,*APT] #c 
,TURN+ ,PO9TS 9 ,HI/ORY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,TURN+ ,PO9TS 9 ,HI/ORY 

  

,I HAVE TRI$ TO %[ H[ F> WE MU/ GO & H[ DEEPLY WE MU/ 5T] 9TO ! MO/ EV]YDAY ASPECTS ( \R LIVES 9 ORD] TO ROOT \T ! NOTION ( DOM9AT+ NATURE4 

,9 SO DO+1 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO EMPHASIZE ! EXT5T TO :I* ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN PREC$ES ! NOTION ( DOM9AT+ NATURE1 9DE$1 EV5 PREC$ES ! EM]G5CE ( CLASSES & ! ,/ATE4 ,I HAVE ASK$ -- & TRI$ TO ANSW] -- H[ HI]>*IES EM]G$1 :Y !Y EM]G$1 & ! WAY !Y BECAME 9CREAS+LY DIFF]5TIAT$ 9TO 9ITIALLY TEMPOR>Y &1 LAT]1 FIRMLY BAS$ /ATUS GR\PS1 &1 F9ALLY1 CLASSES & ! ,/ATE4 

,MY PURPOSE HAS BE5 TO LET !SE TR5DS UNFOLD FROM !IR [N 9N] LOGIC & EXAM9E ALL !IR NUANC$ =MS ALONG ! WAY4 ,! READ] HAS BE5 P]SI/5TLY REM9D$ ?AT HUMANITY & ITS SOCIAL ORIG9S >E NO LESS A PRODUCT ( NATURAL EVOLUTION ?AN O!R MAMMALS & !IR COMMUNITIES2 9DE$1 ?AT HUMAN BE+S CAN EXPRESS A CONSCI\S CREATIVITY 9 NATURE'S EVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T & CAN 5L>GE IT -- NOT >RE/ OR REV]SE IT4 

,:E!R HUMANITY WILL PLAY SU* A ROLE1 ,I HAVE CONT5D$1 DEP5DS UPON ! K9D ( SOCIETY ?AT EM]GES & ! S5SIBILITY SOCIETY FO/]S4 

,IT IS N[ IMPORTANT TO EXAM9E ?OSE TURN+ PO9TS 9 HI/ORY :I* C\LD HAVE L$ PEOPLE TO EI!R A*IEVE A RATIONAL1 ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 OR AN IRRATIONAL1 ANTI-ECOLOGICAL ONE4 

,! ,RISE ( ! ,W>RIORS 

  

,P]HAPS ! E>LIE/ *ANGE 9 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT VE]$ SOCIETY 9 A DIRECTION ?AT BECAME S]I\SLY H>MFUL1 BO? TO HUMANITY & ! NATURAL WORLD1 WAS ! HI]>*ICAL GR[? ( MALE'S CIVIL DOMA9 -- NAMELY1 ! RISE ( MALE G]ONTOCRACIES1 W>RIOR GR\PS1 >I/OCRATIC ELITES1 & ! ,/ATE4 ,TO R$UCE !SE HI<LY COMPLEX DEVELOPM5TS TO 0PATRI>*Y10 AS MANY WRIT]S >E PRONE TO DO1 IS AS NAIVE AS IT IS SIMPLI/IC4 0,M50 -- A G5]IC WORD ?AT IS AS VAGUE AS ! WORD 0HUMANITY0 & IGNORES ! OPPRESSION ( M5 BY M5 AS WELL AS ( WOM5 BY M5 -- DID NOT SIMPLY 0TAKE OV]0 SOCIETY4 ,NOR DID ! MALE'S CIVIL SOCIETY SIMPLY SUBV]T WOMAN'S DOME/IC WORLD ?R\< 9VASIONS BY PATRI>*AL ,9DO-,EUROPEAN & ,SEMITIC PA/ORALI/S1 IMPORTANT AS !SE 9VASIONS MAY HAVE BE5 9 ! SUBJUGATION ( MANY E>LY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES4 ,! EMPHASIS ( C]TA9 ECO-FEM9I/S1 MY/ICS1 & ,*RI/IAN OR PAGAN ACOLYTES ON ?IS 0TAKE-OV]0 & 09VASIONS0 !ORY SIMPLY CREATES ANO!R UNRESOLV$ MY/]Y3 H[ DID DRAMATIC *ANGES1 LIKE ! EM]G5CE ( PATRI>*Y1 OCCUR 9 ! PA/ORAL SOCIETIES ?AT DID ! 9VAD+8 ,WE HAVE EVID5CE ?AT ! RISE ( ! MALE CIVIL DOMA9 ) ITS CONC]N = 9T]TRIBAL AFFAIRS & W>F>E GA9$ ASC5DANCY SL[LY & ?AT SOME PA/ORAL COMMUNITIES W]E ORI5T$ T[>D WOM5 9 SU* /RATEGIC >EAS AS DESC5T & ! 9H]ITANCE ( PROP]TY1 H[EV] MU* !SE COMMUNITIES W]E L$ BY BELLICOSE W>RIORS4 

,9 MANY CASES1 ! MALE'S CIVIL DOMA9 DEVELOP$ SL[LY & PROBABLY GA9$ IMPORTANCE ) 9CREASES 9 NEI<BOR+ POPULATIONS4 ,M5 W]E1 9 FACT1 NE$$ TO PROTECT ! COMMUNITY AS A :OLE -- 9CLUD+ ITS WOM5 -- FROM O!R M>AUD+ M54 ,W>F>E MAY HAVE EV5 EM]G$ OR DEVELOP$ AMONG SEEM+LY 0PACIFIC0 & MATRIC5TRIC HORTICULTURAL COMMUNITIES :I* TRI$ TO EXPEL MORE PRI/9E HUNT+1 & GA!R+ PEOPLES FROM WOODL&S ?AT LAT] W]E TURN$ 9TO F>M L&S4 ,LET US BE QUITE FRANK AB\T ?IS3 MATRIC5TRIC OR PACIFIC AS E>LY F>M+ COMMUNITIES MAY HAVE BE51 !Y PROBABLY W]E V]Y W>LIKE 9 ! EYES ( ! HUNT]S !Y MANAG$ TO DISPLACE -- ?AT IS1 ?OSE HUNT+ PEOPLES & CULTURES ?AT W]E BY NO MEANS PR$ISPOS$ TO AB&ON !IR FREE-RANG+ WAYS & TAKE UP FOOD CULTIVATION4 ,! /ATEM5TS ( ! GREAT ,9DIAN ORATORS1 ! WORDS ( ,WOVOKA1 ! ,PAIUTE ,9DIAN MESSIAH ( ! LATE N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,<O/ ,DANCE1 ON PL[ AGRICULTURE1 >E /ILL EVOCATIVE ( ?IS M5TALITY3 0,%ALL ,I PLUNGE A BLADE 9TO ! BREA/ ( MY MO!R1 ! ,E>?80 

,BUT !RE CAN BE LITTLE D\BT ?AT ! SL[ %IFT FROM RULE BY ! ELD]LY1 LAT] ! OLDE/ MALE OR PATRI>*1 ! *ANGE FROM ! 9FLU5CE ( ANIMI/IC %AMANS TO DEITY WOR%IP+ PRIE/HOODS1 & ! RISE ( W>RIOR GR\PS ?AT F9ALLY CULM9AT$ 9 SUPREME MON>*S ALL =M$ A MAJOR TURN+ PO9T 9 HI/ORY T[>D DOM9ATION1 CLASSES1 & ! EM]G5CE ( ! ,/ATE4 ,!RE IS ! POSSIBILITY ?AT MATRIC5TRIC COMMUNITIES ( VILLAG]S MI<T HAVE %AP$ A PA?WAY ( AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T *>ACT] = HUMANITY AS A :OLE4 ,BAS$ ON G>D5+1 SIMPLE TOOLS1 USUFRUCT1 ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM1 COMPLEM5T>ITY1 & SO-CALL$ FEM99E VALUES ( C>E & NURTURE 7:I*1 9 ANY CASE1 HAVE BE5 ) US 9 ! SOCIALIZATION ( !IR *ILDR5 UP TO REC5T TIMES71 SOCIETY MI<T HAVE TAK5 A RELATIVELY B5IGN TURN 9 HI/ORY4 ,! CONC]N ?AT MO!RS NORMALLY %>E ) !IR Y\NG MI<T HAVE BE5 G5]ALIZ$ 9TO A CONC]N ?AT PEOPLE C\LD HAVE %>$ ) EA* O!R4 ,TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T BAS$ ON LIMIT$ WANTS C\LD HAVE CONT9U$ V]Y SL[LY 9TO 9CREAS+LY MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ SOCIAL =MS & CULTURAL LIFE C\LD HAVE BE5 ELABORAT$ ) CONSID]ABLE S5SITIVITY4 

,:E!R UNAVOIDABLE OR NOT1 ! FACT REMA9S ?AT ?IS =K 9 ! ROAD ( E>LY HI/ORY WAS TO BE M>K$ BY A TURN TO PATRI>*AL1 PRIE/LY1 MON>*ICAL1 & /ATI/ L9ES1 NOT ALONG MATRIC5TRIC & NONHI]>*ICAL L9ES4 ,W>RIOR VALUES ( COMBAT1 CLASS DOM9ATION1 & /ATE RULE W]E TO =M ! BASIC 9FRA/RUCTURE ( ALL 0CIVILIZ$ DEVELOPM5T NO LESS 9 ,ASIA ?AN 9 ,EUROPE & NO LESS 9 L>GE >EAS ( ! ,NEW ,WORLD1 LIKE ,MEXICO & ! ,&ES1 ?AN 9 ! ,OLD ,WORLD4 

,! WI/FUL ATTEMPTS BY MANY PEOPLE 9 ! ECOLOGY & FEM9I/ MOVEM5TS TO RETURN1 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 TO A PRESUMABLY UNTR\BL$ ,NEOLI?IC VILLAGE WORLD >E UND]/&ABLE 9 ! FACE ( 0CIVILIZATION'S0 MORE NI<TM>I% RESULTS4 ,BUT !IR IMAG]Y ( ?IS DI/ANT WORLD & !IR GR[+ HATR$ ( CIVILIZATION AS SU* LEAVES ROOM = CONSID]ABLE D\BT4 

,C]TA9LY1 IT IS NOT LIKELY ?AT PRI/9E HUNT+ & GA!R+ COMMUNITIES HAD MORE LOVE = EQUALLY PRI/9E G>D5+ SOCIETIES ?AN A ,WOVOKA1 :E!R OR NOT !Y %>$ A BELIEF 9 ! SAME ,MO!R ,GODDESS4 ,NOR IS IT LIKELY ?AT1 ) GR[+ POPULATION1 G>D5+ SOCIETIES C\LD HAVE RETA9$ ! T5D] S5TIM5TS CELEBRAT$ BY ! MORE ATAVI/IC FEM9I/S ( \R DAY4 ,PATRIC5TRIC PA/ORALI/S & SEA 9VAD]S MAY HAVE TELESCOP$ A DEVELOPM5T ?AT MI<T HAVE BE5 MORE B5IGN1 TO BE SURE1 BUT IT W\LD HAVE BE5 ONE ?AT WAS DIFFICULT TO AVOID4 ,IF 0CIVILIZATION0 WAS CONCEIV$ 9 0ORIG9AL S9 0 IT WAS PROBABLY A 0S90 OR EVIL ?AT PITT$ FOOD CULTIVATORS AGA9/ HUNT]S 7BO? ( :OM MAY HAVE BE5 MATRIC5TRIC & ANIMI/IC7 &1 MU* LAT]1 PA/ORALI/S AGA9/ FOOD CULTIVATORS4 

,9 ANY CASE1 !RE WAS A GREAT DEAL 9 TRIBAL & VILLAGE SOCIETY -- BE IT COMPOS$ ( HUNT]S OR FOOD CULTIVATORS -- ?AT NE$$ REM$Y+4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 TRIBAL & VILLAGE SOCIETIES >E NOTORI\SLY P>O*IAL1 ,A %>$ DESC5T1 BE IT FICTIONAL OR REAL1 LEADS TO AN EXCLUSION ( ! /RANG] -- EXCEPT1 P]HAPS1 :5 CANONS ( HOSPITALITY >E 9VOK$4 ,AL?\< ! RULES ( EXOGAMY & ! IMP]ATIVES ( TRADE T5D TO FO/] ALLIANCES BETWE5 ! 09SID]0 & 0\TSID]0 ( A TRIBAL & VILLAGE COMMUNITY1 AN 0\TSID]0 CAN BE KILL$ SUMM>ILY BY AN 09SID]40 ,RULES ( RETRIBUTION = !FT1 ASSAULT1 & MURD] APPLY EXCLUSIVELY TO ! 09SID]0 & HIS OR H] RELATIVES1 NOT TO ANY AU?ORITY ?AT EXI/S AP>T FROM ! COMMON DESC5T GR\P4 

,TRIBAL & VILLAGE SOCIETIES1 9 EFFECT1 >E V]Y CLOS$ SOCIETIES -- CLOS$ TO \TSID]S UNLESS !Y >E NE$$ = !IR SKILLS1 TO REPOPULATE ! COMMUNITY AFT] CO/LY W>S & LE?AL EPIDEMICS1 OR AS A RESULT ( M>RIAGE4 ,& !Y >E CLOS$ SOCIETIES NOT ONLY TO \TSID]S1 BUT (T5 TO CULTURAL & TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATIONS4 ,:ILE MANY CULTURAL TRAITS MAY SPREAD SL[LY FROM ONE TRIBAL & VILLAGE COMMUNITY TO ANO!R1 SU* COMMUNITIES T5D TO BE HI<LY CONS]VATIVE 9 !IR VIEW ( BASIC 9NOVATIONS4 ,= BETT] OR WORSE1 TRADITIONAL LIFEWAYS T5D TO BECOME DEEPLY 5TR5*$ ) ! PASS+ ( TIME4 ,UNLESS !Y >E DEVELOP$ LOCALLY1 NEW TE*NOLOGIES T5D TO BE RESI/$ -- = UND]/&ABLE REASONS1 TO BE SURE1 IF ONE BE>S 9 M9D ! SOCIALLY DISRUPTIVE EFFECTS !Y MAY HAVE ON TIME-HONOR$ CU/OMS & 9/ITUTIONS4 ,BUT ! H>% FACT IS ?AT ?IS CONS]VATISM MAKES A TRIBAL & VILLAGE COMMUNITY HI<LY VULN]ABLE TO CONTROL1 9DE$1 TO ]ADICATION BY O!R COMMUNITIES ?AT HAVE MORE EFFECTIVE TE*NOLOGICAL DEVICES4 

,A SECOND TR\BL+ FEATURE ( TRIBAL & VILLAGE SOCIETIES IS !IR CULTURAL LIMITATIONS4 ,!SE >E NOT SOCIETIES ?AT >E LIKELY TO DEVELOP COMPLEX SY/EMS ( WRIT+1 H5CE ! T]MS 0NONLIT]ATE & 0PRELIT]ATE0 ?AT >E US$ BY MANY AN?ROPOLOGI/S TO DESIGNATE !M4 ,TODAY1 :5 IRRATIONALISM1 MY/ICISM1 & PRIMITIVISM HAVE BECOME RA!R FA%IONABLE AMONG AFFLU5T MIDDLE-CLASS PEOPLE 7IRONICALLY1 ?R\< WRITT5 WORKS71 ! 9ABILITY ( NONLIT]ATE PEOPLE TO MA9TA9 A RECORD$ HI/ORY & CULTURE1 OR TO COMMUNICATE ?R\< PICTOGRAPHS1 IS REG>D$ AS A PRI/9E BLESS+4 ,?AT ! ABS5CE ( ALPHABETIC WRIT+1 9 FACT1 NOT ONLY SEV]ELY LIMIT$ ! SCOPE ( ! CULTURAL L&SCAPE ( E>LY TIMES BUT EV5 FO/]$ HI]>*Y1 IS EASILY OV]LOOK$4 ,KN[L$GE ( LORE1 ANCE/RAL TIES1 RITUALS1 & SURVIVAL TE*NIQUES BECAME ! SPECIAL PRES]VE ( ! ELD]LY :O1 ?R\< EXP]I5CE1 ROTE LE>N+1 OR BO?1 W]E /RATEGICALLY POSITION$ TO MANIPULATE Y\NG] PEOPLE4 

,G]ONTOCRACY1 9 MY VIEW ! E>LIE/ =M ( HI]>*Y1 BECAME POSSIBLE BECAUSE Y\NG PEOPLE HAD TO CONSULT !IR ELD]S = KN[L$GE4 ,NO SCROLLS OR BOOKS W]E AVAILABLE TO REPLACE ! WISDOM 9SCRIB$ ON ! BRA9S ( OLD] PEOPLE4 ,ELD]S US$ !IR MONOPOLY ( KN[L$GE ) TELL+ EFFECT TO E/ABLI% ! E>LIE/ =M ( RULE 9 PREHI/ORY4 ,PATRI>*Y ITSELF [ES A GOOD DEAL ( P[] TO ! KN[L$GE :I* ! ELDE/ MALE ( A CLAN COMM&$ BY VIRTUE ( ! EXP]I5CE CONF]R$ UPON HIM BY AGE4 ,WRIT+ C\LD EASILY HAVE DEMOCRATIZ$ SOCIAL EXP]I5CE & CULTURE -- A FACT %REWDLY KN[N TO RUL+ ELITES & ESPECIALLY TO PRIE/HOODS1 :O RETA9$ /R+5T CONTROL OV] LIT]ACY & CONF9$ A KN[L$GE ( WRIT+ TO CL]KS OR CL]ICS4 

,A L>GE LIT]ATURE HAS EM]G$1 TODAY1 ?AT MY/IFIES PRIMITIVISM4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO REM9D ?9K+ PEOPLE ?AT HUMANITY WAS NOT BORN 9TO A ,HOBBESIAN WORLD ( A W> ( 0ALL AGA9/ ALL02 ?AT ! TWO SEXES W]E ONCE COMPLEM5T>Y TO EA* O!R CULTURALLY AS WELL AS ECONOMICALLY2 ?AT DISACCUMULATION1 GIFT-GIV+1 ! IRR$UCIBLE'M9IMUM1 & SUB/ANTIVE EQUALITY =M$ ! BASIC NORMS ( E>LY ORGANIC SOCIETIES2 ?AT HUMANITY LIV$ 9 A H>MONI\S RELATION%IP ) NATURE BECAUSE IT LIV$ 9 A CONDITION ( 9T]NAL SOCIAL H>MONY )9 ! SAME COMMUNITY4 ,H[EV]1 WE CANNOT IGNORE ?AT ?IS 9NOC5T WORLD1 VULN]ABLE TO 9T]NAL T5D5CIES T[>D HI]>*Y AS WELL AS 9VAD]S :O PLAC$ !M 9 SUBJUGATION TO W>RIOR ELITES1 HAD MAJOR FLAWS ?AT KEPT HUMANS FROM ! FULL REALIZATION ( !IR POT5TIALITIES4 

,! IDEA ( A %>$ HUMANITAS1 ?AT C\LD BR+ PEOPLE ( E?NICALLY1 EV5 TRIBALLY1 DIV]SE BACKGR\NDS TOGE!R 9 ! COMMON PROJECT ( BUILD+ A FULLY COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY = ALL TO 5JOY1 DID NOT EXI/4 ,TRIBAL CONF$]ATIONS C]TA9LY =M$ OV] TIME1 (T5 TO MITIGATE BLOODY 9T]TRIBAL W>F>E & = EXPANSIONI/ PURPOSES TO DISPLACE 0O!R0 PEOPLE ( !IR L&4 ,! ,IROQUOIS ,CONF$]ACY IS P]HAPS ONE ( ! MO/ CELEBRAT$ EXAMPLES ( 9T]TRIBAL COOP]ATION BAS$ ON /RONG DEMOCRATIC TRADITIONS4 ,BUT IT WAS A ,CONF$]ACY ?AT WAS 5TIRELY FOCUS$ ON ITS [N 9T]E/S1 = ALL ITS M]ITS4 ,9DE$1 IT E>N$ ! BITT] HATR$ ( ! O!R ,9DIAN PEOPLES LIKE ! ,HURONS & ! ,ILL9OIS1 :OSE L&S IT 9VAD$ & :OSE COMMUNITIES IT RAVAG$4 

,! ,EM]G5CE ( ! ,CITY 

  

,AFT] ! %IFT FROM A MATRIC5TRIC TO A PATRIC5TRIC W>RIOR PA?WAY ( DEVELOPM5T1 ! NEXT MAJOR TURN+ PO9T WE 5C\NT] HI/ORICALLY IS ! EM]G5CE & DEVELOPM5T ( ! CITY4 ,! CITY WAS TO =M AN 5TIRELY NEW SOCIAL >5A -- A T]RITORIAL >5A 9 :I* ONE'S PLACE ( RESID5CE & ECONOMIC 9T]E/S /EADILY REPLAC$ ONE'S ANCE/RAL AFF9ITIES BAS$ ON BLOOD TIES4 

,! RADICAL NATURE ( ?IS %IFT & ITS IMPACT ON HI/ORY >E DIFFICULT TO APPRECIATE TODAY4 ,URBANITY IS SO MU* A P>T ( MOD]N SOCIAL LIFE ?AT IT IS SIMPLY TAK5 = GRANT$4 ,MOREOV]1 SO MU* EMPHASIS HAS BE5 PLAC$ ON ! EXT5T TO :I* ! CITY ACCEL]AT$ CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T 7WRIT+1 >T1 RELIGION1 PHILOSOPHY1 & SCI5CE7 & ! IMPETUS IT GAVE TO ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T 7TE*NOLOGY1 CLASSES1 & ! DIVISION ( LABOR BETWE5 CRAFTS & AGRICULTURE7 ?AT WE (T5 FAIL TO /RESS ! NEW K9DS ( HUMAN ASSOCIATION URBANITY PRODUC$4 

,P]HAPS = ! FIR/ TIME1 SO F> AS WE CAN JUDGE1 HUMAN BE+S W]E ABLE TO 9T]ACT ) EA* O!R ) RELATIVELY LITTLE REG>D = !IR ANCE/RAL & BLOOD TIES4 ,! NOTION ?AT PEOPLE W]E BASICALLY ALIKE1 IRRESPECTIVE ( !IR TRIBAL & VILLAGE ANCE/RY1 BEGAN TO GA9 ASC5DANCY OV] !IR E?NIC DIFF]5CES4 ,! CITY 9CREAS+LY REPLAC$ !  
BIOLOGICAL FACT ( L9EAGE1 & ! ACCID5T ( BIR? 9TO A P>TICUL> K9 GR\P1 BY ! SOCIAL FACT ( RESID5CE & ECONOMIC 9T]E/S4 ,PEOPLE W]E NOT SIMPLY BORN 9TO A DI/9CT SOCIAL CONDITION2 9 V>Y+ DEGREES !Y C\LD BEG9 TO *OOSE & *ANGE !IR SOCIAL CONDITION4 ,SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS & ! DEVELOPM5T ( A PURELY HUMAN ECUM5E CAME TO ! =EGR\ND ( SOCIETY & GRADUALLY $G$ ! FOLK COMMUNITY 9TO ! BACKGR\ND ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,K9%IP RETREAT$ MORE & MORE 9TO ! PRIVATE REALM ( FAMILY AFFAIRS1 & FAD+ CLAN-TYPE RELATIONS BEGAN TO %R9K 9TO ! N>R[] EXT5D$ FAMILY ( IMM$IATE RELATIVES RA!R ?AN A F>-FLUNG SY/EM ( CLAN 0C\S9S40 

,:AT IS VA/LY IMPORTANT AB\T ! NEW SOCIAL DISP5SATION CREAT$ BY ! CITY WAS ! FACT ?AT ! /RANG] OR 0\TSID]0 C\LD N[ F9D A SECURE PLACE 9 A L>GE COMMUNITY ( HUMAN BE+S4 ,9ITIALLY1 ?IS NEW PLACE DID NOT CONF] EQUALITY ON ! 0\TSID]40 ,DESPITE ITS AV[$ OP5NESS TO RESID5T ALI5S1 ,P]IKLEAN ,A!NS1 = EXAMPLE1 R>ELY GAVE !M CITIZ5%IP & ! RI<T TO PLEAD !IR C\RT CASES1 EXCEPT ?R\< ! VOICES ( ,A!NIAN CITIZ5S4 ,BUT E>LY CITIES DID PROVIDE /RANG]S ) 9CREAS$ PROTECTION FROM ABUSE BY ! 09SID]40 ,9 MANY CASES ( NEWLY EM]G+ CITIES1 A COMPROMISE WAS /RUCK BETWE5 TRIBAL VALUES BAS$ ON BLOOD TIES & SOCIAL VALUES BAS$ ON ! REALITIES ( RESID5CE 9 :I* ! 0\TSID]0 ACQUIR$ BASIC RI<TS ?AT TRIBAL SOCIETY R>ELY CONF]R$1 :ILE RE/RICT+ CITIZ5%IP TO ! 09SID]0 & GIV+ HIM A WID] LATITUDE ( CIVIL RI<TS4 

,EV5 MORE ?AN HOSPITALITY1 !N1 ! CITY (F]$ ! 0\TSID]0 DE FACTO OR DE JURE JU/ICE -- BUT IT DID SO 9 ! =M ( PROTECTION PROVID$ BY A MON>* &1 9 LAT] YE>S1 BY WRITT5 LAW CODES4 ,M9IMALLY1 BO? ! 0\TSID]0 & ! 09SID]0 W]E N[ SE5 AS HUMAN BE+S ) A %>$ BODY ( RI<TS1 NOT SIMPLY AS MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE 9 !IR HUMANITY & NE$S4 ,) ! RISE & DEVELOPM5T ( ! CITY1 ! G]M9AL IDEA ?AT ALL PEOPLE W]E 9 A C]TA9 S5SE ONE PEOPLE1 CAME TO FRUITION & A*IEV$ A NEW HI/ORIC UNIV]SALITY4 

,I DO NOT WI% TO SUGGE/ ?AT ?IS 5ORM\S /EP 9 DEVELOP+ ! IDEA ( A COMMON HUMANITAS OCCURR$ OV]NI<T OR ?AT IT WAS NOT ACCOMPANI$ BY SOME V]Y QUE/IONABLE *ANGES 9 ! HUMAN CONDITION1 AS WE %ALL SEE %ORTLY4 ,P]HAPS ! MO/ LIB]AL CITIES LIKE ! ,GREEK POLEIS1 P>TICUL>LY DEMOCRATIC ,A!NS1 CEAS$ TO CONF] CITIZ5%IP ON RESID5T ALI5S1 AS ,I HAVE NOT$1 9 ,P]IKLES'S TIME4 ,SOLON1 A C5TURY OR SO E>LI]1 HAD 9DE$ FREELY & OP5LY GRANT$ CITIZ5%IP TO ALL =EIGN]S :O BR\<T SKILLS NE$$ BY ,A!NS FROM ABROAD4 ,P]IKLES1 ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC ( ! ,A!NIAN LEAD]S1 REGRETTABLY AB&ON$ ,SOLON'S LIB]ALITY & MADE CITIZ5%IP A PRIVILEGE = M5 ( PROV5 ,A!NIAN ANCE/RY4 

,TRIBALI/IC BELIEFS & 9/ITUTIONS ALSO P]MEAT$ E>LY CITIES4 ,!Y L+]$ ON 9 ! =M ( HI<LY >*AIC RELIGI\S VIEWS3 ! DEIFICATION ( ANCE/ORS1 FOLL[$ BY TRIBAL *IEFS :O EV5TUALLY BECOME DIV9E MON>*S2 PATRI>*AL AU?ORITY 9 DOME/IC LIFE2 & FEUDAL >I/OCRACIES ?AT W]E 9H]IT$ FROM VILLAGE SOCIETIES ( ! LATE ,NEOLI?IC & ,BRONZE ,AGES4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 9 ,A!NS & ,ROME1 ! TRIBAL & VILLAGE ASSEMBLY =M ( DECISION-MAK+ WAS NOT ONLY RETA9$ BUT REVITALIZ$ &1 9 ,A!NS AT LEA/1 GIV5 SUPREME AU?ORITY DUR+ ! ,P]IKLEAN ]A4 

,! CITY EXI/$ 9 T5SION ) !SE BELIEFS & 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IT CONT9UALLY TRI$ TO REWORK TRADITIONAL RELIGIONS 9TO CIVIC ONES ?AT FO/]$ LOYALTY TO ! CITY4 ,! P[] ( ! NOBILITY WAS /EADILY ]OD$ & ?AT ( ! PATRI>* TO COMM& ! LIVES ( HIS SONS WAS REPEAT$LY *ALL5G$ 9 ORD] TO BR+ Y\NG M5 9TO ! S]VICE CIVIC 9/ITUTIONS1 SU* AS ! BUREAUCRACY & ! >MY4 

,?IS T5SION NEV] COMPLETELY DISAPPE>$4 ,9DE$1 IT =M$ ON-GO+ DRAMA ( CIVIC POLITICS = NE>LY ?REE ?\S& YE>S & SURFAC$ 9 SU* VIOL5T CONFLICTS AS ! ATTEMPTS BY M$IEVAL T[NS TO SUBDUE OV]BE>+ T]RITORIAL NOBLES & BI%OPS4 ,CITIES S\<T BR+ RATIONALITY1 A MEASURE ( IMP>TIAL JU/ICE1 A COSMOPOLITAN CULTURE & GREAT] 9DIVIDUALITY TO A WORLD ?AT WAS P]MEAT$ BY MY/ICISM >BITR>Y P[]1 P>O*IALISM1 & ! SUBORD9ATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ! COMM& ( >I/OCRATIC & RELIGI\S ELITES4 

,LEGALLY1 AT LEA/1 ! CITY DID NOT ATTA9 CIVIC MATURITY UNTIL ! ,EMP]OR ,C>ACALLA 9 ! ?IRD C5TURY ,C,E PROCLAIM$ ALL FREE M5 9 ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE CITIZ5S ( ,ROME4 ,C>ACALLA'S MOTIVES MAY BE JU/LY REG>D$ ) SUSPICION3 HE WAS PAT5TLY 9T]E/$ 9 EXP&+ ! EMPIRE'S TAX BASE TO MEET RIS+ IMP]IAL CO/S4 ,BUT EV5 AS A LEGAL GE/URE1 ?IS ACT CREAT$ A WORLDLY S5SE ?AT ALL HUMAN BE+S1 EV5 SLAVES1 BELONG$ TO ! SAME SPECIES -- ?AT M5 & WOM5 W]E ONE1 IRRESPECTIVE ( !IR E?NIC BACKGR\ND1 WEAL?1 OCCUPATIONS1 OR /ATION 9 LIFE4 ,! NOTION ( A VA/ HUMAN ECUM5E HAD RECEIV$ LEGITIMATION ON A SCALE ?AT WAS UNKN[N 9 ! PA/1 EXCEPT 9 PHILOSOPHY & C]TA9 RELIGIONS -- ,JUDAISM1 NO LESS ?AN ,*RI/IANITY4 

,C>ACALLA'S $ICT1 TO BE SURE1 DID NOT DISSOLVE ! P>O*IAL B>RI]S ?AT /ILL DIVID$ DIFF]+ E?NIC GR\PS1 T[NS1 & VILLAGES4 ,9L&1 NE> ! FRONTI]S ( ! ,EMPIRE & BEYOND1 !SE DIFF]5CES W]E AS /RONG AS !Y HAD BE5 = MILL5NIA4 ,BUT ! $ICT1 LAT] RE9=C$ BY ,*RI/IANITY'S VISION ( A UNIFI$ WORLD UND] ! RULE ( A S+LE CREATOR-DEITY & A COMMITM5T TO 9DIVIDUAL FREE WILL1 SET A NEW /&>D = HUMAN AFF9ITY ?AT C\LD ONLY HAVE EM]G$ ) ! CITY & ITS 9CREAS+LY COSMOPOLITAN1 RATIONALI/IC1 & 9DIVIDUALI/IC VALUES4 ,IT IS NOT ACCID5TAL ?AT ,AUGU/9E'S MO/ FAM\S TRACT 9 DEF5SE ( ,*RI/IANITY WAS CALL$ ! ,CITY ( ,GOD & ?AT ! ,*RI/IAN FA!RS W]E TO LOOK AS LONG+LY T[>D ! CITY ( ,J]USALEM AS DID ! ,JEWS4 

,! SWEEP+ SOCIAL DISP5SATION 9ITIAT$ BY ! CITY WAS NOT A*IEV$ )\T ! LOSS ( MANY PR(\NDLY IMPORTANT ATTRIBUTES ( TRIBAL & E>LY VILLAGE LIFE4 ,! COMMUNAL [N]%IP ( L& & ( SO-CALL$ NATURAL RES\RCES GAVE WAY TO PRIVATE [N]%IP4 ,CLASSES1 ?OSE CATEGORIES BAS$ ON ! [N]%IP & MANAGEM5T ( !SE 0RES\RCES10 CRY/ALLIZ$ \T ( MORE TRADITIONAL /ATUS HI]>*IES 9TO ECONOMIC ONES1 SO ?AT SLAVES /OOD OPPOS$ TO MA/]S1 PLEBIANS TO PATRICIANS1 S]FS TO LORDS1 &1 LAT]1 PROLET>IANS TO CAPITALI/S4 

,NOR DID E>LI] & MORE BASIC HI]>*IES /RUCTUR$ >\ND /ATUS GR\PS LIKE G]ONTOCRACIES1 PATRI>*IES1 *IEFDOMS1 &1 9 TIME1 BUREAUCRACIES1 DISAPPE>4 ,AS L>GELY /ATUS GR\PS1 !Y =M$ ! HIDD5 BASES = MORE VISIBLE & /ORMY CLASS RELATION%IPS4 ,9DE$1 /ATUS GR\PS W]E SIMPLY TAK5 = GRANT$ AS A 0NATURAL0 /ATE ( AFFAIRS SO ?AT ! Y\NG1 WOM51 ! SONS1 & ! COMMON MASSES ( PEOPLE BEGAN TO 5T] UN?9K+LY 9TO COMPLICITY ) !IR [N ELITES4 ,HI]>*Y1 9 EFFECT1 BECAME EMB$D$ 9 ! HUMAN UNCONSCI\S :ILE CLASSES1 :OSE LEGITIMACY WAS MORE EASY TO *ALL5GE BECAUSE ( ! VISIBILITY ( EXPLOITATION1 CAME TO ! =EGR\ND ( AN EMBATTL$ & BITT]LY DIVID$ HUMANITY4 

,VIEW$ FROM ITS NEGATIVE SIDE1 !N1 ! CITY CONSOLIDAT$ PRIVATIZATION ( PROP]TY 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R3 CLASS /RUCTURES1 QUASI-/ATI/ OR FULLY DEVELOP$ /ATI/ 9/ITUTIONS4 ,A T5SION BETWE5 ADVANCES A*IEV$ BY ! EM]G5CE ( ! CITY & ! LOSS ( C]TA9 >*AIC BUT DEEPLY *]I%$ VALUES1 9CLUD+ USUFRUCT1 COMPLEM5T>ITY1 & ! PR9CIPLE ( ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM1 RAIS$ A PUZZL+ ISSUE 9 HUMAN DEVELOPM5T ?AT C\LD PROP]LY BE CALL$ ! 0SOCIAL QUE/ION40 ,?IS PHRASE1 ONCE SO POPUL> AMONG RADICAL !ORI/S1 REF]R$ TO ! FACT ?AT 0CIVILIZATION10 DESPITE ITS MANY F>-REA*+ ADVANCES1 HAS NEV] BE5 FULLY RATIONAL & FREE ( EXPLOITATION4 ,TO USE ?IS PHRASE MORE EXPANSIVELY1 H]E1 & ) A MORE E?ICAL MEAN+1 ONE MI<T SAY ?AT ALL ( HUMANITY'S EXTRAORD9>Y GA9S UND] 0CIVILIZATION0 HAVE ALWAYS BE5 TA9T$ BY ! 0EVIL0 ( HI]>*Y4 

,EVIL WAS NOT A WORD ?AT ,M>X WAS WONT TO USE :5 HE TRI$ TO TURN ! CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM 9TO AN 0OBJECTIVE0 SCI5CE1 FRE$ ( ALL MORAL CONNOTATIONS4 ,BUT IT IS TO ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9'S CR$IT ?AT 0EVIL0 WAS 9DE$ A CONDITION TO BE RECKON$ ) 9 HIS ?9K+ & HE QUITE PROP]LY TRI$ TO %[ ?AT MANY SOCIAL *ANGES1 H[EV] 0NECESS>Y0 OR UNAVOIDABLE !Y SEEM$ 9 !IR [N TIME1 TURN$ 9TO AN 0EVIL0 9 ! OV]ALL DRAMA ( HI/ORY4 ,9 HIS ,F$]ALISM1 ,SOCIALISM1 & ,ANTI-,!OLOGISM1 ,BAKUN9 OBS]VES3 0,& ,I DO NOT HESITATE TO SAY ?AT ! ,/ATE IS AN EVIL BUT IS A HI/ORICALLY NECESS>Y EVIL1 AS NECESS>Y 9 ! PA/ AS ITS COMPLETE EXT9CTION WILL BE NECESS>Y SOON] OR LAT]1 JU/ AS NECESS>Y AS PRIMITIVE BE/IALITY & !OLOGICAL DIVAGATIONS W]E NECESS>Y TO ! PA/40 

,PUTT+ ,BAKUN9'S REF]5CE TO A 0PRIMITIVE BE/IALITY0 ASIDE AS A PREJUDICE ?AT WAS UND]/&ABLE MORE ?AN A C5TURY AGO1 HIS RECOGNITION ?AT HUMANITY DEVELOP$ AS MU* ?R\< ! M$IUM ( 0EVIL0 AS IT DID ?R\< ! M$IUM ( 0VIRTUE10 T\*ES UPON ! SUBTLE DIALECTIC ( 0CIVILIZATION0 ITSELF4 ,BIBLICAL PRECEPT DID NOT CURSE HUMANITY 9 VA92 !RE IS AN ANCI5T RECOGNITION ?AT C]TA9 EVILS C\LD NOT EASILY BE AVOID$ 9 HUMANITY'S ASC5T \T ( ANIMALITY4 ,HUMAN BE+S W]E NO MORE AW>E ?AT !Y W]E CREAT+ HI]>*Y :5 !Y 9VE/$ AU?ORITY 9 ! ELD]S ?AN !Y W]E AW>E ?AT !Y W]E CREAT+ HI]>*Y :5 !Y 9VE/$ AU?ORITY 9 PRIE/HOODS4 ,! ABILITY TO REASON \T C]TA9 PREMISES TO !IR CONCLUSION DOES NOT COME TOO EASILY 9 :AT IS1 AFT] ALL1 A L>GELY UNCONSCI\S PRIMATE :OSE CAPACITY TO BE RATIONAL IS MORE ( A POT5TIALITY ?AN AN ACTUALITY4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 PRELIT]ATE PEOPLE W]E NO BETT] EQUIPP$ TO DEAL ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( !IR SOCIAL REALITY ?AN ?OSE :O HAVE BE5 TA9T$ BY ! WOR/ ASPECTS ( 0CIVILIZATION40 ,! 0SOCIAL QUE/ION0 = US1 TODAY1 EXI/S PRECISELY 9 ! FACT ?AT WE RAIS$ \RSELVES 9TO ! LI<T ( FRE$OM ) HALF-OP5 EYES1 BURD5$ BY D>K ATAVISMS1 ANCI5T HI]>*IES1 & DEEPLY +RA9$ PREJUDICES TO :I* WE MAY /ILL REGRESS1 IF ! PRES5T C\NT]-,5LI<T5M5T ( MY/ICISM & ANTIRATIONALISM P]SI/S1 & ?AT MAY YET LEAD US TO \R RU94 ,WE HOLD A PROV]BIAL KNIFE 9 \R H&S ?AT EASILY C\LD BE US$ TO CUT BO? WAYS -- = \R EMANCIPATION OR \R RU9ATION4 

0,CIVILIZATION0 HAS %>P5$ ?AT KNIFE 9TO A RAZOR'S $GE1 BUT IT HAS NOT PROVID$ US ) A BETT] GUIDE TO H[ WE WILL USE SO DANG]\S AN 9/RUM5T BEYOND ! P[] CONF]R$ UPON US BY CONSCI\SNESS ITSELF4 

,! ,NATION-,/ATE & ,CAPITALISM 

  

,A ?IRD TURN+ PO9T WE 5C\NT] HI/ORICALLY IS ! EM]G5CE ( ! NATION-/ATE & CAPITALISM ,! TWO -- ! NATION-/ATE & CAPITALISM -- DO NOT NECESS>ILY GO TOGE!R4 ,BUT CAPITALISM SUCCE$S SO RAPIDLY ) ! RISE ( ! NATION-/ATE ?AT !Y >E (T5 SE5 AS CO-JO9TLY DEVELOP+ PH5OM5A4 

,9 PO9T ( FACT1 NATION-BUILD+ GOES BACK AS F> AS ! TWELF? C5TURY :5 ,H5RY ,I,I ( ,5GL& & ,PHILIP ,AUGU/US ( ,FRANCE TRI$ TO C5TRALIZE MON>*ICAL P[] & ACQUIRE T]RITORIES ?AT W]E TO EV5TUALLY =M !IR RESPECTIVE NATIONS4 ,! NATION WAS TO SL[LY EAT AWAY AT ALL LOCAL P[]1 ULTIMATELY PACIFY+ P>O*IAL RIVALRIES AMONG B>ONIES & T[NS4 ,! IMP]IAL PATRIMONIES ( ! ANCI5T WORLD HAD CREAT$ IMM5SE /ATES1 BUT !Y W]E NOT LA/+ ONES4 ,PAT*$ TOGE!R FROM COMPLETELY DIFF]5T E?NIC GR\PS1 !SE EMPIRES LIV$ 9 /RANGE BALANCE ) >*AIC VILLAGE COMMUNITIES ?AT HAD H>DLY *ANG$1 CULTURALLY & TE*NOLOGICALLY1 S9CE ,NEOLI?IC TIMES4 

,! MA9 FUNCTION ( ?IS VILLAGE SOCIETY WAS TO SUPPLY MON>*S ) TRIBUTE & ) CORVEE LABOR4 ,O!RWISE1 !Y W]E USUALLY LEFT ALONE4 ,H5CE1 LOCAL LIFE WAS SUBT]RANEAN1 BUT 9T5SE4 ,A GREAT DEAL ( COMMON L& EXI/$ >\ND !SE VILLAGES :I* W]E OP5 TO USE BY ALL4 ,!RE IS EVID5CE ?AT EV5 0PRIVATE0 L& WAS REGUL>LY R$I/RIBUT$ TO FAMILIES ACCORD+ TO !IR *ANG+ NE$S4 ,9T]F]5CE FROM ! TOP D[N WAS (T5 M9IMAL4 ,! GREATE/ DANG]S TO ?IS /ABLE VILLAGE SOCIETY CAME FROM 9VAD+ >MIES & W>R+ NOBLES4 ,O!RWISE !Y W]E USUALLY LEFT TO !MSELVES1 ?AT IS1 :5 !Y W]E NOT PLUND]$ BY >I/OCRATS & TAX GA!R]S4 

,JU/ICE1 9 ?IS K9D ( SOCIETY1 WAS (T5 >BITR>Y4 ,! COMPLA9TS BY ! ,GREEK F>M]1 ,HESIOD1 AB\T UNFAIR1 SELF-SEEK+ LOCAL B>ONS E*OES A LONG-/&+ GRIEVANCE ?AT SELDOM SURFACES 9 ! HI/ORICAL LIT]ATURE WE HAVE AT \R DISPOSAL4 ,! GREAT LAW CODES ?AT W]E H&$ D[N BY ! ABSOLUTE MON>* ( ,BABYLONIA1 ,HAMMURABI1 W]E NOT ! RULE 9 ! PRE-,ROMAN WORLD4 ,MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 AV>ICI\S NOBLES MADE !IR [N LAW0 TO SUIT !IR [N NE$S4 ,! PEASANT MAY HAVE S\<T ! PROTECTION ( NOBLES = HIMSELF & HIS COMMUNITY FROM PILLAG+ \TSID]S1 BUT R>ELY JU/ICE4 ,EMPIRES W]E TOO BIG TO MANAGE ADM9I/RATIVELY1 MU* LESS JURIDICALLY4 ,! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE WAS A MAJOR EXCEPTION TO ?IS RULE1 L>GELY BECAUSE IT WAS MOTE ( A COA/AL & FAIRLY URBANIZ$ 5TITY RA!R ?AN A VA/ 9L& >EA ) V]Y FEW CITIES4 

,EUROPEAN NATIONS1 BY CONTRA/1 W]E =M$ \T ( CONT95TS ?AT HI/ORY SCULPT$ 9TO 9CREAS+LY MANAGEABLE T]RITORIES4 ,ROAD SY/EMS1 TO BE SURE1 W]E POOR & COMMUNICATION WAS PRIMITIVE4 ,BUT AS /RONG K+S EM]G$ LIKE ,H5RY ,I,I ( ,5GL& & ,PHILIP ,AUGU/US ( ,FRANCE1 ROYAL JU/ICE & BUREAUCRATS BEGAN TO P5ETRATE 9TO ONCE-REMOTE >EAS & REA* DEEP] 9TO ! EV]YDAY LIFE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,!RE IS NO QUE/ION ?AT ! 0K+'S JU/ICE0 WAS WELCOM$ BY COMMON]S & HIS (FICIALS ACT$ AS A BUFF] BETWE5 >ROGANT NOBLES & ! C[$ MASSES4 ,! E>LY DEVELOPM5T ( ! NATION-/ALE1 9 EFFECT1 WAS M>K$ BY A G5U9E S5SE ( PROMISE & RELIEF4 

,BUT ! ROYAL P[] WAS USUALLY AN 9T]E/ 9 ITS [N RI<T1 NOT A MORAL AG5CY = ! R$RESS ( POPUL> GRIEVANCES1 & IT EV5TUALLY BECAME AS OPPRESSIVE AS ! LOCAL NOBLES IT DISPLAC$4 ,MOREOV]1 IT WAS NOT A PLIANT TOOL = A*IEV+ ! ASC5DANCY ( ! EM]G+ B\RGEOISIE4 ,! ,/U>T K+S ( ,5GL&1 :O CATAPULT$ ,5GL& 9TO REVOLUTION 9 ! #a#f#dS1 VIEW$ !IR NATIONS AS P]SONAL PATRIMONIES :I* BO? ! P[]FUL NOBLES & WEAL?Y B\RGEOISIE ?REAT5$ TO SUBV]T4 

,! NOTION ?AT ! NATION-/ATE WAS 0=M$0 BY ! B\RGEOISIE IS A MY? ?AT %\LD BE DISPAT*$ BY N[4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 :AT WE CALL A 0B\RGEOIS0 9 ! LATE ,MIDDLE ,AGES WAS NO?+ LIKE ! 9DU/RIALI/ OR 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/ WE KN[ TODAY4 ,AP>T FROM SOME WEAL?Y BANK+ H\SES & COMM]CIAL CAPITALI/S 5GAG$ 9 A F>-RANG+ C>RY+ TRADE1 ! NASC5T B\RGEOIS WAS G5]ALLY A MA/] CRAFTSMAN :O FUNCTION$ )9 A HI<LY RE/RICTIVE GUILD SY/EM4 ,HE SELDOM EXPLOIT$ A PROLET>IAN ( ! K9D WE 5C\NT] TODAY4 

,DISP>ITIES 9 WEAL?1 TO BE SURE1 EV5TUALLY GAVE RISE TO CRAFTSM5 :O CLOS$ \T APPR5TICES & TURN$ !IR GUILDS 9TO PRIVILEG$ SOCIETIES = !MSELVES & !IR SONS4 ,BUT ?IS WAS NOT ! RULE4 ,9 MO/ ( ,EUROPE1 GUILDS FIX$ PRICES1 DET]M9$ ! QUALITY & QUANTITY ( GOODS ?AT W]E PRODUC$1 & W]E OP5 TO APPR5TICES :O1 9 TIME1 C\LD HOPE TO BE MA/]S 9 !IR [N RI<T ,?IS SY/EM1 :I* C>EFULLY REGULAT$ GR[?1 WAS H>DLY CAPITALI/IC4 ,WORK WAS DONE MA9LY BY H& 9 SMALL %OPS :]E MA/] SAT SIDE BY SIDE ) APPR5TICE & ATT5D$ TO ! NE$S ( A LIMIT$1 HI<LY P]SONALIZ$ M>KET4 

,BY ! LATE ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ! MANORIAL ECONOMY ) ITS ELABORATE HI]>*Y & ITS L&-BAS$ S]FS WAS 9 DISSOLUTION1 AL?\< BY NO MEANS DID IT DISAPPE> COMPLETELY4 ,RELATIVELY 9DEP5D5T F>M]S BEGAN TO APPE> :O WORK$ AS [N]S ( !IR L& OR AS T5ANTS ( ABS5TEE NOBLES4 ,LOOK+ OV] ! BROAD L&SCAPE ( ,EUROPE BETWE5 ! FIFTE5? & EI<TE5? C5TURIES1 ONE 5C\NT]S A HI<LY MIX$ ECONOMY4 ,TOGE!R ) S]FS1 T5ANT F>M]S1 & YEOM51 !RE W]E CRAFTSM51 SOME WELL-TO-DO & O!RS ( MODE/ MEANS1 :O CO-EXI/$ ) CAPITALI/S1 MO/ ( :OM W]E 5GAG$ 9 COMM]CE RA!R ?AN 9DU/RY4 

,EUROPE1 9 EFFECT1 WAS ! C5T] ( A HI<LY MIX$ ECONOMY1 NOT A CAPITALI/IC ONE1 & ITS TE*NOLOGY1 DESPITE MAJOR ADVANCES ?R\<\T ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 WAS /ILL BAS$ ON H&ICRAFTS1 NOT ON 9DU/RY4 ,EV5 MASS PRODUCTION1 SU* AS ! SY/EM ORGANIZ$ 9 ! HUGE >S5AL ( ,V5ICE 7:I* EMPLOY$ ?REE ?\S& WORK]S71 9VOLV$ >TISANS1 EA* ( :OM WORK$ 9 A V]Y TRADITIONAL FA%ION 9 SMALL ALCOVES & %OPS4 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO /RESS !SE FEATURES ( ! WORLD ?AT DIRECTLY PREC$$ ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION BECAUSE !Y GREATLY CONDITION$ ! SOCIAL OPTIONS ?AT W]E OP5 TO ,EUROPE4 ,PRIOR TO ! ]A ( ! ,/U>T MON>*Y 9 ,5GL&1 ! ,B\RBON 9 ,FRANCE1 & ! ,HAPSBURG 9 ,SPA91 ,EUROPEAN T[NS 5JOY$ AN EXTRAORD9>Y AM\NT ( AUTONOMY4 ,ITALIAN & ,G]MAN CITIES1 9 P>TICUL>1 AL?\< BY NO MEANS EXCLUSIVELY1 =M$ /RONG /ATES 9 !IR [N RI<T1 RANG+ 9 POLITICAL =MS FROM SIMPLE DEMOCRACIES 9 !IR E>LY YE>S1 TO OLIG>*IES 9 LAT] P]IODS4 ,!Y ALSO =M$ CONF$]ATIONS TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ LOCAL LORDS1 =EIGN 9VAD]S1 & ABSOLUTE MON>*S4 ,CIVIC LIFE FL\RI%$ 9 !SE C5TURIES -- NOT ONLY ECONOMICALLY1 BUT CULTURALLY4 ,CITIZ5S G5]ALLY [$ !IR ALLEGIANCES PRIM>ILY TO !IR CITIES & ONLY SECOND>ILY TO !IR T]RITORIAL LORDS & EM]G+ NATIONS4 

,! GR[? ( P[] ( ! NATION-/ATE FROM ! SIXTE5? C5TURY ONW>D BECAME AS MU* A S\RCE ( CONFLICT AS IT WAS A S\RCE ( ORD] 9 CONTROLL+ UNRULY NOBLES4 ,ATTEMPTS BY MON>*S TO IMPOSE ROYAL SOV]EIGNTY ON ! T[NS & CITIES ( ! P]IOD PRODUC$ AN ]A ( NE>-9SURRECTION>Y ATTACKS ON REPRES5TATIVES ( ! CR[N4 ,ROYAL RECORDS W]E DE/ROY$1 BUREAUCRATS ASSAULT$1 & !IR (FICES DEMOLI%$4 ,AL?\< ! P]SON ( ! MON>* WAS GIV5 ! CU/OM>Y RESPECT ACCORD$ TO A HEAD ( /ATE1 HIS $ICTS W]E (T5 IGNOR$ & HIS (FICIALS W]E ALL BUT LYN*$4 ,! ,FRONDE1 A S]IES ( CONFLICTS 9ITIAT$ BY ! ,FR5* NOBILITY & ,P>ISIAN BUR<]S AGA9/ GR[+ ROYAL P[] DUR+ ! Y\? ( ,L\IS ,X,I,V1 VIRTUALLY DEMOLI%$ ABSOLUTISM & DROVE ! Y\NG K+ \T ( ,P>IS UNTIL ! MON>*Y REASS]T$ ITS P[]4 

,BEH9D !SE UPSURGES 9 MANY P>TS ( ,EUROPE WE F9D A M\NT+ RESI/ANCE TO 5CROA*M5TS BY ! C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATE ON ! PR]OGATIVES ( ! T[NS & CITIES4 ,?IS MUNICIPAL UPSURGE REA*$ ITS HEI<T 9 ! E>LY SIXTE5? C5TURY :5 ! CITIES ( ,CA/ILE ROSE UP AGA9/ ,*>LES ,I,I ( ,SPA9 & TRI$ TO E/ABLI% :AT WAS ESS5TIALLY A MUNICIPAL CONF$]ATION4 ,! /RUGGLE1 :I* W5T ON = MORE ?AN A YE>1 5D$ 9 ! DEFEAT ( ! ,CA/ILIAN CITIES AFT] A S]IES ( /RIK+ VICTORIES ON !IR P>T -- & !IR DEFEAT M>K$ ! ECONOMIC & CULTURAL DECL9E ( ,SPA9 = NE>LY ?REE C5TURIES4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! ,SPANI% MON>*Y WAS 9 ! VANGU>D ( ROYAL ABSOLUTISM DUR+ ?AT C5TURY & PLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE 9 ,EUROPEAN POLITICS1 ! UPRIS+ ( ! CITIES -- OR ,COMUN]OS1 AS !IR P>TISANS W]E CALL$ -- CREAT$ ! PROSPECT ( AN ALT]NATIVE PA?WAY TO ! CONT95T'S DEVELOPM5T T[>D NATION-/ATES3 NAMELY1 A CONF$]ATION ( T[NS & CITIES4 ,EUROPE G5U9ELY VACILLAT$ = A TIME BETWE5 !SE TWO ALT]NATIVES & IT WAS NOT UNTIL ! LATE SEV5TE5? C5TURY ?AT ! NATION-/ATE GA9$ ASC5DANCY OV] A CONF$]AL PA?WAY4 

,NOR DID ! IDEA ( CONF$]ATION EV] DIE4 ,IT SURFAC$ AMONG RADICALS 9 ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION :O W]E CONDEMN$ BY ! FOLL[]S ( ,CROMWELL AS 0,SWITZ]+ AN>*I/S40 ,IT REAPPE>$1 AGA91 9 CONF$]ATIONS ?AT RADICAL F>M]S TRI$ TO E/ABLI% 9 ,NEW ,5GL& 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,&1 AGA91 9 ,FRANCE 9 RADICAL SECTIONAL MOVEM5TS--! NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES ( ,P>IS & O!R ,FR5* CITIES E/ABLI%$ DUR+ ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION -- &1 F9ALLY1 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 :I* CALL$ = A 0,COMMUNE ( COMMUNES0 & ! DISSOLUTION ( ! NATION-/ATE4 

,9 ! ]A ?AT IMM$IATELY PREC$$ ! =MATION ( ! NATION/ATE1 ,EUROPE /OOD POIS$ AT A =K 9 ! HI/ORIC ROAD4 ,DEP5D+ UPON ! =TUNES ( ! ,COMUN]OS & ! SANS CULOTTES :O PACK$ ! ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS ( #a#g#i#c1 ! FUTURE ( ! NATION-/ATE HUNG V]Y MU* 9 ! BALANCE4 ,HAD ! CONT95T MOV$ 9 ! DIRECTION ( URBAN CONF$]ATIONS1 ITS FUTURE W\LD HAVE TAK5 A SOCIALLY MORE B5IGN C\RSE1 P]HAPS EV5 A MORE REVOLUTION>Y1 DEMOCRATIC1 & COOP]ATIVE =M ?AN IT WAS TO ACQUIRE 9 ! N9ETE5? & TW5TIE? C5TURIES4 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 IT IS QUITE UNCLE> ?AT AN 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ( ! K9D ?AT EXI/S TODAY WAS PREORDA9$ BY HI/ORY4 ,?AT CAPITALISM GREATLY ACCEL]AT$ TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T AT A RATE ?AT HAS NO PREC$5T 9 HI/ORY H>DLY REQUIRES ANY DETAIL$ DISCUSSION4 ,& ,I %ALL HAVE MU* TO SAY AB\T :AT ?IS TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T DID TO HUMANITY & NATURE -- & :AT IT C\LD DO 9 A TRULY ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,BUT CAPITALISM1 LIKE ! NATION-/ATE1 WAS NEI!R AN UNAVOIDABLE 0NECESSITY10 NOR WAS IT A 0PRECONDITION0 = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A COOP]ATIVE OR SOCIALI/ DEMOCRACY4 

,9DE$1 IMPORTANT =CES T5D$ TO 9HIBIT ITS DEVELOPM5T & ASC5DANCY4 ,AS A BITT]LY COMPETITIVE M>KET SY/EM BAS$ ON PRODUCTION = EX*ANGE & ! ACCUMULATION ( WEAL?1 CAPITALISM & A CAPITALI/IC M5TALITY1 ) ITS EMPHASIS ON 9DIVIDUAL EGOISM1 /OOD V]Y MU* AT ODDS ) DEEPLY +RA9$ TRADITIONS1 CU/OMS1 & EV5 ! LIV$ REALITIES ( PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETIES4 ,ALL PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETIES HAD PLAC$ A HI< PREMIUM ON COOP]ATION RA!R ?AN COMPETITION1 H[EV] MU* ?IS EMPHASIS WAS COMMONLY DISREG>D$ OR1 9DE$1 US$ TO MOBILIZE COLLECTIVE LABOR =CES 9 ! S]VICE ( ELITES & MON>*S4 ,NEV]!LESS1 COMPETITION AS A WAY ( LIFE -- AS 0HEAL?Y COMPETITION0 TO USE MOD]N B\RGEOIS P>LANCE -- WAS SIMPLY 9CONCEIVABLE4 ,AGONI/IC MALE BEHAVIOR 9 ANCI5T & M$IEVAL TIMES1 TO BE SURE1 WAS NOT UNCOMMON1 BUT IT WAS G5]ALLY FOCUS$ ON PUBLIC S]VICE 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R--NOT ON MAT]IAL SELF-AGGR&IZEM5T4 

,! M>KET SY/EM WAS ESS5TIALLY M>G9AL TO A PRECAPITALI/ WORLD1 P>TICUL>LY ONE ?AT EMPHASIZ$ SELF-SUFFICI5CY4 ,:]E ! M>KET A*IEV$ PROM95CE1 SAY1 9 M$IEVAL TIMES1 IT WAS C>EFULLY REGULAT$ BY GUILDS & ,*RI/IAN PRECEPTS AGA9/ ! TAK+ ( 9T]E/ & EXCESSIVE PR(ITE]+4 ,CAPITALISM1 TO BE SURE1 ALWAYS EXI/$ -- AS ,M>X OBS]V$1 09 ! 9T]/ICES ( AN ANCI5T WORLD0 &1 ONE CAN ADD1 M$IEVAL WORLD -- BUT IT L>GELY FAIL$ TO A*IEVE A SOCIALLY DOM9ANT /ATUS4 ,! E>LY B\RGEOISIE1 9 FACT1 DID NOT HAVE OV]LY CAPITALI/IC ASPIRATIONS2 ITS ULTIMATE GOALS W]E %AP$ BY ! >I/OCRACY SO ?AT ! CAPITALI/S ( ANCI5T & M$IEVAL TIMES 9VE/$ !IR PR(ITS 9 L& & TRI$ TO LIVE LIKE G5TRY AFT] RETIR+ FROM BUS9ESS AFFAIRS4 

,GR[?1 TOO1 WAS FR[N$ UPON AS A S]I\S VIOLATION ( RELIGI\S & SOCIAL TABOOS4 ,! IDEAL ( 0LIMIT 0 ! CLASSICAL ,GREEK BELIEF 9 ! 0GOLD5 MEAN10 NEV] 5TIRELY LO/ ITS IMPACT ON ! PRECAPITALI/ WORLD4 ,9DE$1 FROM TRIBAL LIMES WELL 9TO HI/ORICAL TIMES1 VIRTUE WAS DEF9$ AS A /RONG COMMITM5T BY ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ! COMMUNITY'S WELF>E & PRE/IGE WAS E>N$ BY DISPOS+ ( WEAL? 9 ! =M ( GIFTS1 NOT BY ACCUMULAT+ IT4 

,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 ! CAPITALI/ M>KET & ! CAPITALI/ SPIRIT ?AT EMPHASIZ$ 5DLESS GR[?1 ACCUMULATION1 COMPETITION1 & /ILL MORE GR[? & ACCUMULATION = COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES 9 ! M>KET -- ALL 5C\NT]$ 5DLESS OB/ACLES 9 PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETIES4 ,! NASC5T CAPITALI/S ( ! ANCI5T WORLD R>ELY ROSE TO A /ATUS ( MORE ?AN FUNCTION>IES ( IMP]IAL MON>*S :O NE$$ M]*ANTS TO ACQUIRE R>E & EXOTIC COMMODITIES FROM F>AWAY PLACES4 ,!IR PR(ITS W]E FIX$ & !IR SOCIAL AMBITIONS W]E CURTAIL$4 

,! ,ROMAN EMP]ORS GAVE A GREAT] LEEWAY TO ! E>LY B\RGEOISIE1 TO BE SURE1 BUT PLUND]$ IT FREELY BY MEANS ( TAXATION & EPISODIC EXPROPRIATIONS4 ,! M$IEVAL WORLD 9 ,EUROPE GAVE ! B\RGEOISIE A SUB/ANTIALLY MORE FRE] H&1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,5GL&1 ,FL&]S1 & NOR!RN ,ITALY4 ,BUT EV5 9 ! MORE 9DIVIDUALI/IC ,*RI/IAN WORLD1 CAPITALI/S CAME UP AGA9/ 5TR5*$ GUILD SY/EMS ?AT %>PLY CIRCUMSCRIB$ ! M>KET & W]E USUALLY MESM]IZ$ BY >I/OCRATIC VALUES ( HI< LIV+ ?AT WORK$ AGA9/ ! B\RGEOIS VIRTUES ( P>SIMONY & MAT]IAL ACCUMULATION4 

,9DE$1 9 MO/ ( ,EUROPE1 ! B\RGEOISIE WAS SE5 AS A CONTEMPTIBLE UND]CLASS -- DEMONIC 9 ITS PASSION = WEAL?1 P>V5U 9 ITS AMBITIONS TO BELONG TO ! NOBILITY1 CULTURALLY UNSETTL+ 9 ITS PROCLIVITY = GR[?1 & ?REAT5+ 9 ITS FASC9ATION = TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION4 ,ITS SUPREMACY 9 ,R5AISSANCE ,ITALY & ,H&]S WAS HI<LY UN/ABLE4 ,FREE-SP5D+ CONDOTI]RI LIKE ! ,M$ICI1 :O GA9$ CONTROL ( MAJOR NOR!RN ,ITALIAN CITIES1 DEV\R$ ! GA9S ( TRADE 9 LAVI% EXP5DITURES = PALACES1 CIVIC MONUM5TS1 & W>F>E4 ,*ANGES 9 TRADE R\TES1 SU* AS ! %IFT ( COMM]CE FROM ! ,M$IT]RANEAN TO ! ,ATLANTIC 9 ! YE>S FOLL[+ ! ,TURKI% CAPTURE ( ,CON/ANT9OPLE 7#a#d#e#c71 ULTIMATELY DOOM$ ! ,ITALIAN CITY-/ATES TO OCCUPY A SECOND>Y PLACE 9 ,EUROPE4 ,IT WAS ! HI/ORIC BREAK?R\< ( CAPITALISM 9 ,5GL& ?AT GAVE ?IS ECONOMY NATIONAL1 & F9ALLY GLOBAL1 SUPREMACY4 

,?IS BREAK?R\<1 TOO1 WAS NOT AN UNAVOIDABLE FACT ( HI/ORY1 NOR WAS ! =M IT TOOK PR$ET]M9$ 9 ANY WAY BY SUPRAHUMAN SOCIAL =CES4 ,! ,5GLI% ECONOMY & /ATE W]E P]HAPS ! MO/ LOOSELY CON/RUCT$ ( ANY 9 ,EUROPE4 ,! MON>*Y NEV] A*IEV$ ! ABSOLUTISM ATTA9$ BY ,L\IS ,X,I,V ( ,FRANCE1 NOR WAS ,5GL& A CLE>LY DEF9ABLE NATION FEUDALISM DEEPLY 5TR5*$ 9 ! REALM1 DESPITE ! CURR5T ,5GLI% PREOCCUPATION ) /ATUS4 ,9 SO POR\S A SOCIETY ) SO UN/ABLE A HI/ORY1 ! M]*ANT &1 LAT]1! 9DU/RIALLY ORI5T$ CAPITALI/ F\ND A GREAT] DEGREE ( FRE$OM = DEVELOPM5T !RE ?AN ELSE:]E4 

,! ,5GLI% NOBILITY1 9 TURN1 WAS L>GELY A N\VEAU ELITE ?AT HAD BE5 9/ALL$ BY ! ,TUDOR MON>*S AFT] ! TRADITIONAL ,NORMAN NOBILITY ALL BUT DE/ROY$ ITSELF 9 ! BLOODY ,W>S ( ! ,ROSES 9 ! FIFTE5? C5TURY4 ,! NOBLES1 (T5 ( HUMBLE BIR?1 W]E NOT AV]SE TO TURN+ A P5NY 9 TRADE4 ,TO RAISE SUB/ANTIAL =TUNES BY SELL+ WOOL 9 ! ,H&]S TEXTILE 9DU/RY1 !Y WANTONLY 5CLOS$ ! COMMON L&S ( ! PEASANTRY & TURN$ !M 9TO %EEP RUNS4 

,! SPREAD ( ! CAPITALI/ 0PUTT+ \T0 SY/EM1 MOREOV]1 9 :I* SO-CALL$ FACTORS BR\<T WOOL TO FAMILY COTTAGES1 PASS+ ON UNF9I%$ YAM TO WEAV]S & !N TO DY]S1 EV5TUALLY L$ TO ! CONC5TRATION ( ALL ! COTTAG]S 9 0FACTORIES10 :]E !Y W]E OBLIG$ TO WORK UND] H>%1 EXPLOITATIVE1 & HI<LY DISCIPL9$ CONDITIONS4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! NEW 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE CIRCUMV5T$ ! TRADITIONAL GUILD RE/RICTIONS 9 ! T[NS & BR\<T A GR[+ CLASS ( DISPOSSESS$ PROLET>IANS 9TO ITS S]VICE4 ,EA* WORK] C\LD N[ BE COMPETITIVELY PLAY$ AGA9/ O!RS 9 A PRESUMABLY 0FREE0 LABOR M>KET1 DRIV+ D[N ! WAGES & PROVID+ IMM5SE PR(ITS 9 ! NEW FACTORY SY/EM ?AT DEVELOP$ NE> ,5GL&'S MAJOR URBAN C5T]S4 

,9 ! SO-CALL$ ,GLORI\S ,REVOLUTION ( #afhh -- NOT TO BE CONFUS$ ) ! /ORMY ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION ( ! #a#f#dS -- ! AV>ICI\S ,5GLI% NOBLES & !IR B\RGEOIS C\NT]P>TS CAME TO A POLITICAL COMPROMISE4 ,! >I/OCRACY WAS P]MITT$ TO RUN ! /ATE1 ! MON>*Y WAS R$UC$ TO A M]E SYMBOL ( 9T]CLASS UNITY1 & ! B\RGEOISIE WAS GRANT$ A FREE H& 9 RUNN+ ! ECONOMY4 ,ALL[+ = QU>RELS BETWE5 V>I\S RUL+ ELITES1 ! ,5GLI% CAPITALI/ CLASS 5JOY$ ! VIRTUALLY UNRE/RA9$ RI<T TO PLUND] ,5GL& & TO MOVE ITS OP]ATIONS ABROAD TO CLAIM ,9DIA1 L>GE P>TS ( ,AFRICA1 & COMM]CIALLY /RATEGIC /RON<OLDS 9 ,ASIA4 

,M>KET ECONOMIES HAD EXI/$ BE=E CAPITALISM4 ,9DE$1 !Y COEXI/$ ) FAIRLY COMMUNAL ECONOMIES4 ,!RE >E P]IODS 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES ?AT BE> WITNESS TO A FASC9AT+ BALANCE BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY1 CRAFTS & AGRICULTURE1 BUR<]S & FOOD CULTIVATORS1 & TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATIONS & CULTURAL CON/RA9TS4 ,?IS WORLD WAS TO BE IDEALIZ$ BY ROMANTIC WRIT]S 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY & BY ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/1 :O EXHIBIT$ AN ACUTE S5SITIVITY TO ! V>I\S ALT]NATIVES TO CAPITALISM (F]$ BY A COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY & M5TALITY AT V>I\S P]IODS 9 HI/ORY4 

,! UPSURGE ( ,5GLI% CAPITALISM 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 & ITS GLOBAL \TREA* 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ALT]$ SU* PROSPECTS RADICALLY4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME1 COMPETITION WAS SE5 TO BE 0HEAL?Y02 TRADE1 AS 0FREE02 ACCUMULATION1 AS EVID5CE ( 0P>SIMONY02 & EGOISM1 AS EVID5CE ( A SELF-9T]E/ ?AT WORK$ LIKE A 0HIDD5 H&0 9 ! S]VICE ( ! PUBLIC GOOD4 ,CONCEPTS ( 0HEAL?10 0FRE$OM10 0P>SIMONY10 & ! 0PUBLIC GOOD0 W]E TO SUBS]VE UNLIMIT$ EXPANSION & WANTON PLUND] -- NOT ONLY ( NATURE1 BUT ( HUMAN BE+S4 ,NO CLASS ( PROLET>IANS 9 ,5GL& SUFF]$ LESS DUR+ ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION ?AN ! HUGE BISON H]DS ?AT W]E EXT]M9AT$ ON ! ,AM]ICAN PLA9S4 ,NO HUMAN VALUES & COMMUNITIES W]E W>P$ ANY LESS ?AN ! ECOSY/EMS ( PLANTS & ANIMALS ?AT W]E DESPOIL$ 9 ! ORIG9AL =E/S ( ,AFRICA & ,S\? ,AM]ICA4 ,TO SPEAK ( 0HUMANITY'S0 DEPR$ATION ( NATURE MAKES A MOCK]Y ( ! UNBRIDL$ DEPR$ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN AS DEPICT$ 9 ! TORM5T$ NOVELS ( ,*>LES ,DICK5S & ,EMILE ,ZOLA4 ,CAPITALISM DIVID$ ! HUMAN SPECIES AGA9/ ITSELF AS %>PLY & BRUTALLY AS IT DIVID$ SOCIETY AGA9/ NATURE4 

,COMPETITION BEGAN TO P]MEATE EV]Y LEVEL ( SOCIETY1 NOT ONLY TO ?R[ CAPITALI/ AGA9/ CAPITALI/ = CONTROL ( ! M>KETPLACE4 ,IT PITT$ BUY] AGA9/ SELL]1 NE$ AGA9/ GRE$1 & 9DIVIDUAL AGA9/ 9DIVIDUAL ON ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y LEVELS ( HUMAN 5C\NT]S4 ,9 ! M>KETPLACE1 ONE 9DIVIDUAL FAC$ ANO!R ) A SN>L1 EV5 AS WORK+ PEOPLE1 EA* SEEK+1 AS A MATT] ( %E] SURVIVAL1 TO GET ! BETT] ( ! O!R4 ,NO AM\NT ( MORALIZ+ & PIETIZ+ CAN ALT] ! FACT ?AT RIVALRY AT ! MO/ MOLECUL> BASE ( SOCIETY IS A B\RGEOIS LAW ( LIFE1 9 ! LIT]AL S5SE ( ! WORD 0LIFE 0 ,ACCUMULATION TO UND]M9E1 BUY \T1 OR O!RWISE ABSORB OR \TWIT A COMPETITOR IS A CONDITION = EXI/5CE 9 A CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC ORD]4 

,?AT NATURE1 TOO1 IS A VICTIM ( ?IS COMPETITIVE1 ACCUMULATIVE1 & EV]-EXP&+ SOCIAL FURY1 %\LD BE OBVI\S IF IT W]E NOT = ! FACT ?AT !RE IS A /RONG T5D5CY TO DATE ?IS SOCIAL TR5D'S ORIG9S BACK TO TE*NOLOGY & 9DU/RY AS SU*4 ,?AT MOD]N TE*NOLOGY MAGNIFIES MORE FUNDAM5TAL ECONOMIC FACTORS1 NOTABLY1 GR[? AS A LAW ( LIFE 9 A COMPETITIVE ECONOMY & ! COMMODIFICATION ( HUMANITY & NATURE1 IS AN APP>5T FACT4 ,BUT TE*NOLOGY & 9DU/RY 9 !MSELVES DO NOT TURN EV]Y ECOSY/EM1 SPECIES1 TRACT ( SOIL1 WAT]WAY1 OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 ! OCEANS & ! AIR1 9TO M]E NATURAL RES\RCES4 ,!Y DO NOT MONETIZE & GIVE A PRICE-TAG TO EV]Y?+ ?AT C\LD BE EXPLOIT$ 9 ! COMPETITIVE /RUGGLE = SURVIVAL & GR[?4.<#a#a.> ,TO SPEAK ( 0LIMITS TO GR[?0 UND] A CAPITALI/IC M>KET ECONOMY IS AS MEAN+LESS AS TO SPEAK ( LIMITS TO W>F>E UND] A W>RIOR SOCIETY4 ,! MORAL PIETIES1 ?AT >E VOIC$ TODAY BY MANY WELL-MEAN+ 5VIRONM5TALI/S1 >E AS NAIVE AS ! MORAL PIETIES ( MULT9ATIONALS >E MANIPULATIVE4 ,CAPITALISM CAN NO MORE BE 0P]SUAD$0 TO LIMIT GR[? ?AN A HUMAN BE+ CAN BE 0P]SUAD$0 TO /OP BREA?+4 ,ATTEMPTS TO 0GRE50 CAPITALISM1 TO MAKE IT 0ECOLOGICAL10 >E DOOM$ BY ! V]Y NATURE ( ! SY/EM AS A SY/EM ( 5DLESS GR[?4 

,9DE$1 ! MO/ BASIC PRECEPTS ( ECOLOGY1 SU* AS ! CONC]N = BALANCE1 A H>MONI\S DEVELOPM5T T[>D GREAT] DIFF]5TIATION1 & ULTIMATELY1 ! EVOLUTION ( GREAT] SUBJECTIVITY & CONSCI\SNESS1 /& RADICALLY AT ODDS ) AN ECONOMY ?AT HOMOG5IZES SOCIETY1 NATURE1 & ! 9DIVIDUAL1 & ?AT DIVIDES HUMAN AGA9/ HUMAN & SOCIETY AGA9/ NATURE ) A F]OCITY ?AT MU/ ULTIMATELY TE> D[N ! PLANET4 

,= G5]ATIONS1 RADICAL !ORI/S OP9$ AB\T ! 09N] LIMITS0 ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 ! 09T]NAL0 ME*ANISMS )9 ITS OP]ATIONS AS AN ECONOMY1 ?AT W\LD YIELD ITS SELF-DE/RUCTION4 ,M>X GA9$ ! PLAUDITS ( 5DLESS WRIT]S = ADVANC+ ! POSSIBILITY ?AT CAPITALISM W\LD BE DE/ROY$ & REPLAC$ BY SOCIALISM BECAUSE IT W\LD 5T] A *RONIC CRISIS ( DIM9I%+ PR(ITS1 ECONOMIC /AGNATION1 & CLASS W> ) AN EV]-IMPOV]I%$ PROLET>IAT ,9 ! FACE ( VA/ BIOGEO*EMICAL DISLOCATIONS ?AT HAVE OP5$ VA/ HOLES 9 ! E>?'S OZONE LAY] & 9CREAS$ ! TEMP]ATURE ( ! PLANET BY ! 0GRE5H\SE EFFECT10 !SE LIMITS >E N[ CLE>LY ECOLOGICAL4 ,:ATEV] MAY BE ! DE/9Y ( CAPITALISM AS A SY/EM ?AT HAS 09T]NAL LIMITS0 ECONOMICALLY1 WE CAN EMPHATICALLY SAY ?AT IT HAS EXT]NAL LIMITS ECOLOGICALLY4 

,9DE$1 CAPITALISM COMPLETELY 9C>NATES ,BAKUN9'S NOTION ( 0EVIL0 )\T ! QUALIFICATION ?AT IT IS 0SOCIALLY NECESS>Y40 ,BEYOND ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM !RE >E NO FUR!R 0TURN+ PO9TS 9 HI/ORY40 ,CAPITALISM M>KS ! 5D ( ! ROAD = A LONG SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T 9 :I* EVIL P]MEAT$ ! GOOD & IRRATIONALITY P]MEAT$ ! RATIONAL4 ,CAPITALISM1 9 EFFECT1 CON/ITUTES ! PO9T ( ABSOLUTE NEGATIVITY = SOCIETY & ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,ONE CANNOT IMPROVE ?IS SOCIAL ORD]1 RE=M IT1 OR REMAKE IT ON ITS [N T]MS ) AN ECOLOGICAL PREFIX SU* AS 0ECO-CAPITALISM40 ,! ONLY *OICE ONE HAS IS TO DE/ROY IT1 = IT EMBODIES EV]Y SOCIAL DISEASE -- FROM PATRI>*AL VALUES1 CLASS EXPLOITATION1 & /ATISM TO AV>ICE1 MILIT>ISM1 & N[1 GR[? = ! SAKE ( GR[? -- ?AT HAS AFFLICT$ 0CIVILIZATION0 & TA9T$ ALL ITS GREAT ADVANCES4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,UPDAT$4 

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