,*APT] #b 
,HI]>*IES1 ,CLASSES1 & ,/ATES 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,HI]>*IES1 ,CLASSES1 & ,/ATES 

  

,UP TO N[1 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO %[ ?AT HUMANITY & ! HUMAN CAPACITY TO ?9K >E PRODUCTS ( NATURAL EVOLUTION1 NOT 0ALI5S0 9 ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,9DE$1 EV]Y 9TUITION TELLS US ?AT HUMAN BE+S & !IR CONSCI\SNESS >E RESULTS ( AN EVOLUTION>Y T5D5CY T[>D 9CREAS+ DIFF]5TIATION1 COMPLEXITY1 & SUBJECTIVITY4 ,LIKE MO/ S\ND 9TUITIONS1 ?IS ONE HAS ITS BASIS 9 FACT3 ! PALEONTOLOGICAL EVID5CE = ?IS T5D5CY4 ,! SIMPLE/ UNICELLUL> FOSSILS ( ! DI/ANT PA/ & ! MO/ COMPLEX MAMMALIAN REMA9S ( REC5T TIMES ALL TE/IFY TO ! REALITY ( A REM>KABLE BIOLOGICAL DRAMA4 ,?IS DRAMA IS ! /ORY ( A NATURE R5D]$ MORE & MORE AW>E ( ITSELF1 A NATURE ?AT SL[LY ACQUIRES NEW P[]S ( SUBJECTIVITY1 & ONE ?AT GIVES RISE TO A REM>KABLE PRIMATE LIFE-=M1 CALL$ HUMAN BE+S1 ?AT HAVE ! P[] TO *OOSE1 ALT]1 & RECON/RUCT !IR 5VIRONM5T -- & RAISE ! MORAL ISSUE ( :AT \<T TO BE1 NOT M]ELY LIVE UNQUE/ION+LY ) :AT IS4 

,NATURE1 AS ,I HAVE >GU$1 IS NOT A FROZ5 SC5E ?AT WE OBS]VE FROM A PICTURE W9D[ OR A M\NTA9 TOP4 ,DEF9$ MORE BROADLY & RI*LY ?AN A SLOGAN ON A BUMP]-/ICK]1 NATURE IS ! V]Y HI/ORY ( ITS EVOLUTION>Y DIFF]5TIATION4 ,IF WE ?9K ( NATURE AS A DEVELOPM5T1 WE DISC]N ! PRES5CE ( ?IS T5D5CY T[>D SELF-CONSCI\SNESS &1 ULTIMATELY1 T[>D FRE$OM4 ,DISCUSSIONS AB\T :E!R ! PRES5CE ( ?IS T5D5CY IS EVID5CE ( A PR$ET]M9$ 0GOAL10 A 0GUID+ H&10 OR A 0,GOD0 >E SIMPLY IRRELEVANT = ! PURPOSES ( ?IS DISCUSSION4 ,! FACT IS ?AT SU* A T5D5CY CAN BE %[N TO EXI/ 9 ! FOSSIL RECORD1 9 ! ELABORATION ( EXI/+ LIFE-=MS FROM PREVI\S ONES1 & 9 ! EXI/5CE ( HUMANITY ITSELF4 

,MOREOV]1 TO ASK :AT HUMANITY'S 0PLACE0 9 NATURE MAY BE IS TO IMPLICITLY ACKN[L$GE ?AT ! HUMAN SPECIES HAS EVOLV$ AS A LIFE-=M ?AT IS ORGANIZ$ TO MAKE A PLACE = ITSELF 9 ! NATURAL WORLD1 NOT SIMPLY TO ADAPT TO NATURE4 ,! HUMAN SPECIES & ITS 5ORM\S P[]S TO ALT] ! 5VIRONM5T W]E NOT 9V5T$ BY A GR\P ( IDEOLOGUES CALL$ 0HUMANI/S0 :O DECID$ ?AT NATURE WAS 0MADE0 TO S]VE HUMANITY & ITS NE$S4 ,HUMANITY'S P[]S HAVE EM]G$ \T ( EONS ( EVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T & \T ( C5TURIES ( CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,! QUE/ION ( ?IS SPECIES' 0PLACE0 9 NATURE IS NO LONG] A ZOOLOGICAL PROBLEM1 A PROBLEM ( LOCAT+ HUMANITY 9 ! OV]ALL EVOLUTION ( LIFE1 AS IT WAS 9 ,D>W9'S TIME4 ,! PROBLEM ( ! 0DESC5T ( MAN10 TO USE ! TITLE ( ,D>W9'S GREAT WORK1 IS AS ACCEPT$ BY ?9K+ PEOPLE TODAY AS >E ! 5ORM\S P[]S \R SPECIES POSSESSES4 

,TO ASK :AT HUMANITY'S 0PLACE0 9 NATURE MAY BE HAS N[ BECOME A MORAL & SOCIAL QUE/ION -- & ONE ?AT NO O!R ANIMAL CAN ASK ( ITSELF1 AS MU* AS MANY ANTIHUMANI/S W\LD LIKE TO DISSOLVE HUMANITY 9TO A M]E SPECIES 9 A 0BIOSPH]IC DEMOCRACY40 ,& = HUMANS TO ASK :AT !IR 0PLACE0 9 NATURE MAY BE IS TO ASK :E!R HUMANITY'S P[]S WILL BE BR\<T TO ! S]VICE ( FUTURE EVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T OR :E!R !Y WILL BE US$ TO DE/ROY ! BIOSPH]E4 ,! EXT5T TO :I* HUMANITY'S P[]S WILL BE BR\<T TO OR AGA9/ ! S]VICE = FUTURE EVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T HAS V]Y MU* TO DO ) ! K9D ( SOCIETY OR 0SECOND NATURE0 HUMAN BE+S WILL E/ABLI%3 :E!R SOCIETY WILL BE A DOM9E]+1 HI]>*ICAL1 & EXPLOITATIVE ONE1 OR :E!R IT WILL BE A FREE1 EGALIT>IAN1 & ECOLOGICALLY ORI5T$ ONE4 ,TO SIDE/EP ! SOCIAL BASIS ( \R ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS1 TO OBSCURE IT ) PRIMITIVI/IC COBWEBS SPUN BY SELF-9DULG5T MY/ICS & ANTI-RATIONALI/S1 IS TO LIT]ALLY TURN BACK ! CLOCK ( ECOLOGICAL ?9K+ TO AN ATAVI/IC LEVEL ( TRITE S5TIM5T ?AT CAN BY US$ = UTT]LY REACTION>Y PURPOSES4 

,BUT IF SOCIETY IS SO BASIC TO AN UND]/&+ ( \R ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS1 IT1 TOO1 CANNOT BE VIEW$ AS A FROZ5 SC5IC VIEW ?AT WE OBS]VE FROM ! R>EFI$ HEI<TS ( AN ACADEMIC T[]1 ! BALCONY ( A GOV]NM5TAL BUILD+1 OR ! W9D[S ( A ROOM = A CORPORATE BO>D ( DIRECTORS4 ,SOCIETY1 TOO1 HAS EM]G$ \T ( NATURE1 AS ,I HAVE TRI$ TO %[ 9 MY ACC\NT ( HUMAN SOCIALIZATION & ! EV]YDAY REPRODUCTION ( ?AT SOCIALIZ+ PROCESS UP TO ! PRES5T DAY4 ,TO REG>D SOCIETY AS 0ALI50 TO NATURE RE9=CES ! DUALISM BETWE5 ! SOCIAL & ! NATURAL SO PREVAL5T 9 MOD]N ?9K+4 ,9DE$1 SU* AN ANTIHUMANI/IC VIEW S]VES TO CLE> ! FIELD = EXACTLY ALL ! ANTI-ECOLOGICAL =CES ?AT PIT SOCIETY AGA9/ NATURE & R$UCE ! NATURAL WORLD TO M]E NATURAL RES\RCES4 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 TO DISSOLVE SOCIETY 9TO NATURE BY ROOT+ SOCIAL PROBLEMS 9 G5ETIC1 9/9CTIVE1 IRRATIONAL1 & MY/ICAL FACTORS IS TO CLE> ! FIELD = EXACTLY ALL ?OSE PRIMITIVI/IC RACI/1 MISAN?ROPIC1 & SEXI/ T5D5CIES1 BE !Y AMONG WOM5 OR AMONG M54 

,F> FROM BE+ A FROZ5 SC5E1 ONE ?AT MAKES IT EASY = REACTION>Y ELEM5TS TO ID5TIFY ! EXI/+ SOCIETY ) SOCIETY AS SU*1 -- JU/ AS ! OPPRESS$ & !IR OPPRESSORS >E GR\P$ 9TO A S+LE SPECIES CALL$ HOMO SAPI5S & >E HELD EQUALLY RESPONSIBLE = \R PRES5T ECOLOGICAL CRISIS -- SOCIETY IS ! HI/ORY ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ) ITS MANY DIFF]5T SOCIAL =MS & POSSIBILITIES4 ,CULTURALLY1 WE >E ALL ! REPOSITORIES ( SOCIAL HI/ORY1 JU/ AS \R BODIES >E ! REPOSITORIES ( NATURAL HI/ORY4 ,WE C>RY ) US1 (T5 UNCONSCI\SLY1 A VA/ BODY ( BELIEFS1 HABITS1 ATTITUDES1 & S5TIM5TS ?AT FO/] HI<LY REGRESSIVE VIEWS T[>D NATURE AS WELL AS T[>D EA* O!R4 

,WE HAVE FIX$ IMAGES1 (T5 9EXPLICABLE TO \RSELVES1 ( A /ATIC 0HUMAN NATURE10 AS WELL AS A NONHUMAN NATURE1 ?AT SUBTLY %APE A MULTITUDE ( \R ATTITUDES T[>D MEMB]S ( ! TWO SEXES1 ! Y\NG1 ! ELD]LY1 FAMILY BONDS1 K9%IP LOYALTIES1 & POLITICAL AU?ORITY1 NOT TO M5TION DIFF]5T E?NIC1 VOCATIONAL1 & SOCIAL GR\PS4 ,>*AIC IMAGES ( HI]>*Y /ILL %APE \R VIEWS ( ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y DIFF]5CES BETWE5 PEOPLE & BETWE5 ALL LIV+ BE+S4 ,\R M5TAL >RANGEM5T ( ! MO/ SIMPLE DIFF]5CES AMONG PH5OM5A 9TO HI]>*ICAL ORD]S1 SAY1 ( 0ONE-TO-T5 0 HAVE BE5 =M$ BY SOCIALLY ANCE/RAL DI/9CTIONS ?AT GO BACK TO A TIME ?AT IS TOO REMOTE = US TO REMEMB]4 

,!SE HI]>*ICAL DI/9CTIONS HAVE BE5 DEVELOP$ OV] ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY1 (T5 FROM H>MLESS DIFF]5CES 9 M]E /ATUS1 9TO FULL-BL[N HI]>*IES ( H>% COMM& & ABJECT OB$I5CE4 ,TO KN[ \R PRES5T & TO %APE \R FUTURE CALLS = A MEAN+FUL & COH]5T UND]/&+ ( ! PA/ -- A PA/ :I* ALWAYS %APES US 9 V>Y+ DEGREES1 & :I* PR(\NDLY 9FLU5CES \R VIEWS ( HUMANITY & NATURE4 

,! ,NOTION ( ,DOM9ATION 

  

,TO GA9 A CLE> UND]/&+ ( H[ ! PA/ BE>S UPON ! PRES5T1 ,I MU/ BRIEFLY EXAM9E A BASIC VIEW 9 SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 ONE ?AT HAS N[ P]COLAT$ 9TO CURR5T 5VIRONM5TAL ?9K+4 ,I REF] TO SOCIAL ECOLOGY'S 9SI<T ?AT ALL \R NOTIONS ( DOM9AT+ NATURE /EM FROM ! V]Y REAL DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN4 ,?IS /ATEM5T1 ) ITS USE ( ! WORD 0/EM10 MU/ BE EXAM9$ 9 T]MS ( ITS 9T5T ,NOT ONLY IS IT A HI/ORICAL /ATEM5T ( ! HUMAN CONDITION1 BUT IT IS ALSO A *ALL5GE TO \R CONTEMPOR>Y CONDITION :I* HAS F>-REA*+ IMPLICATIONS = SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,AS A HI/ORICAL /ATEM5T IT DECL>ES1 9 NO UNC]TA9 T]MS1 ?AT ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN PREC$$ ! NOTION ( DOM9AT+ NATURE4 ,9DE$1 HUMAN DOM9ATION ( HUMAN GAVE RISE TO ! V]Y IDEA ( DOM9AT+ NATURE4 

,9 EMPHASIZ+ ?AT HUMAN DOM9ATION PREC$ES ! NOTION ( DOM9AT+ NATURE1 ,I HAVE C>EFULLY AVOID$ ! USE ( A SLIPP]Y V]B ?AT IS V]Y MU* 9 USE TODAY3 NAMELY1 ?AT ! DOM9ATION ( NATURE 09VOLVES0 ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN4 ,I F9D ! USE ( ?IS V]B P>TICUL>LY REPELL5T BECAUSE IT CONFUSES ! ORD] 9 :I* DOM9ATION EM]G$ 9 ! WORLD &1 H5CE1 ! EXT5T TO :I* IT MU/ BE ELIM9AT$ IF WE >E TO A*IEVE A FREE SOCIETY4 ,M5 DID NOT ?9K ( DOM9AT+ NATURE UNTIL !Y HAD ALREADY BEGUN TO DOM9ATE ! Y\NG1 WOM51 &1 EV5TUALLY1 EA* O!R4 ,& IT IS NOT UNTIL WE ELIM9ATE DOM9ATION 9 ALL ITS =MS1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 ?AT WE WILL REALLY CREATE A RATIONAL1 ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 

,H[EV] MU* ! WRIT+S ( LIB]ALS & ,M>X CONVEY ! BELIEF ?AT ATTEMPTS TO DOM9ATE NATURE 0L$0 TO ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN1 NO SU* 0PROJECT0 EV] EXI/$ 9 ! ANNALS ( :AT WE CALL 0HI/ORY40 ,AT NO TIME 9 ! HI/ORY ( HUMANITY DID ! OPPRESS$ ( ANY P]IOD JOYFULLY ACC$E TO !IR OPPRESSION 9 A />RY-EY$ BELIEF ?AT !IR MIS]Y W\LD ULTIMATELY CONF] A /ATE ( BLISSFUL FRE$OM FROM ! 0DOM9ATION ( NATURE0 TO !IR DESC5DANTS 9 SOME FUTURE ]A4 

,TO TAKE ISSUE1 AS SOCIAL ECOLOGY DOES1 ) WORDS LIKE 09VOLVE0 OR 0L$0 IS NOT A =M ( M$IEVAL CASUI/RY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! WAY !SE WORDS >E US$ RAISES ISSUES ( RADICAL DIFF]5CES 9 ! 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY & ! PROBLEMS ?AT LIE BE=E US4 

,DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN DID NOT >ISE BECAUSE PEOPLE CREAT$ A SOCIALLY OPPRESSIVE 0ME*ANISM0 -- BE IT ,M>X'S CLASS /RUCTURES OR ,LEWIS ,MUM=D'S HUMAN-CON/RUCT$ 0MEGA-MA*9E0 9 ORD] TO 0FREE0 !MSELVES FROM ! 0DOM9ATION BY NATURE40 ,IT IS EXACTLY ?IS V]Y QUEASY IDEA ?AT GAVE RISE TO ! MY? ?AT ! DOM9ATION ( NATURE 0REQUIRES10 0PRESUPPOSES10 OR 09VOLVES0 ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN4 

,IMPLI$ 9 ?IS BASICALLY REACTION>Y MY? IS ! NOTION ?AT =MS ( DOM9ATION1 LIKE CLASSES & ! ,/ATE1 HAVE !IR S\RCES 9 ECONOMIC CONDITIONS & NE$S2 9DE$1 ?AT FRE$OM CAN ONLY BE ATTA9$ AFT] ! 0DOM9ATION ( NATURE0 HAS BE5 A*IEV$1 ) ! RESULT+ E/ABLI%M5T ( A CLASSLESS SOCIETY4 ,HI]>*Y SOMEH[ SEEMS TO DISAPPE> H]E 9 A %UFFLE ( VAGUE IDEAS OR IT IS SUBSUM$ UND] ! GOAL ( ABOLI%+ CLASSES1 AS ?\< A CLASSLESS SOCIETY W]E NECESS>ILY ONE ?AT IS FREE ( HI]>*Y4 ,IF WE >E TO ACCEPT ,5GEL'S VIEW1 & TO SOME DEGREE ,M>X'S1 9 FACT1 HI]>*Y 9 SOME =M IS 0UNAVOIDABLE0 9 AN 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY & EV5 UND] COMMUNISM4 ,!RE IS A SURPRIS+ AGREEM5T BETWE5 LIB]ALS1 CONS]VATIVES1 & MANY SOCIALI/S1 AS ,I HAVE ALREADY NOT$1 ?AT HI]>*Y IS UNAVOIDABLE = ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( SOCIAL LIFE1 & IS AN 9FRA/RUCTURE = ITS ORGANIZATION & /ABILITY4 

,9 CONT5D+ ?AT ! NOTION ( DOM9AT+ NATURE /EMS FROM ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY RADICALLY REV]SES ! EQUATION ( HUMAN OPPRESSION & BROAD5S ITS SCOPE 5ORM\SLY4 ,IT TRIES TO SE>* 9TO 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ SY/EMS ( CO]CION1 COMM&1 & OB$I5CE ?AT PREC$$ ! EM]G5CE ( ECONOMIC CLASSES1 & ?AT >E NOT NECESS>ILY ECONOMICALLY MOTIVAT$ AT ALL4 ,! 0SOCIAL QUE/ION0 ( 9EQUALITY & OPPRESSION ?AT HAS PLAGU$ US = C5TURIES IS !REBY EXT5D$ BY SOCIAL ECOLOGY WELL BEYOND ECONOMIC =MS ( EXPLOITATION 9TO CULTURAL =MS ( DOM9ATION ?AT EXI/ 9 ! FAMILY1 BETWE5 G5]ATIONS & SEXES1 AMONG E?NIC GR\PS1 9 9/ITUTIONS ( POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC1 & SOCIAL MANAGEM5T1 & V]Y SIGNIFICANTLY1 9 ! WAY WE EXP]I5CE REALITY AS A :OLE1 9CLUD+ NATURE & NONHUMAN LIFE-=MS4 

,9 %ORT1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY RAISES ! ISSUE ( COMM& & OB$I5CE 9 P]SONAL1 SOCIAL1 HI/ORICAL1 & RECON/RUCTIVE T]MS ON A SCALE ?AT 5COMPASSES1 BUT GOES F> BEYOND1 ! MORE RE/RICT$ ECONOMIC 9T]PRETATIONS ( ! 0SOCIAL QUE/ION0 ?AT >E PREVAL5T TODAY4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY EXT5DS1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 ! 0SOCIAL QUE/ION0 BEYOND ! LIMIT$ REALM ( JU/ICE 9TO ! UNB\ND$ REALM ( FRE$OM2 BEYOND A DOM9E]+ RATIONALITY1 SCI5CE1 & TE*NOLOGY 9TO LIB]T>IAN ONES2 & BEYOND VISIONS ( SOCIAL RE=M 9TO ?OSE ( RADICAL SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION4 

,E>LY ,HUMAN ,COMMUNITIES 

  

,WE1 ( ?IS ]A1 >E /ILL VICTIMS ( \R [N REC5T HI/ORY4 ,MOD]N CAPITALISM1 ! MO/ UNIQUE1 AS WELL AS ! MO/ P]NICI\S1 SOCIAL ORD] TO EM]GE 9 ! C\RSE ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 ID5TIFIES HUMAN PROGRESS ) BITT] COMPETITION & RIVALRY2 SOCIAL /ATUS ) ! RAPACI\S & LIMITLESS ACCUMULATION ( WEAL?2 ! MO/ P]SONAL VALUES ) GRE$ & SELFI%NESS2 ! PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES1 ( GOODS EXPLICITLY MADE = SALE & PR(IT1 AS ! MOTIVE =CE ( NE>LY EV]Y ECONOMIC & >TI/IC 5DEAVOR2 & PR(IT & 5RI*M5T AS ! REASON = ! EXI/5CE ( SOCIAL LIFE4 

,NO SOCIETY KN[N TO HI/ORY HAS MADE !SE FACTORS SO C5TRAL TO ITS EXI/5CE OR1 WORSE1 ID5TIFI$ !M ) 0HUMAN NATURE0 AS SU*4 ,EV]Y VICE ?AT1 9 E>LI] TIMES1 WAS SE5 AS ! APO!OSIS ( EVIL HAS BE5 TURN$ 9TO A 0VIRTUE0 BY CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 

,SO DEEPLY +RA9$ >E !SE B\RGEOIS ATTRIBUTES ( \R EV]YDAY LIVES & WAYS ( ?9K+ ?AT WE F9D IT DIFFICULT TO UND]/& H[ MU* PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETIES HELD TO ! V]Y OPPOSITE IMAGES ( HUMAN VALUES1 H[EV] MU* !Y MAY HAVE BE5 HONOR$ 9 ! BREA*4 ,IT IS H>D = ! MOD]N M9D TO APPRECIATE ?AT PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETIES ID5TIFI$ SOCIAL EXCELL5CE ) COOP]ATION RA!R ?AN COMPETITION DISACCUMULATION RA!R ?AN ACCUMULATION2 PUBLIC S]VICE RA!R ?AT PRIVATE 9T]E/2 ! GIV+ ( GIFTS RA!R ?AN ! SALE ( COMMODITIES1 & C>E & MUTUAL AID RA!R ?AN PR(IT & RIVALRY4 

,!SE VALUES W]E ID5TIFI$ ) AN UNCORRUPT$ HUMAN NATURE4 ,II MANY RESPECTS1 !Y >E /ILL A P>T ( A C>+ SOCIALIZATION PROCESS IT \R [N LIVES ?AT T5DS TO FO/] 9T]DEP5D5CE1 NOT AN AGGRESSIVE SELF-S]V+ 09DEP5D5CE0 WE CALL 0RUGG$ 9DIVIDUALISM40 ,TO UND]/& FROM :5CE WE CAME SOCIALLY & H[ WE CAME TO BE :]E WE >E1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO PEEL AWAY \R PRES5T SY/EM ( VALUES & EXAM9E1 H[EV] SUMM>ILY1 A BODY ( IDEAS ?AT PROVIDE A CLE>] PICTURE ( A MORE ORGANIC1 9DE$1 AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY ?AT EM]G$ FROM ! NATURAL WORLD4 

,?IS ORGANIC1 BASICALLY PRELIT]ATE OR 0TRIBAL10 SOCIETY WAS /RIK+LY NONDOM9E]+ -- NOT ONLY 9 ITS 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ /RUCTURE BUT 9 ITS V]Y LANGUAGE4 ,IF ! L+UI/IC ANALYZES ( AN?ROPOLOGI/S LIKE ! LATE ,DORO?Y ,LEE >E S\ND1 ,9DIAN COMMUNITIES LIKE ! ,W9TU ( ! ,PACIFIC ,COA/ LACK$ TRANSITIVE V]BS LIKE 0TO HAVE10 0TO TAKE10 & 0TO [N0 :I* D5OTE P[] OV] 9DIVIDUALS & OBJECTS4 ,RA!R1 A MO!R 0W5T0 ) H] *ILD 9TO ! %ADE1 A *IEF 0/OOD0 ) HIS PEOPLE1 &1 MORE COMMONLY1 PEOPLE 0LIV$ )0 OBJECTS RA!R ?AN 0POSSESS$0 !M4 

,H[EV] MU* !SE COMMUNITIES MAY HAVE DIFF]$ FROM EA* O!R 9 MANY SOCIAL RESPECTS1 WE HE> 9 !IR LANGUAGE1 & DETECT 9 !IR BEHAVIORAL TRAITS1 ATTITUDES ?AT GO BACK TO A %>$ BODY ( BELIEFS1 VALUES1 & BASIC LIFEWAYS4 ,AS ,PAUL ,RAD91 ONE ( ,AM]ICAS MO/ GIFT$ AN?ROPOLOGI/S1 OBS]V$1 !RE WAS A BASIC S5SE ( RESPECT BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS & A CONC]N OV] !IR MAT]IAL NE$S ?AT ,RAD9 CALL$ ! PR9CIPLE ( ! 0IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM40 ,EV]YONE WAS 5TITL$ TO ! MEANS ( LIFE1 IRRESPECTIVE ( HIS OR H] PRODUCTIVE CONTRIBUTION4 ,! RI<T TO LIVE W5T UNQUE/ION$ SO ?AT CONCEPTS LIKE 0EQUALITY0 HAD NO MEAN+ IF ONLY BECAUSE ! 09EQUALITIES0 ?AT AFFLICT US ALL -- FROM ! BURD5S ( AGE TO ! 9CAPACITIES ( ILL-HEAL? -- HAD TO BE COMP5SAT$ = BY ! COMMUNITY4 

,E>LY NOTIONS ( =MAL 0EQUALITY10 9 :I* WE >E ALL 0EQUALLY0 FREE TO />VE OR DIE ( NEGLECT1 HAD YET TO REPLACE ! SUB/ANTIVE EQUALITY 9 :I* ?OSE LESS ABLE TO BE FULLY PRODUCTIVE W]E NEV]!LESS REASONABLY WELL PROVID$ =4 ,EQUALITY ?US EXI/$1 AS ,DORO?Y ,LEE TELLS US1 09 ! V]Y NATURE ( ?+S1 AS A BYPRODUCT ( ! DEMOCRATIC /RUCTURE ( ! CULTURE ITSELF1 NOT AS A PR9CIPLE TO BE SUPPLI$0.<#f.> ,!RE WAS NO NE$ 9 !SE ORGANIC SOCIETIES TO 0A*IEVE0 EQUALITY1 = :AT EXI/$ WAS AN ABSOLUTE RESPECT = MAN1 = ALL 9DIVIDUALS AP>T FROM ANY P]SONAL TRAITS4 

,?IS BROAD APPRAISAL BY ,LEE WAS TO BE E*O$ BY ,RAD91 :O = DECADES HAD LIV$ AMONG ! ,W9NEBAGO ,9DIANS & 5JOY$ !IR FULL CONFID5CE3  
  

,IF ,I W]E ASK$ TO /ATE BRIEFLY & SUCC9CTLY :AT >E ! \T/&+ FEATURES ( ABORIG9AL CIVILIZATION1 ,I1 = ONE1 W\LD HAVE NO HESITATION 9 ANSW]+ ?AT !RE >E ?REE3 ! RESPECT = ! 9DIVIDUAL1 IRRESPECTIVE ( AGE OR SEX2 ! AMAZ+ DEGREE ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL 9TEGRATION A*IEV$ BY !M2 & ! EXI/5CE ( A P]SONAL SECURITY :I* TRANSC5DS ALL GOV]NM5TAL =MS & ALL TRIBAL & GR\P 9T]E/S & CONFLICTS4 .<#g.>  
  

,! RESPECT = ! 9DIVIDUAL1 :I* ,RAD9 LI/S FIR/ AS AN ABORIG9AL ATTRIBUTE1 DES]VES TO BE EMPHASIZ$1 TODAY1 9 AN ]A ?AT REJECTS ! COLLECTIVE AS DE/RUCTIVE ( 9DIVIDUALITY ON ! ONE H&1 &1 YET1 9 AN ORGY ( PURE EGOTISM1 HAS ACTUALLY DE/ROY$ ALL ! EGO B\ND>IES ( FREE-FLOAT+1 ISOLAT$1 & ATOMIZ$ 9DIVIDUALS ON ! O!R H&4 ,A /RONG COLLECTIVITY MAY BE EV5 MORE SUPPORTIVE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 AS CLOSE /UDIES ( C]TA9 ABORIG9AL SOCIETIES REVEAL1 ?AN A 0FREE M>KET0 SOCIETY ) EMPHASIS ON AN EGOI/IC1 BUT IMPOV]I%$1 SELF4 

,NO LESS /RIK+ ?AN ! SUB/ANTIVE EQUALITY A*IEV$ BY MANY ORGANIC SOCIETIES WAS ! EXT5T TO :I* !IR S5SE ( COMMUNAL H>MONY WAS ALSO PROJECT$ ONTO ! NATURAL WORLD AS A :OLE4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( ANY HI]>*ICAL SOCIAL /RUCTURES1 ! ABORIG9AL VISION ( NATURE WAS ALSO /RIK+LY NONHI]>*ICAL4 ,ACC\NTS ( MANY ABORIG9AL C]EMONIES AMONG HUNT+ & HORTICULTURAL COMMUNITIES LEAVE US ) ! /RONG IMPRESSION ?AT ! P>TICIPANT SAW !MSELVES AS P>T ( A L>G] WORLD ( LIFE4 ,DANCES SEEM$ TO RESEMBLE SIMULATIONS ( NATURE1 P>TICUL>LY ANIMALS1 RA!R ?AN HUMAN ATTEMPTS TO CO]CE NATURE1 BE IT GAME OR =CES LIKE RA9FALL4 

,MAGIC1 :I* ! LA/ C5TURY CALL$ ! 0PRIMITIVE MAN'S SCI5CE10 APP>5TLY HAD A TW(OLD ASPECT TO IT4 ,ONE ( !SE ASPECTS SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 RECOGNIZABLY 0CO]CIVE0 9 ! S5SE ?AT A GIV5 RITUAL WAS EXPECT$ TO NECESS>ILY PRODUCE A GIV5 EFFECT4 ,?IS K9D ( MAGIC1 PRESUMABLY1 HAD ITS [N =M ( H>D 0CAUSALITY10 NOT UNLIKE :AT WE W\LD EXPECT TO F9D 9 *EMI/RY4 

,H[EV]1 AS ,I HAVE SUGGE/$ ELSE:]E1 !RE W]E RITUALS -- ESPECIALLY GR\P RITUALS -- ?AT MAY HAVE PREC$$ 9 TIME ! MORE FAMILI>1 CAUSE-EFFECT MAGICAL ACTIVITIES2 RITUALS ?AT W]E NOT CO]CIVE1 BUT RA!R P]SUASIVE4 ,WILDLIFE WAS SE5 9 A COMPLEM5T>Y RELATION%IP ( 0GIVE-&-TAKE0 9 :I* GAME GAVE ( ITSELF TO ! HUNT] AS A P>TICIPANT 9 ! BROAD ORBIT ( LIFE -- AN ORBIT BAS$ ON PROPITIATION1 RESPECT1 & MUTUAL NE$4 ,HUMANITY WAS NO LESS A P>T ?AN ANIMALS 9 ?IS COMPLEM5T>Y ORBIT 9 :I* HUMAN & NONHUMAN W]E SE5 TO GIVE ( !MSELVES TO EA* O!R ACCORD+ TO MUTUAL NE$ RA!R ?AN 0TRADE(FS40 .<#h.> 

,?IS HI< S5SE ( COMPLEM5T>ITY 9 RITUALS APP>5TLY REFLECT$ AN ACTIVE S5SE ( SOCIAL EQUALITY ?AT VIEW$ P]SONAL DIFF]5CES AS P>TS ( A L>G] NATURAL :OLE RA!R ?AN A PYRAMID-/RUCTUR$ HI]>*Y ( BE+4 ,! ATTEMPT ( ORGANIC SOCIETY TO PLACE HUMAN BE+S 9 ! SAME COMMUNITY ON A P> ) EA* O!R1 TO SEE 9 EA* AN 9T]ACTIVE P>TN] ) O!RS1 YIELD$ A HI<LY EGALIT>IAN NOTION ( DIFF]5CE AS SU*4 

,:I* IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ABORIG9AL PEOPLE REG>D$ !MSELVES AS 0EQUAL0 TO NONHUMAN CREATURES4 ,9 FACT1 !Y W]E ACUTELY AW>E ( ! 9EQUALITIES ?AT EXI/$ 9 NATURE & SOCIETY1 9EQUALITIES CREAT$ BY DIFF]5CES 9 PHYSICAL PR[ESS1 AGE1 9TELLIG5CE1 G5ETIC ATTRIBUTES1 9FIRMITIES1 & ! LIKE4 ,TRIBAL PEOPLES TRI$ TO COMP5SATE = !SE 9EQUALITIES )9 !IR [N GR\PS1 H5CE ! EM]G5CE ( AN 0IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM10 AS ,RAD9 CALL$ IT1 ?AT GAVE EV]Y MEMB] ( ! COMMUNITY ACCESS TO ! MEANS ( LIFE1 IRRESPECTIVE ( HIS OR H] ABILITIES OR CONTRIBUTION TO ! COMMON FUND4 ,(T51 SPECIAL 0PRIVILEGES W]E ALL[$ TO 9DIVIDUALS :O W]E BURD5$ BY 9FIRMITIES TO EQUALIZE !IR SITUATIONS ) RESPECT TO MORE 5D[$ MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY4 

,BUT 9 NO S5SE DID ABORIG9AL PEOPLE EQUATE !MSELVES ) ANIMALS4 ,!Y DID NOT ACT OR ?9K 0BIOC5TRICALLY10 0ECO-C5TRICALLY0 7TO USE WORDS ?AT HAVE REC5TLY COME 9TO VOGUE71 OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 0AN?ROPOC5TRICALLY0 9 DEAL+ ) NONHUMAN LIFE-=MS4 ,IT W\LD BE MORE ACCURATE TO SAY ?AT !Y HAD NO S5SE ( 0C5TRICITY0 AS SU*1 EXCEPT T[>D !IR [N COMMUNITIES4 ,! BELIEF HELD BY A TRIBE ?AT IT WAS 0,! ,PEOPLE10 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM \TSID]S OR O!R COMMUNITIES1 WAS A P>O*IAL WEAKNESS ( TRIBAL SOCIETIES AS A :OLE & G5]ALLY MADE = FE> ( /RANG]S1 W>S1 & A SELF-5CLOS$ M5TALITY ?AT ! EM]G5CE ( CITIES BEGAN TO OV]COME4 ,9DE$1 UNTIL T]RITORIAL WAYS ( LIV+ ?AT APPE> ) CITIES BEGAN TO REPLACE LOYALTIES BAS$ ON BLOOD TIES1 ! NOTION ( A COMMON HUMANITY WAS VAGUE 9DE$1 & TRIBALISM REMA9$ V]Y RE/RICTIVE 9 ITS VIEW ( \TSID]S & /RANG]S4 

,9 ?IS 9N] WORLD ( SUB/ANTIVE EQUALITY1 L& & ?OSE 0RES\RCES0 \R PRES5T SOCIETY D5OTES AS 0PROP]TY 0 W]E AVAILABLE TO EV]YONE 9 ! COMMUNITY = USE1 AT LEA/ TO ! EXT5T ?AT !Y W]E NE$$4 ,BUT 9 PR9CIPLE1 SU* 0RES\RCES0 C\LD NOT BE 0POSSESS$0 9 ANY P]SONAL S5SE1 MU* LESS 0[N$0 AS PROP]TY4 ,?US1 9 ADDITION TO ! PR9CIPLES ( ! 0IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM10 SUB/ANTIVE EQUALITY1 ! >TS ( P]SUASION1 & A CONCEPTION ( DIFF]5TIATION AS COMPLEM5T>ITY1 ORGANIC PRELIT]ATE SOCIETIES SEEM TO HAVE BE5 GUID$ BY A COMMITM5T TO USUFRUCT4 ,?+S W]E AVAILABLE TO 9DIVIDUALS & FAMILIES ( A COMMUNITY BECAUSE !Y W]E NE$$1 NOT BECAUSE !Y W]E [N$ OR CREAT$ BY ! LABOR ( A POSSESSOR4 

,! SUB/ANTIVE EQUALITY ( ORGANIC PRELIT]ATE COMMUNITIES WAS NOT ONLY ! PRODUCT ( 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURES & ANCE/RAL CU/OM4 ,IT 5T]$ 9TO ! V]Y S5SIBILITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL3 ! WAY HE OR %E P]CEIV$ DIFF]5CES1 O!R HUMAN BE+S1 NONHUMAN LIFE1 MAT]IAL OBJECTS1 L& & =E/S1 9DE$1 ! NATURAL WORLD AS A :OLE4 ,NATURE & SOCIETY1 :I* >E SO %>PLY DIVID$ AGA9/ EA* O!R 9 \R SOCIETY & OR S5SIBILITIES1 W]E !REBY SL[LY GRAD$ 9TO EA* O!R AS A %>$ CONT9UUM ( 9T]ACTION & EV]YDAY EXP]I5CE4 

,NE$LESS TO SAY1 NEI!R HUMANITY 0MA/]$0 NATURE NOR DID NATURE 0MA/]0 HUMANITY4 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y3 NATURE WAS SE5 AS A FECUND S\RCE ( LIFE1 WELL-BE+1 9DE$1 A PROVID5TIAL P>5T ( HUMANITY1 NOT A 0/+Y0 OR 0)HOLD+0 TASKMA/] ?AT HAD TO BE CO]C$ 9TO YIELD+ ! MEANS ( LIFE & ITS HIDD5 0SECRETS0 TO A ,FAU/IAN MAN4 ,AN IMAGE ( NATURE AS 0/+Y0 W\LD HAVE PRODUC$ 0/+Y0 COMMUNITIES & SELF-SEEK+ HUMAN P>TICIPANTS4 

,?IS NATURE WAS ANY?+ BUT ! RELATIVELY LIFELESS PH5OM5ON IT HAS BECOME 9 \R ]A -- ! OBJECT ( LABORATORY RESE>* & ! 0MATT]0 ( TE*NICAL MANIPULATION4 ,IT CONSI/$ ( WILDLIFE ?AT1 9 ! ABORIG9AL M9D1 WAS /RUCTUR$ ALONG K9%IP L9ES LIKE HUMAN CLANS2 =E/S1 ?AT W]E SE5 AS A C>+ HAV52 & COSMIC =CES1 LIKE W9DS1 TORR5TIAL RA9FALL1 A BLAZ+ SUN1 & A B5IGN MOON4 ,NATURE LIT]ALLY P]MEAT$ ! COMMUNITY NOT ONLY AS A PROVID5TIAL 5VIRONM5T1 BUT AS ! BLOOD FL[ ( ! K9%IP TIE ?AT UNIT$ HUMAN TO HUMAN & G5]ATION TO G5]ATION4 

,! LOYALTY ( K9 TO EA* O!R 9 ! =M ( ! BLOOD OA? -- AN OA? ?AT COMB9$ AN EXPRESSION ( DUTY TO ONE'S RELATIVES ) V5GEANCE = !IR (F5D]S -- BECAME ! ORGANIC S\RCE ( COMMUNAL CONT9UITY4 ,FICTITI\S AS ?IS S\RCE W\LD EV5TUALLY BECOME1 ESPECIALLY 9 MORE REC5T TIMES :5 ! WORD 0K90 HAS BECOME A T5U\S SURROGATE = AU!NTIC K9%IP TIES1 !RE IS LITTLE REASON TO D\BT ITS VIABILITY AS A MEANS = E/ABLI%+ ONE'S PLACE 9 E>LY HUMAN COMMUNITIES4 ,IT WAS ONE'S AFFILIATIONS BY BLOOD1 BE IT BECAUSE ( A %>$ ANCE/RY OR %>$ (FSPR+1 ?AT DET]M9$ :E!R AN 9DIVIDUAL WAS AN ACCEPT$ P>T ( A GR\P1 :O HE OR %E C\LD M>RY1 ! RESPONSIBILITY HE OR %E HAD TO O!RS1 AS WELL AS ! RESPONSIBILITY HE OR %E HAD TO HIM OR H] -- 9DE$1 ! :OLE >RAY ( RI<TS & DUTIES ?AT A COMMUNITY'S MEMB]S HAD 9 RELATION TO EA* O!R4 

,IT WAS ON ! BASIS ( ?IS BIOLOGICAL FACT ( BLOOD TIES ?AT NATURE P5ETRAT$ ! MO/ BASIC 9/ITUTIONS ( PRELIT]ATE SOCIETY4 ,! CONT9UITY ( ! BLOOD TIE WAS LIT]ALLY A MEANS ( DEF9+ SOCIAL ASSOCIATION & EV5 SELF-ID5TITY4 ,:E!R ONE BELONG$ TO A GIV5 GR\P OR NOT1 & :O ONE WAS1 9 RELATION TO O!RS1 WAS DET]M9$1 AT LEA/ JURIDICALLY1 BY ONE'S BLOOD AFFILIATIONS4 

,BUT /ILL ANO!R BIOLOGICAL FACT DEF9$ ONE AS A MEMB] ( A COMMUNITY3 :E!R ONE WAS A MALE OR FEMALE4 ,UNLIKE ! K9%IP TIE1 :I* WAS TO BE SL[LY ?9N$ \T AS DI/9CTLY NONBIOLOGICAL 9/ITUTIONS LIKE ! ,/ATE W]E GRADUALLY TO 5CROA* ON ! CLAIMS ( G5EALOGY & PAT]NITY1 ! SEXUAL /RUCTUR+ ( SOCIETY HAS REMA9$ ) US TO ?IS DAY1 H[EV] MU* IT HAS BE5 MODIFI$ BY SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,LA/LY1 A ?IRD BIOLOGICAL FACT DEF9$ ONE AS A MEMB] ( A GR\P1 NAMELY1 ONE'S AGE4 ,AS WE %ALL SEE1 ! E>LIE/ TRULY SOCIAL EXAMPLES ( /ATUS BAS$ ON BIOLOGICAL DIFF]5CES W]E ESS5TIALLY ! AGE-GR\PS TO :I* ONE BELONG$ & ! C]EMONIES ?AT LEGITIMAT$ ONE'S AGE-/ATUS4 ,K9%IP E/ABLI%$ ! BASIC FACT ?AT ONE %>$ A COMMON ANCE/RY ) MEMB]S ( A GIV5 COMMUNITY4 ,IT DEF9$ ONE'S RI<TS & RESPONSIBILITIES TO O!RS ( ! SAME BLOODL9E--RI<TS & RESPONSIBILITIES ?AT MI<T 9VOLVE :O ONE C\LD M>RY ( A P>TICUL> G5EALOGICAL GR\P1 :O WAS TO BE AID$ & SUPPORT$ 9 ! NORMAL DEM&S ( LIFE1 & :O ONE C\LD TURN TO = AID 9 DIFFICULTIES ( ANY K9D4 ,! BLOODL9E LIT]ALLY GAVE DEF9ITION TO AN 9DIVIDUAL & A GR\P1 MU* AS SK9 =MS ! B\ND>Y ?AT DI/+UI%ES ONE P]SON FROM ANO!R4 

,SEXUAL DIFF]5CES1 ALSO BIOLOGICAL 9 ORIG91 DEF9$ ! K9D ( WORK ONE DID 9 ! COMMUNITY & ! ROLE ( A P>5T 9 RE>+ ! Y\NG4 ,WOM5 ESS5TIALLY GA!R$ & PREP>$ FOOD2 M5 HUNT$ ANIMALS & ASSUM$ A PROTECTIVE ROLE = ! COMMUNITY AS A :OLE4 ,!SE BASICALLY DIFF]5T TASKS ALSO GAVE RISE TO SORORAL & FRAT]NAL CULTURES 9 :I* WOM5 DEVELOP$ ASSOCIATIONS1 :E!R 9=MAL OR /RUCTUR$1 & 5GAG$ 9 C]EMONIES & REV]$ DEITIES ?AT W]E DISSIMIL> FROM ?OSE ( M51 :O HAD A CULTURE V]Y MU* ( !IR [N4 

,BUT NONE ( !SE G5D] DIFF]5CES--NOT TO M5TION G5EALOGICAL ONES -- 9ITIALLY CONF]R$ A COMM&+ POSITION ON ONE MEMB] ( A SEXUAL GR\P OR AN OB$I5T ONE ON ANO!R4 ,WOM5 EX]CIS$ FULL CONTROL OV] ! DOME/IC WORLD3 ! HOME1 FAMILY HE>?1 & ! PREP>ATION ( ! MO/ IMM$IATE MEANS ( LIFE SU* AS SK9S & FOOD4 ,(T51 A WOMAN BUILT H] [N %ELT] & T5D$ TO H] [N G>D5 AS SOCIETY ADVANC$ T[>D A HORTICULTURAL ECONOMY4 

,M51 9 TURN1 DEALT ) :AT WE MI<T CALL 0CIVIL0 AFFAIRS -- ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! NASC5T1 B>ELY DEVELOP$ 0POLITICAL0 AFFAIRS ( ! ,COMMUNITY SU* AS RELATIONS BETWE5 B&S1 CLANS1 TRIBES1 & 9T]COMMUNAL HO/ILITIES4 ,LAT]1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 !SE 0CIVIL0 AFFAIRS BECAME HI<LY ELABORATE AS POPULATION MOVEM5TS BR\<T COMMUNITIES 9TO CONFLICT ) EA* O!R4 ,W>RIOR FRAT]NITIES BEGAN TO EM]GE )9 E>LY SOCIETIES ?AT ULTIMATELY SPECIALIZ$ 9 HUNT+ M5 AS WELL AS ANIMALS4 

,:AT IS REASONABLY CLE> IS ?AT 9 E>LY PHASES ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 WOMAN'S & MAN'S CULTURES COMPLEM5T$ EA* O!R & CONJO9TLY FO/]$ SOCIAL /ABILITY AS WELL AS PROVID$ ! MEANS ( LIFE = ! COMMUNITY AS A :OLE4 ,! TWO CULTURES W]E NOT 9 CONFLICT ) EA* O!R4 ,9DE$1 IT IS D\BTFUL ?AT AN E>LY HUMAN COMMUNITY C\LD HAVE SURVIV$ IF G5D]-ORI5T$ CULTURES 9ITIALLY TRI$ TO EX]CISE ANY COMM&+ POSITION1 MU* LESS AN ANTAGONI/IC ONE1 OV] ! O!R4 ,! /ABILITY ( ! COMMUNITY REQUIR$ A RESPECTFUL BALANCE BETWE5 POT5TIALLY HO/ILE ELEM5TS IF ! COMMUNITY WAS TO SURVIVE 9 A FAIRLY PREC>I\S 5VIRONM5T4 

,TODAY1 IT IS L>GELY BECAUSE 0CIVIL0 OR1 IF Y\ LIKE1 0POLITICAL0 AFFAIRS >E SO IMPORTANT 9 \R [N SOCIETY ?AT WE READ BACK 9TO ! PRELIT]ATE WORLD A 0COMM&+0 ROLE AMONG M5 9 !IR MONOPOLY ( 0CIVIL0 AFFAIRS4 ,WE EASILY =GET ?AT E>LY HUMAN COMMUNITIES W]E REALLY DOME/IC SOCIETIES1 /RUCTUR$ MA9LY >\ND ! WORK ( WOM51 & W]E (T5 /RONGLY ORI5T$ 9 REALITY1 AS WELL AS MY?OLOGY1 T[>D WOMAN'S WORLD4 

,AGE GR\PS1 H[EV]1 HAVE MORE AMBIGU\S SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS4 ,PHYSICALLY1 ! OLD PEOPLE ( A COMMUNITY W]E ! MO/ 9FIRM1 DEP5D5T1 & (T5 ! MO/ VULN]ABLE MEMB]S ( ! GR\P 9 P]IODS ( DIFFICULTY4 ,IT WAS !Y :O W]E EXPECT$ TO GIVE UP !IR LIVES 9 TIMES ( WANT ?AT ?REAT5$ ! EXI/5CE ( A COMMUNITY4 ,H5CE1 !Y W]E ITS MO/ 9SECURE MEMB]S -- PSY*OLOGICALLY AS WELL AS PHYSICALLY4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! OLD PEOPLE ( A COMMUNITY W]E ! LIV+ REPOSITORIES ( ITS LORE1 TRADITIONS1 KN[L$GE1 & COLLECTIVE EXP]I5CE4 ,9 A WORLD ?AT HAD NO WRITT5 LANGUAGE1 !Y W]E ! CU/ODIANS ( ITS ID5TITY & HI/ORY4 ,9 ! T5SION BETWE5 EXTREME P]SONAL VULN]ABILITY ON ! ONE H& & ! EMBODIM5T ( ! COMMUNITY'S TRADITIONS ON ! O!R H&1 !Y MAY HAVE BE5 MORE DISPOS$ TO 5HANCE !IR /ATUS1 TO SURR\ND IT ) A QUASI-RELIGI\S AURA & A SOCIAL P[]1 AS IT W]E1 ?AT R5D]$ !M MORE SECURE ) ! LOSS ( !IR PHYSICAL P[]4 

,! ,EM]G5CE ( ,HI]>*IES & ,CLASSES 

  

,! LOGICAL BEG9N+S ( HI]>*Y1 AS WELL AS A GOOD DEAL ( AN?ROPOLOGICAL DATA AT \R DISPOSAL1 SUGGE/ ?AT HI]>*Y /EMS FROM ! ASC5DANCY ( ! ELD]S1 :O SEEM TO HAVE 9ITIAT$ ! E>LIE/ 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ SY/EMS ( COMM& & OB$I5CE4 ,?IS SY/EM ( RULE BY ! ELD]S1 B5IGN AS IT MAY HAVE BE5 9ITIALLY1 HAS BE5 DESIGNAT$ AS A 0G]ONTOCRACY0 & IT (T5 9CLUD$ OLD WOM5 AS WELL AS OLD M54 ,WE DETECT EVID5CE ( ITS BASIC1 PROBABLY PRIM>Y1 ROLE 9 VIRTUALLY ALL EXI/+ SOCIETIES UP TO REC5T TIMES--BE IT AS C\NCILS ( ELD]S ?AT W]E ADAPT$ TO CLAN1 TRIBAL1 URBAN & /ATE =MS1 OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 9 SU* /RIK+ CULTURAL FEATURES AS ANCE/OR-WOR%IP & AN ETIQUETTE ( DEF]5CE TO OLD] PEOPLE 9 MANY DIFF]5T K9DS ( SOCIETIES4 

,! RISE ( GR[+ MALE P[] 9 SOCIETY DID NOT NECESS>ILY REMOVE OLD WOM5 FROM HI<-/ATUS POSITIONS 9 ?IS E>LIE/ ( ALL HI]>*IES4 ,BIBLICAL FIGURES LIKE ,S>A HAD A DI/9CTLY AU?ORITATIVE & COMM&+ VOICE 9 PUBLIC AS WELL AS DOME/IC AFFAIRS1 EV5 9 ! PATRI>*AL & POLYGAM\S FAMILY ( ,HEBREW B$\9S4 ,9 REALITY1 ,S>A IS NOT AN ATYPICAL FIGURE 9 EXPLICITLY PATRI>*AL FAMILIES2 9DE$1 9 MANY TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES1 ONCE A WOMAN AG$ BEYOND ! *ILD-BE>+ YE>S ( H] LIFE1 %E (T5 ACQUIR$ ! /ATUS ( :AT HAS BE5 CALL$ A 0MATRI>*0 :O 5JOY$ 5ORM\S 9FLU5CE )9 ! COMMUNITY AT L>GE1 AT TIMES EV5 EXCE$+ ?AT ( OLD] MALES4 

,BUT EV5 AN E>LY G]ONTOCRACY HAS A SOME:AT EGALIT>IAN DIM5SION4 ,IF ONE LIVES LONG 5\<1 ONE MAY EV5TUALLY BECOME AN 0ELD]0 9 AN HONORIFIC S5SE1 OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 A DOM9E]+ 0PATRI>*0 & EV5 A 0MATRI>*40 ,HI]>*Y 9 ?IS E>LY =M SEEMS TO BE LESS /RUCTURALLY RIGID BECAUSE ( A K9D ( BIOLOGICAL 0UPW>D MOBILITY40 ,ITS EXI/5CE IS /ILL CONSI/5T ) ! EGALIT>IAN SPIRIT ( E>LY COMMUNAL SOCIETIES4 

,! SITUATION *ANGES1 H[EV]1 :5 ! BIOLOGICAL FACTS ?AT 9ITIALLY UND]P9 E>LY COMMUNAL LIFE BECOME 9CREAS+LY SOCIAL -- ?AT IS TO SAY1 :5 SOCIETY COMES 9CREAS+LY 9TO ITS [N & TRANS=MS ! =M & CONT5T ( RELATION%IPS )9 & BETWE5 SOCIAL GR\PS4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE ?AT ! BIOLOGICAL FACTS ?AT 5T] 9TO ! BLOOD RELATION%IP1 G5D] DIFF]5CES1 & AGE-GR\PS DO NOT SIMPLY DISAPPE> ONCE SOCIETY BEG9S TO ACQUIRE ITS [N SELF-G5]ATIVE =CES ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,NATURE IS DEEPLY 9T]WOV5 ) MANY ( !SE SOCIAL *ANGES4 ,BUT ! NATURAL DIM5SION ( SOCIETY IS MODIFI$1 COMPLICAT$1 & ALT]$ BY ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! BIOLOGICAL FACTS ?AT EXI/ 9 SOCIAL LIFE AT ALL TIMES4 

,CONSID] ONE ( ! MAJOR %IFTS 9 E>LY SOCIETIES ?AT WAS TO PR(\NDLY 9FLU5CE SOCIAL EVOLUTION3 ! GR[+ AU?ORITY ( M5 OV] WOM54 ,BY NO MEANS IS IT CLE> ?AT ! HI]>*ICAL SUPREMACY ( MALES WAS ! FIR/ OR NECESS>ILY ! MO/ 9FLEXIBLE SY/EM ( HI]>*Y TO CORRODE ! EGALIT>IAN /RUCTURES ( E>LY HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,G]ONTOCRACY PROBABLY PREC$$ 0PATRIC5TRICITY10 ! ORI5TATION ( SOCIETY T[>D MALE VALUES1 OR 79 ITS MO/ EXAGG]AT$ =M7 0PATRI>*AL0 HI]>*IES4 ,9DE$1 :AT (T5 PASSES = ,BIBLICAL TYPES ( PATRI>*Y >E PATRIC5TRIC MODIFICATIONS ( G]ONTOCRACY 9 :I* ALL Y\NG] MEMB]S ( ! FAMILY -- MALE AS WELL AS FEMALE -- >E UND] ! COMPLETE RULE ( ! OLDE/ MALE & (T5 HIS OLDE/ FEMALE CONSORT1 ! SO-CALL$ MATRI>*4 

,?AT MALES >E BORN 9TO A SPECIAL /ATUS 9 RELATION%IP TO FEMALES BECOMES AN OBVI\S SOCIAL FACT4 ,BUT IT ALSO RE/S ON BIOLOGICAL FACTS ?AT >E REWORK$ = DI/9CT SOCIAL 5DS4 ,MALES >E PHYSICALLY L>G]1 MORE MUSCUL>1 & NORMALLY POSSESS$ ( GREAT HEMOGLOB91 )9 ! SAME E?NIC GR\P1 ?AN FEMALES4 ,I AM OBLIG$ TO ADD ?AT !Y PRODUCE SIGNIFICANTLY GREAT] QUANTITIES ( TE/O/]ONE ?AN FEMALES -- AN &ROG5 ?AT NOT ONLY /IMULATES ! SYN!SIS ( PROTE9 & PRODUCES A GREAT] MUSCULATURE1 BUT ALSO FO/]S BEHAVIORAL TRAITS ?AT WE ASSOCIATE ) A HI< DEGREE ( PHYSICAL DYNAMISM4 ,TO D5Y !SE EVOLUTION>Y ADAPTATIONS1 :I* PROVIDE MALES ) GREAT] A?LETICISM 9 ! HUNT+ ( GAME &1 LAT]1 ( PEOPLE1 BY 9VOK+ 9DIVIDUAL EXCEPTIONS TO !SE MALE TRAITS IS TO SIMPLY OV]LOOK IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL FACTS4 

,NONE ( !SE FACTORS & TRAITS NE$ YIELD ! SUBORD9ATION ( FEMALES TO MALES4 ,NOR IS IT LIKELY ?AT !Y DID SO4 ,C]TA9LY1 MALE DOM9ATION S]V$ NO FUNCTION :5 WOMAN'S ROLE WAS SO C5TRAL TO ! /ABILITY ( ! E>LY HUMAN COMMUNITY4 ,ATTEMPTS TO 9/ITUTIONALIZE ! SUBORD9ATION ( WOM51 GIV5 !IR [N RI* CULTURAL DOMA9 & !IR DECISIVE ROLE 9 MA9TA9+ ! COMMUNITY1 W\LD HAVE BE5 UTT]LY DE/RUCTIVE TO 9TRAGR\P H>MONY4 ,9DE$1 ! V]Y IDEA ( DOM9ATION1 NOT TO M5TION HI]>*Y1 HAD YET TO EM]GE 9 E>LY HUMAN COMMUNITIES ?AT W]E SOCIALIZ$ 9TO ! VALUES ( ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM1 COMPLEM5T>ITY1 SUB/ANTIVE EQUALITY1 & USUFRUCT4 ,!SE VALUES W]E NOT SIMPLY A MORAL CR$O2 !Y W]E P>T ( AN ALL-5COMPASS+ S5SIBILITY ?AT EMBRAC$ ! NONHUMAN AS WELL AS ! HUMAN WORLD4 

,YET WE KN[ ?AT M5 BEGAN TO DOM9ATE WOM5 & BEGAN TO GIVE PRIMACY TO !IR 0CIVIL0 OV] WOMAN'S 0DOME/IC0 CULTURE4 ,?AT ?IS OCCURR$ 9 A V]Y %AD[Y & UNC]TA9 FA%ION IS A PROBLEM ?AT HAS NOT RECEIV$ ! C>EFUL ATT5TION IT DES]VES4 ,! TWO CULTURES--MALE & FEMALE -- RETA9$ A CONSID]ABLE DI/ANCE FROM EA* O!R WELL 9TO HI/ORY1 EV5 AS ! MALE SEEM$ TO MOVE TO ! SOCIAL =EFRONT 9 NE>LY EV]Y FIELD ( 5DEAVOR4 ,!RE IS A S5SE 9 :I* MALE 0CIVIL0 AFFAIRS SIMPLY UP/AG$ FEMALE 0DOME/IC0 AFFAIRS )\T FULLY SUPPLANT+ !M4 ,WE HAVE MANY C]EMONIES 9 TRIBAL SOCIETIES 9 :I* WOM5 SEEM TO BE/[ P[]S ON M5 ?AT ! M5 DO NOT REALLY HAVE1 SU* AS C]EMONIAL RE-5ACTM5TS ( ! ABILITY TO GIVE BIR?4 

,BUT AS 0CIVIL0 SOCIETY BECAME MORE PROBLEMATIC BECAUSE ( 9VAD]S1 9T]COMMUNAL /RIFE1 & F9ALLY1 SY/EMATIC W>F>E1 ! MALE WORLD BECAME MORE ASS]TIVE & AGONI/IC -- TRAITS ?AT >E LIKELY TO MAKE MALE AN?ROPOLOGI/S GIVE ! 0CIVIL0 SPH]E GREAT] PROM95CE 9 !IR LIT]ATURE1 ESPECIALLY IF !Y HAVE NO MEAN+FUL CONTACT ) ! WOM5 ( A PRELIT]ATE COMMUNITY4 ,?AT WOM5 (T5 MOCK$ MALE BELLICOSITY & LIV$ FULL LIVES ( !IR [N 9 V]Y CLOSE P]SONAL RELATION%IPS1 SEEMS TO WANE TO ! FOOTNOTE LEVEL 9 MO/ ACC\NTS BY MALE AN?ROPOLOGI/S4 ,! 0M5'S HUT0 /OOD ACTIVELY OPPOS$ TO ! WOMAN'S HOME1 :]E ! EV]YDAY DOMA9 ( *ILD-RE>+1 FOOD PREP>ATION1 & AN 9T5SELY FAMILIAL SOCIAL LIFE REMA9$ ALMO/ UNNOTIC$ BY MALE AN?ROPOLOGI/S1 AL?\< IT WAS PSY*OLOGICALLY PIVOTAL TO ! SULL5 M5 ( A COMMUNITY4 ,9DE$1 SORORAL LIFE RETA9$ AN AMAZ+ VITALITY & EXUB]ANCE LONG AFT] ! EM]G5CE ( URBAN SOCIETIES4 ,WOM5'S TALK1 H[EV]1 WAS DEPRECAT$ AS 0GOSSIP0 & !IR WORK WAS CALL$ 0M5IAL0 EV5 9 ,EURO-,AM]ICAN SOCIETIES4 

,IRONICALLY1 ! DEGRADATION ( WOM51 ITSELF ALWAYS V>IABLE & (T5 9CONSI/5T1 APPE>S :5 MALES =M HI]>*IES AMONG !MSELVES1 AS ,JANET ,BIEHL HAS SO ABLY %[N 9 H] SPL5DID WORK ON HI]>*Y4 .<#i.> ,) 9CREAS+ 9T]COMMUNAL CONFLICTS1 SY/EMATIC W>F>E1 & 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ VIOL5CE1 0CIVIL0 PROBLEMS BECAME *RONIC4 ,!Y DEM&$ GREAT] RES\RCES1 ! MOBILIZATION ( M51 & !Y PLAC$ DEM&S ON WOMAN'S DOMA9 = MAT]IAL RES\RCES4 

,\T ( ! SK9 ( ! MO/ ABLE HUNT] EM]G$ A NEW K9D ( CREATURE3 ! 0BIG MAN10 :O WAS ALSO A 0GREAT W>RIOR40 ,SL[LY1 EV]Y DOMA9 ( PRELIT]ATE SOCIETY WAS REORI5T$ T[>D MA9TA9+ HIS HEI<T5$ 0CIVIL0 FUNCTIONS4 ,! BLOOD OA?1 BAS$ ON K9%IP LOYALTIES1 WAS GRADUALLY REPLAC$ BY OA?S ( FEALTY BY HIS SOLDI]LY 0COMPANIONS0 :O W]E DRAWN FROM CLANS O!R ?AN HIS [N1 9DE$1 FROM SOLIT>Y /RANG]S1 !REBY CUTT+ ACROSS TRADITIONAL BLOODL9ES & !IR SANCTITY4 0,LESS] M50 APPE>$ :O W]E OBLIG$ TO CRAFT HIS WEAPONS1 PROVIDE = HIS SU/5ANCE1 BUILD & ADORN HIS DWELL+S1 & F9ALLY1 ]ECT HIS =TIFICATIONS & MONUM5TALIZE HIS A*IEVEM5TS ) IMPRESSIVE PALACES & BURIAL SITES4 

,EV5 WOMAN'S WORLD1 ) ITS SECRETIVE UND]P9N+S1 WAS RE%AP$1 TO A LESS] OR GREAT] DEGREE1 9 ORD] TO SUPPORT HIM ) Y\NG SOLDI]S OR ABLE S]FS1 CLO?+ TO ADORN HIM1 CONCUB9ES TO 9DULGE HIS PLEASURES1 &1 ) ! GR[? ( FEMALE >I/OCRACIES1 H]OES & HEIRS TO BE> HIS NAME 9TO ! FUTURE4 ,ALL ! S]VILE PLAUDITS TO HIS GREAT /ATURE1 ?AT >E COMMONLY SE5 AS SIGNS ( FEM99E WEAKNESS1 EM]G$1 ?R[+ 9TO %>P CONTRA/ & PROM95CE A CULTURAL 5SEMBLE BAS$ ON MASCUL9E /R5G?4 

,S]VILITY TO MALE *IEFS1 W>RIORS1 & K+S WAS NOT SIMPLY A CONDITION IMPOS$ BY W>RIORS ON WOM54 ,SIDE BY SIDE ) ! S]VILE WOMAN IS ! UN*ANG+ IMAGE ( ! S]VILE MAN1 :OSE BACK PROVIDES A FOOTRE/ = >ROGANT MON>*S & DEMEAN+ CAPITALI/S4 ,! HUMILIATION ( MAN BY MAN BEGAN E>LY ON 9 ! 0M5'S HUT10 :5 C[]+ BOYS LIV$ ON A DIET ( MOCK]Y = !IR 9EXP]I5CE AT ! H&S ( ADULT MALES2 & 0SMALL M50 LIV$ ON A DIET ( DISDA9 = !IR LIMIT$ ACCOMPLI%M5TS BY COMP>ISON ) ?OSE ( 0BIG M540 

,HI]>*Y1 :I* FIR/ RE>S ITS HEAD T5TATIVELY ) G]ONTOCRACIES1 DID NOT SUDD5LY EXPLODE 9TO PREHI/ORY4 ,IT EXP&$ ITS PLACE SL[LY1 CAUTI\SLY1 & (T5 UNNOTICEABLY1 BY AN ALMO/ METABOLIC =M ( GR[? :5 0BIG M50 BEGAN TO DOM9ATE 0SMALL M510 :5 W>RIORS & !IR 0COMPANIONS0 BEGAN TO GRADUALLY DOM9ATE !IR FOLL[]S1 :5 *IEFS BEGAN TO DOM9ATE ! COMMUNITY1 & F9ALLY1 :5 NOBLES BEGAN TO DOM9ATE PEASANTS & S]FS4 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 ! 0CIVIL0 SPH]E ( ! MALE BEGAN TO SL[LY 5CROA* UPON ! 0DOME/IC0 SPH]E ( ! FEMALE4 ,BY DEGREES1 IT PLAC$ ! FEMALE WORLD 9CREAS+LY 9 ! S]VICE ( ! MALE1 )\T DE/ROY+ IT4 ,! SORORAL WORLD1 F> FROM DISAPPE>+1 TOOK ON A HIDD5 =M1 9DE$1 A CONFID5TIAL =M1 ?AT WOM5 %>$ ) EA* O!R BEH9D ! BACKS ( M51 AS !Y CONFRONT$ NEW 0CIVIL0 RELATION%IPS CREAT$ BY MALES4 

,H5CE1 9 G5D] RELATION%IPS AS WELL AS 9 9TRAMALE RELATION%IPS1 !RE WAS NO SUDD5 LEAP FROM ! SEXUAL EGALIT>IANISM ( E>LY PRELIT]ATE SOCIETIES TO MALE 0PRIORITY40 ,9DE$1 IT W\LD BE QUITE IMPOSSIBLE1 AS ,BIEHL HAS PO9T$ \T1 TO DIVORCE ! DOM9ATION ( WOMAN BY MAN FROM ! DOM9ATION ( MAN BY MAN4 ,! TWO ALWAYS 9T]ACT$ DIALECTICALLY TO RE9=CE EA* O!R ) ATTITUDES ( COMM& & OB$I5CE ?AT GRADUALLY P]MEAT$ SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 EV5 PRODUC+ HI]>*IES ( A MORE UN/ABLE NATURE AMONG WOM54 ,AT ! BOTTOM ( EV]Y SOCIAL LADD] ALWAYS /OOD ! RESID5T \TSID] -- MALE OR FEMALE -- & ! ASSORTM5T ( W> CAPTIVES :O1 ) ECONOMIC *ANGES1 BECAME A V]Y SIZABLE POPULATION ( SLAVES4 

,! TRANSITION FROM A L>GELY 0DOME/IC0 TO A L>GELY 0CIVIL0 SOCIETY WAS ALSO CONDITION$ BY MANY LESS NOTICEABLE1 BUT V]Y IMPORTANT1 FACTORS4 ,LONG BE=E DOM9ATION BECAME RIGOR\SLY 9/ITUTIONALIZ$1 G]ONTOCRACY HAD ALREADY CREAT$ A /ATE ( M9D ?AT WAS /RUCTUR$ >\ND ! P[] ( ELD]S TO COMM& & ! OBLIGATION ( ! Y\NG TO OBEY4 ,?IS /ATE ( M9D W5T F> BEYOND ! 9DISP5SABLE C>E & ATT5TION REQUIR$ = ! 9/RUCTION ( *ILDR5 & Y\?S 9 ! >TS ( SURVIVAL4 ,9 MANY PRELIT]ATE COMMUNITIES1 ELD]S ACQUIR$ MAJOR DECISION-MAK+ P[]S ?AT DEALT ) M>RIAGE1 GR\P C]EMONIES1 DECISIONS AB\T W>1 & 9TRACOMMUNAL SQUABBLES BETWE5 P]SONS & CLANS4 ,?IS /ATE ( M9D1 OR1 IF Y\ LIKE1 CONDITION+1 WAS A TR\BL+ PRES5CE ?AT PRESAG$ EV5 GREAT] TR\BLES AS HI]>*Y G5]ALLY EXT5D$ ITSELF OV] SOCIETY4 

,BUT HI]>*Y EV5 9 E>LY SOCIETIES WAS /ILL FUR!R RE9=C$ BY %AMANS &1 LAT]1 BY %AMANI/IC GUILDS ?AT GA9$ PRE/IGE & PRIVILEGES BY VIRTUE ( !IR V]Y UNC]TA9 MONOPOLY OV] MAGICAL PRACTICES4 ,BE !Y 0PRIMITIVE MAN'S SCI5CE0 OR NOT1 ! >TS ( ! %AMAN W]E NAIVE AT BE/ & FRAUDUL5T AT WOR/ -- & MORE (T5 ! LATT] ?AN ! =M]1 PRES5T-DAY CULLS1 COV5S1 & POP-LIT]ATURE ON ! SUBJECT TO ! CONTR>Y NOT)/&+4 ,REPEAT$ FAILURES BY %AMANS 9 !IR USE ( MAGICAL TE*NIQUES C\LD BE FATAL1 NOT ONLY TO A TR\BL$ COMMUNITY OR A SICK P]SON4 ,!IR FAILURE C\LD BE DANG]\S TO ! %AMAN AS WELL1 :O MI<T JU/ AS WELL BE SPE>$ AS EXIL$ 9 DISGRACE4 

,H5CE1 AS ,PAUL ,RAD9 NOTES 9 HIS EXCELL5T DISCUSSION ( ,WE/ ,AFRICAN %AMANS1 %AMANISDC GUILDS ALWAYS S\<T 9FLU5TIAL ALLIES :O C\LD BUFF] !M FROM POPUL> ANG] & 9CR$ULITY4 ,SU* ALLIES W]E (T5 ELD]S :O FELT 9SECURE AS A RESULT ( !IR [N FAIL+ P[]S OR RIS+ *IEFS :O W]E 9 NE$ ( IDEOLOGICAL LEGITIMATION FROM ! SPIRIT WORLD4 .<#a.> 

,/ILL ANO!R REF9EM5T ( HI]>*Y WAS ! TRANSITION FROM ! 0BIG MAN'S0 /ATUS -- :OSE PRE/IGE DEP5D$ AS MU* ON HIS DI/RIBUTION ( GIFTS AS IT DID UPON HIS PR[ESS AS A HUNT] -- TO ! /ATUS ( A H]$IT>Y *IEF4 ,H]E1 WE WITNESS ! REM>KABLE TRANSMUTATION ( A 0BIG MAN10 :O MU/ ACTIVELY E>N PUBLIC ADMIRATION ) IMPRESSIVE ACTIONS ( ALL K9DS1 9TO A WISE *IEFLY ADVIS]1 :O COMM&S RESPECT )\T ANY PR]OGATIVE ( P[]1 & F9ALLY1 9TO A QUASI-MON>*ICAL FIGURE :O EVOKES FE>1 BE IT BECAUSE ( HIS CONSID]ABLE 5T\RAGE ( >M$ 0COMPANIONS10 HIS /ATUS AS A DEMI-GOD ) SUP]NATURAL P[]S ( HIS [N1 OR BO?4 

,?IS GRAD$ DEVELOPM5T ( A 0BIG MAN0 9TO AN \TRI<T AUTOCRAT WAS LEAV5$ BY BASIC ALT]ATIONS 9 ! K9%IP BOND & ITS IMPORTANCE4 ,! K9%IP BOND IS SURPRIS+LY EGALIT>IAN :5 IT IS NOT TWI/$ \T ( %APE4 ,IT EVOKES A SIMPLE S5SE ( LOYALTY1 RESPONSIBILITY1 MUTUAL RESPECT1 & MUTUAL AID4 ,IT RE/S ON ! MORAL /R5G? ( A %>$ S5SE ( ANCE/RY1 ON ! BELIEF ?AT WE >E ALL 0BRO!RS0 & 0SI/]S10 H[EV] FICTITI\S !SE ANCE/RAL TIES MAY BECOME 9 REALITY -- NOT ON ! BASIS ( MAT]IAL 9T]E/1 P[]1 FE>1 OR CO]CION4 

,! 0BIG MAN10 *IEF1 & F9ALLY1 ! AUTOCRAT UND]M9ES ?IS ESS5TIALLY EGALIT>IAN BOND4 ,HE MAY DO SO BY ASS]T+ ! SUPREMACY ( HIS [N K9 GR\P OV] O!R ONES1 9 :I* CASE AN 5TIRE CLAN MAY ACQUIRE A ROYAL OR DYNA/IC /ATUS 9 RELATIONS TO O!R CLANS 9 ! COMMUNITY4 ,OR HE MAY BYPASS HIS [N K9SPEOPLE 5TIRELY & ADOPT 0COMPANIONS10 BE !Y W>RIORS1 RETA9]S1 & ! LIKE1 :O >E DRAWN 9TO HIS FOLD EXCLUSIVELY ON ! BASIS ( !IR [N PR[ESS & FEALTY )\T ANY REG>D TO BLOOD AFFILIATIONS4 

,?IS IS A HI<LY CORROSIVE PROCESS4 ,A NEW K9D ( 0P]SON0 IS CREAT$ AGA93 A P]SON :O IS NEI!R A MEMB] ( ! 0BIG MAN'S0 K9 GR\P OR4 = ?AT MATT]1 A MEMB] ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,LIKE ! M]C5>IES ( ! ,R5AISSANCE OR EV5 CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY1 HE IS A 0COMPANION10 ) O!R COMPANIONS LIKE HIMSELF1 :O COLLECTS 9TO A MILIT>Y 0COMPANY0 ?AT HAS NO SOCIAL LOYALTIES OR TRADITIONS4 

,SU* 0COMPANIES0 CAN EASILY BE SET AGA9/ ! COMMUNITY OR RE>$ ABOVE IT 9TO A CO]CIVE MON>*Y & >I/OCRACY4 ,GILGAME% 9 ! FAM\S ,SUM]IAN EPIC ADOPT$ ,5KIDU1 A TOTAL /RANG]1 AS HIS 0COMPANION10 !REBY *ALL5G+ ! 9TEGRITY ( ! 5TIRE K9%IP SY/EM AS A =M ( SOCIAL CEM5T & UND]M9+ ITS COMPLEX NETWORK ( COMMITM5TS ?AT W]E SO ESS5TIAL TO ! EGALIT>IAN VALUES ( PRELIT]ATE SOCIETY4 

,:AT ,I W\LD LIKE TO EMPHASIZE IS H[ MU* HI]>*ICAL DIFF]5TIATION SIMPLY REWORK$ EXI/+ RELATION%IPS 9 E>LY SOCIETY 9TO A SY/EM ( /ATUS LONG BE=E ! /RICTLY ECONOMIC RELATION%IP WE CALL 0CLASSES0 EM]G$ ,AGE /ATUS M]G$ ) *ANGES 9 G5D] /ATUS2 0DOME/IC0 SOCIETY WAS PLAC$ 9 ! S]VICE ( 0CIVIL0 SOCIETY2 %AMANI/IC GUILDS NETWORK$ ) G]ONTOCRACIES & W>RIOR GR\PS2 & W>RIOR GR\PS REWORK$ K9%IP TIES1 ULTIMATELY R$UC+ TRIBAL BLOOD COMMUNITIES TO T]RITORIAL COMMUNITIES BAS$ ON RESID5CE RA!R ?AN BLOOD TIES & COMPOS$ ( PEASANTS1 S]FS1 & SLAVES4 

,\R PRES5T ]A IS ! HEIR TO ?IS VA/ REWORK+ ( DIFF]5TIATION ( HUMANITY -- NOT ONLY ALONG CLASS L9ES BUT1 MU* E>LI] 9 TIME1 9TO HI]>*IES 9 :I* CLASS SY/EMS W]E 9CUBAT$4 ,!SE HI]>*IES /ILL =M ! F]TILE GR\ND 9 \R [N TIME = ! EXI/5CE ( HIDD5 OPPRESSIONS BY AGE GR\PS1 ( WOM5 BY M51 & ( M5 BY M5 -- 9DE$1 A VA/ L&SCAPE ( DOM9ATION ?AT ALSO GIVES RISE 9 GREAT P>T TO L>GELY EXPLOITATIVE ECONOMIC SY/EMS BAS$ ON CLASSES4 

,ONLY LAT] WAS ?IS IMM5SE SY/EM ( SOCIAL DOM9ATION EXT5D$ 9TO ! NOTION ( DOM9AT+ NATURE BY 0HUMANITY40 ,NO ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 H[EV] COMMUNAL OR B5IGN 9 ITS IDEALS1 CAN EV] REMOVE ! 0GOAL0 ( DOM9AT+ ! NATURAL WORLD UNTIL IT HAS RADICALLY ELIM9AT$ ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN1 OR1 9 ESS5CE1 ! 5TIRE HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURE )9 SOCIETY 9 :I* ! V]Y NOTION ( DOM9ATION RE/S4 ,SU* AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY MU/ REA* 9TO ! OV]LAID MUCK ( HI]>*Y--A MUCK ?AT OOZES \T FROM FISSURES 9 FAMILY RELATION%IPS ?AT EXI/ BETWE5 G5]ATIONS & G5D]S1 *UR*ES & S*OOLS1 FRI5D%IPS & LOV]S1 EXPLOIT]S & EXPLOIT$1 & HI]>*ICAL S5SIBILITIES T[>D ! 5TIRE WORLD ( LIFE4 

,TO RECOV] & GO BEYOND ! NONHI]>*ICAL WORLD ?AT ONCE =M$ HUMAN SOCIETY & ITS VALUES ( ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM1 COMPLEM5T>ITY1 & USUFRUCT1 IS AN AG5DA ?AT BELONGS TO ! CLOS+ PORTIONS ( ?IS BOOK4 ,IT SUFFICES1 H]E1 TO BE> 9 M9D ?AT SOCIAL ECOLOGY HAS MADE ! UND]/&+ ( HI]>*Y -- ITS RISE1 SCOPE1 & IMPACT -- ! C5T]PIECE ( ITS MESSAGE ( A LIB]AT+1 RATIONAL1 & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,ANY AG5DA ?AT CONTA9S LESS ?AN !SE IMP]ATIVES IS OBSCURE AT BE/ & GROSSLY MISLEAD+ AT WOR/4 

,AT ! RISK ( REPETITION1 LET ME EMPHASIZE ?AT ! WORD HI]>*Y %\LD BE VIEW$ /RICTLY AS A SOCIAL T]M4 ,TO EXT5D ?IS T]M TO COV] ALL =MS ( CO]CION IS TO P]MAN5TLY ROOT CONSCI\SLY ORGANIZ$ & 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ SY/EMS ( COMM& & OB$I5CE 9 NATURE & GIVE IT AN AURA ( ET]NALITY ?AT IS COMP>ABLE ONLY TO ! G5ETIC PROGRAMM+ ( A 0SOCIAL0 9SECT4 ,WE HAVE MORE TO LE>N FROM ! FATE ( \R [N ROYAL FIGURES 9 HUMAN HI/ORY ?AT FROM ! BEHAVIOR ( 0QUE5 BEES0 9 BEEHIVES4 

,FIGURES LIKE ,L\IS ,X,V,I ( ,FRANCE & ,NI*OLAS ,I,I ( ,RUSSIA1 = EXAMPLE1 DID NOT BECOME AUTOCRATS BECAUSE !Y HAD G5ETICALLY PROGRAMM$ /RONG P]SONALITIES & PHYSIQUES1 MU* LESS KE5 M9DS4 ,!Y W]E 9EPT1 AWKW>D1 PSY*OLOGICALLY WEAK1 & CONSPICU\SLY /UPID M5 7EV5 ACCORD+ TO ROYALI/ ACC\NTS ( !IR REIGNS7 :O LIV$ 9 TIMES ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL UPHEAVAL4 ,YET !IR P[] WAS VIRTUALLY ABSOLUTE UNTIL IT WAS CURTAIL$ BY REVOLUTION4 

,:AT GAVE !M ! 5ORM\S P[] !Y 5JOY$8 ,!IR P[] CAN ONLY BE EXPLA9$ BY ! RISE ( HUMANLY CONTRIV$ & SUPPORTIVE 9/ITUTIONS LIKE BUREAUCRACIES1 >MIES1 POLICE1 LEGAL CODES & JUDICI>IES ?AT CONSCI\SLY FAVOR$ ABSOLUTISM1 & A F>-FLUNG1 & L>GELY S]VILE4 ,*UR* ?AT ITSELF WAS /RUCTUR$ ALONG HI<LY HI]>*ICAL L9ES-- 9 %ORT1 A VA/1 DEEPLY 5TR5*$ 9/ITUTIONAL APP>ATUS ?AT HAD BE5 9 ! MAK+ = C5TURIES & WAS OV]?R[N 9 REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVALS 9 A MATT] ( WEEKS4 ,AP>T FROM G5ETICALLY PROGRAMM$ 9SECTS1 WE HAVE ABSOLUTELY NO EQUIVAL5T ( SU* HI]>*IES 9 ! NONHUMAN WORLD4 ,REMOVE ! WORD 0HI]>*Y0 FROM ITS SOCIAL CONTEXT 9 HUMAN LIFE & WE CREATE ! UTMO/ CONFUSION 9 TRY+ TO UND]/& ITS ORIG9S 9 \R MID/ & ! MEANS = REMOV+ IT -- A SOCIAL CAPACITY1 ,I MAY ADD1 ?AT WE ALONE1 AS HUMAN BE+S1 POSSESS4 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 ! WORD 0DOM9ATION0 %\LD BE VIEW$ /RICTLY AS A SOCIAL T]M IF WE >E NOT TO LOSE SI<T ( ITS V>I\S 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ =MS -- =MS ?AT >E UNIQUE TO HUMAN BE+S4 ,ANIMALS C]TA9LY DO CO]CE EA* O!R1 USUALLY AS 9DIVIDUALS1 OCCASIONALLY EV5 AS SMALL 0GANGS0 ?AT PRESUMABLY DEM& ACCESS TO SEEM+ 0PRIVILEGES10 7A WORD :I* CAN ALSO BE /RET*$ BEYOND ALL RECOGNITION IF WE EXAM9E 0PRIVILEGE0 COMP>ATIVELY1 AS IT EXI/S FROM ONE SPECIES TO ANO!R47 

,BUT NOT ONLY IS ?IS 0DOM9E]+0 BEHAVIOR ASSOCIAT$ ) ONE OR A FEW 9DIVIDUAL ANIMALS2 IT IS HI<LY T5TATIVE1 (T5 EPISODIC1 9=MAL1 & AMONG APES 9 P>TICUL>1 HI<LY DIFFUSE4 ,! 0PRIVILEGES0 \R CLOSE/ ANIMAL RELATIVES CLAIM >E V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ONE SPECIES TO ANO!R1 EV5 ONE GR\P TO ANO!R4 ,LA/+ 9/ITUTIONS LIKE >MIES1 POLICE1 & EV5 CRIM9AL GR\PS1 DO NOT EXI/ 9 ! ANIMAL WORLD4 ,:]E !Y SEEM TO EXI/1 AS AMONG 0SOLDI]S0 9 9SECTS LIKE ANTS1 !Y >E EXAMPLES ( G5ETICALLY PROGRAMM$ BEHAVIOR1 NOT SOCIALLY CONTRIV$ 9/ITUTIONS OP5 TO RADICAL *ANGE BY REBELLION4 

,IT IS TEMPT+ TO ASK :Y SU* CO]CIVE SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 9DE$1 /ATUS SY/EMS & HI]>*IES1 >OSE AMONG HUMAN BE+S 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 NOT ONLY H[ !Y >OSE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 :AT W]E ! CAUSES ?AT GAVE RISE TO 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ DOM9ANCE & SUBMISSION AP>T FROM DESCRIPTIONS ( !IR EM]G5CE & DEVELOPM5T8 

,/ATUS1 AS ,I HAVE ALREADY PO9T$ \T1 APPE>$ BETWE5 AGE-GR\PS1 ALBEIT 9 AN 9ITIALLY B5IGN =M4 ,H5CE1 A PSY*O-SOCIAL SETT+ ( DEF]5CE TO ! ELD]LY WAS ALREADY PRES5T 9 E>LY SOCIETY EV5 BE=E OLD] G5]ATIONS BEGAN TO CLAIM V]Y REAL PRIVILEGES FROM Y\NG] ONES4 ,I'VE CIT$ ! 9FIRMITIES & 9SECURITIES AG+ PRODUCES 9 ! ELD]LY & !IR CAPACITY TO BR+ !IR GREAT] EXP]I5CE & KN[L$GE TO ! S]VICE ( !IR 9CREAS+ /ATUS4 

,!IR G]ONTOCRACIES PRES5T NO REAL MY/]Y AS A S\RCE ( /ATUS-CONSCI\SNESS4 ,?AT AGE-HI]>*IES W\LD APPE> IS (T5 M]ELY A MATT] ( TIME3 ! SOCIALIZATION PROCESS ) ITS NE$ = C>EFUL 9/RUCTION1 GR[+ KN[L$GE1 & AN 9CREAS+ RES]VOIR ( EXP]I5CE VIRTUALLY GU>ANTEES ?AT ELD]S W\LD E>N A JU/IFIABLE DEGREE ( RESPECT &1 9 PREC>I\S SITUATIONS1 SEEK A C]TA9 AM\NT ( P[]4 

,! MO/ *ALL5G+ =M ( SOCIAL /ATUS1 H[EV]1 IS PROBABLY ! P[] ?AT 0BIG M50 ,I GA9$ & CONC5TRAT$1 9ITIALLY 9 !IR [N P]SONS1 LAT] 9 !IR 9CREAS+LY 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ 0COMPANIES0 ,H]E1 WE 5C\NT] A V]Y SUBTLE & COMPLEX DIALECTIC4 0,BIG M50 W]E NOTABLE1 AS WE HAVE SE51 = !IR G5]OSITY1 NOT ONLY = !IR PR[ESS4 ,!IR C]EMONIAL DI/RIBUTION ( GIFTS TO PEOPLE -- A SY/EM = ! R$I/RIBUTION ( WEAL? ?AT ACQUIR$ HI<LY NEUROTIC TRAITS 9 ! POTLAT* C]EMONIES ( ! ,NOR?WE/ ,9DIANS1 :]E BITT] CONTE/S BETWE5 0BIG M50 L$ TO AN ORGIA/IC 0DISACCUMULATION0 ( EV]Y?+ !Y [N$ 9 ORD] TO 0ACCUMULATE0 PRE/IGE )9 ! COMMUNITY -- MAY HAVE HAD V]Y B5IGN ORIG9S4 ,TO BE G5]\S & GIV+ WAS A SOCIAL ETIQUETTE ?AT PROMOT$ ! UNITY1 & CONTRIBUT$ TO ! V]Y SURVIVAL1 ( ! E>LY HUMAN COMMUNITY4 

,GIV5 TIME & ! LIKELY SUSCEPTIBILITY ( M5 TO SEEK COMMUNAL APPROVAL1 A SUSCEPTIBILITY ?AT WAS ROOT$ 9 !IR S5SE ( 0MANL9ESS0 & ! COMMUNITY'S RESPECT = !IR PHYSICAL PR[ESS1 IT IS LIKELY ?AT 0BIGNESS0 MEANT LITTLE MORE ?AN G5]OSITY & A HI< REG>D = SKILL & C\RAGE4 ,!SE W\LD HAVE BE5 ATTRIBUTES ?AT ANY PRELIT]ATE COMMUNITY W\LD HAVE PRIZ$ 9 A MALE1 JU/ AS WOM5 HAD MANY DIFF]5T SKILLS ?AT W]E DEEPLY VALU$4 ,?IS K9D ( 0BIGNESS10 AS POTLAT* C]EMONIES SUGGE/1 C\LD HAVE EASILY BECOME REIFI$ AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF4 ,OR1 AS 9 C]TA9 COMMUNITIES LIKE ! ,HOPI1 BY CONTRA/1 IT C\LD BE SE5 AS SOCIALLY DISRUPTIVE BECAUSE ( ITS /RID5T 9DIVIDUALITY1 & ?US1 IT WAS %>PLY CURTAIL$4 ,ACCORD+LY1 :5 ,EURO-,AM]ICAN 0$UCATORS0 ( ! ,HOPI TRI$ TO TEA* ,HOPI *ILDR5 TO PLAY COMPETITIVE SPORTS1 !Y HAD IMM5SE DIFFICULTIES 9 GETT+ ! *ILDR5 TO KEEP SCORES4 ,HOPI CU/OM DISC\RAG$ RIVALRY & SELFASS]TIV5ESS AS H>MFUL TO COMMUNITY SOLID>ITY4 

,EV]Y:]E ALONG ! WAY1 9 EFFECT1 CONFLICT+ ALT]NATIVES CONFRONT$ EA* COMMUNITY AS POT5TIAL HI]>*IES BEGAN TO APPE>1 FIR/1 AS G]ONTOCRACIES1 LAT]1 AS 9DIVIDUAL 0BIG M50 & W>RIOR GR\PS4 ,SU* POT5TIAL HI]>*IES C\LD HAVE BE5 DEVELOP$ V]Y MU* ON !IR [N MOM5TUM1 9ITIALLY ) V]Y LITTLE DIVISIVE EFFECTS ON ! COMMUNITY1 OR !Y C\LD HAVE BE5 %>PLY CURTAIL$ EV5 AFT] !Y BEGAN TO APPE>4 ,!RE IS EVID5CE TO %[ ?AT SU* OPPOS+ T5D5CIES APPE>$ 9 MANY DIFF]5T PRELIT]ATE COMMUNITIES1 EI!R ADVANC+ 9TO FULL-BL[N HI]>*IES OR BE+ >RE/$ AT V>I\S LEVELS ( DEVELOPM5T1 :5 !Y W]E NOT SIMPLY PU%$ BACK TO A MORE EGALIT>IAN CONDITION4 

,9 FACT1 CU/OM1 SOCIALIZATION1 & BASIC PRECEPTS LIKE ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM1 COMPLEM5T>ITY1 & USUFRUCT1 MI<T V]Y WELL HAVE T5D$ TO FAVOR ! CURTAILM5T ( HI]>*Y RA!R ?AN ITS CULTIVATION4 ,?IS IS EVID5T 9 ! L>GE NUMB] ( HUMAN COMMUNITIES ?AT EXI/$ WELL 9TO ,EURO-,AM]ICAN HI/ORY ) LITTLE OR NO HI]>*ICAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,ONLY A SURPRIS+LY SMALL P>T ( HUMANITY DEVELOP$ SOCIETIES ?AT W]E /RUCTUR$ OV]:ELM+LY >\ND HI]>*IES1 CLASSES1 & ! ,/ATE4 ,P]HAPS A MAJORITY AVOID$ 9 V>Y+ DEGREES ?IS D>K PA? ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T OR1 AT LEA/1 5T]$ ONTO IT TO A LIMIT$ EXT5T4 

,BUT ONE FACT %\LD BE CLE>LY NOT$3 A COMMUNITY ?AT DOES DEVELOP ALONG HI]>*ICAL1 CLASS1 & /ATI/ L9ES HAS A PR(\ND IMPACT UPON ALL ! COMMUNITIES >\ND IT ?AT CONT9UE TO FOLL[ AN EGALIT>IAN DIRECTION4 ,A W>RIOR COMMUNITY L$ BY AN AGGRESSIVE *IEFDOM COMPELS HI<LY PACIFIC NEI<BOR+ COMMUNITIES TO CREATE !IR [N MILIT>Y =MATIONS & *IEFS IF !Y >E TO SURVIVE4 ,AN 5TIRE REGION MAY ?US BE DRA/ICALLY *ANG$ --CULTURALLY1 MORALLY1 & 9/ITUTIONALLY -- M]ELY AS A RESULT ( AGGRESSIVE HI]>*IES 9 A S+LE COMMUNITY4 

,WE CAN TRACE ?IS CLE>LY BY /UDY+ ONE COMMUNITY'S GRAVE SITES 9 ! ,&ES :I* WAS 9ITIALLY FREE ( WEAPONS & DI/9CTIVE /ATUS-ORI5T$ ORNAM5TS1 ONLY TO F9D ?AT !SE SITES BEGAN TO EXHIBIT W>RIOR & PRE/IGE >TIFACTS AT A LAT] LEVEL ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,ACTUALLY1 ?IS *ANGE C\LD BE ATTRIBUT$ TO ! EM]G5CE ( A NEI<BOR+ COMMUNITY ?AT HAD EMB>K$ UPON AN AGGRESSIVE1 W>RIOR-ORI5T$ SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T E>LI] 9 TIME1 !REBY PR(\NDLY AFFECT+ ! 9T]NAL LIFE ( MORE PEACEFUL COMMUNITIES :I* SURR\ND$ IT4 ,SO IT MAY HAVE BE5 9 MANY P>TS ( ! WORLD1 EA* ONE 9 ISOLATION FROM ! O!RS4 

,NO LESS /RIK+ IS ! EVID5CE WE F9D ( *ANGES 9 ,AM]ICAN ,9DIAN SOCIETIES FROM HI<LY C5TRALIZ$1 W>-LIKE1 & QUASI-/ATI/ 0EMPIRES0 TO DEC5TRALIZ$1 FAIRLY PACIFIC1 & RELATIVELY NONHI]>*ICAL COMMUNITIES4 ,9 !IR C5TRALI/IC & MILIT>I/IC PHASES1 !SE 0EMPIRES0 APP>5TLY BECAME SO TOP-HEAVY1 EXPLOITATIVE1 & EXHAU/+ TO ! COMMUNITIES !Y CONTROLL$ ?AT !Y EI!R COLLAPS$ UND] !IR [N WEI<T OR W]E SIMPLY OV]?R[N BY LOCAL REBELLIONS4 ,! ,9DIAN M\ND-BUILD]S ( ! ,AM]ICAN MIDWE/ OR ! ,MAYANS ( ,MEXICO MAY V]Y WELL HAVE EMB>K$ ON A VIGOR\S MILIT>I/IC EXPANSION1 ONLY TO DISAPPE> :5 !Y C\LD NO LONG] SU/A9 !MSELVES OR RETA9 ! OB$I5CE ( SUBJECT POPULATIONS4 ,?IS HI/ORIC SEE-SAW ( COMMUNAL 9/ITUTIONS BETWE5 C5TRALIZATION & DEC5TRALIZATION1 W>RIOR & PEACEFUL COMMUNITIES1 EXPANSIVE & CONTRACTIVE SOCIETIES1 ALL APPE>$ 9 ! ,WE/ AS WELL UNTIL ! RISE ( ! NATION-/ATE 9 ,EUROPE DUR+ ! FIFTE5? & SIXTE5? C5TURIES4 

,9 SO F> AS WOM5 W]E R$UC$ TO ! SPECTATORS ( ! 9TRACOMMUNITY *ANGES ?AT GAVE RISE TO HI]>*Y1 !Y W]E NOT SIGNIFICANT P>TICIPANTS 9 ITS DEVELOPM5T4 ,VICTIMIZ$ AS !Y W]E1 !Y %>$ ) ! L[] /RATA ( MALE HI]>*IES AN OPPRESSION & DEGRADATION ?AT ALL RUL+ ELITES 9FLICT$ ON !IR UND]L+S4 ,M5 NOT ONLY DEGRAD$1 OPPRESS$1 & (T5 US$ WOM5 AS OBJECTS2 !Y ALSO OPPRESS$ & KILL$ O!R M5 9 AN ORGY ( SLAU<T]+ & CRUELTY4 ,! E>LY K+DOMS ( ! ,NE> ,EA/ W]E RELUCTANT TO KEEP MALE PRISON]S ( W> BECAUSE !Y W]E REG>D$ AS POT5TIALLY TOO REBELLI\S1 SO !Y W]E NORMALLY PUT TO DEA? RA!R ?AN 5SLAV$4 ,:5 MALE SLAVES BEGAN TO APPE> 9 L>GE NUMB]S1 !Y W]E (T5 EXPLOIT$ RU?LESSLY & W]E TREAT$1 ESPECIALLY 9 M9ES & L>GE-SCALE AGRICULTURE1 ) APPALL+ RU?LESSNESS1 ,MALE PHYSICAL /R5G? BECAME A LIABILITY1 NOT AN ASSET1 :5 IT WAS US$ = EXPLOITATIVE PURPOSES4 

,! CAUSES ( HI]>*Y1 !N1 >E NOT A MY/]Y4 ,!Y >E QUITE COMPREH5SIBLE :5 WE DIG 9TO !IR ROOTS 9 ! MORE MUNDANE ASPECTS ( DAILY LIFE SU* AS ! FAMILY1 ! RE>+ ( Y\NG PEOPLE1 ! SEGM5TATION ( SOCIETY 9 TO AGE-GR\PS1 ! EXPECTATIONS ?AT >E PLAC$ ON ! 9DIVIDUAL AS A MALE OR FEMALE 9 ! EV]YDAY DOME/IC OR 0CIVIL0 WORLDS1 & 9 ! MO/ P]SONAL ASPECTS ( ACCULTURATION AS WELL AS COMMUNITY C]EMONIES4 ,& HI]>*Y WILL NOT DISAPPE> UNTIL WE *ANGE !SE ROOTS ( DAILY LIFE RADICALLY1 NOT ONLY ECONOMICALLY1 ) ! REMOVAL ( CLASS SOCIETY4 

,NOT ONLY DID HI]>*IES PREC$E CLASSES1 BUT1 AS ,BIEHL HAS %[N1 MALE DOM9ATION OV] O!R MALES G5]ALLY PREC$$ ! DOM9ATION ( WOM54 ,WOM5 BECAME ! DEGRAD$ BY/&]S ( A MALE-ORI5T$ CIVILIZATION ?AT RE>$ ITSELF UP BESIDE WOMAN'S [N CULTURE1 CORROD$ IT1 & E/ABLI%$ SY/EMATIC WAYS ( MANIPULAT+ IT ,:5 M5 TRI$ TO ABSORB WOMAN'S CULTURE1 !Y W>P$ IT & SUBORD9AT$ IT -- BUT !Y SUCCE$$ 9 ONLY A LIMIT$ DEGREE4 ,SORORAL RELATION%IPS1 AFFECTIONS1 & LIFEWAYS CONT9U$ BEH9D ! BACKS ( M5 & (T5 \TSIDE ! RANGE ( !IR VISION 9 ! SECRET ALCOVES ( HI/ORY1 AS IT W]E4 

,M51 9 TURN1 W]E (T5 ! OBJECTS ( RIDICULE TO WOM51 EV5 9 CULTURES ?AT W]E OV]BE>+LY PATRI>*AL4 ,NOR DID WOM5 ALWAYS ASPIRE TO P>TICIPATE 9 A 0CIVIL0 SOCIETY ?AT WAS EV5 MORE BRUTAL TO M5 ?AN TO DOME/IC ANIMALS4 ,LET US NOT =GET ?AT IT WAS NOT OX5 ?AT DRAGG$ HUGE BLOCKS ( /ONE UP ! RAMP>TS ( ! GREAT PYRAMIDS ( ANCI5T ,EGYPT1 BUT USUALLY MALE S]FS & SLAVES1 :O W]E REG>D$ AS MORE EXP5DABLE ?AN CATTLE4 

,! ,EM]G5CE ( ! ,/ATE 

  

,! 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ APEX ( MALE CIVILIZATION WAS ! ,/ATE4 ,H]E1 AGA91 WE F9D A TRICKY DIALECTIC :I*1 IF WE IGNORE ITS SUBTLETIES1 CAN LEAD US 9TO V]Y SIMPLI/IC DISCUSSIONS ( /ATE =MATION 9 :I* /ATE 9/ITUTIONS SUDD5LY ]UPT 9TO HI/ORY1 FULLY GR[N & OV]TLY CO]CIVE4 ,9DE$1 SU* ]UPTIONS ( /ATES1 FROM SEEM+LY 0DEMOCRATIC0 TO HI<LY 0AU?ORIT>IAN0 9/ITUTIONS1 >E MORE ( A MOD]N ?AN A PREMOD]N PH5OM5ON1 NOTABLY ! SUDD5 SUB/ITUTION ( REPUBLICAN BY TOTALIT>IAN /ATES4 ,EXCEPT 9 P]IODS ( 9VASIONS1 :5 ALI5 >I/OCRACIES W]E RAPIDLY IMPOS$ ON RELATIVELY EGALIT>IAN COMMUNITIES1 RAPID *ANGES 9 /ATE 9/ITUTIONS W]E A COMP>ATIVE R>ITY4 ,UNLESS WE CONSID] H[ ! ,/ATE BEGAN TO EM]GE1 H[ F> IT DEVELOP$1 & H[ /ABLE IT WAS1 WE 5C\NT] MANY DIFFICULTIES EV5 9 DEF9+ ! ,/ATE1 MU* LESS 9 EXPLOR+ ! =MS IT TOOK 9 DIFF]5T SOCIETIES4 

,M9IMALLY1 ! ,/ATE IS A PR(ESSIONAL SY/EM ( SOCIAL CO]CION -- NOT M]ELY A SY/EM ( SOCIAL ADM9I/RATION AS IT IS /ILL NAIVELY REG>D$ BY ! PUBLIC & BY MANY POLITICAL !ORI/S4 ,! WORD 0PR(ESSIONAL0 %\LD BE EMPHASIZ$ AS MU* AS ! WORD 0CO]CION40 ,CO]CION EXI/S 9 NATURE1 9 P]SONAL RELATION%IPS1 9 /ATELESS1 NON-HI]>*ICAL COMMUNITIES4 ,IF CO]CION ALONE W]E US$ TO DEF9E A ,/ATE1 WE W\LD DESPAIR+LY HAVE TO R$UCE IT TO A NATURAL PH5OM5ON -- :I* IT SURELY IS NOT ,IT IS ONLY :5 CO]CION IS 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ 9TO A PR(ESSIONAL1 SY/EMATIC1 & ORGANIZ$ =M ( SOCIAL CONTROL -- ?AT IS1 :5 PEOPLE >E PLUCK$ \T ( !IR EV]YDAY LIVES 9 A COMMUNITY & EXPECT$ NOT ONLY TO 0ADM9I/]0 IT BUT TO DO SO ) ! BACK+ ( A MONOPOLY ( VIOL5CE -- ?AT WE CAN PROP]LY SPEAK ( A ,/ATE4 

,!RE MAY BE V>Y+ APPROXIMATIONS ( A ,/ATE1 NOTABLY 9CIPI5T1 QUASI1 OR P>TIAL /ATES4 ,9DE$1 TO IGNORE !SE GRADATIONS ( CO]CION1 PR(ESSIONALIZATION1 & 9/ITUTIONALIZATION T[>D FULLY DEVELOP$ /ATES IS TO OV]LOOK ! FACT ?AT /ATEHOOD1 AS WE KN[ IT TODAY1 IS ! PRODUCT ( A LONG & COMPLEX DEVELOPM5T4 ,QUASI1 SEMI1 & EV5 FULLY DEVELOP$ ,/ATES HAVE (T5 BE5 V]Y UN/ABLE & HAVE (T5 HEMORRHAG$ P[] OV] YE>S ?AT RESULT$ 9 :AT ESS5TIALLY BECAME /ATELESS SOCIETIES4 ,H5CE1 WE HAVE ! SW+S1 HI/ORICALLY1 FROM HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ EMPIRES TO FEUDAL MANORIAL SOCIETIES & EV5 FAIRLY DEMOCRATIC 0CITY-/ATES10 (T5 ) SW+S BACK AGA9 TO EMPIRES & NATION-/ATES1 BE !Y AUTOCRATIC OR REPUBLICAN 9 =M4 ,! SIMPLI/IC NOTIONS ?AT /ATES M]ELY COME 9TO EXI/5CE LIKE A NEW-BORN BABY1 OMIT ! ALL-IMPORTANT GE/ATION PROCESS ( /ATE DEVELOPM5T & HAVE RESULT$ 9 A GREAT DEAL ( POLITICAL CONFUSION TO ?IS V]Y DAY4 ,WE /ILL LIVE ) CONFUS$ NOTIONS ( /ATECRAFT1 POLITICS1 & SOCIETY1 EA* ( :I* IS DEEPLY 9 NE$ ( C>EFUL DI/9CTION FROM ! O!R4 

,EA* ,/ATE IS NOT NECESS>ILY AN 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ SY/EM ( VIOL5CE 9 ! 9T]E/S ( A SPECIFIC RUL+ CLASS1 AS ,M>XISM W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE4 ,!RE >E MANY EXAMPLES ( ,/ATES ?AT W]E ! 0RUL+ CLASS0 & :OSE [N 9T]E/S EXI/$ QUITE AP>T FROM--EV5 9 ANTAGONISM TO .- PRIVILEG$1 PRESUMABLY 0RUL+0 CLASSES 9 A GIV5 SOCIETY4 ,! ANCI5T WORLD BE>S WITNESS TO DI/9CTLY CAPITALI/IC CLASSES1 (T5 HI<LY PRIVILEG$ & EXPLOITATIVE1 ?AT W]E BILK$ BY ! ,/ATE1 CIRCUMSCRIB$ BY IT & ULTIMATELY DEV\R$ BY IT -- :I* IS 9 P>T :Y A CAPITALI/ SOCIETY NEV] EM]G$ \T ( ! ANCI5T WORLD4 ,NOR DID ! ,/ALE 0REPRES5T0 O!R CLASS 9T]E/S1 SU* AS L&$ NOBLES1 M]*ANTS1 CRAFTSM51 & ! LIKE4 ,! ,PTOLEMAIC ,/ATE 9 ,HELL5I/IC ,EGYPT WAS AN 9T]E/ 9 ITS [N RI<T & 0REPRES5T$0 NO O!R 9T]E/ ?AN ITS [N4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( ! ,AZTEC & ! ,9CA ,/ATES UNTIL !Y W]E REPLAC$ BY ,SPANI% 9VAD]S4 ,UND] ! ,EMP]OR ,DOMITIAN1 ! ,ROMAN ,/ATE BECAME ! PR9CIPAL 09T]E/0 9 ! EMPIRE1 SUP]S$+ ! 9T]E/S ( EV5 ! L&$ >I/OCRACY :I* HELD SU* PRIMACY 9 ,M$IT]RANEAN SOCIETY4 

,I %ALL HAVE A GOOD DEAL TO SAY AB\T ! ,/ATE :5 ,I DI/+UI% /ATECRAFT FROM POLITICS & ! AU!NTICALLY POLITICAL FROM ! SOCIAL4 ,= ! PRES5T1 WE MU/ GLANCE AT /ATE-LIKE =MATIONS ?AT EV5TUALLY PRODUC$ DIFF]5T K9DS ( ,/ATES4 

,A *IEFTA9%IP1 SURR\ND$ BY A 0COMPANY0 ( SUPPORTIVE W>RIORS SU* AS ! ,AZTEC ,/ATE1 IS /ILL AN 9CIPI5T TYPE ( /ATE =MATION4 ,! SEEM+LY ABSOLUTE MON>* WAS SELECT$ FROM A ROYAL CLAN BY A C\NCIL ( CLAN ELD]S1 WAS C>EFULLY TE/$ = HIS QUALIFICATIONS1 & C\LD BE REMOV$ IF HE PROV$ TO BE 9ADEQUATE TO MEET HIS RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,LIKE ! HI<LY MILIT>I/IC ,SP>TAN ,/ATE1 *IEFTA9S OR K+S W]E /ILL CIRCUMSCRIB$ BY TRIBAL TRADITIONS ?AT HAD BE5 REWORK$ TO PRODUCE ! C5TRALIZATION ( P[]4 

,NE>-,EA/]N ,/ATES1 LIKE ! ,EGYPTIAN1 ,BABYLONIAN1 & ,P]SIAN1 W]E VIRTUALLY EXT5D$ H\SEHOLDS ( 9DIVIDUAL MON>*S4 ,!Y =M$ A REM>KABLE AMALGAM ( A 0DOME/IC0 SOCIETY ) A T]RITORIAL ONE3 AN 0EMPIRE0 WAS SE5 PRIM>ILY AS ! L& ATTA*$ TO ! K+'S PALACE1 NOT A /RICTLY T]RITORIAL ADM9I/RATIVE UNIT4 ,PH>AOHS1 K+S1 & EMP]ORS NOM9ALLY HELD ! L& 7(T5 CO-JO9TLY ) ! PRIE/HOOD7 9 ! TRU/ ( ! DEITIES1 :O W]E EI!R EMBODI$ 9 ! MON>* OR W]E REPRES5T$ BY HIM4 ,! EMPIRES ( ,ASIAN & ,NOR? ,AFRICAN K+S W]E 0H\SEHOLDS0 & ! POPULATION WAS SE5 AS 0S]VANTS ( ! PALACE 0 NOT AS CITIZ5S 9 ANY ,WE/]N S5SE ( ! T]M4 

,!SE 0/ATES10 9 EFFECT1 W]E NOT SIMPLY 5G9ES ( EXPLOITATION OR CONTROL 9 ! 9T]E/S ( A PRIVILEG$ 0CLASS40 ,!Y W]E RESPL5D5T H\SEHOLDS ) VA/ BUREAUCRACIES & >I/OCRATIC 5T\RAGES W]E SELF-S]V+ & SELF-P]PETUAT+ SLATES4 ,ADM9I/RATION WAS AS ! TASK ( MA9TA9+ A V]Y CO/LY H\SEHOLD ) MONUM5TS TO ITS P[] ?AT TAX$ & VIRTUALLY UND]M9$ TIRE 5TIRE ECONOMY4 ,9 ,EGYPT'S ,OLD ,K+DOM1 POSSIBLY AS MU* EF=T W5T 9TO BUILD+ PYRAMIDS1 TEMPLES1 PALACES1 & MANORS AS WAS DEVOT$ TO ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! ,NILE VALLEY'S ALL-IMPORTANT IRRIGATION SY/EM4 ,! ,EGYPTIAN ,/ATE WAS V]Y REAL BUT IT 0REPRES5T$0 NO?+ O!R ?AN ITSELF4 ,CONCEIV$ AS A 0H\SEHOLD0 & A SACR$ T]RA9 9 :I* ! ,PH>AOH EMBODI$ A DEITY1 ! ,/ATE WAS ALMO/ CONGRU5T ) SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,IT WAS1 9 EFFECT1 A HUGE SOCIAL ,/ATE 9 :I* ! DIFF]5TIATION ( POLITICS \T ( SOCIETY WAS REALLY M9IMAL4 ,! ,/ATE DID NOT EXI/ ABOVE SOCIETY OR AP>T FROM IT2 ! TWO W]E ESS5TIALLY ONE -- AN EXT5D$ SOCIAL H\SEHOLD1 NOT AN ASSORTM5T ( 9DEP5D5T CO]CIVE 9/ITUTIONS4 

,! ,GREEK POLIS ( ! CLASSICAL ]A DOES NOT (F] US ANY MORE A COMPLETE PICTURE ( ! ,/ATE ?AN WE 5C\NT] 9 ! ,NE> ,EA/4 ,A!NS MAY BE REG>D$ AS ! APOGEE ( CLASS POLITICS AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! PRIVATE WORLD ( ! H\SEHOLD BAS$ ON FAMILY LIFE1 WORK1 FRI5D%IPS1 & MAT]IAL NE$S :I* WE CAN PROP]LY CALL SOCIAL1 OR ! ADM9I/RATION ( >MIES1 BUREAUCRATS1 JUDICIAL SY/EMS1 POLICE1 & ! LIKE1 :I* WE CAN PROP]LY CALL /ATECRAFT4 ,PLAC$ )9 ! CONTEXT ( ?IS ?REEFOLD DI/9CTION -- SOCIAL1 POLITICAL1 & /ATI/ -- ! ,A!NIAN POLIS IS V]Y DIFFICULT TO DEF9E4 ,! ,/ATE1 MORE PROP]LY !  
QUASI-/ATE CREAT$ BY ! ,A!NIANS 9 ! ,P]IKLEAN ,AGE1 POSSESS$ HI<LY TRIBALI/IC ATTRIBUTES ?AT DIRECTLY 9VOLV$ ! P>TICIPATION ( A SIZABLE MALE CITIZ5RY 9 SEEM+LY /ATI/ ACTIVITIES4 ,!SE ,A!NIANS HAD 9V5T$ POLITICS -- ! DIRECT ADM9I/RATION ( PUBLIC AFFAIRS BY A COMMUNITY AS A :OLE4 

,ADMITT$LY1 ?IS POLITICAL COMMUNITY OR 0PUBLIC DOMA910 AS IT HAS BE5 CALL$1 EXI/$ )9 A WID] DOMA9 ( DIS5FRAN*IZ$ ALI5 RESID5TS1 WOM5 ( ALL CLASSES1 & SLAVES4 ,!SE L>GE DIS5FRAN*IZ$ POPULATIONS PROVID$ ! MAT]IAL MEANS = MANY ,A!NIAN MALE CITIZ5S TO CONV5E 9 POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 FUNCTION AS MASS JURIES 9 TRIALS1 & COLLECTIVELY ADM9I/] ! AFFAIRS ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,POLITICS H]E1 HAD BEGUN TO DIFF]5TIATE ITSELF FROM ! SOCIAL DOMA9 ( ! FAMILY & WORK4 

,BUT WAS ?IS POLIS REALLY A ,/ATE8 ,?AT ! ,A!NIANS ( ! CLASSICAL ]A US$ CO]CION AGA9/ SLAVES1 WOM51 ALI5S1 & RIVAL POLEIS IS CLE>LY EVID5T ,)9 ! EA/]N ,M$IT]RANEAN1 ,A!NIAN 9FLU5CE BECAME 9CREAS+LY IMP]IAL AS ! CITY =C$ O!R POLEIS TO JO9 ! ,A!NIAN-CONTROLL$ ,DELIAN ,LEAGUE & TAX$ !M1 US+ !SE FUNDS TO MA9TA9 ! ,A!NIAN CITIZ5RY & AGGR&IZE ! POLIS4 ,WOM51 ( UPP] & WELL-TO-DO /RATA1 W]E (T5 CONF9$ TO !IR HOMES & OBLIG$ TO MA9TA9 A DOME/IC E/ABLI%M5T = !IR HUSB&S' PUBLIC LIFE4 

,IT DOES NOT ABSOLVE ! LIMITATIONS ( ! ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY TO SAY ?AT WOM5 W]E DEGRAD$ ?R\<\T MU* ( ! ,M$IT]RANEAN WORLD1 P]HAPS EV5 MORE SO 9 ,A!NS ?AN O!R REGIONS4 ,NOR DOES IT ABSOLVE IT TO SAY ?AT ,A!NIANS W]E G5]ALLY LESS SEV]E 9 !IR TREATM5T ( SLAVES ?AN ,ROMANS4 ,BUT1 BY ! SAME TOK51 WE CANNOT IGNORE ! FACT ?AT CLASSICAL ,A!NS WAS HI/ORICALLY UNIQUE1 9DE$ UNPREC$5T$1 9 MU* ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 BECAUSE ( ! DEMOCRATIC =MS IT CREAT$1 ! EXT5T TO :I* !Y WORK$1 & ITS FAI? 9 ! COMPET5CE ( ITS CITIZ5S TO MANAGE PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,!SE 9/ITUTIONS W]E =MS ( A DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 & REFLECT$ A PUBLIC AV]SION TO BUREAUCRACY ?AT MADE !M /RUCTURALLY ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC 9 ! C>E] ( HUMAN POLITICAL LIFE4 ,! ,A!NIAN ,/ATE1 9 EFFECT1 WAS NOT A FULLY DEVELOP$ PH5OM5ON4 

,9DE$1 ,I CANNOT /RESS TOO /RONGLY ?AT ,A!NS1 LIKE SO MANY 0CITY-/ATES10 W\LD HAVE NORMALLY DEVELOP$ T[>D AN OLIG>*Y IF WE EXPLORE ! WAY 9 :I* SO MANY AUTONOM\S CITIES EV5TUALLY BECAME 9CREAS+LY AU?ORIT>IAN & 9T]NALLY /RATIFI$4 ,?IS WAS ! CASE ) ,ROME1 ! LATE M$IEVAL ,ITALIAN CITY-/ATES1 ! ,G]MAN CITY F$]ATIONS1 & ,NEW ,5GL& T[N%IPS ( ,AM]ICA4 ,ONE CAN GO ON 5DLESSLY & CITE DEC5TRALIZ$1 SEEM+LY FREE & 9DEP5D5T CITIES ?AT EV5TUALLY TURN$ FROM FAIRLY DEMOCRATIC COMMUNITIES 9TO >I/OCRACIES4 

,:AT IS REM>KABLE AB\T ,A!NS IS ?AT ! APP>5TLY 0NORMAL0 TR5D T[>D OLIG>*Y WAS CONSCI\SLY REV]S$ BY ! RADICAL *ANGES 9TRODUC$ BY ,SOLON1 ,KLEIS!NES1 & ,P]IKLES 9 ! POLIS'S 5TIRE 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURE4 ,>I/OCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS W]E /EADILY WEAK5$ & CONSCI\SLY ABOLI%$ OR R$UC$ TO M]E C]EMONIAL BODIES1 :ILE DEMOCRATIC ONES W]E GRANT$ 9CREAS+ P[] & EV5TUALLY EMBRAC$ ! 5TIRE MALE CITIZ5RY1 IRRESPECTIVE ( PROP]LY [N]%IP & WEAL?4 ,! >MY WAS TURN$ 9TO A MILITIA ( FOOT-SOLDI]S :OSE P[] BEGAN TO EXCE$1 BY F>1 ?AT ( ! >I/OCRATIC CAVALRY4 ,?US ALL ! NEGATIVE FEATURES ( ! ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY1 SO COMMON TO ! ,M$IT]RANEAN & ! ]A AS A :OLE1 MU/ BE SE5 9 ! CONTEXT ( A REVOLUTION>Y REV]SAL ( ! NORMAL TR5D T[>D OLIG>*Y 9 MO/ CITY-/ATES4 

,IT IS EASY TO DEPRECATE ?IS DEMOCRACY BECAUSE IT RE/$ ON A L>GE SLAVE POPULATION & DEGRAD$ ! /ATUS ( WOM54 ,BUT TO DO ?IS ) L(TY >ROGANCE FROM A DI/ANCE ( MORE ?AN TWO ?\S& YE>S1 ) A H9DSI<T ?AT IS 5RI*$ BY 5DLESS SOCIAL DEBATE1 IS TO LIFT ONESELF UP BY ONE'S BOOT/RAPS FROM ! RI* WEAL? ( HI/ORICAL FACTS4 ,9DE$1 IT IS TO IGNORE ?OSE R>E MOM5TS ( DEMOCRATIC CREATIVITY ?AT APPE>$ 9 ! ,WE/ & HAVE N\RI%$ RI* UTOPIAN & LIB]T>IAN TRADITIONS4 

,9DE$1 WE DO NOT 5C\NT] ! ,/ATE AS A FULLY PR(ESSIONAL & DI/9CTIVE APP>ATUS ROOT$ 9 CLASS 9T]E/ UNTIL WE SEE ! EM]G5CE ( MOD]N NATIONS 9 ,EUROPE4 ,! NATION-/ATE1 AS WE KN[ IT TODAY1 F9ALLY DIVE/S POLITICS ( ALL ITS SEEM+LY TRADITIONAL FEATURES3 DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 CITIZ5 P>TICIPATION 9 ! AFFAIRS ( GOV]NM5TAL LIFE1 & A S5SITIVE RESPONSIV5ESS TO ! COMMUNAL WELF>E4 ,! WORD 0DEMOCRACY0 ITSELF UND]GOES DEGRADATION4 ,IT BECOMES 0REPRES5TATIVE0 RA!R ?AN FACE-TO-FACE2 HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ RA!R ?AN FREELY CONF$]AL BETWE5 RELATIVELY 9DEP5D5T COMMUNITIES1 & DIVE/$ ( ITS GRASSROOTS 9/ITUTIONS4 

,$UCAT$1 KN[L$GEABLE CITIZ5S BECOME R$UC$ TO M]E TAXPAY]S :O EX*ANGE MONEY = 0S]VICES10 & $UCATION SURR5D]S ITS CIVIC ORI5TATION TO A CURRICULUM DESIGN$ TO TRA9 ! Y\NG = F9ANCIALLY REW>D+ SKILLS4 ,WE HAVE YET TO SEE H[ F> ?IS APPALL+ TR5D WILL GO 9 A WORLD ?AT IS BE+ TAK5 OV] BY ME*ANICAL ROBOTS1 COMPUT]S ?AT CAN SO EASILY BE US$ = SURVEILLANCE1 & G5ETIC 5G9E]S :O HAVE V]Y LIMIT$ MORAL SCRUPLES4 

,H5CE1 IT IS ( 5ORM\S IMPORTANCE ?AT WE KN[ H[ WE >RIV$ AT A CONDITION :]E \R PRE5+ 0CONTROL0 ( NATURE HAS ACTUALLY R5D]$ US MORE S]VILE TO DOM9E]+ SOCIETY ?AN AT ANY TIME 9 ! PA/ ,BY ! SAME TOK51 IT IS IMM5SELY IMPORTANT TO KN[ PRECISELY ?OSE HUMAN A*IEVEM5TS 9 HI/ORY1 H[EV] FAULTY1 ?AT REVEAL H[ FRE$OM CAN BE 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ -- &1 HOPEFULLY1 EXP&$ BEYOND ANY HORIZON WE CAN F9D 9 ! PA/4 

,!RE IS NO WAY ?AT WE CAN RETURN TO ! NAIVE EGALIT>IANISM ( ! PRELIT]ATE WORLD OR TO ! DEMOCRATIC POLIS ( CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY2 %\LD WE WANT TO DO SO4 ,ATAVISM1 PRIMITIVISM1 & ATTEMPTS TO TURE A DI/ANT WORLD ) DRUMS1 RATTLES1 CONTRIV$ RITUALS1 & -- :OSE REPETITION & FANTASIES BR+ A SUP]NATURAL PRES5CE 9TO \R MID/ -- H[EV] MU* ?IS MAY BE D5I$ OR AFFIRM$ AS 9NOC5T OR 0IMMAN5T0 -- DEFLECT US FROM ! NE$ = RATIONAL DISCUSSION1 A SE>*+ 9VE/IGATION ( COMMUNITY1 & A SE>+ CRITIQUE ( ! PRES5T SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,ECOLOGY IS BAS$ ON ! WONDR\S QUALITIES1 FECUNDITY1 & CREATIVITY ( NATURAL EVOLUTION1 ALL ( :I* W>RANT \R DEEPE/ EMOTIONAL1 ES!TIC1 &1 YES1 9TELLECTUAL APPRECIATION NOT ON AN?ROPOMORPHICALLY PROJECT$ DEITIES1 BE !Y 0IMMAN5T0 OR 0TRANSC5D5TAL40 ,NO?+ IS GA9$ BY GO+ BEYOND A NATURALI/IC1 TRULY ECOLOGICAL1 FRAMEWORK & 9DULG+ MY/ICAL FANTASIES ?AT >E REGRESSIVE PSY*OLOGICALLY & ATAVI/IC HI/ORICALLY4 

,NOR WILL ECOLOGICAL CREATIVITY BE S]V$ BY DROPP+ ON ALL F\RS & BAY+ AT ! MOON LIKE COYOTES OR WOLVES4 ,HUMAN BE+S1 NO LESS A PRODUCT ( NATURAL EVOLUTION ?AN O!R MAMMALS1 HAVE DEF9ITIVELY 5T]$ ! SOCIAL WORLD4 ,BY !IR V]Y [N BIOLOGICALLY ROOT$ M5TAL P[]1 !Y >E LIT]ALLY CON/ITUT$ BY EVOLUTION TO 9T]V5E 9TO ! BIOSPH]E4 ,TA9T$ AS ! BIOSPH]E MAY BE BY PRES5T SOCIAL CONDITIONS1 !IR PRES5CE 9 ! WORLD ( LIFE M>KS A CRUCIAL *ANGE 9 EVOLUTION'S DIRECTION FROM ONE ?AT IS L>GELY ADAPTIVE TO ONE ?AT IS1 AT LEA/1 POT5TIALLY CREATIVE & MORAL4 ,9 GREAT P>T1 !IR HUMAN NATURE IS =M$ SOCIALLY -- BY PROLONG$ DEP5D5CE1 SOCIAL 9T]DEP5D5CE1 9CREAS+ RATIONALITY1 & ! USE ( TE*NICAL DEVICES & !IR WILLFUL APPLICATION4 ,ALL ( !SE HUMAN ATTRIBUTES >E MUTUALLY BIOLOGICAL & SOCIAL1 ! LATT] =M+ ONE ( NATURAL EVOLUTION'S GREATE/ A*IEVEM5TS4 

,HI]>*IES1 CLASSES1 & /ATES W>P ! CREATIVE P[]S ( HUMANITY4 ,!Y DECIDE :E!R HUMANITY'S ECOLOGICAL CREATIVITY WILL BE PLAC$ 9 ! S]VICE ( LIFE OR 9 ! S]VICE ( P[] & PRIVILEGE4 ,:E!R HUMANITY WILL BE IRREVOCABLY SEP>AT$ FROM DIE WORLD ( LIFE BY HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY1 OR BR\<T TOGE!R ) LIFE BY AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY DEP5DS ON \R UND]/&+ ( ! ORIG9S1 DEVELOPM5T1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 ! SCOPE ( HI]>*Y -- ! EXT5T TO :I* IT P5ETRATES \R DAILY LIVES1 DIVIDES US 9TO AGE GR\P AGA9/ AGE GR\P1 G5D] AGA9/ G5D]1 MAN AGA9/ MAN1 & YIELDS ! ABSORPTION ( ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL 9TO ! ALL-P]VASIVE ,/ATE4 ,! CONFLICTS )9 A DIVID$ HUMANITY1 /RUCTUR$ >\ND DOM9ATION1 9EVITABLY LEAD TO CONFLICTS ) NATURE4 ,! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS ) ITS EMBATTL$ DIVISION BETWE5 HUMANITY & NATURE /EMS1 ABOVE ALL1 FROM DIVISIONS BETWE5 HUMAN & HUMAN4 

,\R TIMES EXPLOIT !SE DIVISIONS 9 A V]Y CUNN+ WAY3 !Y MY/IFY !M4 ,DIVISIONS >E SE5 NOT AS SOCIAL BUT P]SONAL4 ,REAL CONFLICTS BETWE5 PEOPLE >E MOLLIFI$1 EV5 CONCEAL$1 BY APPEALS TO A SOCIAL 0H>MONY0 ?AT HAS NO REALITY 9 SOCIETY4 ,LIKE ! ATAVI/IC RITUAL ) ITS B>ELY CONCEAL$ APPEAL TO ! SPIRIT WORLD & ITS !I/IC 0SPIRITUALISM10 ! 5C\NT] GR\P HAS BECOME A PRIVATIZ$ >5A = LE>N+ H[ TO 0CONCILIATE0 -- ?IS1 :ILE /ORMS ( CONFLICT RAGE >\ND US & ?REAT5 TO ANNIHILATE US4 ,?AT ?IS USE ( 05C\NT]0 GR\PS & !I/IC 0SPIRITUALITY0 TO MOLLIFY & DESPIRITUALIZE HAS COME SO MU* 9TO VOGUE FROM ITS BRE$+ GR\ND 9 ! ,AM]ICAN SUNBELT IS NO ACCID5T ,IT OCCURS :5 A V]ITABLE CAMPAIGN1 UND] ! NAME ( 0PO/-MOD]NISM0 IS GO+ ON TO DISC>D ! PA/1 TO DILUTE \R KN[L$GE ( HI/ORY1 TO MY/IFY ! ORIG9S ( \R PROBLEMS1 TO FO/] DEMEMORIZATION & ! LOSS ( \R MO/ 5LI<T5$ IDEALS4 

,H5CE1 NEV] BE=E HAS IT BE5 MORE NECESS>Y TO RECOV] ! PA/1 TO DEEP5 \R KN[L$GE ( HI/ORY1 TO DEMY/IFY ! ORIG9S ( \R PROBLEMS1 TO REGA9 \R MEMORY ( =MS ( FRE$OM & ADVANCES ?AT W]E MADE 9 LIB]AT+ HUMANITY ( ITS SUP]/ITIONS1 IRRATIONALITIES1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 A LOSS ( FAI? 9 HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES4 ,IF WE >E TO RE5T] ! CONT9UUM ( NATURAL EVOLUTION & PLAY A CREATIVE ROLE 9 IT1 WE MU/ RE5T] ! CONT9UUM ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION & PLAY A CREATIVE ROLE !RE AS WELL4 

,!RE WILL BE NO 0RE-5*ANTM5T0 ( NATURE OR ( ! WORLD UNTIL WE A*IEVE A 0RE-5*ANTM5T0 ( HUMANITY & ! POT5TIALITIES ( HUMAN REASON4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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