MANY 5VIRONM5TALI/S1 0,NATURE10 WE >E >ROGANTLY TOLD BY PRIVILEG$ ,EURO-,AM]ICANS :O P>ADE AS 0NATURAL LAW0 !ORI/S1 0MU/ BE P]MITT$ TO TAKE ITS C\RSE0 -- AS ?\< ! PR(ITS ( CORPORATIONS1 BANKS1 & AGRIBUS9ESS HAVE ANY?+ TO DO ) ! 0C\RSE0 ( NATURE4 

,:AT R5D]S ?IS NEW 0BIOC5TRISM10 ) ITS ANTIHUMANI/IC IMAGE ( HUMAN BE+S AS 9T]*ANGEABLE ) ROD5TS OR ANTS1 SO 9SIDI\S IS ?AT IT N[ =MS ! PREMISE ( A GR[+ MOVEM5T CALL$ 0DEEP ECOLOGY40.<#b.> 0,DEEP ECOLOGY0 WAS SPAWN$ AMONG WELL-TO-DO PEOPLE :O HAVE BE5 RAIS$ ON A SPIRITUAL DIET ( ,EA/]N CULTS MIX$ ) ,HOLLYWOOD & ,DISNEYL& FANTASIES4 ,! ,AM]ICAN M9D IS =MLESS 5\< )\T BURD5+ IT ) 0BIOC5TRIC0 MY?S ( A ,BUDDHI/ & ,TAOI/ BELIEF 9 A UNIV]SAL 0ON5ESS0 SO COSMIC ?AT HUMAN BE+S ) AIL !IR DI/9CTIV5ESS DISSOLVE 9TO AN ALL-5COMPASS+ =M ( BIOC5TRIC EQUALITY40 ,R$UC$ TO M]ELY ONE LIFE-=M AMONG MANY1 ! POOR & ! IMPOV]I%$ EI!R BECOME FAIR GAME = \TRI<T EXT]M9ATION IF !Y >E SOCIALLY EXP5DABLE1 OR !Y BECOME OBJECTS ( BRUTAL EXPLOITATION IF !Y CAN BE US$ TO AGGR&IZE ! CORPORATE WORLD4 ,ACCORD+LY1 T]MS LIKE 0ON5ESS0 & A 0BIOC5TRIC DEMOCRACY0 GO H&-9-H& ) A PI\S =MULA = HUMAN OPPRESSION1 MIS]Y1 & EV5 EXT]M9ATION4 

,F9ALLY1 ECOLOGICAL ?9K+ IS NOT 5RI*$ BY RECKLESSLY BL5D+ SU* DISP>ATE RELIGIONS AS ,BUDDHISM & ,TAOISM ) ,*RI/IANITY1 MU* LESS PHILOSOPH]S LIKE ! ,JEWI% ?9K] ,SP9OZA ) A ,NAZI APOLOGI/ LIKE ,HEIDEGG]4 ,TO DECL>E1 AS ,AME ,NAESS1 ! PONTIFF ( 0DEEP ECOLOGY10 HAS DONE1 ?AT ! 0BASIC PR9CIPLES ( ! DEEP ECOLOGY MOVEM5T LIE 9 RELIGION OR PHILOSOPHY10 IS TO MAKE A CONCLUSION NOTABLE = ITS ABS5CE ( REF]5CE TO SOCIAL !ORY4.<#c.> 

,!RE IS 5\< 9 ?IS MIX ( 0BIOC5TRISM01 ANTIHUMANISM1 MY/ICISM1 & RELIGION ) ITS 0NATURAL LAW0 E?OS TO FE$ EXTREMELY REACTION>Y & ATAVI/IC T5D5CIES1 ALL WELL-MEAN+ REF]5CES 9 DEEP ECOLOGY AB\T 0DEC5TRALIZATION0 & 0NONHI]>*Y0 ASIDE4 ,?IS RAISES ! QUE/ION ( /ILL ANO!R EXOTIC T5D5CY ?AT IS P]COLAT+ ?R\< ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5TS4 ,I REF] TO ! P>ADOXICAL NE$ = A NEW !I/IC ECOLOGICAL 0SPIRITUALITY40 ,?AT ! WORD 0SPIRITUALITY0 MAY (T5 MEAN A DEC5T1 9DE$1 A :OLESOME S5SITIVITY TO NATURE & ITS SUBTLE 9T]CONNECTIONS1 IS A V]Y SUB/ANTIAL REASON TO GU>D \RSELVES AGA9/ ITS DEG5]ATION 9TO AN ATAVI/IC1 SIMPLE-M9D$ =M ( NATURE RELIGION PEOPL$ BY GODS1 GODDESSES1 & EV5TUALLY A NEW HI]>*Y ( PRIE/S & PRIE/ESSES4 ,MY/ICAL V]SIONS ( FEM9ISM1 AS WELL AS ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T AS A :OLE1 ALAS1 HAVE SOMETIMES PROV$ !MSELVES TO BE ALL TOO VULN]ABLE TO ?IS T5D5CY4 ,! CLE>-SI<T$ NATURALISM TO :I* ECOLOGY SO VIVIDLY L5DS ITSELF IS N[ 9 DANG] ( BE+ SUPPLANT$ BY A SUP]NATURAL \TLOOK ?AT IS 9H]5TLY ALI5 TO NATURE'S [N FECUNDITY & SELF-CREATIVITY4 

,MAY WE NOT REASONABLY ASK :Y ! NATURAL WORLD HAS TO BE PEOPL$ ) E>? GODS & GODDESSES :5 NATURAL EVOLUTION EXHIBITS A M>VEL\S P[] ( ITS [N TO G5]ATE SU* A RI* & WONDR\S V>IETY ( LIV+ BE+S8 ,IS ?IS ALONE NOT 5\< TO ,FILL ! HUMAN M9D ) ADMIRATION & RESPECT8 ,IS IT NOT ! CRUDE/ =M ( 0AN?ROPOC5TRISM0 7TO USE A WORD = ! PROJECTION ( ! HUMAN 9TO ! NATURAL ?AT EVOKES SO MU* DISDA9 9 ECOLOGY MOVEM5TS7 TO 9TRODUCE DEIFI$ =MS CREAT$ BY ! HUMAN IMAG9ATION 9TO ! NATURAL WORLD 9 ! NAME ( ECOLOGICAL 0SPIRITUALITY08 

,TO WOR%IP OR REV]E ANY BE+1 NATURAL OR SUP]NATURAL1 WILL ALWAYS BE A =M ( SELF-SUBJUGATION & S]VITUDE ?AT ULTIMATELY YIELDS SOCIAL DOM9ATION1 BE IT 9 ! NAME ( NATURE1 SOCIETY1 G5D]1 OR RELIGION4 ,MORE ?AN ONE CIVILIZATION WAS RIDDL$ BY 0NATURE DEITIES0 ?AT W]E CYNICALLY US$ BY RUL+ ELITES TO SUPPORT ! MO/ RIGID1 OPPRESSIVE1 & DEHUMANIZ+ ( SOCIAL HI]>*IES4 ,! MOM5T HUMAN BE+S FALL TO !IR KNEES BE=E ANY ?+ ?AT IS 0HI<]0 ?AN !MSELVES1 HI]>*Y WILL HAVE MADE ITS FIR/ TRIUMPH OV] FRE$OM1 & HUMAN BACKS WILL BE EXPOS$ TO ALL ! BURD5S ?AT CAN BE 9FLICT$ ON !M BY SOCIAL DOM9ATION4 

,I HAVE RAIS$ SOME ( ! PROBLEMS POS$ BY ! MISAN?ROPIC1 ANTIHUMAN T5D5CIES 9 ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T NOT TO DEFAME ! MOVEM5T AS A :OLE4 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y3 MY PURPOSE 9 SURVEY+ !SE T5D5CIES IS TO PEEL AWAY ! FUNGUS ?AT HAS ACCUMULAT$ >\ND ! MOVEM5T & LOOK AT ! PROMIS+ FRUIT ECOLOGY CAN YIELD = ! FUTURE4 ,! REASON :Y ?IS BOOK HAS BE5 WRITT5 IS TO %[ AS CLE>LY AS POSSIBLE ?AT ECOLOGY ALONE1 FIRMLY ROOT$ 9 SOCIAL CRITICISM & A VISION ( SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION1 CAN PROVIDE US ) ! MEANS = REMAK+ SOCIETY 9 A WAY ?AT WILL B5EFIT NATURE & HUMANITY4 

,H[EV]1 WE CANNOT A*IEVE SU* A CRITICISM & VISION BY SW++ M9DLESSLY FROM ONE EXTREME ?AT ADVOCATES ! COMPLETE 0DOM9ATION ( NATURE0 BY 0MAN0 TO ANO!R1 RA!R CONFUS$ 0BIOC5TRIC0 OR ANTIHUMANI/ EXTREME ?AT ESS5TIALLY R$UCES HUMANITY TO A P>ASITIC SW>M ( MOSQUITOES 9 A MY/IFI$ SWAMP CALL$ 0,NATURE10 ,WE MU/ REMOVE \RSELVES FROM AN IDEOLOGICAL CATAPULT ?AT P]IODICALLY FL+S US FROM FAD TO FAD & ABSURDITY TO ABSURDITY4 

,IT IS TEMPT+ TO RETURN TO ! RADICALISM ( ! PA/ :]E ASSUR$ DOGMAS W]E SOCIALLY 9SPIRATIONAL & HAD ! AURA ( ROMANTIC REBELLION >\ND !M4 ,HAV+ BE5 RAIS$ 9 ?AT ]A ( A HALF-C5TURY AGO1 ,I F9D IT EMOTIONALLY CONG5IAL -- BUT 9TELLECTUALLY V]Y 9ADEQUATE4 ,TRADITIONAL RADICAL !ORY IS N[ 9 DEBRIS4 ,MU* ?AT PASSES = SOCIALISM & COMMUNISM1 TODAY1 ACTS AS A CRUCIAL SUPPORT = ! PREVAIL+ M>KET SOCIETY4 ,>*AIC SLOGANS LIKE ! 0NATIONALIZATION ( PROP]TY0 & A 0PLANN$ ECONOMY0 RE9=CE ! GR[+ C5TRALIZATION & RATIONALIZATION ( ! CORPORATE ECONOMY & ! ,/ATE4 ,M>X'S ALMO/ REV]5TIAL ATTITUDE T[>D TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION & GR[? ?REAT5S TO EXPRESS ! MO/ MALIGNANT GOALS ( A TE*NOCRATIC IDEOLOGY & A TE*NOCRATIC BUREAUCRACY4 ,EV5 ! /RATEGIC POLITICAL GOALS ( OR?ODOX RADICALISM1 ) ITS VISION ( ! PROLET>IAT AS A HEGEMONIC CLASS1 >E FAD+ AWAY ) ! DISPLACEM5T ( 9DU/RIAL WORK]S BY AUTOMATION4 ,NO GREAT MOVEM5TS >E GA!R+ UND] ! BANN] ( ! R$ FLAG -- ONLY ! <O/LY REBELS ( ! PA/ :O P]I%$ 9 ! FAIL$ 9SURRECTIONS ( A BYGONE ]A & ! LEAD]S :O GUID$ !M 9TO A HI/ORIC LIMBO4 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 LIB]AL 5VIRONM5TALISM HAS BECOME A BALM = SOO?+ ! BAD CONSCI5CES ( RAPACI\S 9DU/RIALI/S :O 5GAGE 9 A TA/ELESS BALLET ) 5VIRONM5TAL LOBBYI/S1 LAWY]S1 & PUBLIC (FICIALS4 ,= ?IS CREW1 NATURE IS ESS5TIALLY A COLLECTION ( NATURAL RES\RCES4 ,!IR 5VIRONM5TAL BALLETS HAVE ! GOAL ( SOO?+ CONSCI5CES ACCORD+ TO AN E?ICS ( LESS] EVILS1 NOT AN E?ICS ( ! GREAT] GOOD & VIRTUE4 ,TYPICALLY1 A HUGE =E/ IS USUALLY 0TRAD$ (F0 = A SMALL /& ( TREES & A L>GE /RET* ( WETL&S = A SMALL1 PRESUMABLY 0IMPROV$0 WILDLIFE SANCTU>Y4 

,9 ! MEANTIME1 ! OV]ALL DET]IORATION ( ! 5VIRONM5T OCCURS AT A MADCAP PACE4 ,BASIC PLANET>Y CYCLES1 LIKE ! RATIO ( ATMOSPH]IC GASES & ! FACTORS :I* DET]M9E IT1 >E UND]M9$1 9CREAS+ ! PROPORTION ( C>BON DIOXIDE TO OXYG5 9 ! AIR4 ,ECOLOGICALLY FRAGILE RA9 =E/S1 ?AT HAVE BE5 ON E>? = SIXTY MILLION YE>S OR MORE & :OSE ROLE 9 MA9TA9+ ! 9TEGRITY ( ! AIR WE BREA! IS 9DET]M9ABLE1 >E RECKLESSLY REMOV$4 ,*EMICAL POLLUTANTS LIKE *LOR(LUORO-C>BONS ?REAT5 TO ?9 \T & OP5 VA/ HOLES 9 ! OZONE LAY] ?AT PROTECTS ALL COMPLEX LIFE-=MS FROM ! SUN'S H>MFUL ULTRA-VIOLET RADIATION4 ,!SE >E ! MAJOR 9SULTS ?AT >E BE+ 9FLICT$ ON ! PLANET4 ,!Y DO NOT 9CLUDE ! DAILY DIET ( *EMICAL POLLUTANTS1 ACID RA91 H>MFUL FOOD ADDITIVES1 & AGRICULTURAL POISONS ?AT MAY BE *ANG+ ! :OLE SPECTRUM ( DISEASES ?AT CLAIM HUMAN & NON-HUMAN LIFE TODAY4 

,! CONTROL ( !SE POT5TIALLY DISA/R\S ALT]ATIONS ( ! E>?'S ECOLOGICAL BALANCE HAS VIRTUALLY COLLAPS$ BE=E ! 0COMPROMISES0 & 0TRADE(FS0 5G9E]$ BY LIB]AL 5VIORNM5TALI/S4 ,9DE$1 :AT R5D]S ! LIB]AL APPROA* SO HOPELESSLY 9EFFECTUAL IS ! FACT ?AT IT TAKES ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORD] = GRANT$1 LIKE ! AIR WE BREA! & ! WAT] WE DR9K4 ,ALL ( !SE 0COMPROMISES0 & 0TRADE(FS0 RE/ ON ! P>ALYZ+ BELIEF ?AT A M>KET SOCIETY1 PRIVATELY [N$ PROP]TY1 & ! PRES5T-DAY BUREAUCRATIC NATION-/ATE CANNOT BE *ANG$ 9 ANY BASIC S5SE4 ,?US1 IT IS ! PREVAIL+ ORD] ?AT SETS ! T]MS ( ANY 0COMPROMISE0 OR 0TRADE(F10 JU/ LIKE ! RULES ( A *ESS GAME & ! GRID ( A *ESS BO>D DET]M9E 9 ADVANCE :AT ! PLAY]S CAN DO -- NOT ! DICTATES ( REASON & MORALITY4 

,TO 0PLAY BY ! RULES0 ( ! 5VIRONM5TAL GAME MEANS ?AT ! NATURAL WORLD1 9CLUD+ OPPRESS$ PEOPLE1 ALWAYS LOSES SOME?+ PIECE BY PIECE UNTIL EV]Y?+ IS LO/ 9 ! 5D4 ,AS LONG AS LIB]AL 5VIRONM5TALISM IS /RUCTUR$ >\ND ! SOCIAL /ATUS QUO1 PROP]TY RI<TS ALWAYS PREVAIL OV] PUBLIC RI<TS & P[] ALWAYS PREVAILS OV] P[]LESSNESS4 ,BE IT A =E/1 WETL&S1 OR GOOD AGRICULTURAL SOIL1 A 0DEVELOP]0 :O [NS ANY ( !SE 0RES\RCES0 USUALLY SETS ! T]MS ON :I* EV]Y NEGOTIATION OCCURS & ULTIMATELY SUCCE$S 9 A*IEV+ ! TRIUMPH ( WEAL? OV] ECOLOGICAL CONSID]ATION4 

,F9ALLY1 LIB]AL 5VIRONM5TALISM SUFF]S FROM A CONSI/5T REFUSAL TO SEE ?AT A CAPITALI/IC SOCIETY BAS$ ON COMPETITION & GR[? = ITS [N SAKE MU/ ULTIMATELY DEV\R ! NATURAL WORLD1 JU/ LIKE AN UNTREAT$ CANC] MU/ ULTIMATELY DEV\R ITS HO/4 ,P]SONAL 9T5TIONS1 BE !Y GOOD OR BAD1 HAVE LITTLE TO DO ) ?IS UNREL5T+ PROCESS4 ,AN ECONOMY ?AT IS /RUCTUR$ >\ND ! MAXIM1 0,GR[ OR ,DIE10 MU/ NECESS>ILY PIT ITSELF AGA9/ ! NATURAL WORLD & LEAVE ECOLOGICAL RU9 9 ITS WAKE AS IT WORKS ITS WAY ?R\< ! BIOSPH]E4 ,I NE$ H>DLY ADD ?AT ! GR[?-ORI5T$1 BUREAUCRATIC1 & HI<LY /RATIFI$ 0SOCIALI/0 WORLD (F]S NO ALT]NATIVES TO ! FAILURE ( LIB]ALISM4 ,TOTALIT>IAN C\NTRIES >E EQUALLY CULPABLE 9 ! PLUND]+ ( ! PLANET4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT DIFF]5CE BETWE5 !M & !IR ,WE/]N C\NT]P>TS IS ?AT A 0PLANN$ ECONOMY0 R5D]S !IR EF=TS MORE SY/EMATIC4 ,ANY OPPOSITION -- BE IT LIB]AL OR RADICAL -- IS MORE EASILY SIL5C$ BY ! 9/ITUTIONS ( A POLICE /ATE4 

,! N>R[+ *OICES ?AT SEEM TO CONFRONT US -- NOTABLY1 AN UNFEEL+ MISAN?ROPIC K9D ( 0ECOLOGISM0 & A QUEASY LIB]AL 5VIRONM5TALISM -- REQUIRE ?AT WE LOOK = ANO!R WAY4 ,IS ! ONLY RESPONSE TO LIB]AL 5VIRONM5TALISM & ITS DIET ( FAILURES A 0DEEP ECOLOGY0 ?AT MY/IFIES 0WILD0 NATURE & WILDLIFE1 IMPORTANT AS REMA9+ >EAS ( PRI/9E NATURE MAY BE8 ,>E WE OBLIG$ TO *OOSE BETWE5 LOBBY+1 0COMPROMISES10 & 0TRADE(FS0 & A 0BIOC5TRIC10 ANTIHUMANI/ M5TALITY ?AT T5DS TO R$UCE HUMANITY TO NO?+ MORE ?AN A M]E ANIMAL SPECIES & ! HUMAN M9D TO BLI<T ON ! NATURAL WORLD8 ,IS ! ONLY RESPONSE TO A TE*NOLOGY GONE WILD A RETURN TO A HUNT+ & GA!R+ WAY ( LIFE 9 :I* *IPP$ FL9TS >E \R PR9CIPAL MAT]IALS = ACT+ ON ! NATURAL WORLD8 ,& IS ! ONLY RESPONSE TO ! LOGIC ( MOD]N SCI5CE & 5G9E]+ A CELEBRATION ( IRRATIONALITY1 9/9CT1 & RELIGIOSITY8 

,ADMITT$LY1 ,I HAVE SIMPLIFI$ ! ALT]NATIVES4 ,BUT ,I HAVE DONE SO ONLY TO REVEAL !IR LOGIC & IMPLICATIONS4 ,= ONE ?+1 ,I DO NOT WI% TO D5Y ?AT EV5 LIB]AL 5VIRONM5TALISM & ! VALUE ( AN 9/9CTIVE S5SIBILITY HAVE !IR ROLES 9 RESI/+ A P[]FUL TE*NOLOGY ?AT HAS BE5 PLAC$ 9 ! S]VICE ( M9DLESS GR[?1 ACCUMULATION1 & CONSUMPTION4 ,A /& AGA9/ ! CON/RUCTION ( A NUCLE> REACTOR1 A NEW HI<WAY1 AN EF=T TO CLE>-CUT A M\NTA9SIDE1 OR A NEW CONDO DEVELOPM5T ?AT ?REAT5S TO DEFACE AN URBAN L&SCAPE -- ALL REPRES5T IMPORTANT ACTS1 H[EV] LIMIT$1 TO PREV5T FUR!R 5VIRONM5TAL DET]IORATION4 ,L&1 WILDLIFE1 SC5IC NATURAL BEAUTY1 & ECOLOGICAL V>IETY ?AT IS PRES]V$ FROM ! BULLDOZ] & PR(IT-ORI5T$ PR$ATORS1 >E IMPORTANT 5CLAVES ( NATURE & ES!TICS ?AT MU/ BE PRES]V$ :]EV] WE CAN DO SO4 ,IT REQUIRES NO GREAT !ORETICAL OR IDEOLOGICAL WISDOM TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ALMO/ EV]Y?+ ( WOND] & BEAUTY1 FROM A /ATUESQUE TREE TO A BURR[+ MAMMAL1 HAS ITS PLACE 9 ! WORLD & ITS FUNCTION 9 ! BIOSPH]E4 

,H[EV]1 TO C>RY !SE COMPELL+ FACTS TO A PO9T :]E HUMANITY IS SE5 EI!R AS A BLI<T ON NATURE OR ! 0LORD ( CREATION0 LEADS TO A V]Y S9I/] RESULT4 ,BO? VIEWS S]VE TO PIT HUMANITY AGA9/ NATURE1 :E!R AS 0BLI<T0 OR AS 0LORD40 ,HUMANITY 79S(> AS ?IS WORD D5OTES A SPECIES RA!R ?AN HI<LY DIVID$ SOCIAL BE+S :O LIVE 9 %>P CONFLICT ) EA* O!R AS OPPRESS$ & OPPRESSOR7 IS PLUCK$ \T ( ! EVOLUTION ( LIFE & PLAC$ ON A %ELF LIKE AN 9ANIMATE OBJECT4 ,ISOLAT$ FROM ! WORLD ( LIFE ) EI!R CURSES OR PRAISES1 IT IS !N DISPAT*$ BACK 9TO A PRIMAL WORLD ( ! DI/ANT PA/ OR CATAPULT$ UP TO ! />S1 REGAL$ ) SPACE SUITS & EXOTIC WEAPONS4 ,NEI!R ( !SE IMAGES T\*ES UPON AN ALL-IMPORTANT FACT3 HUMAN BE+S EXI/ 9 V>I\S SOCIETIES1 ALL ( :I* >E PR(\NDLY RELEVANT TO \R ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS4 ,AS SOCIAL BE+S1 HUMANS HAVE DEVELOP$ WAYS ( RELAT+ TO EA* O!R ?R\< 9/ITUTIONS ?AT1 MORE ?AN ANY S+LE FACTOR1 DET]M9E H[ !Y DEAL ) ! NATURAL WORLD4 

,I SUBMIT ?AT WE MU/ GO BEYOND ! SUP]FICIAL LAY] ( IDEAS CREAT$ BY 0BIOC5TRICITY10 0ANTIHUMANISM1 ,MAL?USIANISM1 & 0DEEP ECOLOGY0 AT ONE EXTREME1 & ! BELIEF 9 GR[?1 COMPETITION1 HUMAN 0SUPREMACY10 & SOCIAL P[] AT ! O!R EXTREME4 ,WE MU/ LOOK AT ! SOCIAL FACTORS ?AT HAVE CREAT$ BO? ( !SE EXTREMES 9 !IR MANY DIFF]5T =MS & ANSW] KEY QUE/IONS AB\T ! HUMAN CONDITION IF WE >E TO H>MONIZE HUMANITY'S RELATION%IP ) NATURE4 

,:AT1 AFT] ALL1 IS HUMAN SOCIETY :5 WE TRY TO VIEW IT FROM AN ECOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE8 ,A 0CURSE80 ,AN UNMITIGAT$ 0BLESS+80 ,A DEVICE = COP+ ) MAT]IAL NE$S8 ,OR DAY ,I SAY A PRODUCT ( NATURAL EVOLUTION AS WELL AS CULTURE ?AT NOT ONLY MEETS A WIDE V>IETY ( HUMAN NE$S1 BUT1 POT5TIALLY AT LEA/1 CAN PLAY A MAJOR ROLE 9 FO/]+ ! EVOLUTION ( LIFE ON ! PLANET8 

,:AT FACTORS HAVE PRODUC$ ECOLOGICALLY H>MFUL HUMAN SOCIETIES8 ,& :AT FACTORS C\LD YIELD ECOLOGICALLY B5EFICIAL HUMAN SOCIETIES8 

,IS A WELL-DEVELOP$ TE*NOLOGY NECESS>ILY ANTI-ECOLOGICAL OR CAN IT BE US$ TO 5HANCE ! BIOSPH]E & HABITATS ( LIFE8 

,:AT CAN WE LE>N FROM HI/ORY ?AT WILL ANSW] !SE QUE/IONS & ADVANCE \R ?9K+ BEYOND ! BUMP]-/ICK] SLOGANS ?AT WE 5C\NT] AMONG ! MISAN?ROPIC & LIB]AL 5VIRONM5TALI/S ALIKE8 

,9DE$1 H[ %\LD WE ?9K \T !SE QUE/IONS8 ,BY MEANS ( CONV5TIONAL LOGIC8 ,9TUITION8 ,DIV9E 9SPIRATION8 ,OR1 P]HAPS1 BY DEVELOPM5TAL WAYS ( ?9K+ ?AT >E CALL$ 0DIALECTICAL80 

,LA/LY1 BUT BY NO MEANS F9ALLY1 :AT K9D ( SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION DO WE NE$ TO H>MONIZE HUMANITY'S RELATION%IP ) NATURE -- ASSUM+1 TO BE SURE1 ?AT SOCIETY %\LD NOT BE DISMISS$ & EV]YONE RU% (F TO CLAIM HIS OR H] M\NTA9 PEAK 9 ! ,HI< ,SI]RAS OR ,ADIRONDAKS8 ,BY :AT POLITICAL1 SOCIAL1 & ECONOMIC MEANS WILL SU* A RECON/RUCTION BE A*IEV$8 ,& BY :AT E?ICAL PR9CIPLES WILL IT BE GUID$8 

,!SE >E1 AT BE/1 PRELIM9>Y QUE/IONS4 ,!RE >E MANY O!RS ?AT WE WILL HAVE TO CONSID] BE=E \R DISCUSSION COMES TO ITS 5D ,I HESITATE TO GO FUR!R1 H]E1 BECAUSE ,I HAVE A DEEP AV]SION TO A M]E LAUNDRY LI/ ( IDEAS1 HALF-?\<T-\T /ATEM5TS1 FL[ DIAGRAMS1 & BUMP]-/ICK] SLOGANS ?AT >E SO MU* 9 VOGUE !SE DAYS4 ,:5 MY Y\NG MAN FROM ,CALI=NIA %\T$ ! WORDS 0HUMAN BE+S0 AT ME1 HE DID HIS BE/ NOT TO ?9K & HE SETS AN 9TELLECTUALLY CRUDE EXAMPLE ( M9DLESSNESS TO O!RS :OSE M9DS HAVE BE5 %AP$ BY ,HOLLYWOOD1 ,DISNEYL&1 & TELEVISION4 

,H5CE1 MORE ?AN EV]1 WE DESP]ATELY NE$ COH]5CE4 ,I DO NOT MEAN DOGMA4 ,RA!R1 ,I MEAN A REAL /RUCTURE ( IDEAS ?AT PLACES PHILOSOPHY1 AN?ROPOLOGY1 HI/ORY1 E?ICS1 A NEW RATIONALITY1 & UTOPIAN VISIONS 9 ! S]VICE ( FRE$OM -- FRE$OM1 LET ME ADD1 = NATURAL DEVELOPM5T AS WELL AS HUMAN4 ,?IS IS A /RUCTURE :I* WE %ALL HAVE TO BUILD 9 ! PAGES ?AT FOLL[1 NOT SIMPLY TO COLLECT 9 PELL-MELL FA%ION 9TO A M]E RUBBI% HEAP ( IDEAS4 ,! UNF9I%$ ?\<T IS AS DANG]\S AS ! TOTALLY F9I%$ DOGMA4 ,BO? YIELD AN UNCREATIVE VISION ( REALITY ?AT CAN BE B5T & TWI/$ 9 EV]Y POSSIBLE DIRECTION2 H5CE ! EXTREMELY CONTRADICTORY NOTIONS ?AT EXI/ 9 WORKS ON 0DEEP ECOLOGY40 

,?IS BOOK WAS WRITT5 TO ADDRESS ! QUE/IONS ,I HAVE RAIS$ 9 ! HOPE ?AT WE CAN =MULATE ! COH]5T FRAMEWORK TO :I* ,I HAVE ALREADY ALLUD$ & DEVELOP A PRACTICE ( :I* WE >E 9 DIRE NE$4 ,IT HAS BE5 9ITIAT$ BY AN 9CID5T1 BY AN 5C\NT] ) REAL LIFE -- NOT BY RECLUSIVE ACADEMIC REFLECTIONS & PRIVATE VAG>IES4 

,IF ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T :I* ,I HELP$ TO PIONE] SOME ?IRTY YE>S AGO FOLDS ITS T5TS = ! M\NTA9S OR TURNS TO ,WA%+TON = 9FLU5CE1 ! LOSS WILL BE IRREP>ABLE4 ,ECOLOGICAL ?9K+1 TODAY1 CAN PROVIDE ! MO/ IMPORTANT SYN!SIS ( IDEAS WE HAVE SE5 S9CE ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 TWO C5TURIES AGO4 ,IT CAN OP5 VI/AS = A PRACTICE ?AT CAN EFFECTIVELY *ANGE ! 5TIRE SOCIAL L&SCAPE ( \R TIME4 ,! /YLI/IC MILITANCY READ]S 5C\NT] 9 ?IS BOOK /EMS FROM A TR\BL$ S5SE ( URG5CY4 ,IT IS VITALLY 9CUMB5T UPON US NOT TO LET AN ECOLOGICAL WAY ( ?9K+ & ! MOVEM5T IT CAN PRODUCE DEG5]ATE & GO ! WAY ( TRADITIONAL RADICALISM -- 9TO ! LO/ MAZES ( AN IRRECOV]ABLE HI/ORY4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,:Y ,?IS ,BOOK ,WAS ,WRITT5 -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,:Y ,?IS ,BOOK ,WAS ,WRITT5 -- ,UPDAT$4 

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