,*APT] #e 
,DEF9+ ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PROJECT 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,DEF9+ ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PROJECT 

,! IDEALS ( FRE$OM1 TA9T$ AS !Y HAVE BE51 /ILL EXI/ 9 \R MID/4 
,BUT R>ELY HAS ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT BE5 MORE DILUT$ BY ! 
0EMB\RGEOISM5T0 ?AT ,BAKUN9 FE>$ T[>D ! 5D ( HIS LIFE4 ,NOR 
HAVE ITS T]MS BE5 MORE AMBIGU\S ?AN !Y >E TODAY4 ,WORDS LIKE 
0RADICALISM0 & 0LEFTISM0 HAVE BECOME MURKY & !Y >E 9 GRAVE 
DANG] ( BE+ SEV]ELY COMPROMIS$4 ,:AT PASSES = REVOLUTIONISM1 
RADICALISM1 & LEFTISM1 TODAY1 W\LD HAVE BE5 DISMISS$ A G5]ATION 
OR TWO AGO AS RE=MISM & POLITICAL OPPORTUNISM4 ,SOCIAL ?\<T HAS 
MOV$ SO DEEPLY 9TO ! B[ELS ( ! PRES5T SOCIETY ?AT SELF-/YL$ 
0LEFTI/S0 -- BE !Y SOCIALI/S1 ,M>XI/S1 OR 9DEP5D5T RADICALS ( 
V>I\S K9DS -- RISK ! POSSIBILITY ( BE+ DIGE/$ )\T EV5 
KN[+ IT4 ,!RE IS SIMPLY NO CONSCI\S LEFT ( ANY SIGNIFICANCE 9 
MANY ,EURO-,AM]ICAN C\NTRIES4 ,9DE$1 !RE IS NOT EV5 A CRITICALLY 
9DEP5D5T RADICALISM1 AP>T FROM SMALL 5CLAVES ( REVOLUTION>Y 
!ORI/S4 

,:AT IS P]HAPS MORE S]I\S 9 ! LONG RUN IS ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y 
PROJECT RISKS ! LOSS ( ITS V]Y ID5TITY1 ITS CAPACITY = SELF-DEF9ITION1 
ITS S5SE ( DIRECTION4 ,NOT ONLY DO WE WITNESS A LACK ( REVOLUTION>Y 
9SI<T TODAY1 BUT !RE IS EV5 AN 9ABILITY TO DEF9E :AT IS MEANT BY 
! WORDS 0REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE0 & ! FULL MEAN+ ( T]MS LIKE 
0CAPITALISM40 ,BAKUN9'S TR\BL$ REM>K AB\T ! 0EMB\RGEOISM5T0 ( ! WORK+ CLASS CAN BE MAT*$ BY ,M>X'S FE> ?AT A DAY 
MI<T COME :5 A FUTURE G5]ATION ( WORK]S W\LD TAKE CAPITALISM 
SO MU* = GRANT$ ?AT IT W\LD SEEM LIKE A 0NATURAL0 =M ( HUMAN 
AFFAIRS1 NOT A SOCIETY LIMIT$ TO A SPECIFIC P]IOD ( HI/ORY4 ,TO SPEAK ( 
,EURO-,AM]ICAN SOCIETY AS 0CAPITALI/0 (T5 9VITES PUZZLEM5T AT BE/ 
OR SPECI\S CONTRA/ ) ! SO-CALL$ SOCIALI/ SOCIETIES ( C\NTRIES 
LIKE ,RUSSIA & ,*9A AT WOR/4 ,?AT ! =M] IS A CORPORATE =M ( 
CAPITALISM :ILE ! LATT] IS A BUREAUCRATIC =M (T5 SEEMS 9COMPREH5SIBLE TO CONV5TIONAL WISDOM4 

,IT MAY WELL BE1 TO BE SURE1 ?AT WE /ILL DO NOT UND]/& :AT 
CAPITALISM REALLY IS4 ,S9CE ! \TBREAK ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 RADICALS 
HAVE DESCRIB$ EV]Y P]IOD ( CAPITAL ISM AS ITS 0LA/ /AGE10 EV5 :ILE 
! SY/EM HAS GR[N1 ACQUIR$ 9T]NATIONAL DIM5SIONS1 & 9NOVAT$ TE*NOLOGIES ?AT W]E NOT =ESEEABLE BY SCI5CE FICTION A FEW 
G5]ATIONS AGO4 ,CAPITALISM HAS ALSO EXHIBIT$ A DEGREE ( /ABILITY & 
AN ABILITY TO CO-OPT ITS OPPOSITION ?AT W\LD HAVE ?OR\<LY %AK5 
! ELD]S ( SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM 9 ! LA/ C5TURY4 ,9DE$1 IT MAY 
WELL BE ?AT CAPITALISM HAS NOT COME COMPLETELY 9TO ITS [N AS ! 
ABSOLUTE 9C>NATION ( SOCIAL EVIL1 TO USE ,BAKUN9'S WORDS -- ?AT IS TO 
SAY1 AS A SY/EM ( UNREL5T+ SOCIAL RIVALRY BETWE5 PEOPLE AT ALL LEVELS 
( LIFE & AN ECONOMY BAS$ ON COMPETITION & ACCUMULATION4 ,BUT 
?IS MU* IS CLE>3 IT IS A SY/EM ?AT MU/ CONT9UALLY EXP& UNTIL IT 
EXPLODES ALL ! BONDS ?AT TIE SOCIETY TO NATURE -- AS GR[+ HOLES 9 
! OZONE LAY] & ! 9CREASE 9 ! GRE5H\SE EFFECT 9DICATE4 ,IT IS 
LIT]ALLY ! CANC] ( SOCIAL LIFE AS SU*4 

,9 ?IS CASE1 NATURE WILL TAKE ITS 0REV5GE40 ,?IS 0REV5GE10 TO BE 
SURE1 MAY ASSUME ! =M ( AN UN9HABITABLE PLANET = COMPLEX 
LIFE-=MS LIKE \R [N & \R MAMMALIAN C\S9S4 ,BUT GIV5 ! 
ACCEL]AT+ RATE ( TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION1 9CLUD+ MEANS = 
PLUMB+ ! V]Y SECRETS ( MATT] & LIFE 9 ! =M ( NUCLE> 
SCI5CE & BIO5G9E]+1 IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT ! BREAKD[N ( NATURAL 
CYCLES WILL BE DEALT ) BY A COMPLETELY SYN!TIC SUB/ITUTE 9 :I* 
HUGE 9DU/RIAL 9/ALLATIONS WILL SUPPLANT NATURAL PROCESSES4 ,IT W\LD 
BE UTT]LY BL9D1 TODAY1 TO OV]LOOK SU* A POSSIBILITY -- & ! 
POSSIBILITY TOO ?AT FUTURE G5]ATIONS WILL BE OBLIG$ TO ACCEPT A 
NI<TM>I% TOTALIT>IAN SOCIETY /RUCTUR$ >\ND A COMPLETELY TE*NOCRATIC ADM9I/RATION ( SOCIAL & NATURAL AFFAIRS ON A GLOBAL SCALE4 
,9 ?AT CASE ! PLANET CONCEIV$ AS A SELF-REGULAT+ NATURAL SY/EM 
( *ECKS & BALANCES UND] ! RUBRIC ( ! 0,GAIA HYPO!SIS10 W\LD 
BE REPLAC$ BY A P>TIALLY OR TOTALLY 5G9E]$ TE*NOLOGICAL SY/EM1 
P]HAPS A 0,DA$ALUS HYPO!SIS10 AS IT W]E1 )\T ! ,GREEK NOTION 
( LIMIT & RE/RA9T4 

,BUT UNTIL SU* A GRIM PROSPECT BECOMES A DE> ISSUE ON ! HI/ORICAL 
AG5DA1 WE DESP]ATELY NE$ TO RECOV] ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT & 
! NEW ELEM5TS ?AT HAVE BE5 ADD$ TO IT OV] ! PA/ HALF-C5TURY4 
,NOR CAN WE BE IMP$$ BY TAUNTS ?AT ! V]Y IDEA ( A REVOLUTION>Y 
PROJECT IS EVID5CE ( 0SECT>IANISM0 OR 0RADICAL DOGMATISM40 ,:AT 
TODAY CALLS ITSELF 0LIB]AL0 OR 0LEFT-(-C5T]10 TO USE ! PRUD5T POLITICAL V]BIAGE ( \R TIME1 IS TOO DEBILITAT$ 9TELLECTUALLY TO KN[ :AT 
CON/ITUTES 0SECT>IANISM0 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM A SE>*+ ANALYSIS 
( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS4 

,WE1 9 TURN1 MU/ RESOLUTELY & 9DEP5D5TLY REEXAM9E ! PA/ 
& PRES5T P]IODS 9TO :I* ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT CAN BE SORT$ 
\T1 SU* AS ! ]A ( 0PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM10 ! 0,NEW ,LEFT10 & ! 
SO-CALL$ ,AGE ( ,ECOLOGY4 ,WE MU/ EXPLORE ! ANSW]S ?AT HAVE BE5 
GIV5 9 ! REC5T PA/ TO ! PROBLEMS ?AT HAVE >IS5 TODAY & ! 
ONES ?AT LIE AHEAD4 ,UNTIL WE 5GAGE 9 A CRITICAL EXAM9ATION ( E>LI] 
SOLUTIONS1 WE WILL /ILL BE GROP+ 9 ! D>KNESS ( AN UNKN[N HI/ORY 
?AT HAS MU* TO TEA* US4 ,WE WILL BE BURD5$ BY A NAIVETY & 
IGNORANCE ?AT CAN COMPLETELY MISLEAD US 9TO MEAN+LESS1 FUTILE1 & 
EV5 FRIVOL\S DIRECTIONS4 

,! ,FAILURE ( ,PROLET>IAN ,SOCIALISM 

,TO A GREAT EXT5T :AT %>PLY CONFRONTS US TODAY IS ! FACT ?AT ONE 
( ! GREAT REVOLUTION>Y PROJECTS ( ! MOD]N ]A IS NO LONG] VIABLE 
OR MEAN+FUL 9 \R PRES5T PR$ICAM5T4 ,I REF] 9 P>T TO ! ,M>XI/ 
ANALYZES ( SOCIETY -- BUT1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 TO PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM AS 
A :OLE1 :I* EXT5D$ F> BEYOND ,M>XISM 9TO LIB]T>IAN =MS ( 
SOCIALISM & EV5 C]TA9 UTOPIAN IDEAS4 ,?AT 0BE+ DET]M9ES 
CONSCI\SNESS0 OR1 PUT LESS PHILOSOPHICALLY1 ?AT MAT]IAL FACTORS DET]M9E CULTURAL LIFE1 IS AT ONCE TOO SIMPLI/IC TO C>RY ! 5ORM\S WEI<T 
IT HAD 9 ! LATT] HALF ( ! LA/ C5TURY & ! FIR/ HALF ( ! PRES5T 
ONE1 :5 CAPITALISM ITSELF %AP$ ! M5TALITY ( ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA 
ALONG HI<LY ECONOMI/IC L9ES4 

,A CLOS] VIEW ( HI/ORY %[S ?AT ?IS L>GELY B\RGEOIS IMAGE ( 
REALITY1 :I* ,M>XISM TURN$ 9TO A SEEM+LY 0RADICAL0 IDEOLOGY1 IS 
LIMIT$ TO SPECIFIC TIMES 9 ! PA/1 H[EV] PREVAL5T IT MAY SEEM AT 
PRES5T ,IT W\LD HAVE BE5 IMPOSSIBLE TO UND]/& :Y CAPITALISM 
DID NOT BECOME A DOM9ANT SOCIAL ORD] AT V>I\S TIMES 9 ! ANCI5T 
WORLD IF 9H]IT$ CULTURAL TRADITIONS HAD NOT RE/RA9$ & ULTIMATELY 
UND]M9$ ! CAPITALI/IC DRIVES ?AT W]E V]Y MU* AT WORK 9 ! 
PA/ AGES4 ,ONE C\LD GO ON ) 5DLESS EXAMPLES ( ! EXT5T TO :I* 
0CONSCI\SNESS0 SEEM$ TO DET]M9E 0BE+0 7IF ONE WANTS TO USE SU* 
0DET]M9I/IC0 LANGUAGE7 BY TURN+ \R EYES TO ! HI/ORIES ( ,ASIA1 
,AFRICA1 & ,9DIAN ,AM]ICA1 NOT TO M5TION MANY ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES 
E>LY 9 MOD]N TIMES4 ,ON ! BROAD LEVEL ( ! RELATION%IP ( 
CONSCI\SNESS TO BE+ -- :I* /ILL C>RIES CONSID]ABLE WEI<T ) 
,M>XI/ ACADEMICS EV5 AS ALL ELSE 9 ! !ORY LIES 9 DEBRIS -- 
,M>XISM BEGS ITS [N QUE/IONS4 ,LOOK+ BACK FROM ITS 5TR5*$ 
ECONOMI/IC & B\RGEOIS VIEWPO9T1 IT DEF9ES 9 B\RGEOIS T]MS A 
HO/ ( PROBLEMS ?AT HAVE DI/9CTLY NONB\RGEOIS & SURPRIS+LY 
NONECONOMIC BASES4 ,EV5 ! FAILURE ( PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETIES TO MOVE 
9TO CAPITALISM1 = EXAMPLE1 IS EXPLA9$ BY A 0LACK0 ( TE*NOLOGICAL 
DEVELOPM5T1 ! POV]TY ( SCI5CE &1 AS (T5 HAPP5S TO BE ! 
CASE 9 MANY ( ,M>X'S LESS RIGOR\S WORKS LIKE ! ,GRUNDRISSE1 BY ! 
V]Y CULTURAL FACTORS ?AT >E SUPPOS$ TO BE CONT+5T ON ECONOMIC 
FACTORS4 

,AP>T FROM ! CIRCUL> REASON+ ?AT *>ACT]IZES SO MU* ( 
,M>XISM1 :AT IS ( MORE S]I\S CONC]N 9 TRY+ TO DEF9E ! 
REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT = \R TIME IS ! IDEAL ( PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM 
& ! HI/ORICAL MY?S ?AT HAVE GR[N UP >\ND IT4 ,REVOLUTION>Y 
PROJECTS HAVE ALWAYS BE5 ROOT$ 9 ! SPECIAL FEATURES ( !IR P]IOD1 
H[EV] MU* !Y HAVE TRI$ TO UNIV]SALIZE !IR IDEAS & SPEAK = 
HUMANITY AT ALL TIMES4 ,PEASANT RADICALISM DATES BACK ALMO/ TO ! 
BEG9N+S ( SETTL$ VILLAGE LIFE4 ,DRESS$ 9 A UNIV]SAL RELIGI\S 
MORALITY1 IT ALWAYS PR(ESS$ TO SPEAK = TIMELESS VALUES & HOPES 
C5T]$ ON L& & VILLAGE =MS4 ,FIGURES LIKE ! ,UKRA9IAN AN>*I/1 
,NE/OR ,MAKHNO 9 #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a1 & ! ,MEXICAN POPULI/1 ,EMILIANO 
,ZAPATA1 >\ND ! SAME TIME P]IOD1 VOIC$ ALMO/ ID5TICAL GOALS4 ,BY 
! SAME TOK51 >TISANAL RADICALISM SURFAC$ ?R\<\T ! ,MIDDLE 
,AGES & REA*$ ITS Z5I? 9 ! 5RAGES MOVEM5T ( ! ,FR5* 
,REVOLUTION & ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a4 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 
WAS P]HAPS ITS MO/ CONSCI\S SPOKESP]SON1 AL?\< HIS 
MUNICIPALI/ & CONF$]ALI/ IDEAS W]E MORE F>-REA*+ 9 !IR 
RECON/RUCTIVE IMPLICATIONS ?AN ?OSE ( ANY P>TICUL> CLASS = :I* 
HE SPOKE4 

,PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM1 :I* /ILL L+]S ON TODAY 9 ! IDEALS ( 
MANY 9DEP5D5T SOCIALI/S & SYNDICALI/S1 HAS A MORE COMPLEX & 
CONVOLUT$ P$IGREE4 ,IT /EMS1 9 P>T1 FROM ! TRANS=MATION ( MANY 
FAIRLY SELF-SUFFICI5T CRAFTSM51 BY CAPITALISM1 9TO 9DU/RIAL WORK]S 
DUR+ ! EXPLOSIVE YE>S ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,SIMIL>LY1 IT 
WAS 9FLU5C$ AS A MOVEM5T -- ALL !ORIES ASIDE -- BY ITS RURAL & 
SMALL T[N ORIG9S1 NOTABLY1 BY ! PROLET>IANIZATION ( PEASANTS1 :O 
W]E OBLIG$ TO LEAVE !IR VILLAGES & AGR>IAN CULTURES4 ,?AT !Y 
BR\<T !SE PRECAPITALI/ CULTURES1 ) !IR NATURALI/IC RHY?MS & 
VALUES1 9TO 9DU/RIAL CITIES IS A MATT] ( CRUCIAL IMPORTANCE 9 EXPLA9+ ! *>ACT] ( !IR DISCONT5T & !IR MILITANCY4 ,! WORK+ 
CLASSES ( TRADITIONAL 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM1 EV5 AS LATE AS ! #a#i#bS & 
#a#i#cS 9 ,AM]ICA & ,EUROPE1 W]E NOT 0H]$IT>Y0 PROLET>IANS4 
,AM]ICAN AUTO WORK]S1 = EXAMPLE1 W]E RECRUIT$ FROM ! ,APPALA*IAN M\NTA9S 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! PRES5T C5TURY4 ,MANY 
,FR5*1 & ESPECIALLY ,SPANI%1 WORK]S W]E RECRUIT$ FROM VILLAGES 
& SMALL T[NS1 :5 !Y W]E NOT SIMPLY CRAFTSPEOPLE 9 L>GE CITIES 
LIKE ,P>IS4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( ! WORK+ CLASSES ?AT MADE ! #aiag 
REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,M>X1 IT IS WOR? NOT+1 TO HIS LA/+ CONFUSION1 
G5]ALLY VIEW$ !SE HI<LY VOLATILE /RATA AS D] ALTE S*EISSE 7LIT]ALLY1 0! OLD %IT07 & 9 NO WAY C\NT$ ON !M TO MAKE ! 
REVOLUTIONS ?AT HIS FOLL[]S W]E TO CELEBRATE AFT] HIS DEA?4 

,?IS AGR>IAN BACKGR\ND YIELD$ A HI<LY COMPLEX MOSAIC ( 
ATTITUDES1 VALUES1 & T5SIONS BETWE5 PRE-9DU/RIAL & 9DU/RIAL 
CULTURES -- ALL ( :I* GAVE A FI]Y1 ALMO/ MILL5>IAN1 *>ACT] TO 
M5 & WOM5 :O1 EV5 ?\< !Y WORK$ ) MOD]N 
MA*9]Y & LIV$ 9 MAJOR1 (T5 HI<LY LIT]ATE1 URBAN >EAS1 W]E 
GUID$ BY L>GELY >TISANAL & PEASANT VALUES4 ,! MAGNIFIC5T AN>*I/ WORK]S :O BURN$ ! MONEY !Y F\ND 9 ! LOOT$ GUN%OPS 
( ,B>CELONA DUR+ ! HECTIC DAYS ( ! ,JULY1 #aicf UPRIS+ 7AS 
,RONALD ,FRAS] REPORTS71 W]E PEOPLE :O ACT$ FROM DEEP UTOPI/IC & 
E?ICAL IMPULSES1 NOT SIMPLY FROM ! ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ?AT CAPITALISM 
WAS TO IMBUE 9 MU* ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS TIME PASS$ BY4.<#a#f.> ,! 
PROLET>IAT ( ! LATE N9ETE5? & E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURIES W]E A 
V]Y SPECIAL SOCIAL BRE$4 ,!Y W]E  DELASEE  9 !IR ?9K+1 SPONTANE\S 9 ! VITAL NATURALISM ( !IR BEHAVIOR1 ANGRY OV] ! LOSS 
( !IR AUTONOMY1 & %AP$ 9 !IR VALUES BY A LO/ WORLD ( 
CRAFTSMAN%IP1 A LOVE ( L&1 & COMMUNITY SOLID>ITY4 

,H5CE1 !RE WAS ! HI<LY REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT ?AT SURG$ UP 9 
! WORK]S' MOVEM5T FROM ! ,JUNE B>RICADES ( ,P>IS 9 #a#h#d#h1 :5 
A L>GELY >TISANAL WORK+ CLASS RAIS$ ! R$ FLAGS ( A 0SOCIAL 
REPUBLIC10 TO ! ,MAY B>RICADES ( ,B>CELONA 9 #a#i#c#g1 :]E AN EV5 
MORE SOCIALLY CONSCI\S WORK+ CLASS RAIS$ ! R$ & BLACK FLAGS ( 
AN>*O-SYNDICALISM4 

,:AT HAS SO DRA/ICALLY *ANG$ 9 ! DECADES ?AT FOLL[$ ?IS 
C5TURY-LONG MOVEM5T1 & ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT ?AT WAS BUILT 
>\ND IT1 IS ! SOCIAL COMPOSITION1 POLITICAL CULTURE1 H]ITAGE1 & AIMS 
( ! PRES5T-DAY PROLET>IAT4 ,! AGR>IAN WORLD & ! CULTURAL 
T5SIONS ) ! 9DU/RIAL WORLD ?AT FO/]$ !IR REVOLUTION>Y 
F]VOR1 HAVE WAN$ FROM HI/ORY4 ,SO1 LOO1 HAVE ! PEOPLE1 9DE$ ! 
V]Y P]SONALITIES1 ?AT EMBODI$ ?IS BACKGR\ND & !SE T5SIONS4 

,! WORK+ CLASS HAS N[ BECOME COMPLETELY 9DU/RIALIZ$1 NOT 
RADICALIZ$ AS SOCIALI/S & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S SO DEV\TLY HOP$4 ,IT 
HAS NO S5SE ( CONTRA/1 NO CLA% ( TRADITIONS1 & NONE ( ! 
MILL5>IAN EXPECTATIONS ( ITS ANTEC$5TS4 ,NOT ONLY HAS ! MASS 
M$IA COMM&E]$ IT & DEF9$ ITS EXPECTATIONS 7A CONV5I5T 
EXPLANATION1 IF ONE WANTS TO AN*OR EV]Y?+ 9 ! P[] ( MOD]N 
M$IA71 BUT ! PROLET>IAT AS A CLASS HAS BECOME ! C\NT]P>T ( ! 
B\RGEOISIE AS A CLASS1 NOT ITS UNYIELD+ ANTAGONI/4 ,TO USE ! LANGUAGE ?AT WAS SPAWN$ BY PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM AGA9/ ITS [N MY?S1 
! WORK+ CLASS IS SIMPLY AN ORGAN )9 ! BODY ( CAPITALISM1 NOT 
! DEVELOP+ 0EMBRYO0 ( A FUTURE SOCIETY1 A CONCEPT ?AT FIGUR$ SO 
SIGNIFICANTLY 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT ( PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM4 

,WE >E SIMPLY WITNESSES NOT ONLY TO ITS FAILURE AS A 0HI/ORICAL AG5T0 
= REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE1 BUT TO ITS COMPLETION AS A PRODUCT SPAWN$ 
BY CAPITALISM ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM ITSELF4 ,9 ITS 0PURE0 
=M1 ! PROLET>IAT HAS NEV] BE5 A ?REAT1 AS A CLASS1 TO ! CAPITALI/ 
SY/EM4 ,IT WAS PRECISELY ! 0IMPURITIES0 ( ! PROLET>IAT1 LIKE ! BITS 
( T9 & Z9C ?AT TURN COPP] 9TO H>D5$ BRONZE1 ?AT GAVE ! 
E>LI] PROLET>IAT ITS MILITANCY &1 AT C]TA9 HI< PO9TS1 ITS MILL5>IAN ZEAL4 

,WE COME1 H]E1 TO A T]RIBLY FLAW$ MODEL ( SOCIAL *ANGE ?AT ,M>X 
9TRODUC$ 9TO ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT ( ! LA/ HUNDR$ YE>S -- 
ONE ?AT WAS TO BE IMPLICITLY ACCEPT$ BY NON-,M>XI/ RADICALS AS WELL4 
,?IS IS ! BELIEF ?AT A NEW SOCIETY IS BORN )9 ! WOMB ( ! OLD 
& EV5TUALLY GR[S \T ( IT LIKE A ROBU/ *ILD ?AT COMM&E]S OR 
DE/ROYS ITS P>5TS4 

,NO?+ 9 ANTIQUITY SUPPORT$ ?IS 0EMBRYO0 !ORY ( REVOLUTION1 
IF IT CAN BE CALL$ ?AT4 ,EUROPEAN FEUDALISM REPLAC$ ANCI5T SOCIETY ON 
! NOR!RN %ORES ( ! ,M$IT]RANEAN -- & ONLY !RE -- BECAUSE 
FEUDAL RELATION%IPS W]E G5]ALLY ! =M 9TO :I* TRIBAL RELATIONS 
DECOMPOSE ALMO/ EV]Y:]E :5 !Y >E NOT REWORK$ 9TO ABSOLUTE MON>*IES ( ! K9D ?AT APPE>$ 9 ! ,EA/4 ,! GREAT 
,EUROPEAN H9T]L& NOR? ( ! ,ALPS WAS RAPIDLY LOS+ ITS TRIBALI/IC 
FEATURES :5 IT 5C\NT]$ ,ROMAN SOCIETY4 ,CAPITALISM WAS NOT BORN 
)9 ! WOMB ( ! NEW ,EUROPEAN FEUDALISM & !RE WAS NO 
9EVITABILITY AB\T ITS BIR?1 AS WE >E L$ TO BELIEVE BY ,M>XI/ HI/ORIANS ( ! PA/ OR BY ,F]D9& ,BRAUDEL & ,IMMANUEL ,WALL]/E9 
9 MORE REC5T TIMES4 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO %[ ELSE:]E ?AT ,EUROPE1 
BETWE5 ! F\RTE5? & EI<TE5? C5TURIES1 WAS V]Y MIX$ 
SOCIALLY & ECONOMICALLY1 (F]+ MANY ALT]NATIVES TO CAPITALISM & 
! NATION-/ATE4.<#a#g.> ,! MY? ( AN 0EMBRYONIC0 DEVELOPM5T ( 
CAPITALISM & ! 09EVITABILITY0 ( ITS PR$OM9ANCE WAS TO WREAK 
HAVOC 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT ( PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM4 

,FIR/1 IT WAS TO CREATE ! MY? ?AT ! PROLET>IAT WAS ! ANALOG 
( ! B\RGEOISIE 9 MOD]N TIMES & PRESUMABLY1 LIKE ! M$IEVAL 
B\RGEOISIE1 WAS DEVELOP+ ALONG REVOLUTION>Y L9ES )9 
CAPITALISM ITSELF4 ,?AT ! PROLET>IAT NEV] EV5 HAD ! ECONOMIC 
PR$OM9ANCE ASSIGN$ BY ,M>X TO ! E>LY B\RGEOISIE1 9DE$1 ?AT 
IT W\LD HAVE TO SEIZE ECONOMIC AS WELL AS POLITICAL P[]--ALL ( ?IS 
CREAT$ A CAN ( !ORETICAL WORMS ?AT %\LD HAVE %[N H[ ABSURD 
! 0EMBRYO0 !ORY WAS = ! PROLET>IAT1 EV5 IF ! M$IEVAL 
B\RGEOISIE 5JOY$ ! P[] IMPUT$ TO IT4 ,PRECISELY H[ ! WORK+ 
CLASS C\LD RISE BEYOND ITS [N N>R[ 9T]E/S1 9 AN ECONOMY TO 
:I* IT WAS 9TEGRALLY W$D$ BY ITS N>R[ DEM&S = JOBS1 HI<] 
WAGES1 %ORT] H\RS1 & BETT] WORK+ CONDITIONS )9 ! CAPITALI/ 
SY/EM1 REMA9$ AN IMP5ETRABLE MY/]Y4 

,M>XIAN ECONOMICS1 = ALL ITS EXTRAORD9>Y 9SI<TS 9TO ! COMMODITY RELATION%IP & ACCUMULATION PROCESS1 WAS A L>GELY CONTRIV$ 
IDEOLOGY TO %[ ?AT CAPITALISM W\LD DRIVE ! PROLET>IAT TO REVOLT 
?R\< MIS]Y & *RONIC CRISES4 ,! PROLET>IAT1 IT WAS PRESUM$1 
5JOY$ AN ADVANTAGE OV] ALL PRECAPITALI/ OPPRESS$ CLASSES 9 ?AT ! 
9DU/RIAL SY/EM MADE = COOP]ATION )9 ! FACTORY ITSELF & ?AT 
TIME W\LD MAKE IT ! OV]:ELM+ POPULATION ( ! C\NTRY AS 
CAPITALISM ITSELF EXP&$4 ,?AT ! FACTORY SY/EM W\LD1 IF ANY?+1 
UTT]LY DOME/ICATE ! PROLET>IAT ?R\< ! DEAD5+ 9DU/RIAL 
R\T9E ( ! FACTORY2 ?AT IT W\LD SUBDUE ! PROLET>IAT'S UNRUL9ESS 
BY CONDITION+ IT TO A MANAG]IAL HI]>*Y & ! RATIONALIZ$ 
ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION2 ?AT ! PROLET>IAT W\LD NOT BE DRIV5 BY %E] 
DESP]ATION TO REVOLUTION1 BUT W\LD BE /RATIFI$ AGA9/ ITSELF 9 ! 
C\RSE ( :I* ! WELL-PAID & RACIALLY 0SUP]IOR0 W\LD BE 
RESOLUTELY PITT$ AGA9/ ! POORLY PAID & RACIALLY 09F]IOR02 ?AT 
HOPES ( A *RONIC ECONOMIC CRISIS W\LD BE DA%$ BY %REWD TE*NIQUES ( CRISIS-MANAGEM5T2 ?AT NATIONALISM & EV5 PATRIOTIC 
*AUV9ISM W\LD PREVAIL OV] 9T]NATIONAL CLASS SOLID>ITY2 9DE$1 
?AT TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION W\LD R$UCE ! PROLET>IAT NUM]ICALLY 
& BR+ IT 9TO COLLUSION ) ITS [N EXPLOITATION ?R\< ,JAPANESE-TYPE MANAGEM5T APPROA*ES -- ALL ( ?IS WAS NOT EV5 FA9TLY 
UND]/OOD AS ! LOGIC ( ! CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 

,SECOND1 ,M>X'S MY? ( AN 0EMBRYONIC0 DEVELOPM5T WAS TO MY/IFY HI/ORY & REMOVE ITS ESS5TIAL ELEM5T ( SPONTANEITY4 ,BASICALLY1 
!RE C\LD BE ONLY ONE C\RSE ( DEVELOPM5T 9 SU* A !ORY1 NOT 
ALT]NATIVE ONES4 ,*OICE PLAY$ A V]Y 9SIGNIFICANT ROLE 9 SOCIAL 
EVOLUTION4 ,CAPITALISM1 ! NATION-/ATE1 TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION1 ! 
BREAKD[N ( ALL TRADITIONAL TIES ?AT ONCE FO/]$ A S5SE ( SOCIAL 
RESPONSIBILITY -- ALL W]E SE5 NOT ONLY AS 9EVITABLE BUT DESIRABLE4 
,HI/ORY1 9 EFFECT1 ALL[$ = M9IMAL HUMAN AUTONOMY4 0,M5 MAKE 
!IR [N HI/ORY4440 WROTE ,M>X -- A RA!R OBVI\S /ATEM5T ?AT 
CULTURE-ORI5T$ ,M>XI/S W]E TO EMPHASIZE LONG AFT] HIS DEA? & 
AMID GR[+ CONTRADICTIONS BETWE5 HIS !ORIES & OBJECTIVE 
REALITY4 ,!Y (T5 =GOT TO NOTE1 H[EV]1 ?AT ,M>X MADE HIS /ATEM5T PRIM>ILY TO EMPHASIZE ITS CLOS+ PHRASE3 0444 !Y DO NOT MAKE 
IT UND] CIRCUM/ANCES *OS5 BY !MSELVES1 BUT UND] CIRCUM/ANCES 
DIRECTLY 5C\NT]$1 GIV5 & TRANSMITT$ FROM ! PA/0 .<#a#h.> 

,! ,M>XIAN REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT1 BUT BY NO MEANS ! ,M>XIAN 
ALONE1 BECAME SADDL$ ) AN >RAY ( 0/AGES10 0SUB/AGES10 & /ILL 
FUR!R 0SUB/AGES0 ?AT RE/$ ON TE*NOLOGICAL & POLITICAL 0PRECONDITIONS40 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! AN>*I/ POLICY ( CONT9UALLY PRESS+ 
AGA9/ ! SOCIETY 9 SE>* ( ITS WEAK-PO9TS & TRY+ TO OP5 >EAS 
?AT W\LD MAKE REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE POSSIBLE1 ,M>XIAN !ORY WAS 
/RUCTUR$ >\ND A /RATEGY ( 0HI/ORICAL LIMITS0 & 0/AGES ( 
DEVELOPM5T0 ,! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION WAS WELCOM$ AS A TE*NOLOGICAL 0PRECONDITION0 = SOCIALISM & ,LUDDITE T5D5CIES W]E 
D5\NC$ AS 0REACTION>Y02 ! NATION-/ATE WAS H]ALD$ AS A CRUCIAL 
/EP 9 ! DIRECTION ( A 0PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP0 & CONF$]ALI/ 
DEM&S W]E D5\NC$ AS ATAVI/IC4 ,EV]Y:]E ALONG ! WAY1 
C5TRALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY & ! ,/ATE W]E WELCOM$ AS ADVANCES 9 ! DIRECTION ( A 0PLANN$ ECONOMY10 ?AT IS1 ( A HI<LY 
RATIONALIZ$ ECONOMY4 ,9DE$1 SO /RONGLY W]E ,M>XI/S1 9CLUD+ 
,5GELS P]SONALLY1 COMMITT$ TO !SE FATAL VIEWS ?AT ! ,M>XI/ 
,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS ( ,G]MANY W]E RELUCTANT TO PASS ANTI-MONOPOLY 
LEGISLATION 9 ! #a#i#bS 7TO ! LA/+ *AGR9 ( ! ,G]MAN PETTY 
B\RGEOISIE1 :I* SOON TURN$ TO ! ,NAZIS = RELIEF7 BECAUSE ! 
CONC5TRATION ( 9DU/RY & COMM]CE 9 FEW] CORPORATE H&S WAS 
SE5 AS 0HI/ORICALLY PROGRESSIVE0 9 BR++ ! C\NTRY CLOS] TO A 
PLANN$ ECONOMY4 

,?IRD1 ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF1 ALREADY R$UC$ TO A FAIRLY PLIANT 9/RUM5T ( PRODUCTION BY CAPITALISM1 WAS TREAT$ AS SU* BY ITS ,M>XI/ 
VANGU>D4 ,WORK]S W]E SE5 PRIM>ILY AS ECONOMIC BE+S & ! 
EMBODIM5T ( ECONOMIC 9T]E/S4 ,EF=TS BY RADICALS LIKE ,WILHELM 
,REI* TO APPEAL TO !IR SEXUALITY OR REVOLUTION>Y >TI/S LIKE 
,MAYAKOVSKY TO APPEAL TO !IR ES!TIC S5SIBILITIES 9VIT$ OPPROBRIUM BY ,M>XI/ P>TIES4 ,>T & CULTURE W]E TREAT$ L>GELY AS 
CONDUITS ( PROPAG&A TO BE PLAC$ 9 ! S]VICE ( WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS4 

,! ,M>XIAN REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT WAS NOTABLE = ITS LACK ( 9T]E/ 
9 URBANISM & COMMUNITY4 ,!SE ISSUES W]E DISMISS$ AS 0SUP]-/RUCTURAL0 & PRESUMABLY HAD NO BE>+ ON 0BASIC0 ECONOMIC CONC]NS4 ,HUMAN BE+S & !IR WIDE RANGE ( 9T]E/S AS CREATIVE 
PEOPLE1 P>5TS1 *ILDR51 & NEI<BORS W]E RECON/ITUT$ >TIFICIALLY 
9TO ECONOMIC BE+S1 SO ?AT ! ,M>XIAN REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT RE9=C$ ! V]Y DEGRADATION1 DECULTURALIZATION1 & DEP]SONALIZATION 
( ! WORK]S PRODUC$ BY ! FACTORY SY/EM4 ,! WORK] WAS AT HIS 
OR H] BE/ AS A GOOD TRADE-UNIONI/ OR A DEVOT$ P>TY FUNCTION>Y1 NOT 
AS A CULTURALLY SOPHI/ICAT$ BE+ ) WIDE HUMAN & MORAL CONC]NS4 

,F9ALLY1 ?IS D5ATUR+ ( HUMAN BE+S 9TO VACU\S CLASS BE+S 
L$ TO A D5ATUR+ ( NATURE ITSELF4 ,NOT ONLY W]E ECOLOGICAL ISSUES ALI5 
TO ! ,M>XIAN REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT1 BUT !Y W]E SE5 AS 9SIDI\SLY 
C\NT]PRODUCTIVE 9 ! LIT]AL S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,!Y 9HIBIT$ ! 
GR[? ( 9DU/RY & ! M9+ ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,NATURE WAS 
TREAT$ AS 0/+Y10 0BL9D10 A CRUEL 0REALM ( NECESSITY10 & AN 
5SEMBLE ( 0NATURAL RES\RCES0 ?AT LABOR & TE*NOLOGY HAD TO 
SUBDUE1 DOM9ATE1 & REWORK4 ,! GREAT HI/ORICAL ADVANCE PRODUC$ 
BY CAPITALISM1 :I* ,M>X WELCOM$ AS 0NECESS>Y10 WAS ITS RU?LESS 
CAPACITY TO DE/ROY ALL RE/RA9TS & LIMITS ON ! RAVAG+ ( ! NATURAL 
WORLD4 ,H5CE WE 5C\NT] 5COMIUMS BY ,M>X TO ! NEW 9DU/RIAL 
DISP5SATION 9TRODUC$ BY CAPITAL :I*1 9 HIS EYES1 WAS 0P]MAN5TLY REVOLUTION>Y0 BECAUSE ( ITS R$UCTION ( NATURE TO 0SIMPLY AN 
OBJECT0 = HUMAN UTILITY4.<#a#i.> 

,M>X'S LANGUAGE & HIS VIEWS ON ! UNBRIDL$ USE ( NATURE = 
SOCIAL 5DS DOES NOT REFLECT ! SO-CALL$ HUMANISM OR 
AN?ROPOC5TRICITY ?AT IS D5IGRAT$ !SE DAYS BY SO MANY ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN 5VIRONM5TALI/S4 ,M>X'S 0HUMANISM0 ACTUALLY RE/$ ON A 
REM>KABLY 9SIDI\S R$UCTION ( HUMAN BE+S TO OBJECTIVE =CES ( 
0HI/ORY10 !IR SUBJUGATION TO A SOCIAL LAWFULNESS OV] :I* !Y HAD 
NO CONTROL4 ,?IS IS A M5TALITY ?AT IS MORE DISCONC]T+ ?AN ! MO/ 
UNFEEL+ =M ( 0AN?ROPOC5TRISM40 ,NATURE IS TURN$ 9TO M]E 
0NATURAL RES\RCES0 BECAUSE HUMAN BE+S >E CONCEIV$ AS M]E 
0ECONOMIC RES\RCES40 ,M>X'S VIEW ( HUMAN LABOR AS ! MEANS BY 
:I* 0MAN0 DISCOV]S HIMSELF 9 CONFLICT ) NATURE HAS ! S9I/] 
IMPLICATION ?AT LABOR IS ! 0ESS5CE0 ( HUMANK9D1 A TRAIT ?AT SET IT 
ASIDE FROM ALL O!R HUMAN TRAITS4 

,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ,M>X CUT ACROSS ! GRA9 ( ! AU!NTIC HUMANI/ 
TRADITION ( ! PA/1 :I* S+L$ \T HUMAN BE+S BECAUSE ( !IR 
CONSCI\SNESS1 MORALITY1 ES!TIC S5SIBILITIES1 & EMPA?Y = ALL 
LIV+ ?+S4 ,EV5 MORE TR\BL+1 IF HUMAN BE+S 9 ! ,M>XI/ 
!ORY >E M]ELY 09/RUM5TS ( HI/ORY10 ! HAPP9ESS & WELF>E 
( ! EXI/+ G5]ATION CAN BE MORTGAG$ TO ! EMANCIPATION ( LAT] 
G5]ATIONS--AN IMMORTALITY ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS G5]ALLY1 & ,/AL9 
9 P>TICUL>1 W]E TO USE ) DEADLY EFFECT & ON A FRI<TFUL SCALE TO 
0BUILD ! FUTURE0 ON ! CORPSES ( ! PRES5T4 

,! CONTRIBUTION PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM MADE TO ! REVOLUTION>Y 
PROJECT WAS M9IMAL1 AT BE/1 & L>GELY ECONOMIC 9 *>ACT]1 ,M>X S 
CRITIQUE ( ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMY1 :ILE L>GELY LIMIT$ TO HIS [N 
TIME1 WAS MA/]FUL4 ,IT REVEAL$ ! LAT5T P[] ( ! COMMODITY TO 
DEVELOP 9TO AN ALL-CORROSIVE =CE 9 *ANG+ HI/ORY & ! SUBV]SIVE P[] ( ! M>KET PLACE TO ]ASE ALL TRADITIONAL =MS ( SOCIAL 
LIFE4 ,IT ANTICIPAT$ ! ACCUMULATIVE P[] ( CAPITAL TO A PO9T :]E 
MONOPOLY WAS SE5 AS ITS \TCOME & AUTOMATION AS ! LOGIC ( CAPITALI/IC TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION4 ,M>X ALSO SAW ?AT ONCE 
CAPITALISM EM]G$1 IT PRODUC$ A PR(\ND S5SE ( SC>CITY ?AT NO 
SOCIETY BE=E HAD G5]AT$ 9 ! HUMAN SPIRIT ,ALI5AT$ HUMANITY 
LIV$ 9 AWE & FE> ( ! V]Y PRODUCTS ( ITS [N LABOR4 ,COMMODITIES HAD BECOME FETI%ES :I* SEEM$ TO GOV]N HUMANITY ?R\< ! FLUCTUATIONS ( ! M>KET PLACE & !IR MY/]I\S P[] 
TO DECIDE CRUCIAL MATT]S ( ECONOMIC SURVIVAL4 ,A FREE SOCIETY C\LD 
ONLY HOPE TO COME TO T]MS ) ITS [N FE>S1 MAT]IAL 9SECURITIES1 
& >TIFICIALLY G5]AT$ WANTS :5 TE*NOLOGY HAD REA*$ A LEVEL 
DEVELOPM5T :]E A SUP]FLUITY ( GOODS W\LD R5D] SC>CITY MEAN+LESS --AFT] :I* IT C\LD BE HOP$ ?AT1 9 A RATIONAL & ECOLOGICAL 
SOCIETY1 HUMAN BE+S W\LD DEVELOP MEAN+FUL WANTS ?AT W]E NOT 
DI/ORT$ BY ! MY/IFI$ ECONOMIC WORLD CREAT$ BY CAPITALISM4 ,?AT 
?IS MY/IFI$ WORLD %\LD BECOME P]SONALIZ$1 AS IT HAS 9 REC5T 
YE>S BY V>I\S REBORN RELIGIONS -- ,*RI/IAN OR PAGAN -- & BY ! 
HYPO/ASIZATION ( MY?1 %AMANISM1 WIT*CRAFT1 & O!R SELF-9DULG5T LURES ( ! >CANE1 IS EVID5CE ( ! EXT5T TO :I* CAPITALISM 
HAS 9FE/$ NOT ONLY ! ECONOMY BUT ALSO PRIVATE LIFE4 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO MAKE ! NE$ = A TE*NOLOGY ?AT CAN REMOVE 
MOD]N FE>S ( SC>CITY A P>T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT1 ?AT IS1 A 
PO/-SC>CITY TE*NOLOGY4 ,BUT SU* A TE*NOLOGY MU/ BE SE5 )9 
! CONTEXT ( A SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T RA!R ?AN AS A 0PRECONDITION0 = 
HUMAN EMANCIPATION UND] ALL CONDITIONS & 9 ALL ]AS4 ,= ALL !IR 
FAULTS & %ORTCOM+S1 PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETIES W]E /RUCTUR$ >\ND 
C]TA9 P[]FUL MORAL CON/RA9TS4 ,I HAVE ALREADY CIT$ A M$IEVAL 
ORD9ANCE1 S+L$ \T BY ,KROPOTK91 ?AT 0,EV]YONE MU/ BE PLEAS$ 
) HIS WORK4 ,?IS WAS BY NO MEANS A R>ITY4 ,! NOTION ?AT WORK 
%\LD BE PLEASANT & ?AT NE$S & WEAL? %\LD NOT EXP& 
9DEF9ITELY S]V$ TO GREATLY CONDITION POPUL> NOTIONS ( SC>CITY 
ITSELF4 ,9 FACT1 WEAL? WAS (T5 SE5 AS DEMONIC & AN EXCESSIVE 
9DULG5CE ( NE$S WAS REG>D$ AS MORALLY DEBAS+4 ,TO (F] GIFTS1 
TO DIVE/ ONESELF ( NE$LESS ?+S1 AS WE HAVE SE51 WAS HYPO/ASIZ$ 
OV] ! ACCUMULATION ( GOODS & ! EXPANSION ( WANTS4 ,NOT ?AT 
! PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETIES CONSI/5TLY LACK$ AN APPETITE = LUXURY 
ITEMS & ! GOOD ?+S ( LIFE--C]TA9LY NOT 9 IMP]IAL ,ROME4 ,BUT 
SOCIETY QUICKLY REACT$ AGA9/ !SE 0VICES10 AS !Y W]E SE51 ) 
ASCETISM & PEANS TO SELF-D5IAL4 

,IRONICALLY1 IT WAS !SE V]Y TRADITIONS ?AT ,M>X WAS TO D]IDE 9 ! 
/RONGE/ LANGUAGE1 PRAIS+ CAPITALISM = UND]M9+ 0! 9H]IT$1 
SELF-SUFFICI5T SATISFACTION ( EXI/+ NE$S CONF9$ )9 WELL-DEF9$ B\NDS1 & ! REPRODUCTION ( ! TRADITIONAL WAYS ( LIFE0 .<#b.> 
,PRODUCTION = ITS [N SAKE -- ! TYPICALLY CAPITALI/ DISREG>D = ALL 
QUALITY GOODS & !IR UTILITY = M]E QUANTITY & PR(IT--WAS TO BE 
MAT*$ BY CONSUMPTION = ITS [N SAKE4 ,?IS NOTION IS COMP>ATIVELY 
REC5T1 TO BE SURE4 ,BUT IT IS V]Y DEEPLY 5TR5*$ TODAY AMONG BROAD 
MASSES ( PEOPLE 9 ! WE/]N WORLD4 ,GIV5 ! FETI%IZATION ( 
COMMODITIES & ! ID5TIFICATION ( MAT]IAL SECURITY ) AFFLU5CE1 
MOD]N NOTIONS ( CONSUMPTION CAN NO LONG] BE MODIFI$ SIGNIFICANTLY 
BY MORAL P]SUASION ALONE1 IMPORTANT AS SU* EF=TS MAY BE4 ,PRES5T-DAY CONSUMPTION PATT]NS MU/ BE %[N TO BE IRRELEVANT1 9DE$ 
RIDICUL\S1 BY VIRTUE ( ! FACT ?AT TE*NOLOGY CAN PROVIDE ! GOOD 
LIFE = ALL & ?AT ! V]Y NOTION ( ! GOOD LIFE CAN N[ BE R$EF9$ 
ALONG RATIONAL & ECOLOGICAL L9ES4 

,9 ANY CASE1 ,M>XISM BEGAN TO EBB AS A REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT :5 
CAPITALISM RE/ABILIZ$ ITSELF AFT] ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> )\T ANY 
( ! PROJECT$ 0PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS0 ?AT W]E EXPECT$ TO 5D ! 
W> & RESCUE SOCIETY FROM ! ALT]NATIVE ( B>B>ISM4 ,ITS DECL9E 
WAS /ILL FUR!R ACCEL]AT$ BY ! TRANSP>5T DEG5]ATION ( ,SOVIET 
,RUSSIA 9TO ANO!R NATION-/ATE1 RIDDL$ BY NATIONAL *AUV9ISM & 
IMP]IALI/IC AMBITIONS4 ,?AT ,M>XI/ /UDIES HAVE RETREAT$ 9TO ! 
5CLAVES ( ACADEME IS TE/IMONY TO ITS DEA? AS A REVOLUTION>Y 
MOVEM5T4 ,IT HAS BECOME SAFE & TOO?LESS BECAUSE IT IS SO 9TR9SICALLY 
B\RGEOIS 9 ITS OV]ALL ORI5TATION4 

,CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 9 TURN1 HAVE NATIONALIZ$ L>GE >EAS ( !IR ECONOMIES4 
,!Y 0PLAN0 PRODUCTION 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R & !Y 
HAVE BUFF]$ ECONOMIC FLUCTUATION ) A L>GE V>IETY ( RE=MS4 ,! 
WORK+ CLASS HAS BECOME A L>GELY DEVITALIZ$ =CE = BASIC SOCIAL 
*ANGE1 NOT TO M5TION REVOLUTION4 ,! R$ FLAG ( ,M>XIAN SOCIALISM 
IS N[ DRAP$ OV] A C(F9 ( MY?S ?AT CELEBRATE ECONOMIC & 
POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION1 9DU/RIAL RATIONALIZATION1 A SIMPLI/IC !ORY ( 
L9E> PROGRESS1 & A BASICALLY ANTI-ECOLOGICAL /ANCE1 ALL 9 ! NAME 
( RADICALISM4 ,BUT R$ FLAG OR NOT1 IT /ILL REMA9S A C(F94 ,! MY?S IT 
CONTA9S W]E TO TRAGICALLY DEFLECT RADICAL ?\<T & PRACTICE FROM ! 
G5]\S IDEALS ( FRE$OM ?AT HAD PREC$$ IT 9 ! E>LY HALF ( ! 
N9ETE5? C5TURY4 

,NEW ,LEFT ,RADICALISM & ,C\NT]CULTURE ,UTOPIANISM 

,! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT DID NOT DIE ) ! EBB+ ( ,M>XISM1 
TO BE SURE1 AL?\< VULG> ,M>XIAN IDEAS W]E TO TA9T IT = DECADES 
AFT] ! ?IRTIES4 ,BY ! LATE FIFTIES & 9TO ! E>LY SIXTIES1 AN 5TIRELY 
NEW CON/ELLATION ( IDEAS BEGAN TO FALL 9TO PLACE4 ,! UPSURGE ( ! 
CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES CREAT$ A SOCIAL MOM5TUM 
>\ND ! SIMPLE DEM& = E?NIC EQUALITY1 ONE ?AT WAS 9 MANY 
WAYS R$OL5T ( DEM&S = EQUALITY ?AT GO BACK TO ! AGE ( ! 
DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTIONS 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY & !IR SWEEP+ 
VISIONS ( A NEW HUMAN FRAT]NITY4 

,M>T9 ,LU!R ,K+'S SPEE*ES1 = EXAMPLE1 HAVE A /RIK+LY 
MILL5>IAN QUALITY AB\T !M ?AT IS ALMO/ PRECAPITALI/ 9 *>ACT]4 
,HIS WORDS >E OP5LY UTOPI/IC & QUASI-RELIGI\S4 ,!Y CONTA9 REF]5CES TO 0DREAMS10 TO ASC5TS TO ! 0M\NTA9 TOP LIKE ,MOSES1 !Y APPEAL TO AN E?ICAL F]VOR ?AT SURPASSES A PICA = SPECIAL 9T]E/S & P>O*IAL BIASES4 ,!Y >E VOIC$ AGA9/ A BACKGR\ND ( *ORAL MUSIC ?AT ADVANCES MESSAGES LIKE 0,FRE$OM ,N[60 & 0,WE ,%ALL ,OV]COME60 

,! BROAD5+ ( ! IDEA ( EMANCIPATION1 9DE$1 ITS SANCTIFICATION BY A RELIGI\S T]M9OLOGY & A PRAY]-LIKE DEMEANOR1 REPLAC$ 
! PSEUDO-SCI5CE ( ,M>XISM4 ,IT WAS A PO9T$LY E?ICAL MESSAGE ( 
SPIRITUAL R$EMPTION & A UTOPIAN VISION ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY ?AT 
TRANSC5D$ CLASS1 PROP]TY1 & ECONOMIC 9T]E/S4 ,IDEALS ( FRE$OM 
W]E N[ BE+ RE/AT$ 9 ! V]NACUL> ( ! PRE-,M>XI/ REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT -- 9 LANGUAGE1 ?AT IS1 ?AT W\LD HAVE BE5 UND]/&ABLE TO ! DAY-DREAM+ ,PURITAN RADICALS ( ! ,5GLI% 
,REVOLUTION & P]HAPS EV5 ! RADICAL YEOM5 ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,BY DEGREES1 ! MOVEM5T BECAME MORE & MORE SECUL>4 ,PEACEFUL PROTE/S OR*E/RAT$ PRIM>ILY BY BLACK M9I/]S & 
PACIFI/S TO BE> WITNESS TO ! 9FR+EM5T ( BASIC HUMAN FRE$OMS1 GAVE WAY TO ANGRY 5C\NT]S & VIOL5T RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ! RAMBUNCTI\S USE ( AU?ORITY4 
,ORD9>Y ASSEMBLIES 5D$ 9 RIOTS UNTIL1 FROM #aifd ONW>D1 ALMO/ EV]Y SUMM] 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS CLIMAX$ BY BLACK <ETTO UPRIS+S ( NE>-9SURRECTION>Y PROPORTIONS4 

,! CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T DID NOT MONOPOLIZE ! EGALIT>IAN IDEALS 
?AT EM]G$ 9 ! SIXTIES4 ,PREC$$ TO A CONSID]ABLE EXT5T BY ! 
0ANTIBOMB0 MOVEM5T ( ! FIFTIES1 9CLUD+ ! ,CAMPAIGN = 
,NUCLE> ,DIS>MAM5T 7,C,N,D7 9 ,5GL& & ,WOM5'S ,/RIKE = 
,PEACE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 SEV]AL TR5DS BEGAN TO CONV]GE TO PRODUCE 
! ,NEW ,LEFT1 A MOVEM5T :I* %>PLY DI/+UI%$ ITSELF FROM ! 
,OLD ,LEFT 9 ITS AIMS1 =MS ( ORGANIZATION1 & /RATEGIES = SOCIAL 
*ANGE4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT WAS BE+ RECOV]$ -- NOT 9 
CONT9UITY ) PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM1 BUT ) PRE-,M>XI/ LIB]T>IAN 
IDEALS4 ,P]COLAT+ 9TO ?IS PROJECT W]E ! C\NT]CULTURE /RA9S ( 
! 0Y\? REVOLT0 ) ITS EMPHASIS ON NEW LIFE/YLES1 SEXUAL FRE$OM1 
& A WIDE-RANG+ BODY ( COMMUNAL LIB]T>IAN VALUES4 ,A RI*LY 
COLOR$ HORIZON ( SOCIAL IDEAS1 EXP]IM5TS1 & RELATION%IPS 
EM]G$ ?AT GL[$ ) EXTRAVAGANT HOPES ( RADICAL *ANGE4 

,?IS GL[ DID NOT COME FROM IDEOLOGY ALONE1 TO BE SURE4 ,IT WAS FUEL$ 
BY SWEEP+ TE*NOLOGICAL1 ECONOMIC1 & SOCIAL TRANSITIONS 9 ,EURO-,AM]ICAN SOCIETY4 ,BETWE5 ! 5D ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> & ! 
E>LY SIXTIES1 A GOOD DEAL MORE ?AN PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM HAD DI$ 9 
! 9T]IM ?AT SEP>AT$ ! TWO P]IODS4 ,O!R MAJOR FEATURES ( ! 
,OLD ,LEFT W]E WAN+1 SU* AS ! 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( RADICALISM 9 
! =M ( HI]>*ICAL WORK]S' P>TIES1 ! ECONOMIC DESP]ATION ?AT 
M>K$ ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION DECADE1 & AN >*AIC TE*NOLOGICAL 
H]ITAGE BAS$ ON MASSIVE 9DU/RIAL FACILITIES & AN OV]SIZE1 LABOR-9T5SIVE FACTORY SY/EM4 ,! 9DU/RIAL PLANT ( ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION 
YE>S WAS NOT V]Y TE*NICALLY 9NOVATIVE4 ,! ?IRTIES MAY HAVE BE5 
A DECADE ( E>NE/ BUT GRIM HOPE2 ! SIXTIES1 BY CONTRA/1 WAS A DECADE 
( EXUB]ANT PROMISE1 EV5 ONE ?AT DEM&$ ! IMM$IATE GRATIFICATION ( ITS DESIRES4 

,AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 CAPITALISM1 F> FROM REC$+ 9TO ! *RONIC 
DEPRESSION ?AT PREC$$ ! W>1 HAD RE/ABILIZ$ ITSELF ON /RONG] 
F\NDATIONS ?AN IT HAD EV] KN[N 9 HI/ORY4 ,IT CREAT$ A MANAG$ 
ECONOMY BAS$ ON MILIT>Y PRODUCTION1 BUOY$ BY DAZZL+ TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES 9 ELECTRONICS1 AUTOMATION1 NUCLEONICS1 & AGRIBUS9ESS4 
,GOODS 9 VA/ QUANTITIES & V>IETIES SEEM$ TO FL[ FROM AN 5DLESS 
HORN ( PL5TY4 ,?IS WAS A WEAL? SO MASSIVE1 9 FACT1 ?AT SIZABLE 
PORTIONS ( ! POPULATION C\LD LIVE ON ITS M]E LEAV+S4 ,IT IS DIFFICULT 
FROM A DI/ANCE ( DECADES TO REALIZE :AT A BUOYANT S5SE ( PROMISE 
9FUS$ ! ]A4 

,?IS S5SE ( PROMISE WAS CLE>LY MAT]IALI/IC4 ,! 
C\NT]CULTURE'S REJECTION ( MAT]IAL ?+S DID NOT CONFLICT ) ITS 
[N CONSUMPTION ( /]EOS1 RECORDS1 TELEVISION SETS1 0M9D-EXP&+0 PH>MACEUTICALS1 EXOTIC CLO?+1 & EQUALLY EXOTIC FOODS4 ,E>LY 
LIB]AL TREATISES LIKE ! 0,TRIPLE ,REVOLUTION0 5C\RAG$ ! HI<LY 
JU/IFI$ BELIEF ?AT TE*NOLOGICALLY1 9 ! ,WE/]N WORLD AT LEA/1 WE 
HAD 5T]$ AN ]A ( GREAT] FRE$OM FROM TOIL4 ,?AT SOCIETY C\LD BE 
ADJU/$ TO TAKE FULL ADVANTAGE ( !SE MAT]IAL & SOCIAL GOODIES WAS 
H>DLY 9 D\BT1 PROVID$1 TO BE SURE1 ?AT IT C\LD CREATE A GOOD LIFE 
/RUCTUR$ >\ND A NEW E?ICAL VIEWPO9T4 

,!SE EXPECTATIONS 9FUS$ EV]Y /RATUM ( SOCIETY1 9CLUD+ ?OSE 
:O W]E MO/ DEPRIV$ & UND]PRIVILEG$4 ,! CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T DID NOT SPR+ SIMPLY FROM ! RES5TM5T ?AT BLACK PEOPLE HAD 
SUFF]$ DUR+ ?REE C5TURIES ( OPPRESSION & DISCRIM9ATION4 ,9 ! 
SIXTIES1 IT >OSE EV5 MORE COMPELL+LY FROM POPUL> EXPECTATIONS ( 
! BETT] LIFE 5JOY$ BY ! :ITE MIDDLE CLASSES & ! BELIEF ?AT 
!RE WAS MORE ?AN 5\< TO GO >\ND = ALL4 ,! E?ICAL MESSAGE 
( ,K+ & HIS LIEUT5ANTS HAD DEEP ROOTS 9 ! T5SION BETWE5 BLACK 
POV]TY & :ITE AFFLU5CE1 A T5SION ?AT MADE BLACK OPPRESSION MORE 
9TOL]ABLE ?AN IT HAD BE5 BE=E4 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 ! RADICALISM ( ! ,NEW ,LEFT BECAME MORE 
5COMPASS+ & FUNDAM5TAL TO ! DEGREE ?AT ! ECONOMIC L>GESS 
?AT ,AM]ICA 5JOY$ WAS SO 9EQUITABLY DI/RIBUT$ & SO IRRATIONALLY 
EMPLOY$ -- P>TICUL>LY 9 MILIT>Y ADV5TURES ABROAD4 ,! BUOYANCY 
( ! C\NT]CULTURE & ITS CLAIMS BECAME 9CREAS+LY UTOPIAN TO ! 
DEGREE ?AT A COM=TABLE LIFE = ALL BECAME MORE FEASIBLE4 ,Y\NG 
PEOPLE1 ! FAM\S 0DROP-\TS0 ( ! SIXTIES1 MADE AN E?ICAL CALL+ 
( ! FACT ?AT !Y C\LD LIVE WELL FROM ! G>BAGE PAILS ( SOCIETY 
& ) 0A LITTLE HELP FROM ONE'S FRI5DS0 TO REWORD ! LYRICS ( A 
FAM\S SONG BY ! ,BEATLES4 

,I SAY ?IS NOT TO D5IGRATE ! ,NEW ,LEFT'S RADICALISM & ! 
C\NT]CULTURE'S UTOPIANISM4 ,RA!R1 ,I SEEK TO EXPLA9 :Y !Y TOOK 
! EXTRAVAGANT =MS !Y DID--AS WELL AS :Y !Y W]E TO FADEAWAY 
:5 ! CRISIS MANAGEM5T0 TE*NIQUES ( ! SY/EM RE-9V5T$ ! 
MY? ( SC>CITY & PULL$ 9 ! RE9S ( ITS WELF>E PROGRAMS4 

,NOR DO ,I CLAIM ?AT E?ICAL IDEALS ( FRE$OM ME*ANICALLY M>* 9 
/EP ) MAT]IAL REALITIES ( POV]TY & ABUNDANCE4 ,! REVOLT ( 
PEASANTS OV] FIVE C5TURIES ( HI/ORY & ! UTOPIAN VISIONS !Y 
PRODUC$1 ( >TISANS OV] A SIMIL> SPAN ( TIME ) SIMIL> VISION1 ( 
RELIGI\S RADICALS TYKE ! ,ANABAPTI/S & ,PURITANS1 F9ALLY ( RATIONALI/IC AN>*I/S & LIB]T>IAN ,UTOPIANS -- MO/ ( :OM ADVANC$ ASCETIC MASSAGES 9 TIMES ?AT W]E TE*NOLOGICALLY UNDEVELOP$ -- W\LD BE 9EXPLICABLE 9 T]MS ( ?IS PREMISE4 ,!SE REVOLUTION>Y 
PROJECTS ACCEPT$ P>AMET]S = FRE$OM ?AT W]E BAS$ ON POV]TY1 
NOT ABUNDANCE4 ,:AT COMMONLY MOV$ !M TO ACTION W]E ! H>D 
FACTS ( ! SOCIAL TRANSITION FROM VILLAGE TO CITY1 FROM CITY TO NATION-/ATE1 FROM >TISANAL =MS ( WORK TO 9DU/RIAL TOIL1 FROM MIX$ SOCIAL 
=MS TO CAPITALISM--EA* A WORSE CONDITION1 PSY*OLOGICALLY AS WELL 
AS MAT]IALLY1 ?AN ITS PR$ECESSOR4 

,:AT MOV$ ! ,NEW ,LEFT TO ITS [N REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT & ! 
C\NT]CULTURE TO ITS V]SION ( UNLIC5S$ UTOPIA W]E P>AMET]S = 
FRE$OM BAS$ ON ABUNDANCE -- EA* P]IOD A POT5TIALLY BETT] CONDITION ?AN ITS PR$ECESSOR4 ,9DE$1 = ! FIR/ TIME1 IT SEEM$1 SOCIETY 
C\LD BEG9 TO =GET AB\T POT5TIALITIES ( TE*NOLOGY TO PRODUCE 
MAT]IAL WELL-BE+ = ALL & CONC5TRATE ON ! E?ICAL WELL-BE+ ( 
ALL4 

,ABUNDANCE1 AT LEA/ TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT EXI/$ = ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 
& A TE*NOLOGY ( AN 9CALCULABLE PRODUCTIVITY FO/]$ A RADICAL 
E?ICS ( ITS [N3 ! REASONABLE C]TA9TY ?AT ! ABOLITION ( OPPRESSION 9 ANY =M -- ( ! S5SES AS WELL AS ( ! BODY & M9D -- 
C\LD BE A*IEV$ EV5 ON ! B\RGEOIS GR\NDS ( ECONOMIC 9/RUM5TALISM4 ,:AT MAY V]Y WELL ACC\NT = ! LIB]AL TONE ( ! 
,NEW ,LEFT'S E>LY DOCUM5TS LIKE ! 0,PORT ,HURON ,/ATEM5T WAS ! 
ASSUMPTION ?AT TE*NOLOGY WAS SO V]Y PRODUCTIVE ?AT IT C\LD BE US$ 
TO PLACATE ! WEAL?Y & REMOVE TRADITIONAL FE>S ( DISPOSSESSION4 
,! WEAL?Y C\LD 5JOY !IR WEAL? &1 LEAV+ QUE/IONS ( P[] 
& SOCIAL CONTROL ASIDE1 MORE ?AN 5\< SEEM$ TO BE AT SOCIETY'S 
DISPOSAL TO PROVIDE AN AFFLU5T LIFE = ALL4 ,CAPITALISM & ! ,/ATE1 9 
EFFECT1 SEEM$ TO HAVE LO/ !IR RAISON D'ETRE1 !IR REASON = BE+4 
,NO LONG] NE$ ! MEANS ( LIFE BE DI/RIBUT$ ALONG HI]>*ICAL L9ES 
BECAUSE TE*NOLOGY WAS R5D]+ !SE MEANS AVAILABLE = ! ASK+4 

,H5CE1 TOIL CEAS$ TO BE A HI/ORICALLY EXPLICABLE BURD5 ON ! 
MASSES4 ,SEXUAL REPRESSION WAS NO LONG] NECESS>Y TO DIV]T ONE S 
LIBID9AL 5]GIES 9TO >DU\S LABOR4 ,CONV5TIONS ?AT /OOD 9 ! 
WAY ( PLEASURE W]E 9SUFF]ABLE UND] !SE NEW CONDITIONS1 & NE$ 
C\LD BE REPLAC$ BY DESIRE AS A TRULY HUMAN IMPULSE4 ,! 0REALM ( 
NECESSITY10 9 EFFECT1 C\LD F9ALLY BE REPLAC$ BY ! 0REALM ( 
FRE$OM0.-H5CE ! VOGUE ?AT ,*>LES ,F\RI]'S WRIT+S BEGAN TO 
5JOY AT ! TIME 9 MANY P>TS ( ! ,WE/]N WORLD4 

,9 ITS 9ITIAL PHASES1 ! ,NEW ,LEFT & ! C\NT]CULTURE W]E 
PR(\NDLY AN>*I/IC & UTOPI/IC4 ,SEV]AL POPUL> CONC]NS BECAME 
( FOCAL IMPORTANCE 9 ! PROJECTS ?AT BEGAN TO RISE TO ! SURFACE ( 
!IR COLLECTIVE CONSCI\SNESS4 ,! FIR/ WAS RI*LY DEMOCRATIC1 APPEALS 
W]E VOIC$ = A FACE-TO-FACE SY/EM ( DECISION-MAK+4 ,! WORDS 
0P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY0 CAME V]Y MU* 9TO VOGUE AS A DESCRIPTION 
( GRASSROOTS CONTROL OV] ALL ASPECTS ( LIFE1 NOT SIMPLY POLITICAL ONES4 
,EV]YONE WAS EXPECT$ TO BE FREE TO 5T] 9TO ! POLITICAL SPH]E & 
TO DEAL ) PEOPLE 9 EV]YDAY LIFE 9 A 0DEMOCRATIC0 MANN]4 ,:AT 
?IS MEANT1 9 EFFECT1 WAS ?AT PEOPLE W]E EXPECT$ TO BE TRANSP>5T 
9 ALL ( !IR RELATION%IPS & ! IDEAS !Y HELD4 

,! ,NEW ,LEFT &1 9 NO SMALL DEGREE1 ! EM]G+ C\NT]CULTURE 
?AT P>ALLEL$ IT1 HAD A /RONG ANTIP>LIAM5T>Y AMBIANCE ?AT (T5 
V]G$ ON \TRI<T AN>*ISM4 ,MU* HAS BE5 WRITT5 AB\T ! 0FIRE 9 
! /REETS0 ?AT BECAME P>T ( ! RADICAL ACTIVITIES ( ! TIME4 
,H[EV]1 !RE W]E ALSO /RONG IMPULSES T[>D AN 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( DECISION-MAK+ PROCESSES ?AT W5T BEYOND ! LEVEL ( /REET 
PROTE/S & ! DEMON/RATIONS ?AT W]E SO COMMON DUR+ ! 
DECADE4 

,! PR9CIPLE ,AM]ICAN ,NEW ,LEFT ORGANIZATION4 ,/UD5TS = A 
,DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIETY 7,S,D,S7 & ITS ,G]MAN C\NT]P>T1 ! ,SOCIALI/S 
,/UD5TS ,UNION 7ALSO ,S,D,S7 W]E DI/+UI%$ BY ! =MALITY ( !IR 
MANY CONF]5CES & WORK%OPS4 ,BUT FEW LIMITATIONS W]E PLAC$ ON 
ATT5DANCE -- :I* LEFT !SE ORGANIZATIONS OP5 TO CYNICAL 9VASIONS 
( P>ASITIC DOGMATIC RADICAL SECTS4 ,MANY ( !IR CONF]5CES & 
WORK%OPS1 AP>T FROM ! FAIRLY L>GE ONES1 ACQUIR$ AN EGALIT>IAN 
GEOMETRY ( !IR [N -- ! CIRCLE1 9 :I* !RE WAS NO =MAL 
*AIRP]SON OR LEAD]4 ,9DIVIDUALS YIELD$ ! =UM TO SPEAK]S M]ELY 
BY DESIGNAT+ !IR SUCCESSORS FROM AMONG ! RAIS$ H&S ( ?OSE 
:O WANT$ TO VOICE !IR VIEWS4 

,?IS GEOMETRY & PROC$URE WAS NOT SIMPLY AN IDLE =M ( 
ORGANIZATIONAL & DEMOCRATIC SYMBOLISM4 ,! 5TIRE CONFIGURATION 
EXPRESS$ AN E>NE/ BELIEF 9 ! IDEAL ( FACE-TO-FACE DIALOGUE & A 
SPONTANE\S =M ( DISCUSSION4 ,LEAD]%IP WAS GROSSLY MI/RU/$ TO 
A PO9T :]E (FICES W]E (T5 ROTAT$ & AN 5TR5*$ (FICIALDOM 
WAS FR[N$ UPON AS A /EP T[>D AU?ORIT>IAN CONTROL4 ,NEW ,LEFT 
CONF]5CES CONTRA/$ DRAMATICALLY ) ! HI<LY =MALIZ$1 (T5 
C>EFULLY OR*E/RAT$ GA!R+S ?AT HAD M>K$ CONF]5CES 9 ! 
WORK]S' MOVEM5T A G5]ATION OR TWO E>LI]4 ,9DE$1 DEMOCRACY AS 
A RADICAL =M ( DECISION-MAK+ WAS SE5 BY PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM1 
P>TICUL>LY 9 ITS ,M>XIAN =M1 AS M>G9AL TO ECONOMIC FACTORS4 

,9 A S5SE1 ! ,NEW ,LEFT1 ALMO/ KN[+LY1 WAS REVIV+ TRADITIONS 
?AT HAD BE5 SPAWN$ BY ! DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTIONS ( TWO C5TURIES 
E>LI]4 ,PRECISELY BECAUSE ! MEANS ( LIFE SEEM$ TO BE POT5TIALLY 
AVAILABLE TO ALL 9 ABUNDANCE1 ! ,NEW ,LEFT SEEM$ TO S5SE ?AT 
DEMOCRACY & AN E?ICAL IDEAL ( FRE$OM WAS ! DIRECT PA?WAY TO 
! V]Y SOCIAL EGALIT>IANISM ?AT PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM HAD S\<T TO 
A*IEVE BY L>GELY ECONOMIC & P>TY-ORI5T$ MEANS4 ,?IS WAS A 
REM>KABLE %IFT 9 ORI5TATION T[>D ! ROLE ( E?ICS 9 AN ]A :5 
ALL ( HUMANITY'S MAT]IAL PROBLEMS C\LD BE SOLV$ 9 PR9CIPLE4 
,! PRE-,M>XI/ AGE ( ! DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTIONS1 9 EFFECT1 HAD MELD$ 
) PRE-,M>XI/ =MS ( SOCIALISM & UTOPIANISM UND] ! RUBRIC 
( A P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY4 ,ECONOMICS HAD N[ BECOME TRULY POLITICAL 
& ! POLITICAL HAD BEGUN TO %$ ! PAT9A ( /ATECRAFT :I* 
HAD SURR\ND$ IT = A C5TURY -- A *ANGE ?AT HAD FUNDAM5TALLY 
AN>*IC IMPLICATIONS4 

,SECONDLY SU* A DEMOCRATIC DISPOSITION ( SOCIAL LIFE WAS MEAN+LESS )\T 
DEC5TRALIZATION4 ,UNLESS ! 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURE ( 
DEMOCRATIC LIFE C\LD BE R$UC$ TO COMPREH5SIBLE1 9DE$ A 
GRASPABLE1 HUMAN SCALE ?AT ALL C\LD UND]/&1 DEMOCRACY C\LD 
H>DLY ACQUIRE A TRULY P>TICIPATORY =M4 ,NEW UNITS ( SOCIAL 9T]C\RSE HAD TO BE DEVELOP$ & NEW WAYS ( RELAT+ TO EA* O!R HAD 
TO BE E/ABLI%$4 ,9 %ORT1 ! ,NEW ,LEFT BEGAN TO GROPE T[>D NEW 
=MS ( FRE$OM4 ,BUT IT NEV] DEVELOP$ !SE NEW =MS BEYOND 
CONF]5CES ?AT W]E USUALLY CONV5$ ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES4 

,9 ,FRANCE1 DUR+ ! #aifh ,MAY-,JUNE UPRIS+1 !RE IS SOME 
EVID5CE ?AT NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES W]E CONV5$ 9 SEV]AL 
,P>IS >RONDISSEM5TS4 ,NEI<BORHOOD PROJECTS W]E />T$ HALF-HE>T$LY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 NOTABLY R5T-/RIKE GR\PS & <ETTO-ORI5T$ S]VICE COLLECTIVES4 ,BUT ! IDEA ( DEVELOP+ NEW K9DS ( 
LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPAL =MS AS C\NT]P[] TO ! PREVAIL+ /ATE 
=MS DID NOT TAKE ROOT1 EXCEPT 9 ,SPA9 :]E ! ,MADRID ,CITIZ5S' 
,MOVEM5T CLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE 9 M>%AL+ PUBLIC S5TIM5T AGA9/ 
! ,FRANCO REGIME4 ,?US1 DEM&S = DEC5TRALIZATION REMA9$ AN 
IMPORTANT 9SPIRATIONAL SLOGAN4 ,BUT !Y NEV] TOOK A TANGIBLE =M (F 
! CAMPUS1 :]E RADICAL CONC]NS C5T]$ ON 0/UD5T P[]40 

,! C\NT]CULTURE (F]$ ITS [N V]SION ( DEC5TRALIZ$ /RUCTURES 9 ! =M ( COMMUNAL LIFE/YLES4 ,! #a#i#fS BECAME ! DECADE 
P> EXCELL5CE = AN>*I/-TYPE COMMUNES1 AS SO MANY BOOKS ON ! 
SUBJECT HAVE CALL$ !M4 ,9 CITIES1 NO LESS ?AN 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 
COMMUNAL E/ABLI%M5TS BECAME V]Y WIDESPREAD4 ,!SE E/ABLI%M5TS AIM$ NOT SO MU* AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( NEW POLITICS ?AN 
AT ATTEMPTS TO DEVELOP RADICALLY NEW WAYS ( LIV+ ?AT W]E C\NT] 
TO ! CONV5TIONAL ONES ?AT SURR\ND$ !M4 ,!Y W]E LIT]ALLY ! 
NUCLEI ( A C\NT]CULTURE4 ,!SE NEW LIFEWAYS 9VOLV$ ! COMMUNALIZATION ( PROP]TY1 ! PRACTICE ( USUFRUCT 9 DEAL+ ) ! MEANS ( LIFE1 A %>+ & ROTATION ( WORK TASKS1 COLLECTIVE *ILDC>E BY BO? SEXES1 RADICALLY NEW SEXUAL MORES1 ATTEMPTS TO A*IEVE A C]TA9 
MEASURE ( ECONOMIC AUTONOMY1 & ! CREATION ( A NEW MUSIC1 
POETRY1 & >T ?AT W]E MEANT TO CUT AGA9/ ! GRA9 ( RECEIV$ TA/ES 
9 ES!TICS4 ,! HUMAN BODY & ITS BEAUTIFICATION1 :ATEV] ONE MAY 
?9K ( ! /&>DS ?AT W]E DEVELOP$1 BECAME P>T ( ATTEMPTS TO 
BEAUTIFY ! 5VIRONM5T4 ,VEHICLES1 ROOMS1 ! EXT]IORS ( BUILD+S1 
EV5 ! BRICK WALLS ( AP>TM5T H\SES W]E DECORAT$ & COV]$ 
) MURALS4 

,! FACT ?AT 5TIRE NEI<BORHOODS W]E L>GELY COMPOS$ ( !SE 
COMMUNES L$ TO 9=MAL SY/EMS ( 9T]-COMMUNAL ASSOCIATIONS & 
SUPPORT SY/EMS1 SU* AS SO-CALL$ TRIBAL C\NCILS4 ,! IDEA ( 
0TRIBALISM10 :I* ! C\NT]CULTURE BORR[$ RA!R FACILEY FROM 
,AM]ICAN ,9DIAN CULTURES1 F\ND ITS EXPRESSION MORE 9 A V]NACUL> ( 
0LOVE0 & ! WIDE USE ( ,9DIAN CU/OMS1 RITUALS1 & ESPECIALLY 
JEWELRY1 ?AN 9 ! REALITY ( LA/+ RELATION%IPS & MUTUAL AID4 
,GR\PS DID >ISE :I* TRI$ TO LIVE BY !SE TRIBALI/IC1 9DE$1 9 SOME 
CASES1 CONSCI\S AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES1 BUT !Y W]E COMP>ATIVELY R>E4 

,MANY Y\NG PEOPLE :O MADE UP ! C\NT]CULTURE W]E TEMPOR>Y EXILES FROM MIDDLE-CLASS SUBURBIA1 TO :I* !Y W]E TO RETURN 
AFT] ! SIXTIES4 ,BUT ! VALUES ( MANY COMMUNAL LIFE/YLES W]E 
ABID+ IDEALS ?AT W]E TO FILL] 9TO ! ,NEW ,LEFT1 :I* E/ABLI%$ 
ITS [N COLLECTIVES = SPECIFIC TASKS LIKE ! PR9T+ ( LIT]ATURE1 ! 
MANAGEM5T ( 0FREE S*OOLS10 & EV5 DAYC>E C5T]S4 ,AN>*I/ 
T]MS LIKE 0AFF9ITY GR\PS10 ! ACTION & CELLUL> UNITS ( ! ,SPANI% 
AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 CAME V]Y MU* 9TO VOGUE4 ,! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S DEVELOP$ !SE GR\PS AS P]SONAL =MS ( ASSOCIATION 9 
OPPOSITION TO ANONYM\S ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY BRAN*ES BAS$ ON RESID5CE 
OR PLACES ( EMPLOYM5T1 BUT ! MORE AN>*IC ELEM5TS 9 ! ,NEW 
,LEFT MIX$ BROAD] C\NT]CULTURE ELEM5TS1 LIKE LIFE/YLE1 ) ACTION 
9 ! AFF9ITY GR\PS ?AT !Y E/ABLI%$4 

,?IRDLY1 ! ACCUMULATION ( PROP]TY WAS VIEW$ ) D]ISION4 ,! 
ABILITY TO SUCCESSFULLY 0LIB]ATE0 FOOD1 CLO?+1 BOOKS1 & ! LIKE1 
FROM DEP>TM5T /ORES & %OPP+ C5T]S BECAME A CALL+1 AS IT 
W]E1 & A BADGE ( HONOR4 ,?IS M5TALITY & PRACTICE BECAME SO 
WIDESPREAD ?AT IT EV5 9FECT$ CONV5TIONAL MIDDLE-CLASS PEOPLE4 
,%OP-LIFT+ REA*$ EPIDEMIC PROPORTIONS 9 ! SIXTIES4 ,PROP]TY WAS 
G5]ALLY SE5 AS SOME?+ ( A PUBLIC RES\RCE ?AT C\LD BE FREELY 
US$ BY ! PUBLIC AT L>GE OR P]SONALLY 0EXPROPRIAT$40 

,ES!TIC VALUES & UTOPI/IC IDEALS ?AT HAD BE5 BURI$ AWAY 9 
! >TI/IC AS WELL AS POLITICAL MANIFE/OES ( ! PA/ UND]W5T AN 
EXTRAORD9>Y REVIVAL4 ,MUSEUMS W]E PICKET$ AS MAUSOLEUMS ( >T1 
:OSE WORKS ! PICKET]S FELT %\LD BE LOCAT$ 9 PUBLIC PLACES SO 
?AT !Y C\LD BE P>T ( A LIV+ 5VIRONM5T4 ,/REET !AT] = ! 
PUBLIC WAS CONDUCT$ 9 ! MO/ IMPROBABLE LOCATIONS1 SU* AS ! 
SIDEWALKS ( BUS9ESS DI/RICTS2 ROCK B&S CONDUCT$ !IR CONC]TS 9 
! /REETS OR 9 PUBLIC SQU>ES2 P>KS W]E US$ AS C]EMONIAL >EAS1 
OR PLACES = DISCUSSION1 OR SIMPLY OP5-AIR HABITATS = SEM9UDE 
Y\NG PEOPLE1 :O FLAGRANTLY SMOK$ M>IJUANA UND] ! V]Y NOSES 
( ! POLICE4 

,LA/LY1 ! IMAG9ATION ( WE/]N SOCIETY BECAME OV]HEAT$ ) 
9SURRECTION>Y IMAGES4 ,A FATAL BELIEF BEGAN TO DEVELOP )9 ! ,NEW 
,LEFT ?AT ! 5TIRE WORLD WAS ON ! V]GE ( VIOL5T REVOLUTION>Y 
*ANGE4 ,! W> 9 ,VIETNAM MOBILIZ$ CR[DS 9 ! HUNDR$S ( 
?\S&S 9 ,WA%+TON1 ,NEW ,YORK1 & O!R CITIES1 FOLL[$ BY 
COMP>ABLE NUMB]S 9 ,EUROPEAN CITIES AS WELL -- MOBILIZATIONS ( 
PEOPLE ?AT HAD NOT BE5 SE5 S9CE ! DAYS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 
,BLACK <ETTO UPRIS+S BECAME COMMONPLACE1 FOLL[$ BY BLOODY 
5C\NT]S BETWE5 TROOPS AS WELL AS POLICE ?AT CLAIM$ SCORES ( LIVES4 
,! ASSASS9ATION ( PUBLIC FIGURES LIKE ,M>T9 ,LU!R ,K+ & ,ROB]T 
,K5N$Y W]E ONLY ! MO/ PUBLICIZ$ ( MURD]S ?AT CLAIM$ ! 
LIVES ( CIVIL RI<TS' ACTIVI/S1 /UD5T PROTE/]S1 &1 9 ONE HORR5D\S 
CRIME1 BLACK *ILDR5 AT A *UR* C]EMONY4 ,!SE C\NT]-ACTIONS 
BEGAN TO PLACE LEFT-W+ 9DIVIDUAL T]RORISM ON ! AG5DA ( C]TA9 
,NEW ,LEFT T5D5CIES4 

,! YE> #aifh SAW ! MO/ SPECTACUL> UPSURGES ( ! /UD5T & 
BLACK MOVEM5TS4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 DUR+ ,MAY & ,JUNE1 MILLIONS ( WORK]S 
FOLL[$ ! /UD5TS 9TO A G5]AL /RIKE ?AT LA/$ = WEEKS4 ,?IS 
0NE>-REVOLUTION10 AS IT HAS REC5TLY BE5 CALL$1 WAS E*O$ 
?R\<\T ! WORLD 9 V>I\S =MS1 ALBEIT ) M9IMAL WORK+ 
CLASS SUPPORT--9DE$1 ) ACTIVE HO/ILITY BY ,AM]ICAN & ,G]MAN 
WORK]S1 A FACT ?AT %\LD HAVE PLAC$ A FATAL SEAL ON ! DEA? ( 
PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM4 

,DESPITE ANO!R MAJOR UPSURGE 9 #aig BY /UD5TS 9 ! ,UNIT$ 
,/ATES1 9 :I* A G5]AL /RIKE FOLL[$ ! ,AM]ICAN 9VASION ( 
,CAMBODIA1 ! MOVEM5T WAS MORE AN IMAG9ATIVE PROJECTION ( AN 
9SURRECTION ?AN ! REAL ?+4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 WORK]S EV5TUALLY BEAT A 
RETREAT UND] ! COMM&S ( !IR P>TIES & UNIONS4 ,! MIDDLE 
CLASSES W]E G5U9ELY 9 CONFLICT BETWE5 ! MAT]IAL B5EFITS !Y 
ACQUIR$ FROM ! E/ABLI%$ ORD] & ! MORAL APPEAL VOIC$ BY ! 
,NEW ,LEFT1 & EV5 BY !IR [N *ILDR54 ,BOOKS BY ,!ODORE ,ROSZAK 
& ,*>LES ,REI*1 :I* TRI$ TO EXPLA9 ! E?ICAL MESSAGE ( ! 
,NEW ,LEFT & P>TICUL>LY ! C\NT]CULTURE TO ! OLD] G5]ATION1 
MET ) A SURPRIS+LY FAVORABLE RECEPTION4 ,P]HAPS MILLIONS ( FAIRLY 
CONV5TIONAL PEOPLE MI<T HAVE VE]$ T[>D AN ACTIVELY SYMPA!TIC 
ATTITUDE T[>D ANTI W> DEMON/RATORS1 EV5 T[>D ! ,NEW ,LEFT ITSELF1 
IF ITS IDEOLOGY HAD BE5 ADVANC$ 9 ! POPULI/ & LIB]T>IAN =MS 
?AT W]E CONSI/5T ) ,AM]ICA'S [N REVOLUTION>Y H]ITAGE4 

,! LATE SIXTIES1 9 FACT1 WAS A PR(\NDLY IMPORTANT P]IOD 9 
,AM]ICAN HI/ORY4 ,HAD !RE BE5 A SL[]1 MORE PATI5T & MORE 
GRAD$ DEVELOPM5T BY ! ,NEW ,LEFT & ! C\NT]CULTURE1 L>GE 
>EAS ( POPUL> CONSCI\SNESS C\LD HAVE BE5 *ANG$4 ,! 
0,AM]ICAN ,DREAM 0 P]HAPS LIKE ! NATIONAL 0DREAMS0 ( O!R 
C\NTRIES1 HAD DEEP-SEAT$ IDEOLOGICAL ROOTS1 NOT ONLY MAT]IAL ONES4 
,IDEALS ( LIB]TY1 COMMUNITY1 MUTUAL AID1 EV5 ( DEC5TRALIZ$ CONF$]ATIONS1 HAD BE5 C>RI$ OV] TO ,AM]ICA BY ITS RADICAL ,PURITAN 
SETTL]S ) !IR CONGREGATIONAL =M ( ,PROTE/ANTISM ?AT DISALL[$ 
ANY CL]ICAL HI]>*Y4 ,!SE RADICALS PREA*$ A GOSPEL ( A PRIMITIVE 
,*RI/IAN COMMUNALISM RA!R ?AN ! 0RUGG$ 9DIVIDUALISM0 7ESS5TIALLY1 A WE/]N C[BOY IDEAL ( PURELY P]SONAL 0AN>*ISM0 9 :I* 
! LONELY 0CAMPFIRE0 ( ! >M$ SOLOI/ IS SUB/ITUT$ = ! FAMILY 
HE>? ( ! VILLAGE YEOMANRY74 ,PURITANS HAD PLAC$ A HI< PREMIUM 
ON FACE-TO-FACE POPUL> ASSEMBLIES OR T[N MEET+S AS 9/RUM5TS ( 
SELF-GOV]NM5T RA!R ?AN C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5T4 ,P]HAPS HONOR$ 
MORE 9 ! BREA* ?AN 9 CONSI/5T OBS]VANCE1 ?IS GOSPEL /ILL 
EX]CIS$ 5ORM\S 9FLU5CE ON ! ,AM]ICAN IMAG9ATION1 AN 9FLU5CE ?AT C\LD HAVE EASILY W$D$ ! ,NEW ,LEFT & C\NT]CULTURE 
IDEAS ) AN E?ICAL DEMOCRACY ?AT MANY ,AM]ICANS W\LD HAVE 
ACCEPT$4 

,IT IS ONE ( ! APPALL+ FACTS ( HI/ORY ?AT ! ,NEW ,LEFT1 F> FROM 
FOLL[+ ?IS HI/ORIC C\RSE1 DID ! V]Y OPPOSITE 9 ! LATE SIXTIES4 
,IT SEP>AT$ ITSELF FROM ITS AN>*IC & UTOPI/IC ORIG9S4 ,:AT IS WORSE1 
IT UNCRITICALLY ADOPT$ ,?IRD ,WORLD IDEOLOGIES1 9SPIR$ BY ,VIETNAMESE1 
,*9ESE1 ,NOR? ,KOREAN1 & ,CUBAN SOCIAL MODELS4 ,!SE W]E 9TRODUC$ TO A SICK5+ EXT5T BY ! SECT>IAN ,M>XI/ DEBRIS ?AT L+]$ 
ON FROM ! ?IRTIES1 NOT ONLY 9 ! ,U4,S4 BUT 9 ,EUROPE4 ,! V]Y 
DEMOCRACY ( ! ,NEW ,LEFT WAS US$ AGA9/ IT BY ,MAOI/-TYPE 
AU?ORIT>IANS 9 AN ATTEMPT TO 0CAPTURE0 ,S,D,S 9 ,AM]ICA & ,G]MANY4 
,GUILT = A MIDDLE-CLASS P$IGREE WAS ! PR9CIPLE ME*ANISM = 
IMBU+ !SE MOVEM5TS ) A SUBS]VI5T ATTITUDE TO SELF-/YL$ 
WORK+ CLASS & BLACK GR\PS2 9DE$1 = ADOPT+ A RAMBUNCTI\S 
ULTRA-REVOLUTION>Y ZEALOTRY ?AT TOTALLY M>G9ALIZ$ ! FOLL[]S ( 
?IS TR5D & EV5TUALLY DEMORALIZ$ !M COMPLETELY4 ,! FAILURE ( 
MANY AN>*I/S 9 ,AM]ICAN & ,G]MAN ,S,D,S1 AS WELL AS SIMIL> 
MOVEM5TS ELSE:]E1 TO DEVELOP A WELL-ORGANIZ$ MOVEM5T )9 
! L>G] ONES 7P>TICUL>LY ) ! 0ULTRA-REVOLUTION>Y0 BRAGGADOCIO 
& RADICAL SWAGG]+ 9 ! ,U4,S47 PLAY$ DIRECTLY 9TO ! H&S ( 
! MORE WELL-ORGANIZ$ ,MAOI/ T5D5CIES -- ) DISA/R\S RESULTS 
= ! ,NEW ,LEFT AS A :OLE4 

,BUT IT WAS NOT A LACK ( IDEOLOGY & ORGANIZATION ALONE ?AT BR\<T 
! ,NEW ,LEFT & A RA!R WAV]+ C\NT]CULTURE TO AN 5D4 ,! 
EXP&+1 OV]HEAT$ ECONOMY ( ! SIXTIES WAS /EADILY REPLAC$ BY 
! COOL]1 MORE WAV]+ ECONOMY ( ! SEV5TIES4 ,! ACCEL]AT+ 
RATE ( ECONOMIC GR[? WAS DELIB]ATELY >RE/$ & ITS DIRECTION WAS 
P>TLY REV]S$4 ,UND] ,NIXON 9 ,AM]ICA & ,?AT*] 9 ,5GL&1 AS 
WELL AS !IR C\NT]P>TS 9 O!R ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 A NEW POLITICAL 
& ECONOMIC CLIMATE WAS CREAT$ ?AT REPLAC$ ! EBULLI5T PO/-SC>CITY M5TALITY ( ! SIXTIES ) ONE ( ECONOMIC UNC]TA9TY4 

,! MAT]IAL 9SECURITY ( ! SEV5TIES1 & ! POLITICAL REACTION 
?AT FOLL[$ ! ELECTION ( CONS]VATIVES 9 ,AM]ICA & ,EUROPE1 
BEGAN TO FO/] A P]SONAL RETREAT FROM ! PUBLIC SPH]E4 ,PRIVATISM1 
C>E]ISM & SELF-9T]E/ 9CREAS+LY GA9$ ASC5DANCY OV] ! 
DESIRE = A PUBLIC LIFE1 AN E?ICS ( C>E1 & A COMMITM5T TO *ANGE4 
,! ,NEW ,LEFT WAN$ EV5 MORE RAPIDLY ?AN IT ROSE & ! C\NT]-CULTURE BECAME ! 9DU/RY = B\TIQUES & PORNOGRAPHIC =MS ( 
SEXUAL LIC5SE4 ,9DE$1 ! M 9D-EXP&+ 0DRUG CULTURE0 ( ! SIXTIES 
GAVE WAY TO ! S$AT+ 0DRUG CULTURE0 ( ! SEV5TIES -- ONE :I* 
HAS CREAT$ NATIONAL CRISES 9 ,EURO-,AM]ICAN SOCIETY ) ! DISCOV]Y 
( NEW PH>MACEUTICALS & !IR EXOTIC COMB9ATIONS 9 MORE 9T5SE 
0HI<S0 & 0L[S40 

,A P]CEPTIVE ACC\NT ( ! ,NEW ,LEFT & C\NT]CULTURE1 ) A FULL 
KN[L$GE ( ! FACTS ?AT L$ TO !IR ORIG9S1 DEVELOPM5T1 & DECAY1 
HAS YET TO BE WRITT54 ,MU* ( ! MAT]IAL ?AT IS N[ AVAILABLE TO US 
IS M>K$ MORE BY S5TIM5TALITY ?AN S]I\S ANALYZES4 

,! RADICALISM ( ?AT ]A1 H[EV]1 HAS BE5 S5S$ 9TUITIVELY4 ,! 
,NEW ,LEFT WAS NEV] AS $UCAT$ AS ! ,OLD1 :I* IT TRI$ TO SUCCE$ 
MORE BY AN EMPHASIS ON ACTIVISM ?AN !ORETICAL 9SI<T4 ,DESPITE A 
SPATE ( HI<-M9D$ & ELECTRIFY+ PROPAG&A TRACTS1 IT PRODUC$ 
NO P]CEPTIVE 9TELLECTUAL ACC\NTS ( ! EV5TS :I* IT HAD CREAT$ 
OR ( ! REAL POSSIBILITIES ?AT IT CONFRONT$4 ,UNLIKE ! ,OLD ,LEFT :I*1 
= ALL ITS FAIL+S1 WAS P>T ( A C5TURY-LONG HI/ORICAL TRADITION1 9DE$ 
AN EPO*1 FILL$ ) ANALYZES ( CUMULATIVE EXP]I5CES & CRITICAL 
EVALUATIONS ( !IR \TCOME1 ! ,NEW ,LEFT SEEMS MORE LIKE AN ISOLAT$ 
ISL& 9 HI/ORY :OSE V]Y EXI/5CE IS DIFFICULT TO EXPLA9 AS P>T ( 
A L>G] HI/ORICAL ]A4 

,GIV5 MORE TO ACTION ?AN TO REFLECTION1 ! ,NEW ,LEFT SEIZ$ UPON 
REFURBI%$ V]SIONS ( ! MO/ VULG> ,M>XI/ DOGMAS TO %ORE UP ITS 
GUILT-RIDD5 REV]5CE ( ,?IRD ,WORLD MOVEM5TS1 ITS [N MIDDLE-CLASS 9SECURITIES1 & ! HIDD5 ELITISM ( ITS MORE OPPORTUNI/IC1 
M$IA-ORI5T$ LEAD]S :O W]E PRO( ?AT P[] ULTIMATELY DOCS 
CORRUPT ,! MORE D$ICAT$ ( ! SIXTIES RADICAL Y\? W5T 9TO 
FACTORIES = BRIEF SPANS ( TIME TO 0W90 A L>GELY 9DIFF]5T WORK+ 
CLASS1 :ILE O!RS TURN$ TO 0T]RORISM0 -- 9 SOME CASES1 A P>ODY ( 
! REAL ?+1 9 O!R CASES1 A CO/LY TRAG$Y ?AT CLAIM$ ! LIVES ( 
HI<LY D$ICAT$1 IF SADLY MISGUID$1 Y\NG PEOPLE4 

,]RORS ?AT HAD BE5 REPEAT$ G5]ATION AFT] G5]ATION OV] ! 
PA/ C5TURY W]E ?US BE+ RECYCL$ AGA93 A DISREG>D = !ORY1 AN 
EMPHASIS ON ACTION ?AT EXCLUD$ ALL S]I\S ?\<T1 A T5D5CY TO FALL 
BACK ON %OPWORN DOGMAS :5 ACTION IS REIFI$1 & ! RESULT+ 
C]TA9TY ( DEFEAT & DEMORALIZATION4 ,& ?IS WAS PRECISELY :AT 
OCCURR$ AS ! SIXTIES BEGAN TO DRAW TO A CLOSE4 

,BUT NOT EV]Y?+ IS LO/ 9 A DEVELOPM5T4 ,PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM 
HAD FOCUS$ ! ATT5TION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT ON ! ECONOMIC 
ASPECTS ( SOCIAL *ANGE -- ! NE$ TO CREATE ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS1 
P>TICUL>LY UND] CAPITALISM1 = A =W>D-LOOK+ VISION ( HUMAN 
LIB]ATION4 ,IT REVIV$ & FULLY EXPLOR$ ! FACT -- LONG EMPHASIZ$ BY 
WRIT]S LIKE ,>I/OTLE -- ?AT PEOPLE HAD TO BE REASONABLY FREE FROM 
MAT]IAL WANT TO BE ABLE TO FUNCTION FULLY AS CITIZ5S 9 ! POLITICAL 
SPH]E4 ,FRE$OM ?AT LACK$ ! MAT]IAL BASES = PEOPLE TO ACT AS SELF-MANAG+ & SELF-GOV]N+ 9DIVIDUALS OR COLLECTIVES WAS ! PURELY 
=MAL FRE$OM ( ! 9EQUALITY ( EQUALS1 ! REALM ( M]E JU/ICE4 
,PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM DI$ P>TLY BECAUSE ( ITS SOBRIETY & LACK ( 
IMAG9ATION1 BUT IT ALSO PROVID$ A NECESS>Y CORRECTIVE TO A PURELY 
E?ICAL EMPHASIS BY E>LI] RADICALS ON POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS & A 
L>GELY IMAG9ATIVE VISION ( ! ECONOMIC >RANGEM5TS ?AT W]E SO 
NECESS>Y = FULL POPUL> P>TICIPATION 9 %AP+ SOCIETY4 

,! ,NEW ,LEFT RE/OR$ ! AN>*IC & UTOPIAN VISIONS ( ! 
PRE-,M>XIAN REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT & IT GREATLY EXP&$ !M 9 
ACCORDANCE ) ! NEW MAT]IAL POSSIBILITIES CREAT$ BY TE*NOLOGY 
AFT] ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4 ,TO ! NE$ = SOLID ECONOMIC UND]P9N+S ( A FREE SOCIETY1 ! ,NEW ,LEFT & ! C\NT]CULTURE ADD$ 
C]TA9 ,F\RI]ESQUE QUALITIES4 ,!Y ADVANC$ ! IMAGE ( A S5SU\S 
SOCIETY1 NOT ONLY ONE ?AT WAS WELL-F$2 A SOCIETY FREE FROM TOIL1 NOT ONLY 
ONE ?AT WAS FREE FROM ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION2 A SUB/ANTIVE DEMOCRACY1 
NOT ONLY A =MAL ONE2 ! RELEASE ( PLEASURE1 NOT ONLY ! SATISFACTION 
( NE$4 

,ANTIHI]>*ICAL1 DEC5TRALI/1 COMMUNALI/1 & S5SU\S VALUES 
W]E TO /ILL P]SI/ 9TO ! SEV5TIES1 DESPITE ! IDEOLOGICAL CONTORTIONS ( ! DECOMPOS+ ,NEW ,LEFT & ITS DRIFT 9TO AN IMAG9ATIVE 
WORLD ( 9SURRECTION1 0DAYS ( RAGE10 & T]RORISM4 

,:ILE IT IS TRUE ?AT MANY ( ! ,NEW ,LEFT'S ACTIVI/S W]E TO F9D 
!IR WAY 9TO ! V]Y UNIV]SITY SY/EM !Y DESPIS$ 9 ! SIXTIES 
& LEAD FAIRLY CONV5DONAL LIVES1 ! MOVEM5T ALSO VA/LY BROAD5$ 
! DEF9ITION ( FRE$OM & ! SCOPE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT1 
EXT5D+ !M BEYOND !IR TRADITIONAL ECONOMIC CONF9ES 9TO VA/LY 
CULTURAL & POLITICAL DOMA9S4 ,NO RADICAL MOVEM5T ( ANY IMPORTANCE 
9 ! FUTURE C\LD IGNORE ! E?ICAL1 ES!TIC1 & ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN 
LEGACY CREAT$ BY ! ,NEW ,LEFT & ! COMMUNALI/ EXP]IM5TS ?AT 
EM]G$ 9 ! C\NT]CULTURE1 AL?\< ! TWO T5D5CIES W]E BY NO 
MEANS ID5TICAL4 ,BUT TWO QUE/IONS N[ REMA9$4 ,:AT SPECIFIC =MS 
%\LD A FUTURE MOVEM5T ASSUME IF IT HOP$ TO REA* ! PEOPLE 
G5]ALLY8 ,& :AT NEW POSSIBILITIES & ADDITIONAL IDEAS LAY BE=E 
IT ?AT W\LD /ILL FUR!R EXP& ! IDEALS ( FRE$OM8 

,FEM9ISM & ,ECOLOGY 

,! ANSW]S TO !SE QUE/IONS BEGAN TO EM]GE EV5 :ILE ! ,NEW ,LEFT 
& ! NEW C\NT]CULTURE W]E V]Y MU* ALIVE & BEGUN TO C5T] 
>\ND TWO BASICALLY NEW ISSUES3 ECOLOGY & FEM9ISM4 

,CONS]VATIVE MOVEM5TS1 EV5 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5TS TO CORRECT SPECIFIC POLLUTION ABUSES1 HAVE A LONG HI/ORY 9 ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ 
C\NTRIES1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & 9 C5TRAL ,EUROPE1 :]E 
NATURE MY/ICISM REA*ES BACK TO ! LATE ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,! EM]G5CE 
( CAPITALISM & ! APPALL+ DAMAGE IT 9FLICT$ ON ! NATURAL WORLD 
GAVE !SE MOVEM5TS A NEW S5SE ( URG5CY4 ,! RECOGNITION ?AT 
P>TICUL> DISEASES LIKE TUB]CULOSIS -- ! FAM\S 0,:ITE ,PLAGUE0 ( 
! N9ETE5? C5TURY -- HAVE !IR MA9 ORIG9S 9 POOR LIV+ & 
WORK+ CONDITIONS BECAME A MAJOR ISSUE = SOCIALLY CONSCI\S PHYSICIANS 
LIKE ,RUDOLPH ,VIR*[1 A ,G]MAN LIB]AL1 :O WAS DEEPLY CONC]N$ ) ! 
LACK ( PROP] SANITATION AMONG ,B]L9'S POOR4 ,SIMIL> MOVEM5TS 
>OSE 9 ,5GL& & SPREAD ?R\<\T MO/ ( ! WE/]N WORLD4 ,A 
RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! 5VIRONM5T & HEAL? WAS ?US SE5 AS A 
PROBLEM ( P>AM\NT IMPORTANCE = WELL OV] A C5TURY4 

,= ! MO/ P>T1 ?IS RELATION%IP WAS SE5 9 V]Y PRACTICAL T]MS4 
,! NE$ = CLEANL9ESS1 GOOD FOOD1 AIRY LIV+ QU>T]S1 & HEAL?FUL 
WORK+ CONDITIONS W]E DEALT ) 9 RA!R N>R[ T]MS ?AT POS$ 
NO *ALL5GE TO ! SOCIAL ORD]4 ,5VIRONM5TALISM WAS A RE=M 
MOVEM5T4 ,IT RAIS$ NO BROAD PROBLEMS BEYOND ! HUMANIT>IAN TREATM5T ( ! POOR & ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,9 TIME1 & ) PIECEMEAL RE=MS1 ITS SUPPORT]S C\LD EXPECT ?AT !RE W\LD BE NO S]I\S 
CONFLICT BETWE5 A /RICTLY 5VIRONM5TAL ORI5TATION & ! CAPITALI/ 
SY/EM4 

,ANO!R 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T1 BASICALLY ,AM]ICAN 7ALBEIT FAIRLY 
WIDESPREAD 9 ,5GL& & ,G]MANY71 EM]G$ FROM A MY/ICAL PASSION = WILD]NESS4 ,! V>I\S /RA9S ?AT 5T]$ 9TO ?IS MOVEM5T 
>E TOO COMPLEX TO UNRAVEL1 H]E4 ,AM]ICAN CONS]VATIONI/S LIKE ,JOHN 
,MUIR F\ND 9 WILD]NESS A SPIRITUALLY REVIV+ =M ( COMMUNION 
) NONHUMAN LIFE2 ONE ?AT PRESUMABLY AWAK5$ DEEP-SEAT$ HUMAN 
LONG+S & 9/9CTS4 ,?IS VIEW GOES BACK EV5 FUR!R 9 TIME TO 
,R\SSEAU'S IDYLLIC PASSION = A SOLIT>Y WAY ( LIFE AMID NATURAL 
SURR\ND+S4 ,AS A S5SIBILITY1 IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 M>K$ BY A GOOD 
DEAL ( AMBIGUITY4 ,WILD]NESS1 OR :AT IS LEFT ( IT TODAY1 CAN GIVE ONE 
A S5SE ( FRE$OM1 A HEI<T5$ S5SE ( NATURE'S FECUNDITY1 A LOVE ( 
NONHUMAN LIFE-=MS1 & A RI*] ES!TIC \TLOOK & APPRECIATION 
( ! NATURAL ORD]4 

,BUT IT ALSO HAS A LESS 9NOC5T SIDE4 ,IT CAN LEAD TO A REJECTION ( HUMAN 
NATURE1 AN 9TROV]T$ D5IAL ( SOCIAL 9T]C\RSE1 A NE$LESS OPPOSITION 
BETWE5 WILD]NESS & CIVILIZATION4 ,R\SSEAU LEAN$ T[>D ?IS 
VIEWPO9T 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY = V]Y MIX$ REASONS ?AT NE$ 
NOT CONC]N US 9 ?IS DISCUSSION4 ,?AT ,VOLTAIRE CALL$ ,R\SSEAU AN 
05EMY ( MANK9D0 IS NOT 5TIRELY AN OV]/ATEM5T4 ,! WILD]NESS 
5?USIA/ :O RETREATS 9TO REMOTE M\NTA9 >EAS & %UNS HUMAN 
COMPANY HAS PROVID$ A B\QUET ( 9NUM]ABLE MISAN?ROPES OV] ! 
AGES4 ,= TRIBAL PEOPLES1 SU* 9DIVIDUAL RETREATS1 OR 0VISION QUE/S0 >E 
WAYS ( RETURN+ TO !IR COMMUNITIES ) GREAT] WISDOM2 = ! 
MISAN?ROPE IT IS (T5 A REVOLT AGA9/ ONE'S [N K9D2 9DE$1 A 
DISCLAIM+ ( NATURAL EVOLUTION AS IT IS EMBODI$ 9 HUMAN BE+S4 

,?IS PITT+ ( A SEEM+LY WILD 0FIR/ NATURE0 AGA9/ SOCIAL 0SECOND 
NATURE0 REFLECTS A BL9D & TORTUR$ 9ABILITY TO DI/+UI% :AT IS 
IRRATIONAL & ANTI-ECOLOGICAL 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY FROM :AT C\LD BE 
RATIONAL & ECOLOGICAL 9 A FREE SOCIETY4 ,SOCIETY IS SIMPLY CONDEMN$ 
:OLESALE4 ,HUMANITY1 IRRESPECTIVE ( ITS [N 9T]NAL CONFLICTS BETWE5 
OPPRESSOR & OPPRESS$1 IS LUMP$ TOGE!R AS A S+LE 0SPECIES0 ?AT 
CON/ITUTES AN ACCURS$ BLI<T ON A PRESUMABLY PRI/9E1 09NOC5T10 & 
0E?ICAL0 NATURAL WORLD4 

,SU* VIEWS EASILY L5D !MSELVES TO A CRUDE BIOLOGISM ?AT (F]S 
NO WAY ( FIX+ HUMANITY & SOCIETY 9 NATURE1 OR1 MORE PRECISELY1 9 
NATURAL EVOLUTION4 ,! FACT ?AT HUMAN BE+S1 TOO1 >E PRODUCTS ( 
NATURAL EVOLUTION & ?AT SOCIETY GR[S \T ( ?AT EVOLUTION>Y 
PROCESS1 9CORPORAT+ 9 ITS [N EVOLUTION ! NATURAL WORLD AS TRANSMUT$ 9TO SOCIAL LIFE1 IS G5]ALLY GIV5 A SUBORD9ATE PLACE TO A V]Y 
/ATIC IMAGE ( NATURE4 ,?IS SIMPLI/IC TYPE ( IMAG]Y SEES NATURE AS A 
M]E PIECE ( SC5]Y ( ! K9D WE 5C\NT] 9 PICTURE PO/C>DS4 
,!RE IS V]Y LITTLE NATURALISM 9 ?IS VIEW2 RA!R1 ?IS VIEW IS L>GELY 
ES!TIC RA!R ?AN ECOLOGICAL ,! WILD]NESS 5?USIA/ IS USUALLY A 
VISITOR OR A VACATION] TO A WORLD ?AT1 UPLIFT+ AS IT MAY BE = A TIME1 
IS BASICALLY ALI5 TO !IR AU!NTIC SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T4 
,SU* WILD]NESS 5?USIA/S C>RY !IR SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T )9 !MSELVES 
:E!R !Y KN[ IT OR NOT1 NO LESS ?AN ! FACT ?AT ! KNAPSACKS 
!Y %\LD] >E (T5 PRODUCTS ( A HI<LY 9DU/RIALIZ$ SOCIETY4 

,! NE$ TO GO BEYOND !SE TRADITIONAL TR5DS 9 5VIRONM5TALISM 
EM]G$ 9 ! E>LY #a#i#fS1 :5 AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE 9 #aifd BY 
AN>*I/ WRIT]S TO REWORK LIB]T>IAN IDEAS ALONG BROADLY ECOLOGICAL 
L5S4 ,)\T D5Y+ ! NE$ TO /OP ! DEGRADATION ( ! 5VIRONM5T FROM POLLUTION1 9S5SATE DE=E/ATION1 ! CON/RUCTION ( 
NUCLE> REACTORS1 & ! LIKE1 A RE=MI/ APPROA* ) ITS FOCUS ON 
S+LE ISSUES WAS AB&ON$ = A REVOLUTION>Y ONE1 BAS$ ON ! NE$ 
TO TOTALLY RECON/RUCT SOCIETY ALONG ECOLOGICAL L9ES4 

,:AT IS SIGNIFICANT AB\T ?IS NEW APPROA*1 ROOT$ 9 ! WRIT+S 
( ,KROPOTK91 WAS ! RELATION%IP IT E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 HI]>*Y & 
! NOTION ( DOM9AT+ NATURE4 ,PUT SIMPLY3 ! V]Y IDEA ( DOM9AT+ 
NATURE1 IT WAS >GU$ 9 ?IS AN>*I/IC 9T]PRETATION1 /EMM$ 
FROM ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN4 ,AS ,I HAVE PO9T$ \T E>LI] 
9 ?IS BOOK1 ?IS 9T]PRETATION TOTALLY REV]S$ ! TRADITIONAL LIB]AL 
& ,M>XI/ VIEW ?AT ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN /EMS FROM 
A %>$ HI/ORICAL PROJECT TO DOM9ATE NATURE BY US+ HUMAN LABOR 
TO OV]COME A SEEM+LY 0/+Y10 )HOLD+1 9TRACTABLE NATURAL 
WORLD :OSE 0SECRETS0 HAD TO BE UNLOCK$ & R5D]$ AVAILABLE TO ALL 
9 ORD] TO CREATE A B5EFIC5T SOCIETY4 

,NO IDEOLOGY1 9 FACT1 HAS DONE MORE TO JU/IFY HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION S9CE ,>I/OTLE'S TIME ?AN ! MY? ?AT ! DOM9ATION ( NATURE 
PRESUPPOSES ! DOM9ATION ( 0MAN BY MAN40 ,LIB]ALISM1 ,M>XISM1 
& E>LI] IDEOLOGIES HAD 9DISSOLUBLY L9K$ ! DOM9ATION ( NATURE 
) HUMAN FRE$OM4 ,IRONICALLY1 ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN1 
! RISE ( HI]>*Y1 ( CLASSES1 & ! ,/ATE1 W]E SE5 AS 0PRECONDITIONS0 = !IR V]Y ELIM9ATION 9 ! FUTURE4 

,! VIEWS ADVANC$ BY AN>*I/S W]E DELIB]ATELY CALL$ SOCIAL 
ECOLOGY TO EMPHASIZE ?AT MAJOR ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS HAVE !IR ROOTS 
9 SOCIAL PROBLEMS -- PROBLEMS ?AT GO BACK TO ! V]Y BEG9N+S ( 
PATRIC5TRIC CULTURE ITSELF4 ,! RISE ( CAPITALISM1 ) A LAW ( LIFE BAS$ 
ON COMPETITION1 CAPITAL ACCUMULATION1 & LIMITLESS GR[?1 BR\<T 
!SE PROBLEMS -- ECOLOGICAL & SOCIAL -- TO AN ACUTE PO9T2 9DE$1 
ONE ?AT WAS UNPREC$5T$ 9 ANY PRIOR EPO* ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T4 
,CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 BY RECYCL+ ! ORGANIC WORLD 9TO AN 9CREAS+LY 
9ANIMATE1 9ORGANIC ASSEMBLAGE ( COMMODITIES1 WAS DE/9$ TO 
SIMPLIFY ! BIOSPH]E1 !REBY CUTT+ ACROSS ! GRA9 ( NATURAL 
EVOLUTION ) ITS AGES-LONG ?RU/ T[>D DIFF]5TIATION & DIV]SITY4 

,TO REV]SE ?IS TR5D1 CAPITALISM HAD TO BE REPLAC$ BY AN ECOLOGICAL 
SOCIETY BAS$ ON NONHI]>*ICAL RELATION%IPS1 DEC5TRALIZ$ COMMUNITIES1 ECO-TE*NOLOGICS LIKE SOL> P[]1 ORGANIC AGRICULTURE1 & 
HUMANLY SCAL$ 9DU/RIES--9 %ORT1 BY FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRATIC =MS 
( SETTLEM5T ECONOMICALLY & /RUCTURALLY TAILOR$ TO ! ECOSY/EMS 
9 :I* !Y W]E LOCAT$4 ,!SE VIEWS W]E EXPLOR$ 9 SU* PIONE]+ >TICLES LIKE 0,ECOLOGY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,?\<T0 7#a#i#f#d7 & 0,T[>D A ,LIB]ATORY ,TE*NOLOGY0 7#a#i#f#e71 YE>S BE=E 0,E>? ,DAY0 
WAS PROCLAIM$ & AN OBSCURE WORD1 0ECOLOGY10 BEGAN TO 5T] 9TO 
EV]YDAY DISC\RSE4 

,:AT %\LD BE EMPHASIZ$ IS ?AT ?IS LIT]ATURE AN*OR$ ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS = ! FIR/ TIME 9 HI]>*Y1 NOT SIMPLY 9 ECONOMIC 
CLASSES2 ?AT A S]I\S ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO GO BEYOND S+LE-ISSUE 
5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS 9TO DEEP-SEAL$ ECOLOGICAL DISLOCATIONS ( A 
MONUM5TAL *>ACT]2 ?AT ! RELATION%IP ( NATURE TO SOCIETY1 
=M]LY SE5 AS AN 9H]5TLY ANTAGONI/IC ONE1 WAS EXPLOR$ AS P>T 
( A LONG CONT9UUM 9 :I* SOCIETY HAD PHAS$ \T ( NATURE ?R\< 
A COMPLEX & CUMULATIVE EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 

,IT MAY HAVE BE5 ASK+ TOO MU* ( AN 9CREAS+LY ,MAOI/ ,NEW 
,LEFT & AN 9CREAS+LY COMM]CIALIZ$ C\NT]CULTURE1 BO? ) A 
/RONG PR$ILECTION = ACTION & A DEEP5+ MI/RU/ ( !ORETICAL 
IDEAS1 TO ABSORB SOCIAL ECOLOGY AS A :OLE4 ,! USE ( WORDS LIKE 
0HI]>*Y10 A T]M R>ELY EMPLOY$ 9 ,NEW ,LEFT RHETORIC1 SURFAC$ 
WIDELY 9 ! RADICAL DISC\RSE ( ! LATE SIXTIES & BEGAN TO ASSUME 
P>TICUL> RELEVANCE = A NEW MOVEM5T -- NOTABLY1 FEM9ISM4 ,) 
! NOTION ?AT WOMAN1 AS SU*1 IS A VICTIM ( A MALE-ORI5T$ 0CIVILIZATION0 IRRESPECTIVE ( H] 0CLASS POSITION0 & ECONOMIC /ATUS1 ! T]M 
0HI]>*Y0 BECAME P>TICUL>LY RELEVANT TO E>LY FEM9I/ ANALYZES4 
,SOCIAL ECOLOGY WAS 9CREAS+LY REWORK$ BY E>LY RADICAL FEM9I/ 
WRIT]S 9TO A CRITIQUE ( HI]>*ICAL =MS1 NOT SIMPLY CLASS =MS4 

,9 A BROAD S5SE1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY & E>LY FEM9ISM DIRECTLY *ALL5G$ ! ECONOMI/IC EMPHASIS ,M>XISM HAD PLAC$ ON SOCIAL 
ANALYSIS & RECON/RUCTION4 ,IT R5D]$ ! ,NEW ,LEFT'S ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN \TLOOK MORE EXPLICIT & MORE CLE>LY DEF9ABLE BY 
S+L+ \T HI]>*ICAL DOM9ATION1 NOT SIMPLY ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN 
OPPRESSION4 ,WOMAN'S DEGRAD$ /ATUS AS A G5D] & /ATUS-GR\P WAS 
R5D]$ CLE>LY VISIBLE AGA9/ ! BACKGR\ND ( H] SEEM+ 
0EQUALITY0 9 A WORLD GUID$ BY JU/ICE'S 9EQUALITY ( EQUALS4 ,AT A TIME 
:5 ! ,NEW ,LEFT WAS DECOMPOS+ 9TO ,M>XI/ SECTS & ! 
C\NT]CULTURE WAS BE+ TRANS=M$ 9TO A NEW =M ( B\TIQUE 
RETAIL+1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY & FEM9ISM W]E EXP&+ IHE IDEAL ( 
FRE$OM BEYOND ANY B\NDS ?AT HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$ 9 REC5T 
MEMORY4 ,HI]>*Y AS SU* -- BE IT 9 ! =M ( WAYS ( ?9K+1 
BASIC HUMAN RELATION%IPS1 SOCIAL RELATIONS1 & SOCIETY'S 9T]ACTION 
) NATURE--C\LD N[ BE DIS5TANGL$ FROM ! TRADITIONAL NEXUS ( 
CLASS ANALYZES ?AT CONCEAL$ IT UND] A C>PET ( ECONOMIC 9T]PRETATIONS ( SOCIETY4 ,HI/ORY C\LD N[ BE EXAM9$ 9 T]MS ( G5]AL 
9T]E/S SU* AS FRE$OM1 SOLID>ITY1 & EMPA?Y = ONE'S [N K9D2 
9DE$1 ! NE$ TO BE AN ACTIVE P>T ( ! BALANCE ( NATURE4 

,!SE 9T]E/S W]E NO LONG] SPECIFIC TO A P>TICUL> CLASS1 G5D]1 
RACE1 OR NATIONALITY4 ,!Y W]E UNIV]SAL 9T]E/S ?AT W]E %>$ BY 
HUMANITY AS A :OLE4 ,NOT ?AT ECONOMIC PROBLEMS & CLASS CONFLICTS 
C\LD BE IGNOR$1 BUT TO CONF9E ONESELF TO !M LEFT A VA/ RESIDUE ( 
P]V]T$ S5SIBILITIES & RELATION%IPS ?AT HAD TO BE CONFRONT$ & 
CORRECT$ ON A BROAD] SOCIAL HORIZON4 

,9 T]MS ?AT W]E MORE EXPANSIVE ?AN ANY ?AT HAD BE5 =MULAT$ 
9 ! SIXTIES OR E>LI]1 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT C\LD N[ BE CLE>LY 
DEF9$ AS ! ABOLITION ( HI]>*Y1 ! REH>MONIZATION ( HUMANITY 
) NATURE ?R\< ! REH>MONIZATION ( HUMAN ) HUMAN1 ! 
A*IEVEM5T ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY /RUCTUR$ ON ECOLOGICALLY S\ND 
TE*NOLOGIES & FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRATIC COMMUNITIES4 ,FEM9ISM 
MADE IT POSSIBLE TO HI<LI<T ! SIGNIFICANCE ( HI]>*Y 9 A V]Y 
EXI/5TIAL =M4 ,DRAW+ HEAVILY FROM ! LIT]ATURE & ! LANGUAGE 
( SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 IT R5D]$ HI]>*Y CONCRETE1 VISIBLE1 & POIGNANTLY REAL [+ TO ! /ATUS ( WOM5 9 ALL CLASSES1 OCCUPATIONS1 SOCIAL 
9/ITUTIONS1 & FAMILIAL RELATION%IPS4 ,AS LONG AS IT REVEAL$ ! 
DEMEAN$ HUMAN CONDITION ?AT ALL PEOPLE SUFF]$1 P>TICUL>LY 
WOM51 IT DEMY/IFI$ SUBTLE =MS ( RULE ?AT EXI/$ 9 ! NURS]Y1 
B$ROOM1 KIT*51 PLAYGR\ND1 & S*OOL--NOT ONLY 9 ! WORKPLACE 
& ! PUBLIC SPH]E G5]ALLY4 ,H5CE SOCIAL ECOLOGY & FEM9ISM 
LOGICALLY 9T]TW9$ ) EA* O!R & COMPLEM5T$ EA* O!R 9 
A %>$ PROCESS ( DEMY/IFICATION4 ,!Y EXPOS$ A DEMONIC 9CUBUS 
?AT HAD P]V]T$ EV]Y ADVANCE ( 0CIVILIZATION0 ) ! POISON ( 
HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION4 ,AN AG5DA EV5 L>G] ?AN ?AT ADVANC$ 
BY ! E>LY ,NEW ,LEFT & C\NT]CULTURE HAD BE5 CREAT$ BY ! 
MID-SIXTIES2 ONE ?AT REQUIR$ ELABORATION1 $UCATIONAL ACTIVITY1 & 
S]I\S ORGANIZATION TO REA* PEOPLE AS A :OLE1 NOT M]ELY A P>TICUL> 
SECTOR ( ! POPULATION4 

,?IS PROJECT C\LD HAVE BE5 RE9=C$ BY ISSUES ?AT CUT ACROSS ALL 
TRADITIONAL CLASS L9ES & /ATUS GR\PS3 ! SUBV]SION ( VA/ NATURAL 
CYCLES1 ! GR[+ POLLUTION ( ! PLANET1 MASSIVE URBANIZATION1 & 
9CREASES 9 5VIRONM5TALLY 9DUC$ DISEASES4 ,A GR[+ PUBLIC BEGAN 
TO EM]GE ?AT FELT DEEPLY IMPLICAT$ 9 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS4 
,QUE/IONS ( GR[?1 PR(IT1 ! FUTURE ( ! PLANET1 ASSUM$ 9 !IR 
NO LONG] S+LE ISSUES OR CLASS ISSUES BUT HUMAN & ECOLOGICAL ISSUES4 
,?AT V>I\S ELITES & PRIVILEG$ CLASSES /ILL ADVANC$ !IR [N 
B\RGEOIS 9T]E/ C\LD HAVE S]V$ TO HI<LI<T ! EXT5T TO :I* 
CAPITALISM WAS ITSELF BECOM+ A SPECIAL 9T]E/ :OSE EXI/5CE C\LD 
NO LONG] BE JU/IFI$4 ,IT C\LD BE MADE CLE>LY EVID5T ?AT CAPITALISM 
DID NOT REPRES5T A UNIV]SAL HI/ORICAL =CE1 MU* LESS A UNIV]SAL 
HUMAN 9T]E/4 

,! CLOSE ( ! SIXTIES & ! OP5+ ( ! SEV5TIES =M$ A 
P]IOD FILL$ ) EXTRAORD9>Y ALT]NATIVES4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT 
HAD COME 9TO ITS [N4 ,IDEALS ( FRE$OM :OSE ?READS HAD BE5 
BROK5 BY ,M>XISM W]E ONCE AGA9 PICK$ UP & ADVANC$ ALONG 
AN>*IC & UTOPIAN L9ES TO 5COMPASS UNIV]SAL HUMAN 9T]E/S -- 
! 9T]E/S ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 NOT ( ! NATION-/ALE1 ! B\RGEOISIE1 OR ! PROLET>IAT AS P>TICUL>I/IC SOCIAL PH5OM5A4 

,C\LD 5\< ( A ,NEW ,LEFT & A C\NT]CULTURE BE RESCU$ FROM 
! PROCESS ( DECOMPOSITION ?AT FOLL[$ #aifh TO EMBRACE ! EXP&$ REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT OP5$ BY SOCIAL ECOLOGY & FEM9ISM8 
,C\LD A RADICAL S5TIM5T & ! 5]GIES ( RADICALS G5]ALLY BE 
MOBILIZ$ ON A SCALE & ) ! 9TELLECTUALITY ?AT EQUAL$ ! BROAD 
REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT ADVANC$ BY !SE TWO T5D5CIES8 

,VAGUE DEM&S = P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY1 SOCIAL JU/ICE1 DIS>MAM5T1 & ! LIKE1 HAD TO BE L9K$ TOGE!R 9TO A COH]5T \TLOOK 
& PROGRAM4 ,!Y REQUIR$ A S5SE ( DIRECTION ?AT C\LD BE GIV5 
ONLY BY A DEEP] !ORETICAL 9SI<T1 A RELEVANT PROGRAM1 & MORE 
DEF9ABLE ORGANIZATIONAL =MS ?AN ! ,NEW ,LEFT ( ! SIXTIES C\LD 
G5]ATE1 ,RUDI ,DUTS*KE'S APPEAL TO ,G]MAN ,S,D,S = A 0,LONG M>* 
?R\< ! 9/ITUTIONS10 :I* AM\NT$ TO LITTLE MORE ?AN ADAPT+ 
TO ! 9/ITUTIONS ?AT EXI/ )\T TR\BL+ TO CREATE NEW ONES1 L$ TO 
! LOSS ( ?\S&S )9 ! 9/ITUTIONS4 ,!Y W5T 9--& NEV] 
CAME \T4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #e -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/