,*APT] #d 
,IDEALS ( ,FRE$OM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,IDEALS ( ,FRE$OM 

  

,I HAVE T\*$ UPON POPUL> ATTEMPTS TO RESI/ ! IMM]SION ( SOCIETY 9TO 0EVIL10 NAMELY1 ! RESI/ANCE ( ! ,SPANI% ,COMUN]OS & ! ,FR5* SANS CULOTTES TO ! NATION-/ATE &1 LESS DIRECTLY1 ( CRAFTSM5 & 9DEP5D5T F>M]S TO CAPITALISM4 

,BUT ! DRIFT ( PATRIC5TRIC1 URBAN1 & ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS 9 AN 9CREAS+LY ANTIHUMANI/IC & ANTI-ECOLOGICAL DIRECTION WAS F\<T BY PEOPLE ON A V]Y SWEEP+ SCALE & ) MORE EXPLOSIVE IDEAS ?AN ,I HAVE 9DICAT$4 ,TODAY1 :5 WE RUN ! RISK ( LOS+ ALL KN[L$GE ( HI/ORY &1 P>TICUL>LY1 ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION & UTOPIAN ALT]NATIVES IT (F]$1 IT IS V]Y IMPORTANT ?AT WE EXAM9E ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5TS ?AT EM]G$ AT EA* ( HI/ORY'S TURN+ PO9TS & ! IDEAS ( FRE$OM !Y ADVANC$4 ,H]E1 WE %ALL F9D A REM>KABLE DEVELOPM5T ( IDEAS ?AT S\<T TO C\NT]VAIL 0CIVILIZATION'S0 IMM]SION 9TO EVIL4 ,9DE$1 WE %ALL F9D PROGRESS 9 ITS TRULY AU!NTIC S5SE3 A WID5+ ( SOCIAL /RUGGLES TO 5COMPASS MORE & MORE FUNDAM5TAL ISSUES & A SOPHI/ICATION ( ! CONCEPT ( FRE$OM ITSELF4 

,FROM ! \TSET1 LET ME DRAW A V]Y IMPORTANT DI/9CTION3 NAMELY1 BETWE5 ! IDEALS ( FRE$OM & ! NOTIONS ( JU/ICE4 ,! TWO WORDS HAVE BE5 US$ SO 9T]*ANGEABLY ?AT !Y HAVE ALMO/ BECOME SYNONYM\S4 ,ACTUALLY1 JU/ICE DIFF]S PR(\NDLY FROM FRE$OM1 & IT IS IMPORTANT ?AT WE CLE>LY DIS5GAGE ONE FROM ! O!R4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 !Y HAVE GIV5 RISE TO V]Y DIFF]5T K9DS ( /RUGGLES & !Y HAVE VOIC$ RADICALLY DIFF]5T DEM&S FROM SY/EMS ( AU?ORITY TO ?IS V]Y DAY4 ,! DI/9CTION BETWE5 M]E RE=MS & FUNDAM5TAL *ANGES 9 SOCIETY RE/S1 9 GREAT P>T1 ON DEM&S = JU/ICE & DEM&S = FRE$OM1 H[EV] MU* ! TWO HAVE BE5 CLOSELY RELAT$ TO EA* O!R 9 HI<LY FLUID SOCIAL SITUATIONS4 

,JU/ICE IS ! DEM& = EQUITY1 = 0FAIR PLAY10 & A %>E 9 ! B5EFITS ( LIFE ?AT >E COMM5SURABLE ) ONE'S CONTRIBUTION4 ,9 ,?OMAS ,JEFF]SON'S WORDS1 IT IS 0EQUAL & EXACT4440 BAS$ ON A RESPECT = ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUIVAL5CE4 ,?IS FAIR1 OR EQUIVAL5T1 APPORTIONM5T ( TREATM5T ONE RECEIVES -- SOCIALLY1 JURIDICALLY1 & MAT]IALLY -- 9 RETURN = :AT ONE GIVES HAS TRADITIONALLY BE5 DEPICT$ BY ! BALANCE OR SCALE ,JU/ITIA1 ! ,ROMAN GODDESS1 HOLDS 9 ONE H&1 ! SWORD %E HOLDS 9 ! O!R1 & ! BL9DFOLD ?AT COV]S H] EYES4 ,TAK5 TOGE!R1 ! ACC\T]M5TS ( ,JU/ITIA TE/IFY TO ! QUANTIFICATION ( AN EQUITY :I* CAN BE P>CEL$ \T & APPORTION$ ON BO? TABLES ( ! SCALE2 ! P[] ( VIOL5CE ?AT /&S BEH9D H] JUDGM5T 9 ! =M ( H] SWORD 7UND] CONDITIONS ( 0CIVILIZATION10 ! SWORD WAS TO BECOME ! EQUIVAL5T ( ! ,/ATE72 ! 0OBJECTIVITY0 ( H] VIEWS AS EXPRESS$ BY ! BL9DFOLD4 

,ELABORATE DISCUSSIONS ( !ORIES ( JU/ICE1 FROM ,>I/OTLE'S 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD TO ?OSE ( ,JOHN ,RAWLS 9 ! MOD]N1 NE$ NOT BE EXAM9$ H]E4 ,!Y 9VOLVE EXPLORATIONS 9TO NATURAL LAW1 CONTRACT1 RECIPROCITY1 & EGOISM -- ISSUES ?AT >E NOT ( IMM$IATE CONC]N TO \R EXPLORATION4 ,BUT ! BL9DFOLD >\ND ,JU/ITIA'S EYES & ! SCALE %E HOLDS 9 H] H&S >E SYMBOLS ( A HI<LY PROBLEMATIC RELATION%IP ?AT WE CANNOT AF=D TO IGNORE4 ,9 ! PRES5CE ( ,JU/ITIA1 ALL HUMAN BE+S >E PRESUMABLY 0EQUAL40 ,!Y /& 0NAK$0 BE=E ,JU/ITIA1 TO USE A COMMON WORD1 B]EFT ( SOCIAL PRIVILEGE1 SPECIAL RI<TS1 & /ATUS4 ,! FAM\S 0CRY = ,JU/ICE60 HAS A LONG & COMPLEX P$IGREE4 ,FROM ! E>LIE/ DAYS ( SY/EMATIC OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION1 PEOPLE GAVE ,JU/ITIA A VOICE -- BL9DFOLD OR NOT -- & MADE H] ! SPOKESP]SON ( ! D[NTRODD5 AGA9/ UNFEEL+ 9EQUITY & VIOLATIONS ( ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUIVAL5CE4 

,9ITIALLY1 ,JU/ITIA WAS PITT$ AGA9/ ! TRIBAL CANON ( BLOOD V5GEANCE1 ( UNREASON+ RETRIBUTION = ! H>M 9FLICT$ ON ONE'S K94 ,! FAM\S LEX TALIONIS -- AN EYE = AN EYE1 A TOO? = A TOO?1 A LIFE = A LIFE -- WAS APPLI$ EXCLUSIVELY = LOSSES 9FLICT$ ON ONE'S RELATIVES1 NOT TO PEOPLE 9 G5]AL4 ,RATIONAL AS ! DEM& = TRIBAL EQUITY MAY SEEM 9 ITS COMM& = EQUIVAL5CE ( TREATM5T1 ?IS PR9CIPLE WAS P>O*IAL & RE/RICT$4 ,NO ONE /OOD UP = ! /RANG] :O WAS ABUS$ OR KILL$ -- AP>T FROM HIS OR H] K9 9 A DI/ANT T]RITORY4 ,PUNI%M5T1 9 TURN1 WAS (T5 V]Y >BITR>Y4 ,MORE ?AN ONE LIFE WAS COMMONLY CLAIM$ = CRIMES ?AT EXI/$ ONLY 9 ! EYES ( ! BEHOLD]1 ) ! H>% RESULT ?AT BLOOD FEUDS C\LD GO ON = G5]ATIONS1 CLAIM+ 5TIRE COMMUNITIES & PEOPLE :O W]E PAT5TLY 9NOC5T ( 9FRACTIONS ?AT HAD LONG FAD$ FROM ! MEMORY ( ! COMBATANTS4 

,! HI<LY DEBAT$ MEAN+ ( ,AESKYLOS'S ,ORE/AEIA -- A DRAMATIC ,GREEK TRILOGY 9 :I* TRIBAL V5GEANCE = ! MURD] ( A MO!R BY H] SON 9 RETRIBUTION = ! DEA? %E 9FLICT$ ON HIS FA!R -- HAS SEV]AL DIFF]5T !MES4 ,IMPORTANT AMONG !M WAS ! HI<] S5SE ( OBLIGATION A SON 7AS WELL AS A DAU<T]7 HAD TO A MO!R UND] A SY/EM ( SO-CALL$ MATRI>*AL LAW1 9 :I* WOM51 RA!R ?AN M51 PRESUMABLY =M$ ! SOCIALLY RECOGNIZ$ KNOTS ( K9%IP & ANCE/RY ,BUT NO LESS IMPORTANT AS A !ME -- & POSSIBLE MORE SO = CLASSICAL ,A!NIANS1 :O PRIZ$ ?IS TRILOGY JU/ICE \T ( AN >*AIC WORLD ( CRUDE1 UNREASON+ V5GEANCE 9TO A DOMA9 ( RATIONAL & OBJECTIVE EQUITY3 TO R5D] JU/ICE 0EQUAL & EXACT40 

,:I* IS NOT TO SAY ?AT JU/ICE HAD ITS ORIG9S 9 ,GREECE4 ,9 ! P]IOD FOLL[+ ! TRANSITION FROM TRIBAL SOCIETIES TO FEUDAL >I/OCRACIES & ABSOLUTE MON>*IES1 ! CRY = JU/ICE -- 9DE$1 = WRITT5 CODES ( LAW ?AT CLE>LY SPELL$ \T P5ALTIES = CRIMES -- BECAME A MAJOR DEM& ( ! OPPRESS$4 ,EQUIVAL5CE 9 ! =M ( JU/ICE 0EQUAL & EXACT0 WAS SL[LY %ORN ( ITS CLASS BIASES1 BE IT 9 ! ,HEBREW ,DEUT]ONOMIC ,CODE OR ! RE=MS ( ,SOLON 9 ,A!NS4 ,ROMAN LAW1 ! BASIS = MU* ( MOD]N ,WE/]N JURISPRUD5CE1 SOPHI/ICAT$ E>LY POPUL> GA9S 5ORM\SLY1 ACKN[L$G+ 9 ! JUS NATURALE & !  
JUS G5TIUM ?AT M5 W]E REALLY EQUAL BY NATURE1 H[EV] MU* !Y W]E R5D]$ UNEQUAL BY SOCIETY4 ,EV5 *ATTEL SLAV]Y WAS ACKN[L$G$ AS A 0CONTRACT0 ( SORTS 9 :I* A SLAVE1 :OSE LIFE C\LD HAVE BE5 CLAIM$ 9 W>F>E1 WAS KEPT ALIVE IF HE =FEIT$ HIS BODY & LABOR TO ! VICTOR4 

,:AT IS PROBLEMATIC AB\T JU/ICE 0EQUAL & EXACT10 H[EV]1 IS ?AT ALL PEOPLE >E NOT EQUAL NATURALLY1 DESPITE ! =MAL EQUALITY ?AT IS CONF]R$ UPON !M 9 A 0JU/0 SOCIETY4 ,SOME 9DIVIDUALS >E BORN PHYSICALLY /RONG2 O!RS MAY BE BORN WEAK]1 BY COMP>ISON4 ,/ILL O!RS DIFF] M>K$LY FROM EA* O!R BY VIRTUE ( HEAL?1 AGE1 9FIRMITIES1 TAL5T1 9TELLIG5CE1 & ! MAT]IAL MEANS ( LIFE AT !IR DISPOSAL4 ,!SE DIFF]5CES MAY BE EI!R TRIVIAL OR HI<LY IMPORTANT 9 T]MS ( ! DEM&S ?AT >E IMPOS$ UPON !M 9 EV]YDAY LIFE4 

,IRONICALLY1 !N1 ! NOTION ( EQUALITY CAN BE US$ SUBTLY = DEAL+ ) PEOPLE ON HI<LY UNEQUAL T]MS3 ! SAME BURD5S >E IMPOS$ ON V]Y DISP>ATE 9DIVIDUALS :O HAVE V]Y DIFF]5T ABILITIES TO DEAL ) !M4 ,! RI<TS !Y ACQUIRE1 0EQUAL & EXACT0 AS !Y MAY BE1 BECOME MEAN+LESS = ?OSE :O CANNOT EX]CISE !M BECAUSE ( PHYSICAL OR MAT]IAL LIABILITIES4 ,JU/ICE ?US BECOMES V]Y UNEQUAL 9 SUB/ANCE PRECISELY BECAUSE IT IS E/ABLI%$ 9 M]E =M4 ,AN 9EQUALITY ( EQUALS MAY EM]GE FROM A SOCIETY ?AT DEALS ) EV]YONE AS JURIDICALLY EQUAL1 ?AT IS1 )\T REG>D = HIS OR H] PHYSICAL & M5TAL CONDITION4 

,SO-CALL$ EGALIT>IAN TRIBAL SOCIETIES ACTUALLY RECOGNIZ$ ?AT SU* MAJOR 9EQUALITIES DID EXI/ & TRI$ TO F9D COMP5SATORY ME*ANISMS TO E/ABLI% SUB/ANTIVE EQUALITY4 ,! PR9CIPLE ( ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM1 = EXAMPLE1 CREAT$ A B$ROCK BASIS = OV]COM+ ECONOMIC DISP>ITIES ?AT1 9 MOD]N SOCIETY1 MAKE MANY PEOPLE :O >E =MALLY EQUAL HI<LY UNEQUAL 9 SUB/ANCE4 ,EV]YONE1 IRRESPECTIVE ( HIS OR H] /ATUS1 CAPACITIES1 OR EV5 WILL+NESS TO CONTRIBUTE MAT]IALLY TO ! COMMUNITY1 WAS 5TITL$ TO ! BASIC MEANS ( LIFE4 ,!SE MEANS C\LD NOT BE D5I$ TO ANYONE :O WAS A MEMB] ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,:5EV] POSSIBLE1 SPECIAL TREATM5T WAS GIV5 TO ! 9FIRM1 ! ELD]LY1 & ! WEAK TO 0EQUALIZE0 !IR MAT]IAL POSITION & TO M9IMIZE !IR FEEL+S ( DEP5D5CY4 ,!RE IS EVID5CE ?AT SU* C>E GOES BACK TO ,NE&E?AL COMMUNITIES SOME FIFTY ?\S& YE>S AGO4 ,SKELETAL REMA9S HAVE BE5 F\ND ( A MATURE MAN :O WAS S]I\SLY H&ICAPP$ AT BIR? & :OSE SURVIVAL W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE )\T ! SPECIAL ATT5TION HE RECEIV$ FROM HIS COMMUNITY4 ,C]TA9LY ON ! LEVEL ( ECONOMIC LIFE1 ! GUID+ MAXIM ( JU/ICE -- ! 9EQUALITY ( EQUALS -- HAD NOT YET FULLY EM]G$4 ,PRELIT]ATE PEOPLES SEEM TO HAVE BE5 GUID$ BY ANO!R MAXIM -- ! EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS -- A MAXIM ?AT =MS ! F\NDATIONS = ! IDEAL ( FRE$OM4 

,! ATTEMPT TO EQUALIZE UNAVOIDABLE 9EQUALITIES1 TO COMP5SATE AT NE>LY EV]Y LEVEL ( LIFE = LACKS PRODUC$ BY CIRCUM/ANCES OV] :I* ONE HAS NO CONTROL -- BE IT A PHYSICAL IMPAIRM5T ( ANY K9D OR EV5 A LACK ( RI<TS BECAUSE ( %ORTCOM+S ?AT MAY >ISE = A HO/ ( 9ESCAPABLE FACTORS -- =MS ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE = A FREE SOCIETY4 ,I SPEAK1 H]E1 NOT ONLY ( ! OBVI\S COMP5SATORY ME*ANISMS ?AT COME 9TO PLAY :5 AN 9DIVIDUAL IS ILL OR IMPAIR$4 ,I SPEAK ( ATTITUDES AS WELL2 9DE$1 ( AN \TLOOK ?AT MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 A S5SE ( C>E1 RESPONSIBILITY1 & A DEC5T CONC]N = HUMAN & NONHUMAN BE+S :OSE SUFF]+1 PLI<T1 & DIFFICULTIES CAN BE LI<T5$ OR REMOV$ BY \R 9T]V5TION4 ,! CONCEPT ( ! EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS MAY RE/ ON EMOTIONAL DET]M9ANTS SU* AS A S5SE ( SYMPA?Y1 COMMUNITY1 & A TRADITION ?AT EVOKES A S5SE ( SOLID>ITY2 9DE$1 EV5 AN ES!TIC S5SE ?AT F9DS BEAUTY 9 NATURE & FRE$OM 9 WILD]NESS4 ,! BASICALLY LIB]T>IAN NOTION ?AT :AT (T5 PASSES = JU/ICE 0EXACT & EQUAL0 IS 9ADEQUATE -- 9DE$1 ?AT IT MAY DOOM C\NTLESS PEOPLE TO UND]PRIVILEG$ LIVES OR WORSE1 BECAUSE ( FACTORS ?AT CAN BE REM$I$ BY RATIONAL MEANS -- IS ! CORN]/ONE ( FRE$OM CONCEIV$ AS AN E?ICS4 ,TO 0FREELY0 REALIZE ONE'S POT5TIALITIES & A*IEVE FULFILLM5T PRESUPPOSES ?AT !SE V]Y POT5TIALITIES >E REALIZABLE BECAUSE SOCIETY LIVES BY AN E?IC ( ! EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS4 

,LET ME /RESS ! WORD 0E?IC10 H]E4 ,PRELIT]ATE COMMUNITIES LIV$ BY ! MAXIM ( ! EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS AS A MATT] ( CU/OM -- AS A DIM =M ( 9H]IT$ TRADITION4 ,[+ TO !IR P>O*IALISM1 MOREOV]1 CU/OM APPLI$ EXCLUSIVELY TO MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY1 NOT TO 0\TSID]S40 ,VIEW$ AGA9/ ! BROAD L&SCAPE ( E>LY SOCIETY1 PRELIT]ATE PEOPLES W]E AS VULN]ABLE TO ONSLAU<TS AGA9/ !IR CU/OMS AS !Y W]E TO 9VASIONS BY TE*NICALLY MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ COMMUNITIES4 ,IT WAS NOT V]Y DIFFICULT TO %ATT] CU/OMS LIKE ! EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS & TO REPLACE !M ) SY/EMS ( PRIVILEGE ?AT LACK$ EV5 ! NOTION ( JU/ICE4 ,ONCE CU/OM>Y FRE$OMS HAD BE5 DE/ROY$1 ! 0CRY = JU/ICE0 CAME TO ! =EFRONT -- A POOR BUT NECESS>Y SUB/ITUTE = ! UNBRIDL$ P[] ( NOBLES & K+S4 ,MORAL 9JUNCTIONS1 LAT] TO BE =MULAT$ 9TO LAWS1 BEGAN TO CONF9E !IR P[]4 ,BIBLICAL PROPHETS1 P>TICUL>LY ! AN>*IC ,AMOS1 CA/ NOT ONLY RHETORICAL ?UND]BOLTS AGA9/ ! PRIVILEG$ & ! K+S ( ,JUDAH2 !Y ALSO EXT5D$ ! B\ND>IES ( UN?9K+ CU/OM1 BAS$ ON TRADITION1 9TO ! DOMA9 ( MORALITY4 

,NO LONG] W]E ! OPPRESS$ OBLIG$ TO F9D ! AU?ORITY = ! R$RESS ( 9JU/ICE 9 ! DIM MI/S ( TRADITION4 ,!Y C\LD E/ABLI% MORAL CODES1 BAS$ ON ALREADY EXI/+ SY/EMS ( AU?ORITY1 TO RETA9 ! LIMIT$ RI<TS !Y CLAIM$4 ,BUT NO S]I\S ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO =MULATE !SE RI<TS 9 RATIONAL T]MS1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 TO TURN !M 9TO A COH]5T E?ICS ?AT L5T ITSELF TO REASON & DISC\RSE4 

,= MANY C5TURIES1 !N1 JU/ICE REMA9$ A MORAL CONC]N :I* TOOK ! =M ( QUASI-RELIGI\S1 (T5 \TRI<T SUP]NATURAL1 COMM&M5TS RA!R ?AN DISCURSIVE JUDGM5TS4 0,EQUAL & EXACT0 MEANT PRECISION1 NOT A REASON$ CASE = RI<T & WRONG4 ,9DE$1 RI<T & WRONG W]E SAID TO BE ORDA9$ FROM ! HEAV5S & TREAT$ MORE (T5 AS 0VIRTUE0 & 0S90 ?AN AS 0JU/0 & 0UNJU/40 ,WE MU/ TURN MA9LY TO ! ,GREEKS & ,ROMANS -- & AS MU* TO !IR PHILOSOPH]S AS TO !IR JURI/S -- TO F9D REASON$ DEBATES 9 ! SECUL> LANGUAGE ( ! REAL WORLD >\ND JU/ICE &1 EV5TUALLY1 FRE$OM4 

,IT WAS AMONG !SE ?9K]S ?AT JU/ICE1 CONCEIV$ AS A RATIONAL & SECUL> AFFAIR1 WAS TO TAKE ! =M ( AN E?ICAL PROBLEM4 ,PEOPLE BEGAN TO REASON \T ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 JU/ & UNJU/ ACTS1 NOT SIMPLY ADOPT !M AS MORAL 9JUNCTIONS BY A DEITY OR 9H]IT !M AS A TIME-HONOR$ CU/OM4 ,FRE$OM1 9 TURN1 BEGAN TO EM]GE NOT ONLY AS A WI/FUL LONG+ BUT AS AN EV]-EXPANSIVE BODY ( IDEAS1 SOPHI/ICAT$ BY CRITIQUE & BY ?\<TFUL PROJECTS TO REMAKE SOCIETY4 ,A NEW REALM ( EVOLUTION WAS 9ITIAT$ :I* WAS NOT ONLY NATURAL & SOCIAL BUT ALSO E?ICAL & EMANCIPATORY4 ,IDEALS ( FRE$OM BEGAN TO BECOME P>T ( ! EVOLUTION ( ! GOOD SOCIETY &1 9 \R [N TIME1 ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 

,MY? 

  

,I HAVE DRAWN A FAIRLY %>P DI/9CTION BETWE5 CU/OM1 MORALITY1 & E?ICS BECAUSE ! IDEALS ( FRE$OM OV] ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY W]E TO TAKE V]Y DIFF]5T =MS :5 !Y BEGAN TO ADVANCE FROM A TRADITIONAL TO A PRESCRIPTIVE1 & F9ALLY1 TO A RATIONAL \TLOOK4 

,!SE DI/9CTIONS >E NOT M]ELY MATT]S ( HI/ORICAL 9T]E/4 ,TODAY1 JU/ICE HAS BECOME MORE 5TANGL$ ) FRE$OM ?AN AT ANY TIME 9 ! REC5T PA/1 SO ?AT M]E RE=MS >E (T5 UN?9K+LY CONFUS$ ) RADICAL SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,ATTEMPTS TO A*IEVE A JU/ SOCIETY ?AT 9VOLVE LITTLE MORE ?AN CORRECTIVE ALT]ATIONS 9 A BASICALLY IRRATIONAL SOCIETY >E BECOM+ MUDDL$ ) ATTEMPTS TO A*IEVE A FREE SOCIETY ?AT 9VOLVE FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION4 ,PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY1 9 EFFECT1 IS NOT BE+ REMADE2 IT IS BE+ MODIFI$ BY MEANS ( COSMETIC ALT]ATIONS RA!R ?AN BASIC *ANGES4 ,RE=MS 9 ! NAME ( JU/ICE >E BE+ ADVANC$1 9 EFFECT1 TO MANAGE A PR(\ND & GR[+ CRISIS RA!R ?AN ELIM9ATE IT4 

,NO LESS TR\BL+ IS ! FACT ?AT REASON1 ) ITS DEM&S = FUNDAM5TAL CRITIQUE1 ANALYZES1 & 9TELLECTUAL COH]5CE1 IS BE+ SUBV]T$ BY 0POP0 MORALIZ+1 (T5 ( A BLATANTLY RELIGI\S *>ACT]1 :ILE MY/ICAL MY?MAK+ IS 9VAD+ EV5 MORAL 9T]PRETATIONS ( FRE$OM1 EVOK+ PRIMITIVI/IC & POT5TIALLY REACTION>Y IMAGES ( LIB]ATION4 ,!SE ATAVI/IC T5D5CIES >E USUALLY P]SONALLY ORI5T$ RA!R ?AN SOCIALLY ORI5T$4 ,P]SONAL !RAPY IS REPLAC+ POLITICS UND] ! EGIS ( 0SELF-LIB]ATION02 MY?MAK+ IS M+L+ ) RELIGION TO PRODUCE LUXURIANT GR[? ( MY/ICAL EXOTICA4 ,ALL TAK5 TOGE!R1 >E BE+ ?R[N AGA9/ RATIONALITY 9 ! NAME ( COSMIC 0,ON5ESS0 -- A 0NI<T10 TO USE ,HEGEL'S EXPRESSION1 09 :I* ALL C[S >E BLACK40 

,! REGRESSIVE *>ACT] ( ?IS DEVELOPM5T DES]VES C>EFUL SCRUT9Y4 ,E>LY IDEAS ( FRE$OM W]E CONF9$ TO A MY?OPEIC IMAG9ATION4 ,!IR REALIZATION WAS DOOM$ TO FAILURE L>GELY BECAUSE !Y LIV$ 9 DREAMLIKE FANTASIES ( A RETURN TO A 0GOLD5 AGE0 ?AT WAS BEYOND RECOV]Y1 BECAUSE ( ! EXT5T TO :I* EV5 E>LY HUMANITY WAS SEP>AT$ FROM A PRESUM$ /ATE ( PRI/9E ANIMALITY4 ,IT WAS ONLY 9 MY?S1 SU* AS ,HOM]'S ,ISL& ( ! ,LOTUS-EAT]S1 ?AT WE FANCIFULLY IMAG9$ A CONDITION :]E NATURE COMPLETELY PREVAILS & ANIMALITY COMPLETELY P]MEATES ! HUMAN COMMUNITY SO ?AT EV5 MEMORY IS EFFAC$4 ,! PLACIDITY ( ! ,LOTUS-EAT]S1 :O HAVE NO WILL & NO S5SE ( ID5TITY1 DIVE/S !M ( ANY PA/ OR FUTURE 9 ITS TIMELESS IMM$IACY & SEEM+LY 0NATURAL0 ET]NALITY4 ,ODYSSEUS'S SEAM51 :O >E ORD]$ TO RECONNOIT] ! ISL&1 >E RECEIV$ 0K9DLY0 & S]V$ 0! HONEY$ FRUIT ( ! LOTUS10 :I* DEPRIVES !M 0( ANY DESIRE TO RETURN OR S5D WORD0 TO !IR %IP4 ,NOT ONLY >E !Y CONT5T TO /AY0 & ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE S$AT$2 !Y BECOME 0=GETFUL ( HOME0 & ( !MSELVES AS 9DIVIDUAT$ BE+S4 ,LIKE MOD]N-DAY (FSPR+ ( ! !RAPEUTIC & MY/ICAL AGE1 !Y HAVE NO 0SELF0 TO FULFILL BECAUSE !Y POSSESS NO 0SELF0 TO BE EVOK$4 

,?IS MY?IC FANTASY ( PREHI/ORY & ( A LO/ H>MONY ) NATURE ?AT IS MORE VEGETATIVE ?AN EV5 ANIMALI/IC1 IS A LIBEL ON HUMAN BE+S AS A :OLE -- BE+S ?AT POSSESS 9TELLECT AS WELL AS PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS & A S5SE ( ! 0\<T-TO-BE0 AS WELL AS ! 0IS10 ,?AT M9D & BODY HAVE BE5 WRONGLY ?R[N 9TO %>P OPPOSITION TO EA* O!R BY RELIGION AS WELL AS PHILOSOPHY DOES NOT REMOVE ! FACT ?AT !Y >E DIFF]5T FROM EA* O!R 9 V]Y M>K$ WAYS4 

,NONE ( !SE REM>KS >E MEANT TO D5Y ?AT HUMANITY DID LIVE 9 H>MONY ) NATURE 9 V>Y+ DEGREES 9 ! PA/4 ,BUT ?AT H>MONY WAS NEV] SO /ATIC1 SO TIMELESS1 & SO DIVE/$ ( DEVELOPM5T AS IT CORRESPONDS TO ! WORLD ( ! ,LOTUS-EAT]S 9 ALL ITS V>IATIONS 9 DIFF]5T MY?S4 ,H]E1 ! UTT]LY >BITR>Y *>ACT] ( MY?1 ITS LACK ( ANY CRITICAL CORRECTION BY REASON1 DELIV]S US TO COMPLETE FALSEHOODS4 ,VIEW$ FROM A PRIMITIVI/IC VIEWPO9T1 0FRE$OM0 TAKES ON ! TREA*]\S =M ( AN ABS5CE ( DESIRE1 ACTIVITY1 & WILL CONDITION SO PURPOSELESS ?AT HUMANITY CEASES TO BE CAPABLE ( REFLECT+ UPON ITSELF RATIONALLY & !REBY PREV5T+ EM]G+ RUL+ ELITES FROM COMPLETELY DOM9AT+ IT4 ,9 SU* A MY?IC -- & MY/IFI$ WORLD1 !RE W\LD BE NO BASIS = BE+ GU>D$ AGA9/ HI]>*Y OR = RESI/+ IT4 

,NOR IS NATURE1 H[EV] PRI/9E & 0WILD10 SO FIX$ 9 TIME1 SO LACK+ 9 DYNAMISM1 & SO ET]NAL ?AT IT IS LITTLE MORE ?AN ! SC5E ONE SEEMS TO BEHOLD FROM ! PICTURE-W9D[ ( A MIDDLE CLASS SUMM] HOME4 ,?IS BASICALLY SUBURBAN IMAGE ( NATURE BELIES ITS FECUNDITY1 ITS WEAL? ( *ANGE1 & ITS RI*NESS ( DEVELOPM5T ,NATURE IS TURBUL5TLY ACTIVE1 EV5 IF ! ,LOTUS-EAT]S >E NOT4 ,WE %ALL SEE1 9 FACT1 ?AT RUL+ CLASS IDEOLOGY FO/]S SU* /ATIC & M9DLESS VISIONS ( P>ADISE ALL ! MORE TO R5D] FRE$OM REMOTE & DESIRE 9COMPATIBLE ) ITS FULFILLM5T4 ,9DE$1 ! ISL& ( ! ,LOTUS-EAT]S IS A REGRESSIVE MY? ( A RETURN TO 9FANCY & PASSIVITY1 :5 ! NEWLY BORN M]ELY RESPONDS TO C>ESSES1 A FULL BREA/1 & IS LULL$ 9TO A S$AT$ RECEPTIVITY BY AN EV]-ATT5TIVE MO!R4 ,! FACT ?AT ! E>LIE/ WORD = 0FRE$OM0 IS AM>GI1 ! ,SUMM]IAN EXPRESSION = A 0RETURN TO MO!R0 IS AMBIGU\S4 ,IT MAY WELL BE AS REGRESSIVE AS IT IS SUGGE/IVE ( A BELIEF ?AT NATURE 9 ! PA/ WAS B\NTIFUL & FRE$OM EXI/$ ONLY 9 ! CRADLE ( MATRIC5TRIC SOCIETY4 

,?AT !RE WAS A FRE$OM TO BE WON BY ACTIVITY1 WILL1 & CONSCI\SNESS AFT] SOCIETY HAD GONE BEYOND M]E CU/OM & ?AT HOPE WAS NE$$ TO A*IEVE A NEW1 RATIONAL1 & ECOLOGICAL DISP5SATION = HUMANITY & NATURE HAD YET TO BE DISCOV]$4 ,9DE$1 ONCE ! TIES BETWE5 HUMANITY & NATURE W]E SEV]$1 ?IS BECAME ! H>% WORK ( HI/ORY4 ,TO RETREAT BACK 9TO MY?1 TODAY1 IS TO LAY ! BASIS = A DANG]\S QUIETISM ?AT ?RU/S US BEYOND ! ?RE%OLD ( HI/ORY 9TO ! DIM1(T5 IMAG9$1 & L>GELY ATAVI/IC WORLD ( PREHI/ORY4 ,SU* A RETREAT OBLIGES US TO =GET HI/ORY & ! WEAL? ( EXP]I5CE IT HAS TO (F]4 ,P]SONALITY DISSOLVES 9TO A VEGETATIVE /ATE ?AT ANT$ATES ANIMAL DEVELOPM5T & NATURE'S EVOLUTION>Y ?RU/ T[>D GREAT] S5SIBILITY & SUBJECTIVITY4 ,?US1 EV5 0FIR/ NATURE0 IS LIBEL$1 DEGRAD$1 & D5I$ ITS [N RI* DYNAMIC 9 FAVOR ( A FROZ5 & /ATIC IMAGE ( ! NATURAL WORLD :]E ! RI*LY COLOR$ EVOLUTION ( LIFE IS PA9T$ 9 WA%$-\T PA/ELS1 B]EFT ( =M1 ACTIVITY1 & SELF-DIRECTIV5ESS4 

,SU* VEGETATIVE IMAGES ( A 0GOLD5 AGE0 -- & !Y >E BE+ REVIV$ TODAY1 BY MY/ICS 9 ,AM]ICAN1 ,5GLI%1 & C5TRAL ,EUROPEAN ECOLOGY MOVEM5TS -- DID NOT SIMPLY SPR+ FROM ! OPPRESS$ 9 HI/ORY4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT1 AS TRIBAL LIFE GAVE WAY TO 0CIVILIZATION0 9 ! ,NE> ,EA/1 ,EGYPT1 & ,ASIA1 A S5SE ( LOSS & A WI/FUL LOOK BACKW>D TO A =SAK5 G>D5 ( ,$5 P]MEAT$ ! UTOPIAN DREAMS ( ! UND]CLASSES1 ,PEOPLE SPOKE LONG+LY ( AN AGE :5 ! LION & ! LAMB LAY SIDE BY SIDE & NATURE PROVID$ A H>MONIZ$ HUMANITY ) ALL ! MEANS ( LIFE4 ,! HUMAN CONDITION WAS CONCEIV$ 9 T]MS ( A GOLD5 ]A ?AT WAS FOLL[$ BY A LESS P>ADISIAL SILV] ONE1 F9ALLY DESC5D+ 9TO AN IRON AGE ?AT U%]$ 9 CONFLICT1 9JU/ICE1 & W>F>E -- ONLY TO BE REPEAT$ AGA9 9TO ET]NITY LIKE ! SEASONS ( ! YE>4 ,!RE WAS V]Y LITTLE CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY 9 A TRULY DEVELOPM5TAL S5SE -- M]ELY DEG5]ATION1 RECOV]Y1 & CONT9UAL REPETITION4 

,LET !RE BE NO MI/AKE1 H[EV]1 ?AT ?IS IMAG]Y WAS ADVANC$ ONLY BY ! OPPRESS$4 ,! BELIEF 9 A PURELY PASSIVE RELATION%IP ) NATURE & NONHUMAN BE+S MORE EASILY S]V$ ! 9T]E/S ( RUL+ ELITES 9 HI/ORY ?AN IT DID ! RUL$1 H[EV] (T5 IT WAS EVOK$ 9 ! DAY DREAMS ( OPPRESS$ PEOPLES4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 !SE IMAGES REMA9$ NO?+ MORE ?AN DAY DREAMS -- MY?S ?AT FUNCTION$ AS SAFETY VALVES1 = ! V]Y REAL DISCONT5TS ( ! DOM9AT$1 & DEFLECT$ ACTIVE ATTEMPTS TO *ANGE ! WORLD 9TO CA?>TIC RITUALS & S$AT$ LONG+S4 ,HO>D$ UP BY PRIE/S & PRIE/ESSES1 !Y W]E S]V$ \T AS C>EFULLY *OREOGRAPH$ DRAMAS TO ! BEAT ( DRUMS & ! NOISE ( FLUTES1 5ACT+ 9 CONTROLL$ RITUALS ! ANG] ?AT MI<T HAVE OV]FL[$ 9TO ACTION & BASIC SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,NO SOCIETY EV] RETURN$ TO ITS 0GOLD50 PA/2 9DE$1 ! IMAG]Y ( AN 9EVITABLE CYCLE1 ) ITS SPECI\S PROMISE ( AN 0ET]NAL RETURN10 RE9=C$ ! PRIE/LY MANIPULATION ( PASSIVE CONGREGANTS4 

,EV5 MORE IRONICALLY1 ! IMAGE ( A LO/ 0GOLD5 AGE0 WAS US$ TO JU/IFY ! TYRANNY ( ! 0IRON AGE40 ,PRIE/1 PRIE/ESS1 & NOBLE COMB9$ TO EXPLA9 ! LOSS ( A 0GOLD5 AGE0 AS HUMANITY'S P5ALTY = A FALL FROM GRACE4 ,BE IT AN ,EVE :O 9DUC$ ,ADAM TO EAT ! FRUIT ( ! TREE ( KN[L$GE OR A ,P&ORA :O OP5$ ! BOX ?AT CONTA9$ ! ILLS ?AT W]E TO AFFLICT HUMANITY1 P>ADISE OR ! 0GOLD5 AGE0 WAS LO/ -- SO IT WAS CLAIM$ -- BECAUSE HUMANITY OR ITS SURROGATES VIOLAT$ ITS COV5ANT ) SUP]NATURAL P[]4 ,MIS]Y1 9 EFFECT1 HAD BE5 BR\<T UPON HUMANITY BY ITS [N FAIL+S1 OR BY HUBRIS--NOT BY ! EM]G5CE ( HI]>*Y1 PROP]TY1 ! ,/ATE1 & RUL+ ELITES4 

,9DE$1 RULE IT IS V>I\S =MS WAS NE$$ TO DISCIPL9E AN UNRULY HUMANITY ?AT LACK$ ! S5SE ( OB$I5CE NE$$ TO MA9TA9 AN ORD]LY WORLD4 ,H5CE1 WE 5C\NT] A REM>KABLE P]SI/5CE ( RETROSPECTIVE MY?S ( A 0GOLD5 AGE0 NOT ONLY 9 ! MY?S ( ! OPPRESS$ BUT 9 ! LIT]ATURE ( !IR OPPRESSORS4 ,?AT MY? WAS CANNILY US$ TO JU/IFY ! DOM9ATION ( WOM5 9 ! ,P&ORA /ORY & ! DOM9ATION ( M5 9 ! ,ODYSSEY 7A TRULY >I/OCRATIC EPIC 9 :I* ! NEXT ISL& ,ODYSSEUS 5C\NT]S AFT] LEAV+ ! ,LOTUS-EAT]S IS ! ISL& ( ! H>%LY PATRI>*AL ,CYCLOPES71 REVEALS ?AT ! DRAMA IS SURPRIS+LY G5D]-BL9D 9 ITS TREATM5T ( SUBJUGATION4 ,M5 >E NO LESS VICTIMS ( ! V>I\S DEMONIC BE+S :O RULE ! ISL&S ,ODYSSEUS 5C\NT]S -- EA* ( :I* SEEMS TO BE A MY?IC EPO* -- ?AN >E WOM54 

,! GROP+S ( ,GREEK RATIONALISM T[>D A S5SE ( HI/ORY -- ( ADVANCES =W>D RA!R ?AN RETURNS BACKW>D -- >E F> MORE RADICAL ?AN IMAGES BAS$ ON FALSE NOTIONS ( A CYCLIC & BASICALLY /ATIC NATURE ,?UKIDIDES'S HI/ORY ( ! ,GREEK PEOPLE 9 ! OP5+ PORTIONS ( ,! ,PELOPONNESIAN ,W> IS IMPECCABLY SECUL> & NATURALI/IC4 ,NO MY?S BURD5 ?IS MATT]-(-FACT ACC\NT ( ! EM]G5CE ( ! POLIS & ! SETTLEM5T ( ! ,GREEK HOMEL&4 ,C5TURIES LAT]1 ,DIODORUS ,SICULUS IS DI/9CTLY REALI/IC 9 HIS HI/ORY ( HUMANITY'S EVOLUTION FROM PREHI/ORY 9TO HI/ORY1 A DRAMA ( *ANGES ?AT BREAK ! BONDS ( MY?1 CYCLES1 & P>O*IALISM4 ,IT IS NOT EV5 ! ,GREEKS ALONE :O CLAIM ,DIODORUS'S ATT5TION1 BUT 0! RACE ( ALL HUMAN BE+S & !IR HI/ORY P>TS ( ! 9HABIT$ E>?40 

,*RI/IANITY1 DESPITE ITS AMBIVAL5CES & ITS RETREAT FROM ! SECUL>ISM ( ! ,GREEK *RONICL]S1 BR\<T A S5SE ( HI /ORY1 FUTURITY1 & R$EMPTION TO MASSES :O W]E CAPTIVE TO CYCLES ( ET]NAL RETURN4 ,?AT ,*RI/IAN FA!RS LIKE ,AUGU/9E 9VOK$ ! ,FALL FROM 9NOC5CE 9 ! ,G>D5 ( ,$5 WAS ONLY TO BE EXPECT$ FROM A RELIGION ?AT PLA9LY ADAPT$ ITSELF TO AU?ORITY & ! ,ROMAN ,/ATE4 ,BUT ITS [N ORIG9S AS A POPUL>1 EV5 A REBELLI\S ,JUDAIC MOVEM5T1 MIR$ IT 9 9CONSI/5CY ?AT LEFT IT OP5 TO RADICAL AS WELL AS CONS]VATIVE 9T]PRETATIONS4 ,! ,JEWI% RELIGION1 = ALL ITS TRANSC5D5TAL & DUALI/IC VISIONS ( A CREATOR GOD :O IS CLE>LY SEP>AT$ FROM ITS CREATION1 REMOV$ ! DEITY FROM SOCIAL LIFE AS WELL AS NATURE4 ,AS ,H4 & ,H4,A4 ,FRANK=T HAVE OBS]V$1 SOCIAL PROBLEMS C\LD N[ BE F\<T \T 9 A L>GELY SECUL> DOMA94 ,NO LONG] W]E !Y COMPLETELY 5TANGL$ ) MY? & DIV9E CLAIMS TO AU?ORITY4 ,9 ANCI5T EMPIRES1 TYRANNY HAD BE5 IMM]S$ 9 ! AU?ORITY ( DIV9ITY & ! CLAIMS ( MON>*S TO DIV9E SANCTION4 ,9DE$1 A 0SACR$ COSMOS0 9CLUD$ A 0SACR$ SOCIETY10 SO ?AT SOCIAL OPPRESSION ACQUIR$ ! MY/ICAL PROP]TIES ( NATURE -- A L9E ( ?\<T AS ,JANET ,BIEHL HAS PO9T$ \T1 ?AT HAS BE5 REVIV$ 9 PRES5T-DAY ATTEMPTS TO TREAT ! NATURAL WORLD AS 0SACR$0 & RE/ORE ,GODDESS WOR%IP TO EM95CE 9 A NONSOCIAL1 MY?-RIDD5 =M ( 0ECO-FEM9ISM40 

,! ,*UR* 9H]IT$ ?IS TRANSC5D5TAL TRADITION1 H[EV] MU* IT TRI$ TO MODIFY IT4 ,]N/ ,BLO* WAS TO OBS]VE ?AT3 0444= ! FIR/ TIME A POLITICAL UTOPIA APPE>S 9 HI/ORY .<MY EMPHASIS.>4 ,9 FACT1 IT PRODUCES HI/ORY2 HI/ORY COMES TO BE AS SAV+ HI/ORY 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! K+DOM1 AS A S+LE UNBROK5 PROCESS EXT5D+ FROM ,ADAM TO ,JESUS ON ! BASIS ( ! ,/OIC UNITY ( MANK9D & ! ,*RI/IAN SALVATION IT IS DE/9$ =10 .<#a#b.> ,UTOPIA1 9 EFFECT1 BECAME AN E>?B\ND VISION ORI5T$ T[>D ! FUTURE RA!R ?AN ! PA/4 ,DESPITE ITS RELIGI\S TRAPP+1 SALVATION C\LD BE A*IEV$ ON E>? ) ! RETURN ( ,JESUS & ! SORT+ \T ( ! EVIL FROM ! VIRTU\S4 

,9DE$1 ! ,HEBREW SCRIPTURES >E *>G$ BY AN ACTIVISM & A BIAS = ! OPPRESS$ ?AT WAS VIRTUALLY UNKN[N TO O!R RELIGIONS ( ! ,NE> ,EA/4 ,AS ! ,FRANK=TS PO9T \T1 ,EGYPTIAN TEXTS :I* GIVE AN ACC\NT ( ! SOCIAL UPHEAVAL ?AT FOLL[$ ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,OLD ,K+DOM ( PYRAMID BUILD]S 0VIEW$ ! DI/URBANCE ( ! E/ABLI%$ ORD]444) HORROR40 ,! P[] ACQUIR$ BY ! OPPRESS$ IS EVID5CE 0( LAM5TATION & DI/RESS444 ,I %[ !E H[ ! UND]MO/ IS TURN$ TO UPP]MO/0 BEMOANS ! *RONICL]4 0,! POOR MAN WILL ACQUIRE RI*ES40 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! ,HEBREW SCRIPTURES DEAL ) SOCIAL REVOLT BY ! OPPRESS$ ) EXULIANCE4 ,! BIR? ( ! PROPHET ,SAMUEL1 = EXAMPLE1 IS CELEBRAT$ ) ! WORDS3 0,! B[S ( ! MI<TY M5 >E BROK51 & !Y ?AT /UMBL$ >E GIRD$ ) /R5G?4 ,!Y ?AT W]E FULL HAVE HIR$ !MSELVES \T = BREAD2 & !Y ?AT W]E HUNGRY CEAS$40 ,! POOR >E RAIS$ 0\T ( ! DU/0 & BEGG>S >E LIFT$ 0FROM ! DUN<ILL1 TO SET !M AMONG PR9CES1 & TO MAKE !M 9H]IT ! ?RONE ( GLORY4440 .<#a#c.> 

,NOT ONLY >E ! M5TALLY NUMB+ EFFECTS ( MY? %AK5 (F1 LIKE ! LE?>GIC AFT]EFFECTS ( A P[]FUL S$ATIVE2 ITS FIXITY & CONS]VATISM >E REPLAC$ BY A S5SE ( ! DYNAMIC & TEMPORAL ?AT YIELDS 9CREAS+LY EXPANSIVE IDEALS ( FRE$OM4 ,! ,JOA*IMITES1 ONE ( ! MO/ SUBV]SIVE T5D5CIES 9 M$IEVAL ,*RI/IANITY1 BREAK AWAY RADICALLY FROM ! CL\DY & CALCULAT$ VAGU5ESS ( (FICIAL SCRIPTURAL HI/ORY1 & PROVOCATIVELY DIVIDE IT 9TO DI/9CT EPO*S ( HUMAN LIB]ATION4 ,EV5 MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! GREAT *ILIA/IC POPUL> MOVEM5TS1 LIKE HALF-CRAZ$ ASCETICS SU* AS ! ,FLAGGELANTS & ! ,%EPH]DS OR ,PA/OREAUX1 :O W]E TO AIMLESSLY ATTACK ! CL]GY & ,JEWS 9 !IR W&]+S1 W]E MONKS LIKE ,JOA*IM ( ,FLORIS :O W]E TO LAY ! BASES = MORE LA/+ LIB]T>IAN T5D5CIES4 ,WRIT+ 9 ! TWELF? C5TURY1 ,JOA*IM1 A ,CI/]CIAN ABBOT ( ,CORAZZO1 A ,CALABRIAN T[N 9 ,ITALY1 REWORK$ ! TR9ITY1 A L>GELY MY/ICAL UNITY ( ! DEITY'S TRIUNE NATURE1 9TO A RADICAL *RONOLOGY4 ,! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T WAS SAID TO REPRES5T ! ]A ( ! ,FA!R2 ! ,NEW1 ( ! ,SON2 & ! ,HOLY ,<O/ WAS A 0,?IRD ,K+DOM10 YET TO COME1 A WORLD )\T MA/]S 9 :I* PEOPLE W\LD LIVE 9 H>MONY1 IRRESPECTIVE ( !IR RELIGI\S BELIEFS1 & A B\NTIFUL NATURE W\LD SUPPLY ! MEANS ( LIFE = ALL4 ,FROM ! F\RTE5? C5TURY 9 ,5GL& TO ! SIXTE5? C5TURY 9 ,G]MANY -- 9CLUD+ ! ,HUSSITE W>S 9 ,BOHEMIA1 :I* PRODUC$ /ORMY COMMUNI/IC MOVEM5TS LIKE ! EXTREME ,TABORITES--PEASANTS & >TISANS F\<T VALIANTLY 9 *RONIC 9SURRECTIONS TO RETA9 !IR COMMUNAL1 GUILD1 & LOCALI/ RI<TS4 ,CONS]VATIVE AS !Y SEEM 9 ! LI<T ( 0MOD]NITY10 ) ITS H>% URBAN1 TE*NOLOGICAL1 & 9DIVIDUALI/IC VALUES1 ?IS C5TURIES-LONG TIDE ( UNREMITT+ CONFLICT GAVE TO FRE$OM A MORAL MEAN+ ?AT IT HAS LO/ 9 \R [N ]A ( 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM0 & N>R[ ECONOMI/IC ANALYZES4 

,DUR+ ! C5TURIES ?AT CULM9AT$ 9 ! ,PROTE/ANT ,RE=MATION1 RELIGION BECAME 9CREAS+LY E>?-B\ND & LESS SUP]NATURAL ?AN IT HAD BE5 9 ! PA/1 DESPITE ITS ABID+ 9FLU5CE ON PEASANT & >TISAN MOVEM5TS4 ,BY ! TIME ( ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION ( ! #a#f#dS1 ! DEMOCRATIC ,LEVEL]S W]E L>GELY SECUL> 9 !IR \TLOOK & D]ID$ ,CROMWELL'S OPPORTUNI/IC PIETIES4 ,IT WAS NOT ,*RI/IANITY AS MU* AS IT WAS A NATURALI/IC PAN!ISM 7IF A !ISM ( ANY SORT IT C\LD BE CALL$7 ?AT 9FLU5C$ ! ?9K+ ( COMMUNI/IC REVOLUTION>IES LIKE ,G]R>D ,W9/ANLCY1 :O L$ ! SMALL ,DIGG] MOVEM5T 9 ! ,5GLI% CIVIL W>S ( ! #a#f#eS4 

,FRE$OM1 A RELATIVELY EXOTIC WORD BY COMP>ISON ) ! CRY = JU/ICE1 HAD ACQUIR$ A DI/9CTLY REALI/IC CONT5T4 ,M5 & WOM5 BEGAN TO FI<T NOT ONLY = FRE$OM ( RELIGION BUT ALSO = FRE$OM FROM RELIGION4 ,!Y BEGAN TO FI<T NOT ONLY AGA9/ SPECIFIC =MS ( DOM9ATION1 BUT ALSO AGA9/ DOM9ATION AS SU* & = FRE$OM TO ! MEANS ( LIFE 9 A COMMUNIT>IAN SOCIETY4 ,ACTIVISM BEGAN TO REPLACE ! VEGETATIVE PLACIDITY ( A WI/FUL REV]5CE ( ! PA/4 ,MORALITY BEGAN TO EFFACE CU/OM2 NATURALISM BEGAN TO $GE \T SUPEMATURALISM2 OPPOSITION TO ECCLESIA/ICAL HI]>*Y BEGAN TO PRODUCE OPPOSITION TO CIVIL HI]>*Y4 ,A REFRE%+ S5SE ( DEVELOPM5T BEGAN TO REPLACE ! ,FIXITY ( MY?OPOESIS1 ITS REPETITIVE RITUALS1 & ! ATAVI/IC GRIP ( A D>K SUP]/ITI\S PA/ ON ! PRES5T & FUTURE4 

,REASON 

  

,IF !RE IS A S+LE FACT :I* M>KS ! EXPANSION ( ! IDEALS ( FRE$OM1 IT IS ! EXT5T TO :I* !Y W]E N\RI%$ BY REASON4 ,CONTR>Y TO POPUL> HI/ORIES ( PHILOSOPHY1 RELIGION1 & MORALITY1 RATIONALISM HAD NEV] BE5 AB&ON$ 9 ! CLOS+ C5TURIES ( ! ANCI5T WORLD & 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,DESPITE ! 9FE/ATION ( ! LATE ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE BY ! ,ISIS CULT & ASCETIC RELIGIONS FROM ! ,EA/1 ! ,HELL5IC EF=T TO GIVE A RATIONAL 9T]PRETATION ( ! WORLD WAS NOT ONLY RETA9$ BUT IT SL[LY BECAME DIFF]5TIAT$ 9TO NEW 9T]PRETATIONS ( :AT CON/ITUT$ REASON4 

,9DE$1 WE TODAY LIVE 9 A P>ALYZ+ IGNORANCE ( ! DIFF]5T K9DS ( LOGIC & RATIONALISM ?AT ?9K]S DEVELOP$ WELL 9TO \R [N TIME4 ,! NOTION ?AT !RE IS ONLY ONE K9D ( REASON--A FAIRLY /ATIC1 =MAL1 & BASICALLY SYLLOGI/IC LOGIC ( ! K9D ASSEMBL$ BY ,>I/OTLE 9 HIS  
,ORGANUM -- IS UTT]LY FALSE4 ,ACTUALLY1 ,>I/OTLE HIMSELF US$ A HI<LY DEVELOPM5TAL & ORGANIC K9D ( REASON 9 HIS O!R WRIT+S4 ,=MAL K9DS ( REASON W]E MODEL$ ON MA!MATICS1 P>TICUL>LY GEOMETRY4 ,ORGANIC1 OR %ALL WE SAY1 DIALECTICAL REASON1 ON ! O!R H&1 /RESS$  
GR[? RA!R ?AN FIXITY2 POT5TIALITY RA!R ?AN AN 9F]5TIAL SUCCESSION ( PROPOSITIONS2 ! FLUID $UCATION ( EV]-DIFF]5TIAT$ PH5OM5A FROM G5]ALIZ$1 NASC5T1 9DE$ SE$-LIKE1 BEG9N+S 9TO RI*LY DEVELOP$ :OLES RA!R ?AN ! S*EMATIC D$UCTION ( FIX$ CONCLUSIONS BAS$ ON RIGIDLY /AT$ PREMISES4 ,9 %ORT1 A RI*LY SPECULATIVE1 ORGANIC DIALECTIC CO-EXI/$ ) ! =MAL1 COMMONS5SICAL LOGIC WE USE = MATT]-(-FACT PROBLEMS 9 EV]YDAY LIFE4 

,!OLOGY WAS1 IF ANY?+1 AN ATTEMPT TO RATIONALLY UND]/& ! WAYS ( ! CREATOR-DEITY 9 HIS 9T]ACTION ) HIS CREATION1 P>TICUL>LY ) HUMANK9D4 ,9 ! 0,AGE ( ,FAI?0 OR M$IEVAL WORLD1 BO? SY/EMS ( ?\<T W]E US$ TO EXPLICATE A GOOD DEAL MORE ?AN FAI? TO :I*1 IRONICALLY1 MY/ICISM TURN$ MORE READILY1 9 ITS WI/FUL LONG+ = A LONG-GONE 9NOC5CE1 ?AN CL]ICAL S*OLA/ICISM4 ,FRANCIS ( ,ASSISI FELT DEEPLY = ! SUFF]+ ( ! POOR &1 MORE PROBLEMATICALLY1 SAW 9-NONHUMAN LIFE-=MS A TRIBUTE PRIM>ILY TO ! GLORY ( A CREATOR-GOD4 ,BUT ! ,FRANCISCAN ORD] WAS V]Y EASILY CO-OPT$ BY ! ,PAPACY &1 9 9QUISITORIAL TIMES1 TURN$ FROM P]SECUT$ 9TO P]SECUTOR1 9CLUD+ ! P]SECUTION ( ITS [N ,JOA*IMITE ACOLYTES4 ,9NOC5CE1 9TUITION1 & ATAVI/IC LONG+S -- \R MOD]N MY/ICS TO ! CONTR>Y -- >E NOT /RONG B>RI]S TO MANIPULATION4 ,IT WAS (T5 KE5 ?9K]S LIKE ,GALILEO :O W]E SIL5C$ BY H\SE >RE/ & SPECULATIVE RATIONALI/S LIKE ,BRUNO :O W]E BURN$ AT ! /AKE BY ! ,9QUISITION RA!R ?AN MY/ICS LIKE ,FRANCIS OR ,MEI/] ,ECKH>T4 

,MY PO9T1 H[EV]1 IS ?AT REASON IS NOT CUT FROM A S+LE CLO?4 ,9 ITS DIALECTICAL =M1 REASON IMP>TS A S5SE ( HI/ORY1 DEVELOPM5T1 & PROCESS TO ?9K+1 NOT ''L9E>2 ,I PROPOSITIONAL1 & SYLLOGI/IC MEANS & ANALYZES4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! E>LY GLIMM]+S ( AN ORGANISMIC APPROA* TO ! WORLD1 NOT A ME*ANI/IC ONE1 ALSO BEGAN TO REVIVE ) EXPLORATIONS 9TO BIOLOGY AS WELL AS PHYSICS4 ,EVOLUTION WAS ALREADY 9 ! AIR AS E>LY AS ! ,FIFTE5? C5TURY1 IF WE >E TO JUDGE FROM ,LEON>DO DA ,V9CI'S WRIT+S ON ! M>9E FOSSILS ?AT W]E F\ND 9 9L& M\NTA9S1 & HIS REM>KS ?AT1 9 AN EV]-*ANG+ WORLD1 ! ,PO RIV] WILL EV5TUALLY 0LAY DRY L& 9 ! ,ADRIATIC 9 ! SAME WAY IT HAS ALREADY DEPOSIT$ A GREAT P>T ( ,LOMB>DY40 ,BY ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 EVOLUTION WAS AN ACCEPT$ FACT AMONG ! ,FR5* PHILOSOPHES1 ?ANKS TO ! WORK ( ,MAUP]TUIS1 ,DID]OT1 & ,BUFFON4 

,! RECOV]Y ( ! BODY1 ! CLAIMS ( ! S5SU\S1 ! RI<T TO PHYSICAL PLEASURE -- NOT M]ELY A RE/FUL HAPP9ESS -- BEGAN TO RAISE A MAJOR *ALL5GE TO ASCETISM1 NOT SIMPLY ( ! K9D ADVANC$ BY (FICIAL ,*RI/IANITY1 BUT ALSO BY ITS RADICAL SPIRITUALI/S4 ,! BELIEF1 SO WIDELY HELD BY ! POOR1 ?AT ! PRIVILEG$ %\LD %>E ) !M 9 A PRESUMABLY GOD-GIV5 FUND ( MIS]Y & SELF-D5IAL1 WAS /EADILY UND]M9$ BY ORD9>Y PEOPLE !MSELVES4 ,! JOYS ( ! BODY & ! FULL SATISFACTION ( MAT]IAL NE$S W]E 9CREAS+LY SE5 9 ,R5AISSANCE TIMES AS A HEAV5LY DISP5SATION4 ,LU/Y UTOPIAS LIKE ! L& ( ,COCKAYGNE1 9 :I* TOIL WAS UNKN[N & ROA/$ P>TRIDGES DROPP$ 9TO ONE'S LAP1 BEGAN TO AB\ND AMONG ! MASSES1 (T5 9 M>K$ CONTRA/ TO ! MONA/IC LIFEWAYS ( D5IAL PREA*$ BY !IR MY/ICAL LEAD]S4 

,UNLIKE RADICAL MILL5>IANS1 OR EV5 ,JOA*IMITES1 ! MASSES DID NOT PLACE !SE UTOPIAS 9 SOME DI/ANT FUTURE OR 9 ! HEAV5S ABOVE4 ,!Y EXI/$ GEOGRAPHICALLY 9 ! ,WE/1 (F ! KN[N MAPS ( ! ,R5AISSANCE2 & !Y W]E WORLDS TO BE DISCOV]$ BY ACTIVE EXPLORATION1 NOT BY ! LAZY PLAY ( ONE'S IMAG9ATION4 ,9DE$1 IT WAS NOT ALWAYS ! RATIONALI/IC ,*RI/IAN S*OLA/ICS :O POS$ ! MO/ S]I\S OB/ACLES TO ?IS NATURALI/IC TR5D1 BUT RA!R M$IEVAL MY/ICS LIKE ,FRA ,SAVON>OLA1 ! MONKI% VOICE ( ! OPPRESS$1 :O BURN$ ! >TWORKS ( ,FLOR5CE & PREA*$ A FI]Y GOSPEL ( SELF-D5IAL4 

,BY COMP>ISON ) ! RI* DIFF]5TIATION ( LIB]ATORY IDEAS & VISIONS ?AT APPE>$ AS ! 0,AGE ( ,REASON0 APPROA*$1 ! MOVEM5TS ( ! OPPRESS$ BY ! LIKES ( ,PA/OREAUX1 ,FLAGGELANTS1 & EV5 ! ,JOA*IMITES SEEM FALT]+ & WAYW>D4 ,UNSCRAMBL+ ! MORE SECUL> ?READS ( ,GREEK RATIONALISM ?AT HAD BE5 5TANGL$ BY ,*RI/IAN & ,ISLAMIC !OLOGY1 ! ,R5AISSANCE PROVID$ A VOICE = RI*LY SPECULATIVE & CRITICAL IDEAS4 

,:AT IS IMPORTANT IS ?AT ! BE/ ( !SE IDEAS1 :E!R !Y >E PRES5T$ 9 SY/EMATIC TRACTS1 DIALOGUES1 OR IMAG9>Y UTOPIAS1 >E AMAZ+LY ALL-SID$4 ,!Y >E NOT ONLY RATIONAL 7EV5 DIALECTICALLY SO7 BUT S5SU\S2 !Y ADVANCE A MESSAGE ( A NEW SOCIETY 9 :I* EV]Y?+ HUMAN IS BASICALLY GOOD & %\LD BE AF=D$ FULL EXPRESSION4 

,FROM A SOCIAL VIEWPO9T1 !Y >E ECOLOGICAL 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y >E FULLY P>TICIPATORY3 ALL ASPECTS ( EXP]I5CE PLAY A COMPLEM5T>Y ROLE 9 MAK+ A RI*LY DIFF]5TIAT$ :OLE4 ,! HUMAN BODY IS GIV5 CITIZ5%IP 9 !SE NEW ECO-COMMUNITIES NO LESS ?AN ! M9D2 ! ORGANIC1 NO LESS ?AN ! 9ORGANIC2 PASSION1 NO LESS ?AN REASON2 NATURE1 NO LESS ?AN SOCIETY2 WOM51 NO LESS ?AN M54 ,H[EV] TIME-B\ND !Y MAY SOMETIMES SEEM FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( \R [N IDEAS ( MOD]NITY1 NO P>T ( ! HUMAN & NATURAL L&SCAPE SEEMS TO ESCAPE CRITICAL 9VE/IGATION & EF=TS AT RECON/RUCTION4 ,!Y P5ETRATE NOT ONLY 9TO SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 CULTURE1 MORALITY1 TE*NOLOGY1 & POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 BUT 9TO FAMILY RELATIONS1 $UCATION1 ! /ATUS ( WOM51 & ! MO/ MUNDANE FEATURES ( EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,LIKE ! ,R5AISSANCE & ! ,5LI<T5M5T !MSELVES1 EV]Y?+ IS BR\<T UP BE=E ! B> ( REASON & IS REJECT$ OR JU/IFI$ 9 T]MS ( ITS VALUE TO AN EM]G+ SECUL>ITY & NATURALISM4 

,?AT ?9K]S CAN H>DLY HOPE TO GO MU* BEYOND !IR TIME %\LD NOT SURPRISE US4 ,WE NE$ A TRUE G5]OSITY ( SPIRIT TO APPRECIATE ! EXPANSIV5ESS ( !IR IDEAS -- GIV5 ! P]IODS 9 :I* !Y LIV$4 ,IT IS ONE ( ! GREAT TRU?S ( DIALECTICAL WISDOM ?AT ALL GREAT IDEAS1 LIMIT$ AS !Y MAY SEEM TO !IR [N TIME & 9ADEQUATE AS !Y MAY APPE> 9 \RS1 LOSE !IR RELATIVITY :5 !Y >E VIEW$ AS P>T ( AN EV]-DIFF]5TIAT+ :OLE -- JU/ AS A BLOCK ( M>BLE CEASES TO BE A PIECE ( M]E M9]AL MATT] :5 IT IS SCULPT$ 9TO A MAGNIFIC5T /RUCTURE4 ,SE5 )9 ! L>G] :OLE ( :I* IT IS A P>T1 IT CAN NO LONG] BE VIEW$ AS A M]E M9]AL1 ANYMORE ?AN ! ATOMS ?AT MAKE UP A LIV+ ORGANISM CAN BE VIEW$ AS M]E P>TICLES4 ,) LIFE EM]GES METABOLISM1 A PH5OM5ON ?AT NEV] EXI/$ ON ! 9ORGANIC LEVEL1 & ONE ?AT CAN NEV] BE IMPUT$ TO AN ATOM1 MU* LESS TO ITS ELECTROMAGNETIC PROP]TIES4 

,SO ! ?9K]S ( ! LIB]ATORY1 9DE$ REVOLUTION>Y1 TRADITION MU/ BE APPRECIAT$ AS MU* = :AT !Y ADD TO \R LIME AS !Y DID TO !IR [N IF ! ABID+ *>ACT] ( !IR WORK IS TO BE GRASP$4 

,?US1 WE CAN DI/+UI% SEV]AL GREAT T5D5CIES 9 ! EXP&+ IDEALS ( FRE$OM3 FIR/1 A COMMITM5T TO ! EXI/+ WORLD1 TO SECUL> REALITY1 NOT TO ONE ?AT EXI/S 9 ! HEAV5S OR LIES (F ! MAP ( ! KN[N WORLD4 ,I AM NOT SAY+1 BY ?IS1 ?AT ! RADICAL !ORI/S1 UTOPI/S1 & IDEOLOGI/S ( ! ,R5AISSANCE1 ,5LI<T5M5T1 & ! E>LY P>T ( ! LA/ C5TURY CON=M$ 0REALI/ICALLY0 TO ! WORLD 9 :I* !Y LIV$4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y TRI$ 9 ! BE/ ( CASES TO SEE F> BEYOND IT & !Y TRI$ TO RE/ !IR IDEALS ON ! BE/ FEATURES ( ! TIMES 9 :I* !Y LIV$4 

,:I* BR+S US TO ! SECOND T5D5CY !Y EXPRESS$3 ! NE$ = A C>EFULLY /RUCTUR$ SOCIETY ?AT WAS FREE ( ! EXPLOSIONS PRODUC$ BY UNRULY NOBLES 9 ,5GL& & ON ! ,EUROPEAN CONT95T4 ,! ,R5AISSANCE1 P>TICUL>LY ! >I/OCRACY ( ! AGE1 HAD ?R[N SOCIETY 9TO A CONDITION ( *RONIC W>F>E4 ,AMID ! RU9S LEFT BY ! ,W>S ( ! ,ROSES 9 ,5GL& & ! RELIGI\S W>S 9 C5TRAL ,EUROPE1 NO HUMANE SOCIETY C\LD BE CONCEIV$ ( BY RADICAL SOCIAL !ORI/S & UTOPI/S O!R ?AN ONE ?AT WAS TOTALLY /ABLE & ALMO/ MA*9E-LIKE 9 ! COOP]ATIVE SYMMETRY ( ITS OP]ATIONS4 ,LONG BE=E ,DESC>TES HAD MADE ME*ANISM 9TO A PHILOSOPHICAL WORLD VIEW1 EXPLOSIVE SOCIAL DISLOCATIONS MADE IT 9TO A RADICAL DESID]ATUM4 ,?AT MANY UTOPI/S HAD TAK5 ! WELL-REGULAT$ MONA/]Y AS !IR MODEL IS RADICAL 9 ITSELF2 !Y C\LD HAVE EASILY OPT$ = ! C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATES ABORN+ 9 !IR MID/1 AS WAS TO HAPP5 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY )9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,IF A 0PLANN$ ECONOMY0 WAS NE$$ 9 !IR TIME1 P>TLY TO C\NT]VAIL ! *AOTIC BEHAVIOR ( ! NOBLES1 P>TLY TO CONTROL ! DEPR$ATIONS ( AN EM]G+ COMM]CIAL B\RGEOISIE ON ! PEASANTRY & URBAN POOR1 ! TRADITIONAL & SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE RULES ADOPT$ BY ! MONA/]Y = ! CONDUCT ( EV]YDAY LIFE SEEM$ MORE E?ICAL & HUMANE ?AN O!R ALT]NATIVES4 ,ONLY LAT]1 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 & TO SOME DEGREE E>LI]1 W\LD AN ORD]LY SOCIETY & A 0PLANN$ ECONOMY0 BE ID5TIFI$ ) ! C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATE2 ?IS1 IRONICALLY1 9 ! NAME ( A VALUE-FREE NOTION ( 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM0 & ATTEMPTS TO A*IEVE A 0NATIONALIZ$0 ECONOMY4 

,A ?IRD T5D5CY ?AT CONTRIBUT$ TO ! EXP&+ IDEALS ( FRE$OM 9 ! RADICAL ?\<T ( ! ,R5AISSANCE &1 AGA91 9 ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 WAS ! HI< E/EEM ?AT WAS PLAC$ ON WORK74 ,NOT ONLY DID ,?OMAS ,MORE1 ,TOMMASO ,CAMPANELLA1 ,VAL5T9 ,&REAE1 & ,FRANCIS ,BACON1 AMONG O!RS1 IMP>T AN HONOR$ ROLE TO ! >TISAN & FOOD CULTIVATOR1 BUT ,D5IS ,DID]OT BR\<T !IR CRAFTS & !IR CONTRIBUTIONS TO SOCIETY 9TO ! PAGES ( ! ,FR5* ,5CYCLOP$IA1 :]E !Y >E GIV5 ALMO/ UNPREC$5T$ ATT5TION1 & !IR SKILLS >E EXPLOR$ 9 BREA?-TAK+ DETAIL4 ,KROPOTK9 CITES A M$IEVAL ORD9ANCE :I* DECL>ES3 0,EV]YONE MU/ BE PLEAS$ ) HIS WORK1 & NO ONE %ALL1 :ILE DO+ NO?+1 APPROPRIATE = HIMSELF :AT O!RS HAVE PRODUC$ BY APPLICATION & WORK1 BECAUSE LAWS MU/ BE A %IELD = APPLICATIONS & WORK40 .<#a#d.> ,?IS CON/ELLATION ( TRADITIONS & IDEAS HAS NO PREC$5T 9 ANTIQUITY & WAS TO BE HONOR$ 9 ! BREA* DUR+ ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,9DE$1 DEEPLY HUMANE VALUES P]MEAT$ ! MIX$ ECONOMY ( PEASANTS1 >TISANS1 FREEHOLD]S1 & PROLET>IANS 9 ! C5TURIES ?AT IMM$IATELY PREC$$ ! ASC5DANCY ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM 9 ,5GL&4 ,EV5 LIMITS TO TOIL W]E IMPOS$ 9 ?IS DIM1 (T5 LITTLE-UND]/OOD ]A4 ,AS ! LATE ,M>IE-,L\ISE ,BEM]I WAS TO OBS]VE 9 H] SE>*+ WORK1 ,J\RNEY ,?R\< ,UTOPIA3  
  
  

,! ,UTOPIAN IDEA ( A %ORT WORK+ DAY :I* TO US1 ACCU/OM$ TO ?9K ( ! PA/ 9 T]MS ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 SEEMS A V]Y RADICAL ONE1 DOES NOT APPE> SU* AN 9NOVATION1 IF IT IS COMP>$ ) AN ORD9ANCE ( ,F]D9& ! ,FIR/ RELATIVE TO ! ,IMP]IAL COAL M9ES1 :I* SETTL$ ! M9]'S DAY AT EI<T H\RS4 ,& ACCORD+ TO ,?OROLD ,ROG]S1 9 FIFTE5? C5TURY ,5GL& M5 WORK$ =TY-EI<T H\RS A WEEK4.<#a#e.>  
  

,LA/LY1 AMONG ! T5D5CIES ?AT SURFACE 9 ?IS MIX$ SOCIETY1 P>TICUL>LY DUR+ ! ,R5AISSANCE1 IS ! HI< PREMIUM ?AT IS PLAC$ ON COMMUNITY4 ,?IS WAS AN ]A ?AT WAS DIRECTLY FAC$ ) ! DIS9TEGRATION ( VILLAGES & T[NS BY AN EV]-GR[+ & ATOMIZ+ M>KET PLACE4 ,! UNRULY B\RGEOIS-CUM-BUR<] HAD TO BE CONTROLL$4 ,HE ASSAIL$ NOT ONLY ! FRAGILE BONDS ?AT HELD PEOPLE TOGE!R 9 A %>$ COMMUNAL 9T]E/1 BUT HE ALSO ?REAT5$ ITS GUILDS1 RELIGI\S SOCIETIES ?AT C>$ = ! POOR & ILL1 ITS EXT5D$ FAMILY TIES1 & ITS HI< VALUES ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT EV]Y?+ CAME UP = GRABS1 FROM COMMON L& TO K9%IP RESPONSIBILITIES1 RADICAL !ORI/S & UTOPI/S TI<T5$ !IR MUSCLES -- & !IR VISION -- AGA9/ ! ASOCIAL BEHAVIOR ( ! NEW B\RGEOIS & ! MONEY ORI5T$ >I/OCRAT4 

,WE MU/ NOT ?9K TOO H>%LY1 !N1 ( ,?OMAS ,MORE = TRY+ TO RETA9 /RONG FAMILY TIES 9 HIS ,UTOPIA & HOLD+ FA/ TO ,CA?OLIC OR?ODOXY 9 ! FACE ( A RAMBUNCTI\S MON>*1 ,H5RY ,V,I,I,I1 :OSE 0RE=MATION0 REPLAC$ ! HAT ( ! BI%OP ( ,ROME ) ! CR[N ( AN ,5GLI% K+4 ,MORE1 LIKE SO MANY ( HIS ,R5AISSANCE CONTEMPOR>IES1 LEAN$ MORE T[>D A HUMANI/IC ECUM5E AS EXPRESS$ BY ! PR9CIPLE ( ! PAPACY ?AN ! NATIONALISM AS EXPRESS$ BY A P>O*IAL MON>*4 ,9DE$1 ,MORE'S RES]VATIONS AB\T A MON>*ICAL DISP5SATION = HIS IDEAL SOCIETY >E EXPRESS$ ?R\< ,HY?LODAY1 ! N>RATOR ( ,UTOPIA :O SPEAKS = ITS AU?OR1 9 A V]Y PO9T$ COMM5T2 0444MO/ PR9CES APPLY !MSELVES TO AFFAIRS ( W> ?AN TO ! USEFUL >TS ( PEACE2 & 9 !SE ,I NEI!R HAVE ANY KN[L$GE1 NOR DO ,I MU* DESIRE IT2 !Y >E G5]ALLY SET ON ACQUIR+ NEW K+DOMS1 RI<T OR WRONG1 ?AN ON GOV]N+ ?OSE !Y POSSESS4440 

,EV5 MORE F>-REA*+ ?AN ,MORE'S IDEAL SOCIETY IS ,VAL5T9 ,&REAE'S 0,*RI/IANOPOLISA SEV]ELY MORAL COMMUNITY ?AT PLACES /R+5T REGULATIONS ON BEHAVIOR1 ALBEIT ) A DEEPLY HUMANE ATTITUDE T[>D HUMAN NE$S & SUFF]+4 0,*RI/IANOPOLIS0 IS 9DE$ A POLIS -- A HUMANLY SCAL$ CITY ) CLE>LY DEF9$ WALLS1 NOT A NATION-/ATE4 ,BUT IT IS HI<LY /&>DIZ$ 9 ITS DWELL+S & ITS ALMO/ MA!MATICAL DIVISION ( FUNCTIONS1 ZONES1 & ITS BALANCE BETWE5 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE4 ,NONE ( !SE UTOPIAS >E BAS$ ON PRIVATE PROP]TY -- ANO!R MONA/IC FEATURE -- & !Y DI/RIBUTE ! MEANS ( LIFE ACCORD+ TO NE$4 ,:E!R !Y >E DESCRIB$ AS ISL&S AS 9 ! CASE ( 0,UTOPIA0 OR COMMUNITIES AS 9 ! CASE ( 0,*RI/IANOPOLIS10 !Y >E REALLY CITIES1 & !Y HAVE ASCETIC QUALITIES1 H[EV] WELL !IR POPULATIONS LIVE4 ,!SE SIGNIFICANTLY PR5ATIONAL & PRECAPITALI/IC TRAITS MU/ NOT BE OV]LOOK$2 ! MONA/IC IDEAL ( S]VICE1 WORK1 %>+1 & REGIM5TATION 9 ! 9T]E/S ( A VISIBLE COMMUNITY GOOD P]VADE ! RADICAL ?9K+ ( ! DAY1 P>TICUL>LY AMONG ! UTOPI/S4 ,!Y APPE> 9 ,TOMMASO ,CAMPANELLA'S 0,CITY ( ! ,SUN10 9 :I* WOM5 5JOY AN UNUSUALLY HI< /ATUS1 ) ITS ,PLATONI/IC EUG5ICS & ! EMPHASIS ?AT IS GIV5 TO ! NATURAL SCI5CES4 ,! ORD]LY1 WORK-ORI5T$1 & LIT]ATE WORLD !Y (F] IS A TI<T MELD BETWE5 M$IEVAL TRADITION & MOD]N 9NOVATION4 ,! SOCIAL !ORI/S & UTOPI/S ( ! ,R5AISSANCE W]E FASC9AT$ BY ! POSSIBILITIES = HUMAN IMPROVEM5T OP5$ BY SCI5CE1 AS EVID5T 9 ,FRANCIS ,BACON'S SKET*Y 0,NEW ,ATLANTIS0 ,I :I* /RONGLY EMPHASIZ$ ! ROLE ( $UCATION 9 REMAK+ SOCIETY4 

,!SE !MES -- P>TICUL>LY1 5LI<T5M5T ?R\< LE>N+1 ! APPLICATION ( REASON & ORD] TO HUMAN AFFAIRS1 A KE5 FASC9ATION ) SCI5CE & A HI< REG>D = WORK -- W]E TO EXT5D 9TO ! ,5LI<T5M5T ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY4 ,BY N[1 ! NATION-/ATE HAD CLE>LY E/ABLI%$ ITSELF & ! CITY HAD CEAS$ TO BE ! BASIC UNIT = RADICAL 9NOVATION4 ,) ,MONTESQUIEU1 :O SETS ! TONE = ! C5TURY1 POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS BEGAN TO SUPPLANT PROP]TY CONC]NS1 FAMILY RELATION%IPS1 & CULTURAL ISSUES4 ,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE ?AT ! COMMUNI/IC PROGRAMS ADVANC$ BY ! ,ABBE ,MABLY & ,MORELLY >E COMPLETELY M>G9AL TO ! WORK ( ! PHILOSOPHES2 9DE$1 TO ?IS DAY1 WE DO NOT EV5 KN[ ,MORELLY'S FIR/ NAME & HIS 9FLU5CE WAS V]Y LIMIT$ UNTIL WE >RIVE AT ! CLOS+ YE>S ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 :5 APP>5TLY HIS ,CODE ( ,NATURE WAS READ BY ,GRAC*US ,BABEUF1 ! ILL-FAT$ LEAD] ( ! 0,CONSPIRACY ( ,EQUALS40 

,! ,5LI<T5M5T WAS MORE P>TICUL>IZ$ ?AN ! ,R5AISSANCE1 :5 5TIRE DISCIPL9ES W]E CREAT$ BY S+LE 9DIVIDUALS ) A FL\RI% ( A P51 & IT WAS MORE ORI5T$ T[>D 9DIVIDUAL RI<TS ?AN ! PRES]VATION ( COMMUNITY4 ,ITS 5GAGEM5T ) ECCLESIA/ICAL 'AU?ORITY & A HI]>*ICALLY /RUCTUR$ BODY POLITIC MADE ! MONA/]Y AN ANA*RONISM AT BE/ & ANA!MA AT WOR/4 ,9DE$1 MORE PSY*OLOGICAL ?AN RATIONALI/IC4 ,5LI<T5M5T ?9K]S W]E (T5 PREOCCUPI$ ) HUMAN NATURE1 NOT ONLY HUMAN REASON4 ,BO? ,DID]OT & ,R\SSEAU1 P]HAPS ! ]A'S MO/ IMPORTANT FIGURES1 W]E M5 ( 0HE>T0 AS WELL AS BRILLIANT M9DS1 & SPONTANE\S PASSION PLAY$ AS MU* A ROLE 9 !IR WORKS AS REASON4 

,AN>*Y & ,LIB]T>IAN ,UTOPIAS 

  

,FROM B5EA? ! SURFACE 9T]*ANGE ( RADICAL IDEAS BETWE5 ! SIXTE5? & EI<TE5? C5TURIES1 SEV]AL ISSUES CAME 9TO %>P CONFRONTATION ) EA* O!R4 ,C\LD MAT]IAL WELL-BE+ = PEOPLE 9 A TIME ( PR(\ND ECONOMIC DI/RESS BE ACQUIR$ ONLY AT ! EXP5SE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL'S SUBORD9ATION TO A WELL-ORD]$ SOCIETY1 BAS$ ON MONA/IC DISCIPL9E &1 LAT]1 ON /ATE AU?ORITY8 ,C\LD EQUALITY 9 MAT]IAL ?+S BE PUR*AS$ BY SURR5D]+ FRE$OM TO COMPULSORY ECONOMIC PLANS8 ,DID A FULL1 S5SU\S1 EV5 PLAYFUL1 WAY ( LIFE 5DANG] ! NE$ = ALL TO WORK1 A NE$ ?AT HAD N\RI%$ ! ASCETISM ?AT AFFLICTS SO MANY UTOPIAS & RADICAL IDEAS AB\T SOCIETY8 ,WAS ABUNDANCE = ALL POSSIBLE 9 A TIME ?AT HAD YET TO PROVE IT C\LD MEET ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y NE$S ( LIFE8 ,& TO :AT EXT5T C\LD M51 NOT TO M5TION WOM51 CREATE A LIVELY1 P>TICIPATORY POLITICAL CULTURE :ILE WORK+ EI<T OR EV5 LESS H\RS AT DEM&+ TASKS TO SATISFY !IR BASIC MAT]IAL NE$S8 ,= ALL ! MORAL ADMONITIONS ?AT ! IDEALS ( ?AT EXTRAORD9>Y TIME ADVANCE1 MO/ ( ! VISIONS !Y EMBODY >E PAT5TLY %AP$ BY QUE/IONS ( ?IS K9D4 ,IT IS SIMPLY IMPOSSIBLE TO UND]/& !IR POSSIBILITIES & LIMITATIONS )\T TAK+ !SE QUE/IONS 9TO ACC\NT4 

,BUT AMID ! DRIFT FROM CITY TO NATION1 FROM MONA/]Y TO /ATE1 FROM E?ICS TO POLITICS1 FROM COMMUNAL PROP]TY TO PRIVATE PROP]TY1 & FROM AN >TISANAL WORLD TO AN 9DU/RIAL WORLD1 A FASC9AT+ COMB9ATION ( VISIONS EM]G$ ?AT (T5 CONTA9$ ! BE/ -- & ! WOR/ -- ( !SE SWEEP+ SOCIAL ANT9OMIES1 ,I USE ! WORD 0ANT9OMIES0 ADVIS$LY RA!R ?AN 0*ANGES0 BECAUSE ,I AM SPEAK+ ( SEEM+LY CONTRADICTORY CO-EXI/5TS1 FEW ( :I* FULLY SUPPLANT$ ! E>LI] ONES 9 ! M9DS ( N9ETE5? C5TURY RADICAL ?9K]S4 ,9DE$1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 !Y HAVE REEM]G$ AGA91 TODAY1 AS HI<LY MODIFI$ DEM&S 9 AN 5TIRELY NEW SYN!SIS ( IDEAS UND] ! RUBRIC ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT PAIR$ EA* AGA9/ ! O!R1 C]TA9 RADICAL !ORI/S W]E TO *OOSE ONE OV] ! O!R 9 MANY CASES4 ,M>XISM1 = EXAMPLE1 DI/9CTLY *OSE ! NATION OV] ! CITY & ! ,/ATE OV] ! SELF-DISCIPL9$ MONA/IC COMMONWEAL? ADVANC$ P>TICUL>LY BY ,&REAE1 :OSE VIEWS (T5 ANTICIPATE ,ROB]T ,[5'S 09DU/RIAL VILLAGE40 

,BUT O!R =MS ( RADICAL ?\<T W]E TO EM]GE & DEVELOP A SYN!SIS = !IR [N TIME -- ONE ( RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION & URBANIZATION -- & GIVE RISE TO A RI* LEGACY ( IDEAS ?AT RADICALS CAN NO LONG] IGNORE4 ,& ! TIME HAS COME TO EXAM9E ?AT LEGACY1 FREE FROM A BIAS$ S5SE ( P>TIZAN%IP ?AT /EMS MORE FROM PETTY FACTIONAL HATR$S ?AN S]I\S REFLECTION4 

,I REF] TO ! LIB]T>IAN UTOPIAS & ! EXPRESSLY AN>*I/ IDEAS ?AT APPE>$ 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY3 TRADITIONS ?AT ADVANC$ IDEALS ( FRE$OM ?AT W]E AS RATIONAL AS !Y W]E E?ICAL & AS SELF-REFLECTIVE AS !Y W]E PASSIONATE4 ,ONE CANNOT SIMPLY IGNORE ! COMPELL+ ANALYZES ?AT W]E ADVANC$ BY ,WILLIAM ,GODW9'S ,9QUIRY ,CONC]N+ ,SOCIAL ,JU/ICE1 ! CORPUS ( ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON'S WRIT+S1 ! 9CISIVE CRITIQUES ( ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 ! RECON/RUCTIVE WORK ( ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 P>TICUL>LY HIS F>-REA*+ ECOLOGICAL 9SI<TS1 & ! UTOPIAN VISIONS ( ,ROB]T ,[5 & ,*>LES ,F\RI] )\T =FEIT+ ! RATIONAL & MORAL WEAL? ( IDEAS ?AT 5T] 9TO !IR WORKS FROM C5TURIES ( LIB]ATORY /RUGGLES & HOPES4 

,NOR CAN !Y BE DEALT ) AS VISION>Y 0PRECURSORS0 -- OR WORSE1 IDEOLOGICAL PROTAGONI/S -- ( ,K>L ,M>X & 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM40 ,ONE MI<T ) EQUAL >ROGANCE DISMISS ! NATURALISM ( ,>I/OTLE = ! PHILOSOPHICAL IDEALISM ( ,HEGEL1 OR ! HI/ORICAL WORK ( ,?UKIDIDES = ?AT ( ,*>LES ,BE>D4 ,AT MO/1 ALL ( !SE ?9K]S COMPLEM5T EA* O!R2 AT ! V]Y LEA/1 !Y ILLUM9ATE IMPORTANT PROBLEMS :]E !Y DO CONFLICT1 EA* SPAWN$ BY A DIFF]5T SOCIAL CONDITION 9 A DRAMA ( HI/ORY ?AT IS /ILL UNFOLD+4 

,! C\RSE ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T HAS NO MORE MOV$ 9 CLE>LY DEF9$ & NECESS>ILY 0PROGRESSIVE0 /AGES ?AN HAS ! HI/ORY ( HUMAN IDEAS4 ,IF WE W]E TO RETURN TO A MORE DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY1 AN ,>I/OTLE & A ,?UKIDIDES W\LD BE MORE RELEVANT TO \R CONC]NS BECAUSE ( !IR /OR$ WISDOM ( ! ,GREEK POLEIS IS ?AN A ,HEGEL OR ,BE>D1 :O W]E CONC]N$ ) NATION-/ATES4 ,WE HAVE YET TO FULLY ASSESS ! MEAN+ ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 ! PA?S IT %\LD HAVE FOLL[$1 & ! IDEAS ?AT >E MO/ APPROPRIATE 9 ! REMAK+ ( SOCIETY BAS$ ON REASON & ECOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES4 

,! RADICAL !ORI/S & UTOPI/S FOLL[+ UPON ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION EXHIBIT$ MORE EXPANSIVE IDEALS ( FRE$OM ?AN !IR PR$ECESSORS 9 ! ,5LI<T5M5T -- & !Y W]E TO SUM UP A SWEEP+ BODY ( ALT]NATIVES TO ! C\RSE FOLL[$ BY HI/ORY2 ALT]NATIVES ?AT W]E NAIVELY IGNOR$ BY !IR SOCIALI/ SUCCESSORS4 

,BO? ( !SE LEGACIES >E ( IMM5SE IMPORTANCE = MOD]N RADICALISM -- ! EXPANSIV5ESS ( !IR IDEALS & ! ALT]NATIVES ?AT CONFRONT$ HUMANITY4 ,! AN>*I/ ?9K]S & LIB]T>IAN UTOPI/S W]E DEEPLY S5SITIVE TO *OICES ?AT C\LD HAVE BE5 MADE 9 R$IRECT+ HUMAN SOCIETY ALONG RATIONAL & LIB]ATORY L9ES4 ,!Y RAIS$ ! F>-REA*+ QUE/IONS ( :E!R COMMUNITY & 9DIVIDUALITY C\LD BE BR\<T 9TO H>MONY ) EA* O!R2 :E!R ! NATION WAS ! NECESS>Y1 9DE$ ! E?ICAL1 SUCCESSOR TO ! COMMUNITY OR COMMUNE2 :E!R ! ,/ATE WAS ! UNAVOIDABLE SUCCESSOR TO CITY & REGIONAL CONF$]ATIONS2 :E!R ! COMMUNAL USE ( RES\RCES HAD TO BE SUPPLANT$ BY PRIVATE [N]%IP2 :E!R ! >TISANAL PRODUCTION ( GOODS & SMALL1 HUMANLY SCAL$1 AGRICULTURAL OP]ATIONS W]E DE/9$ BY 0HI/ORICAL NECESSITY0 TO BE AB&ON$ = GIANT ASSEMBLY L9ES & ME*ANIZ$ SY/EMS ( AGRIBUS9ESS4 ,F9ALLY1 !Y RAIS$ ! QUE/ION ( :E!R E?ICS HAD TO GIVE WAY TO /ATECRAFT & :AT W\LD BE ! DE/9Y ( POLITICS IF IT TRI$ TO ADAPT ITSELF TO C5TRALIZ$ /ATES4 

,!Y SAW NO CONTRADICTIONS BETWE5 MAT]IAL WELL BE+ & A WELL-ORD]$ SOCIETY1 BETWE5 SUB/ANTIVE EQUALITY & FRE$OM1 OR BETWE5 S5SU\SNESS1 PLAY1 & WORK4 ,!Y 5VISION$ A SOCIETY :]E ABUNDANCE W\LD BE POSSIBLE & A G5D]-BL9D POLITICAL CULTURE W\LD EM]GE AS ! WORK+ WEEK1 SUP]FLU\S PRODUCTION1 & EXCESSIVE CONSUMPTION DIM9I%$4 ,!SE QUE/IONS1 ANTICIPAT$ NE>LY TWO C5TURIES AGO & 9FUS$ BY ! MORAL F]VOR ( MORE ?AN TWO ?\S& YE>S ( H]ETICAL MOVEM5TS LIKE ! ,JOA*IMITES1 HAVE SURFAC$ 9 ! LATE TW5TIE? C5TURY ) A V5GEANCE4 ,WORDS LIKE 0PRECURSORS0 HAVE BECOME SIMPLY MEAN+LESS FROM ! /&PO9T ( A CRISIS-RIDD5 SOCIETY LIKE \R [N :I* MU/ REEVALUATE ! 5TIRE HI/ORY ( IDEAS & ! ALT]NATIVES OP5$ BY SOCIAL HI/ORY 9 ! PA/4 ,:AT IS IMM$IATELY /RIK+ AB\T !IR WORK IS !IR ACUTE S5SE ( ! ALT]NATIVES TO ! ABUSES ( !IR DAY & TO ! ABUSES ( \R [N4 

,WE CANNOT IGNORE ! DIFF]5CES ?AT DI/+UI% ! AN>*I/ !ORI/S & ! LIB]T>IAN UTOPI/S ( ! LA/ C5TURY FROM ?OSE ( A MORE DI/ANT PA/ ,AN>*IC T5D5CIES SU* AS ! PRIMITIVE ,*RI/IANS1 ! RADICAL ,GNO/ICS1 ! M$IEVAL ,BRO!RHOOD ( ,FREE ,SPIRIT1 ! ,JOA*IMITES1 & ! ,ANABAPTI/S VIEW$ FRE$OM MORE AS A RESULT ( A SUP]NATURALI/IC VISITATION ?AN AS ! PRODUCT ( HUMAN ACTIVITY4 ,?IS BASICALLY PASSIVE-RECEPTIVE M5TALITY1 BAS$ ON MY/ICAL UND]P9N+S1 IS CRUCIAL4 ,?AT C]TA9 PREMOD]N T5D5CIES 9 ! AN>*IC TRADITION DID ACT TO *ANGE ! WORLD DOES NOT ALT] ! FACT ?AT EV5 !IR V]Y ACTIONS W]E SE5 AS ! EXPRESSION ( A !I/IC PREORD9ATION1 ,9 !IR EYES1 ACTION /EMM$ FROM ! TRANSMUTATION ( ! DEITY'S WILL 9TO HUMAN WILL4 ,IT WAS ! PRODUCT ( A SOCIAL AL*EMY ?AT WAS POSSIBLE BECAUSE ( A SUP]NATURAL DECISION1 NOT BECAUSE ( HUMAN AUTONOMY4 ,! 0PHILOSOPH]'S /ONE0 ( *ANGE 9 ?IS E>LY APPROA* REPOS$ 9 HEAV51 NOT ON E>?4 ,FRE$OM HAD TO 0COME10 AS IT W]E1 FROM AG5TS ?AT W]E SUPRAHUMAN1 BE !Y A 0SECOND COM+0 ( ,*RI/ OR ! PREA*+S ( A NEW MESSIAH4 ,G5]ALLY1 9 ACCORD ) ,GNO/IC ?9K+1 !RE W]E ALWAYS ELITES LIKE 0PSY*ICS0 :O W]E FREE ( EVIL OR LEAD]S BLESS$ ) MORAL P]FECTION4 ,HI/ORY1 9 EFFECT1 WAS AS MU* ( A CLOCK AS IT WAS A ,JOA*IMITE *RONICLE3 IT TICK$ AWAY A =M ( METAPHYSICAL TIME UNTIL ! S9S ( ! WORLD BECAME SO 9TOL]ABLE ?AT !Y ACTIVAT$ ! DEITY1 :O NO LONG] =SWORE HIS CREATION AS WELL AS ! SUFF]+ ( ! POOR1 DEPRIV$1 & OPPRESS$4 

,! ,R5AISSANCE1 ,5LI<T5M5T1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 RADICALLY ALT]$ ?IS NAIVE SOCIAL DISP5SATION4 ,! 0,AGE ( ,REVOLUTIONS10 IF WE >E TO PROP]LY *>ACT]IZE ! P]IOD FROM ! LATE #a#g#gS TO ! MID-TW5TIE? C5TURY1 BANI%$ SUP]NATURAL VISITATIONS & A PASSIVE-RECEPTIVE /ANCE BY ! OPPRESS$ FROM ITS HI/ORICAL AG5DA4 ,! OPPRESS$ HAD TO ACT IF !Y WI%$ TO FREE !MSELVES4 ,!Y HAD TO MAKE !IR [N HI/ORY WILLFULLY1 AN 9CISIVE CONCEPT :I* ,JEAN ,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU1 = ALL HIS FAIL+S1 ADD$ TO ! HI/ORY ( RADICAL IDEAS & = :I* HE DES]VES IMMORTALITY4 ,! OPPRESS$ HAD TO REASON4 ,!RE WAS NO APPEAL TO P[]S O!R ?AN !IR [N M9DS4 ,! COMB9ATION ( REASON & WILL1 ( ?\<T & ACTION1 ( REFLECTION & 9T]V5TION1 *ANG$ ! :OLE L&SCAPE ( RADICALISM1 DIVE/+ IT ( ITS MY?IC1 MY/ICAL1 RELIGI\S1 & 9TUITIVE QUALITIES -- :I*1 REGRETTABLY1 >E BEG9N+ TO RETURN TODAY 9 A DISEMP[]$ & PSY*OLOGICALLY !RAPIZ$ WORLD4 

,! RADICALISM ( ! 0,AGE ( ,REVOLUTIONS10 H[EV]1 W5T FUR!R4 ,! ,JOA*IMITE TREATM5T ( HI/ORY MOVES1 NOT UNLIKE ! ,M>XI/1 TO ! DRUMBEAT ( AN 9EXORABLE 0F9AL DAYS10 AN 5D1 EV5 A ,HEGELIAN ABSOLUTE1 :]E ALL ?AT WAS HAD TO BE1 9 SOME S5SE1 ALL ?AT UNFOLD$1 FOLL[$ ! GUIDANCE ( A 0HIDD5 H&10 BE IT ( ,GOD1 ,SPIRIT & ! 0CUNN+ ( REASON0 7TO USE ,HEGEL'S LANGUAGE71 OR ECONOMIC 9T]E/1 H[EV] CONCEAL$ ?AT 9T]E/ MAY HAVE BE5 FROM ?OSE :O W]E 9FLU5C$ BY IT4 ,!RE W]E NO REAL ALT]NATIVES TO :AT WAS1 IS1 OR EV5 W\LD BE -- AS ABSURD DEBATES AB\T ! 09EVITABILITY ( SOCIALISM0 REVEAL$ A G5]ATION OR TWO AGO4 

,! EMPHASIS ( AN>*I/ & LIB]T>IAN UTOPI/S ON *OICE 9 HI/ORY WAS TO CREATE A RADICALLY NEW PO9T ( DEP>TURE FROM ! 9CREAS+LY TELEOLOGICAL VISIONS ( RELIGI\S & LAT] 0SCI5TIFIC0 SOCIALISMS4 ,9 GREAT P>T1 ?IS EMPHASIS EXPLA9S ! ATT5TION ! N9ETE5? C5TURY AN>*I/S & LIB]T>IAN UTOPI/S W]E TO PLACE ON 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY1 ! 9DIVIDUAL'S CAPACITY TO MAKE *OICES BAS$ ON RATIONAL & E?ICAL JUDGM5TS4 ,?IS VIEW IS M>K$LY DIFF]5T FROM ! LIB]AL TRADITION ) :I* AN>*IC VIEWS ( 9DIVIDUALITY HAVE BE5 ASSOCIAT$ BY !IR OPPON5TS1 P>TICUL>LY BY ,M>XI/S4 ,LIB]ALISM (F]$ ! 9DIVIDUAL A MODICUM ( 0FRE$OM10 TO BE SURE1 BUT ONE ?AT WAS CON/RICT$ BY ! 09VISIBLE H&0 ( ! COMPETITIVE M>KETPLACE1 NOT BY ! CAPACITY ( FREE 9DIVIDUALS TO ACT ACCORD+ TO E?ICAL CONSID]ATIONS4 ,! 0FREE 5TREPR5EUR0 ON :OM LIB]ALISM MODEL$ ITS IMAGE ( 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY WAS1 9 FACT1 COMPLETELY TRAPP$ 9 A M>KET COLLECTIVITY1 H[EV] 0EMANCIPAT$0 HE SEEM$ FROM ! OV]TLY M$IEVAL WORLD COMMUNE ( GUILDS & RELIGI\S OBLIGATIONS4 ,HE WAS ! PLAY?+ ( A 0HI<] LAW0 ( M>KET 9T]ACTIONS BAS$ ON COMPET+ EGOS1 EA* ( :OM CANCEL$ \T HIS EGOI/IC 9T]E/S 9 ! =MATION ( A G5]AL SOCIAL 9T]E/4 

,AN>*ISM & ! LIB]T>IAN UTOPI/S NEV] CA/ ! FREE 9DIVIDUAL 9 ?IS LI<T4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL HAD TO BE FREE TO FUNCTION AS AN E?ICAL BE+1 ACCORD+ TO AN>*I/ !ORI/S -- NOT AS A N>R[ EGOI/--9 MAK+ RATIONAL1 HOPEFULLY DIS9T]E/$1 *OICES BETWE5 RATIONAL & IRRATIONAL ALT]NATIVES 9 HI/ORY4 ,! ,M>XI/ CAN>D ?AT AN>*ISM IS A PRODUCT ( LIB]AL OR B\RGEOIS 09DIVIDUALISM0 HAS ITS ROOTS 9 IDEOLOGIES ?AT >E B\RGEOIS TO !IR V]Y CORE1 SU* AS ?OSE BAS$ ON MY?S ( AN 09VISIBLE H&0 7LIB]ALISM71 ,SPIRIT 7,HEGELIANISM71 & ECONOMIC DET]M9ISM 7,M>XISM74 ,! AN>*I/ & LIB]T>IAN UTOPI/ EMPHASIS ON 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM MEANT ! EMANCIPATION ( HI/ORY ITSELF FROM AN AHI/ORICAL PREORD9ATION & /RESS$ ! IMPORTANCE ( E?ICS 9 9FLU5C+ *OICE4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL IS1 9DE$1 TRULY FREE & ATTA9S TRUE 9DIVIDUALITY :5 HE OR %E IS GUID$ BY A RATIONAL1 HUMANE1 & HI<-M9D$ NOTION ( ! SOCIAL & COMMUNAL GOOD4 

,F9ALLY1 AN>*I/ VISIONS ( A NEW WORLD1 P>TICUL>LY LIB]T>IAN UTOPIAS1 IMPLY ?AT SOCIETY CAN ALWAYS BE REMADE4 ,9DE$1 UTOPIA IS1 BY DEF9ITION1 ! WORLD AS IT %\LD BE ACCORD+ TO ! CANONS ( REASON 9 CONTRA/ TO ! WORLD AS IT IS1 ACCORD+ TO ! BL9D1 UN?9K+ 9T]ACTION ( UNCOMPREH5D+ =CES4 ,! N9ETE5?-C5TURY AN>*I/ TRADITION1 LESS GRAPHIC & PICTORIAL ?AN ! UTOPI/S :O PA9T$ A CANVAS ( N[ & DETAIL$ IMAGES1 REASON$ \T ITS !ORIES 9 ACCORDANCE ) HUMAN HI/ORY1 NOT !OLOGICAL1 MY/ICAL1 OR METAPHYSICAL HI/ORY4 ,! WORLD HAD ALWAYS MADE ITSELF ?R\< ! AG5CY ( REAL FLC%-&-BLOOD HUMAN BE+S1 FAC+ REAL *OICES AT TURN+ PO9TS ( HI/ORY4 ,& IT C\LD REMAKE ITSELF ALONG PROV5 ALT]NATIVE L9ES ?AT CONFRONT$ PEOPLE 9 ! PA/4 

,9DE$1 MU* ( ! AN>*I/ TRADITION IS NOT A 0PRIMITIVI/IC0 YE>N+ = ! PA/1 AS ,M>XI/ HI/ORIANS LIKE ,HOBSBAWN W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE1 BUT A RECOGNITION ( PA/ POSSIBILITIES ?AT REMA9 UNFULFILL$1 SU* AS ! F>-RCA*+ IMPORTANCE ( COMMUNITY1 CONF$]ATION1 SELF-MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY1 & A NEW BALANCE BETWE5 HUMANITY & NATURE4 ,M>X'S FAM\S 9JUNCTION ?AT ! DEAD %\LD BURY ! DEAD IS MEAN+LESS1 H[EV] WELL-9T5D$ IT MAY BE1 :5 ! PRES5T TRIES TO P>ODY ! PA/4 ,ONLY ! LIV+ CAN BURY ! DEAD & !Y CAN DO SO ON LY I F !Y UND]/& :AT IS DEAD & :AT IS /ILL LIV+2 9DE$1 :AT IS 9T5SELY VITAL 9 ! BODY-/REWN BATTLEFIELDS ( HI/ORY4 

,H]E9 LIES ! P[] ( ,WILLIAM ,GODW9'S CONC]N = 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY1 = ! E?ICAL P]SON :OSE M9D IS UNFETT]$ BY ! SOCIAL BURD5S ( SUPRAHUMAN =CES & ALL =MS ( DOM9ATION1 9CLUD+ DEITIES AS WELL AS /ATESM51 ! AU?ORITY ( CU/OM AS WELL AS ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,/ATE4 ,H]E91 TOO1 LIES ! P[] ( ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON'S CONC]N = MUNICIPALISM & CONF$]ALISM AS PR9CIPLES ( ASSOCIATIONS1 9DE$1 AS WAYS ( LIFE :OSE FRE$OM IS UNFETT]$ BY ! NATION-/ATE AS WELL AS ! P]NICI\S ROLE ( PROP]TY4 ,H]E9 LIES ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9'S HYPO/ASIZATION ( POPUL> SPONTANEITY & ! TRANS=MATIVE ROLE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ACT1 ( ! DE$ AS AN EXPRESSION ( WILL ?AT IS UNFETT]$ BY ! CON/RA9TS ( COMPROMISE & P>LIAM5T>Y CRET9ISM4 ,H]E91 F9ALLY1 LIES ! P[] ( ,PET] ,KROPOTK9'S ECOLOGICAL VISIONS1 HIS PRACTICAL CONC]N ) HUMAN SCALE1 DEC5TRALIZATION1 & ! H>MONIZATION ( HUMANITY ) NATURE AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! EXPLOSIVE GR[? ( URBANIZATION & C5TRALIZATION4 

,I %ALL HAVE ! OPPORTUNITY TO EXAM9E & RE/ATE ! IDEAS ( !SE REM>KABLE & LITTLE APPRECIAT$ ?9K]S 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! PROBLEMS WE FACE TODAY & ! NE$ = AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,= ! PRES5T1 LET ME PAUSE TO EXAM9E ! ISSUE ( EMANCIPATION ( ANO!R K9D -- ! EMANCIPATION ( ! BODY 9 ! =M ( A NEW S5SU\SNESS & ( ! HUMAN SPIRIT 9 ! =M ( AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY4 ,!SE ISSUES R>ELY FIGURE 9 MO/ DISCUSSIONS ( SOCIAL R5OVATION1 AL?\< !Y HAVE A PROM95T PLACE 9 UTOPIAN ?9K+4 

,A S5SE ( %E] JOIE DE VIV]1 ( JOY ( LIV+1 IS CLOSELY W$D$ TO ! AN>*IC TRADITION1 DESPITE ! >ID PAT*ES ( ASCETICISM ?AT SURFACE 9 ITS MID/4 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN'S ADMONITION -- 0,IF ,I CAN'T DANCE 9 Y\R REVOLUTION1 ,I DON'T WANT ILL0 -- IS TYPICALLY AN>*IC 9 ITS DISPOSITION4 ,A COLORFUL TRADITION EXI/S ?AT GOES BACK C5TURIES 9 TIME TO >TISAN & EV5 C]TA9 PEASANT AN>*I/S :O DEM&$ AS MU* = ! EMANCIPATION ( ! S5SES AS !Y DID = !IR COMMUNITIES4 ,! ,OPHITES 9 ! BACKWA% ( ANTIQUITY R]EAD ! ,BIBLICAL SCRIPTURES TO MAKE KN[L$GE ! KEY TO SALVATION2 ! SNAKE & ,EVE1 ! AG5TS ( FRE$OM2 ! EC/ATIC RELEASE ( ! FLE%1 ! M$IUM = ! FULL EXPRESSION ( S\L4 ,! ,BRE?R5 ( ! ,FREE ,SPIRIT1 AN ABID+ MOVEM5T OV] MANY DIFF]5T NAMES 9 M$IEVAL ,EUROPE1 REJECT$ ! ECCLESIA/ICAL REV]5CE = SELF-D5IAL & CELEBRAT$ !IR V]SION ( ,*RI/IANITY AS A MESSAGE ( %E] LIB]T9ISM AS WELL AS SOCIAL LIB]ATION4 ,9 ,RABELAIS'S 0,ABBEY ( ,!LCME0 N>RATIVE1 ! MAXIM1 0,DO ,AS ,?\ ,WILT60 REMOV$ ALL RE/RA9T FROM ! MEMB]S ( ITS PLAYFUL ORD]1 :O W]E FREE TO RISE1 D9E1 LOVE1 & CULTIVATE ALL ! PLEASURES ( ! FLE% & ! M9D AS !Y *OSE4 

,! TE*NICAL LIMITS ( PA/ ]AS1 ! FACT ?AT PLEASURE C\LD R>ELY BE SEP>AT$ FROM P>ASITISM 9 A DEM&+ WORLD ( TOIL1 MADE ALL ( !SE MOVEM5TS & UTOPIAS ELITI/4 ,:AT ! ,BRE?R5 ( ! ,FREE ,SPIRIT /OLE FROM ! RI*1 ! RI*1 9 TURN1 TOOK FROM ! POOR4 ,:AT ! MEMB]S ( ! ,ABBEY ( ,!LEME 5JOY$ AS A MATT] ( RI<T WAS EXPROPRIAT$ FROM ! LABOR ( BUILD]S1 FOOD CULTIVATORS1 COOKS1 & ! GROOMS :O S]V$ !M4 ,NATURE WAS NOT B\NTIFUL1 IT WAS ASSUM$1 EXCEPT 9 A FEW USUALLY FAVOR$ >EAS ( ! WORLD4 ,EMANCIPATION ( ! S5SES WAS (T5 ASSUM$ BY ! POOR & !IR REVOLUTION>Y PROPHETS TO BE A RUL+ CLASS PRIVILEGE1 AL?\< IT WAS MORE WIDESPREAD 9 VILLAGES & T[NS ?AN WE HAVE BE5 L$ TO BELIEVE4 ,& EV5 ! OPPRESS$ HAD !IR DREAMS ( UTOPI/IC PLEASURES1 ( VISIONS :]E NATURE WAS 9DE$ B\NTIFUL & RIV]S FL[$ ) MILK & HONEY4 ,BUT ALWAYS ?IS M>VEL\S DISP5SATION WAS ! PRODUCT ( A BE+ O!R ?AN !MSELVES :O BE/[$ ! GIFT ( PL5TY UPON !M 9 ! =M ( A 0PROMIS$ L&0 -- BE IT DEITIES OR IRASCIBLE DEMONS RA!R ?AN TE*NOLOGY & NEW1 MORE EQUITABLE1 >RANGEM5TS ( WORK & DI/RIBUTION4 

,! GREATE/ ,UTOPIANS ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY REPRES5T A RADICAL *ANGE 9 ?IS TRADITIONAL MIX ( \TLOOKS &1 9 ?IS RESPEET!Y 9VITE \R ATT5TION4 ,ROB]T ,[5'S E>LY 09DU/RIAL VILLAGES10 :I* COMB9$ ! MO/ ADVANC$ TE*NOLOGIES ( ! TIME ) AGRICULTURE 9 HUMANLY SCAL$ COMMUNITIES W]E /RUCTUR$ >\ND ! TE*NOLOGICAL OPPORTUNITIES OP5$ BY ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,:E!R 0FIR/ NATURE0 IS B\NTIFUL OR NOT1 IT IS DE>LY 0SECOND NATURE0 OR HUMAN SOCIETY ?AT IS ECONOMICALLY PRODUCTIVE4 ,HUMANITY MAKES ITS [N SOCIAL UTOPIA RA!R ?AN AWAIT+ ITS MESSIANIC DELIV]Y FROM SUPRAHUMAN BE+S4 

,& IT DOES SO ?R\< ITS [N TE*NICAL +5UITY1 P[]S ( COOP]ATION1 & SOCIAL IMAG9ATION4 ,A TE*NOLOGICAL UTOPIANISM WAS TO DEVELOP A LIFE ( ITS [N1 TO BE SURE1 CULM9AT+ 9 ! PRES5T C5TURY ) ,H4,G4 ,WELLS'S TE*NOCRATICALLY ADM9I/]$ WORLD1 & GUID$ BY ,FRANCIS ,BACON'S 0,NEW ,ATLANTIS0 ( C5TURIES E>LI]1 A SKET*Y SCI5TI/IC UTOPIA ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY4 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS'S UTOPIA1 ON ! O!R H&1 WAS MORE >TISANAL & WI/FULLY M$IEVAL1 ALBEIT LIB]T>IAN TO ! CORE4 ,HIS 0,NEWS FROM ,NO:]E10 OV]?R[S CAPITALISM & RECREATES ! COMMUNE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES ) ITS PRIDE 9 CRAFTSMAN%IP1 ITS HUMAN SCALE1 & ITS COOP]ATIVE VALUES4 ,9DU/RY1 BY & L>GE1 GOES BY ! BO>D1 TOGE!R ) AU?ORITY1 & QUALITY PRODUCTION COMP5SATES = ANY GA9S PROVID$ BY ! MASS MANUFACTURE ( %ODDY GOODS4 

,MORRIS'S UTOPIA1 9 ?IS RESPECT1 IS A ROMANTIC ?R[BACK TO A WORLD ?AT WAS GONE =EV]1 BUT NOT ONE ?AT WAS LACK+ 9 LESSONS = HIS TIME & \RS4 ,! QUALITY ( PRODUCTION & >TI/RY ( ! >TISAN /ILL HAUNTS US AS A /&>D ( EXCELL5CE & A MEANS ( CONS]V+ GOODS = G5]ATIONS 9 :AT IS NOT A 0?R[-AWAY0 ECONOMY :OSE PRODUCTS >E TRANSI5T & 9SULT EV]Y CANON ( GOOD TA/E4 ,MORRIS'S VALUES W]E CLE>LY ECOLOGICAL ,!Y ADVANCE A MESSAGE ( HUMAN SCALE1 ! 9TEGRATION ( AGRICULTURE ) CRAFTS1 ! PRODUCTION ( LA/+1 TRULY >TI/IC WORKS1 & A NONHI]>*ICAL SOCIETY4 

,! UTOPI/ :O WAS TO MELD !SE SEEM+LY OPPOS+ TRADITIONS -- S5SU\SNESS ) M9D1 ! PRODUCTION ( LA/+ GOODS ) 9DU/RY1 ! BELIEF 9 A B\NTIFUL NATURE ) HUMAN ACTIVITY1 PLAY ) WORK -- WAS NEI!R A SOCIALI/ NOR AN IDLE VISION>Y1 NAMELY1 ,*>LES ,F\RI]1 :O TURN$ 79 HIS VIEW7 IMAG9ATION 9TO A SCI5CE & ,NEWTONIAN MODELS ( AN ORD]LY WORLD 9TO A COSMOLOGICAL FANTASY4 ,IT IS NOT IMPORTANT = ! PURPOSES ( \R DISCUSSION TO EXPLORE ,F\RI]'S S5SE ( MISSION & ! DEP? ( HIS SOCIAL PR9CIPLES4 ,HE WAS NOT ONLY NOT A SOCIALI/2 HE WAS NOT AN EGALIT>IAN4 ,HIS WORKS >E RIDDL$ ) CONTRADICTIONS1 HEFTY PREJUDICES1 & >E A TOTALLY FAIL$ 5DEAVOR TO MAKE HIS SY/EM ( 0PASSIONATE 9T]C\RSE0 9TO A MA!MATICAL SY/EM1 & TO 5LI/ ! SUPPORT ( ! P[]FUL & WEAL?Y TO E/ABLI% HIS IDEAL PHALAN/]IES -- 5ORM\S PALACES ?AT C\LD H\SE ! M9IMUM #a1#f#b PEOPLE ( SUITABLE & COMPLEM5T>Y DISPOSITIONS :O W\LD MAKE = EMOTIONALLY BALANC$ COMMUNITIES4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 HIS PHALAN/]Y WAS TO BE AS SELF-SUFFICI5T AS POSSIBLE ) WORK%OPS1 F>M+ L& SURR\ND+ IT1 RESID5CES1 $UCATIONAL C5T]S1 & BALLROOMS1 ALL L9K$ BY COV]$ GALL]IES TO PROTECT ! 9HABITANTS FROM 9CLEM5T WEA!R & GIVE !M EASY ACCESS TO EA* O!R4 

,:AT IS SIGNIFICANT AB\T ,F\RI]'S PHALAN/]Y IS NOT ITS /RUCTURAL PR9CIPLES1 BUT ! PR9CIPLES ?AT GUID$ ITS WAY ( LIFE1 MANY ( :I* W]E =MULAT$ 9 OPPOSITION TO ! MONOTONY ( 9DU/RIAL WORK1 ! PURITANICAL VALUES ( ! TIME1 ! BURD5 ( POV]TY ?AT WAS 9FLICT$ ON ! S5SES AS WELL AS ! BODY4 ,ACCORD+LY1 SEXUAL FRE$OM WAS TO WA% \T TRADITIONAL FAMILIAL 9HIBITIONS & PHILI/9E CONV5TIONS4 ,GOD RULES ! UNIV]SE BY ATTRACTION & NOT BY =CE4 ,?IS WAS A NOVEL VIEWPO9T1 9DE$1 A SOCIALLY REBELLI\S ONE4 ,RULE CONSI/S ( SELF-SATISFACTION NOT ( OB$I5CE TO AU?ORITY4 ,! ANSW] TO 9DU/RIAL DISCIPL9E IS ! DAILY ROTATION ( WORK 9T]SP]S$ BY P]SONAL DELI<TS = BODY & M9D1 MAGNIFIC5T CUIS9E TO SATISFY ! PALATE1 A GALL]Y ( HI<LY IMAG9ATIVE SUGGE/IONS = EAS+ LIFE1 & ! ALL-IMPORTANT BELIEF ?AT IRKSOME WORK C\LD BE TURN$ 9TO PLAY BY ADD+ *>M1 FE/IVITIES1 & ! COMPANY ( COMPLEM5T>Y PASSIONATE NATURES 9 ! =M ( C[ORK]S4 ,F\RI] !REBY TRI$ TO EFFACE ! DEM&+ 0REALM ( NECESSITY0 :I* HELD EV]YONE 9 YOKE TO TOIL1 & REPLACE IT ) ! >TFUL 0REALM ( FRE$OM0 :I* MADE EV5 H>D WORK A PLEASURABLE DESID]ATUM4 

,! 0,H>MONIAN ,WORLD0 ,F\RI] 5VISION$1 BAS$ ON ATTRACTION RA!R ?AN CO]CION1 BECAME A SOCIAL PROGRAM -- C]TA9LY = HIS ACOLYTES :O W]E TO GIVE IT A DI/9CTLY AN>*IC *>ACT] AFT] HIS DEA?4 ,!RE WAS NO CONTRADICTION 9 ,F\RI]'S M9D BETWE5 HUMAN >TIFICE & NATURAL FECUNDITY1 ANY MORE ?AN !RE WAS BETWE5 BODY & M9D1 PLAY & WORK1 FRE$OM & ORD]1 UNITY & DIV]SITY4 ,AS YET1 !SE W]E REBELLI\S 9TUITIONS ?AT A NATURALI/IC V]SION ( DIALECTIC HAS TO WORK \T1 ,F\RI]'S WRIT+S CONV]GE 9 TIME1 IF NOT 9 PLACE1 ) ,ROB]T ,[5'S 09DU/RIAL VILLAGE0 :I* REALI/ICALLY COMB9$ FACTORIES & WORK%OPS ) F>MS 9 FULLY 9TEGRAT$ COMMUNITIES1 A VISION ?AT WAS TO =M ! PROTOTYPE = ,KROPOTK9'S IDEA ( A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNITY4 

,BETWE5 ! CLOS+ YE>S ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ! MIDN9ETE5? C5TURY1 ! IDEALS ( FRE$OM HAD ACQUIR$ A SOLIDLY NATURALI/IC1 TE*NOLOGICALLY VIABLE1 & SOLIDLY MAT]IAL BASE4 ,H]E1 TOO1 WAS A REM>KABLE TURN+ PO9T 9 HI/ORY :5 HUMANITY1 BY :ATEV] ACTION1 MI<T WELL HAVE SW]V$ FROM A PA? ( M>KET-ORI5T$ & PR(IT-ORI5T$ EXPANSION TO ONE ( COMMUNITY-ORI5T$ & ECOLOGY-ORI5T$ H>MONY1 A H>MONY BETWE5 HUMAN & NON-HUMAN ?AT C\LD HAVE BE5 PROJECT$ BY VIRTUE ( A NEW S5SIBILITY 9TO A H>MONY BETWE5 HUMANITY & NATURE4 ,MORE SO ?AN ! LATT] HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 :5 SOCIETY BECAME 5GULF$ BY A DEGREE ( 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT WAS TOTALLY REMAK+ ! NATURAL WORLD1 IF NOT TURN+ IT 9 TIME 9TO A SYN!TIC ONE1 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! C5TURY WAS FILL$ ) ! PROMISE ( A NEW 9TEGRATION BETWE5 SOCIETY & NATURE & A COOP]ATIVE COMMONWEAL? ?AT W\LD HAVE SATISFI$ ! MO/ G5]\S IMPULSES T[>D FRE$OM4 ,?AT ?IS DID NOT OCCUR WAS DUE 9 NO SMALL MEASURE TO ! EXT5T TO :I* ! B\RGEOIS SPIRIT BEGAN TO 5FOLD ! ,EURO-,AM]ICAN MIX$ SOCIETY ( ! PA/ C5TURY -- &1 NO LESS SIGNIFICANTLY1 EV5 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT ( REMAK+ SOCIETY ?AT HAD F\ND SU* RI* EXPRESSION 9 ! ,UTOPIANS1 ! VISION>Y SOCIALI/S1 & ! AN>*I/S :O FOLL[$ 9 ! WAKE ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT HAD ACQUIR$ A RI*LY E?ICAL H]ITAGE1 A COMMITM5T TO RECONCIL+ ! DUALITIES ( M9D1 BODY1 & SOCIETY ?AT PITT$ REASON AGA9/ S5SUALITY1 WORK AGA9/ PLAY1 T[N AGA9/ C\NTRY1 & HUMANITY AGA9/ NATURE1 ,UTOPIAN & AN>*I/ ?\<T AT !IR BE/ SAW !SE CONTRADICTIONS CLE>LY & TRI$ TO OV]COME !M ) AN IDEAL ( FRE$OM BAS$ ON COMPLEM5T>ITY1 ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM1 & ! EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS4 ,! CONTRADICTIONS W]E SE5 AS EVID5CE ( A SOCIETY MIR$ 9 0EVIL10 9DE$1 AS A 0CIVILIZATION10 TO USE ,F\RI]'S WORD1 ?AT WAS TURN$ AGA9/ HUMANITY & CULTURE BY ! IRRATIONAL DIRECTIONS IT HAD FOLL[$ UP TO ! TIME4 ,REASON1 9 ITS P[] TO BE EMPLOY$ SPECULATIVELY BEYOND ! EXI/+ /ATE ( AFFAIRS1 WAS BECOM+ A CRUDE RATIONALISM1 :I* WAS BAS$ ON ! EFFICI5T EXPLOITATION ( LABOR & NATURAL RES\RCES4 ,SCI5CE1 9 ITS SE>*+ PROBE ( REALITY & ITS UND]LY+ ORD]1 WAS TURN+ 9TO A CULT ( SCI5TISM1 :I* WAS LITTLE MORE ?AN ! 9/RUM5TAL 5G9E]+ ( CONTROL OV] PEOPLE & NATURE4 ,TE*NOLOGY1 ) ITS PROMISE ( AMELIORAT+ LABOR1 WAS TURN+ 9TO A TE*NOCRATIC 5SEMBLE ( MEANS = EXPLOIT+ ! HUMAN & NONHUMAN WORLD4 

,! AN>*I/ !ORI/S & ! LIB]T>IAN UTOPI/S1 DESPITE !IR UND]/&ABLE BELIEF ?AT REASON1 SCI5CE1 & TE*NICS C\LD BE CREATIVE =CES = REMAK+ SOCIETY1 VOIC$ A COLLECTIVE PROTE/ AGA9/ ! R$UCTION ( !SE =CES TO PURELY 9/RUM5TAL 5DS4 ,!Y W]E ACUTELY AW>E1 AS WE CAN N[ SEE RETROSPECTIVELY FROM ! VANTAGE PO9T ( \R [N HI/ORICAL MALAISE1 ( ! RAPID TRANSITIONS ?R\< :I* ! C5TURY WAS GO+4 ,!IR FI]Y DEM&S = IMM$IATE *ANGE ALONG LIB]ATORY L9ES WAS P]MEAT$ BY A S5SE ( ANXIETY ?AT SOCIETY AS A :OLE WAS FAC$ ) 0EMB\RGEOISM5T10 TO USE ,BAKUN9'S WORD = ! REM>KABLY ANTICIPATORY FE>S & ! FATALISM ?AT GRIPP$ HIM 9 ! LA/ YE>S ( HIS LIFE4 

,CONTR>Y TO ! PHILI/9E JUDGM5TS ( ,G]ALD ,BR5AN & ,HOBSBAWN1 ! AN>*I/ EMPHASES ON 0PROPAG&A ( ! DE$0 W]E NOT PRIMITIVE ACTS ( VIOL5CE & M]E CA?>SIS 9 ! FACE ( PUBLIC PASSIVITY TO ! HORRORS ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM4 ,!Y W]E1 9 GREAT P>T1 ! PRODUCT ( A DESP]ATE 9SI<T 9TO ! FACT ?AT A HI/ORIC MOM5T 9 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T WAS BE+ LO/1 ONE :OSE LOSS W\LD PRODUCE IMM5SE OB/ACLES 9 ! FUTURE TO ! REALIZATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT4 ,IMBU$ ) E?ICAL & VISION>Y CONCEPTS1 !Y RI<TLY SAW !IR TIME AS ONE ?AT DEM&$ IMM$IATE HUMAN EMANCIPATION1 NOT AS ONE 0/AGE0 AMONG MANY 9 ! LONG HI/ORY ( HUMANITY'S EVOLUTION T[>D FRE$OM ) ITS 5DLESS 0PRECONDITIONS0 & TE*NOLOGICAL 0SUB/RUCTURES40 

,:AT DID AN>*I/ !ORI/S & LIB]T>IAN UTOPI/S DID NOT SEE IS ?AT IDEALS ( FRE$OM W]E !MSELVES FAC$ ) 0EMB\RGEOISM5T40 ,NO ONE1 P]HAPS NOT EV5 ,M>X HIMSELF :O PLAY$ SO IMPORTANT A ROLE 9 ?IS 9FECTION1 C\LD HAVE ANTICIPAT$ ?AT ! ATTEMPT TO MAKE ! EMANCIPATORY PROJECT 9TO A 0SCI5CE0 UND] ! RUBRIC ( 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM0 W\LD HAVE MADE IT EV5 MORE ( A 0DISMAL SCI5CE0 ?AN ECONOMICS2 9DE$1 ?AT IT W\LD DIVE/ IT ( ITS E?ICAL HE>T1 ITS VISION>Y SPIRIT1 & ITS ECOLOGICAL SUB/ANCE4 ,:AT IS NO LESS COMPELL+1 IS ?AT,M>X'S 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM0 WAS TO DEVELOP 9 T&EM ) ! B\RGEOISIE'S S9I/] UNDO+ ( ! V]Y OBJECTIVE AS WELL AS IDEOLOGICAL PREMISES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT BY JU/IFY+ ! ABSORPTION ( DEC5TRALIZ$ UNITS 9TO ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE1 CONF$]ALI/ VISIONS 9TO *AUV9I/IC NATIONS1 & HUMANLY SCAL$ TE*NOLOGIES 9TO ALL-DEV\R+ SY/EMS ( MASS PRODUCTION4 

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