,*APT] #g 
,! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PAUL ,MATTICK 

,TEXT 3 

,CONTR>Y TO ,BOL%EVIK EXPECTATIONS1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION REMA9$ A 
NATIONAL REVOLUTION4 ,ITS 9T]NATIONAL REP]CUSSIONS 9VOLV$ NO MORE ?AN A 
GR[+ DEM& = ! 5D+ ( ! W>4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS' CALL = AN IMM$IATE 
PEACE )\T ANNEXATIONS & REP>ATIONS F\ND A POSITIVE RESPONSE AMONG ! 
SOLDI]S & WORK]S 9 ! ,WE/]N NATIONS4 ,BUT EV5 SO1 & AP>T FROM 
%ORT-LIV$ MUT9IES 9 ! ,FR5* & ,BRITI% >M$ =CES & A S]IES ( MASS 
/RIKES 9 ! ,C5TRAL ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 IT TOOK ANO!R YE> BE=E ! 
MILIT>Y DEFEAT ( ! ,G]MAN & ,AU/RIAN >MIES & G5]AL W> WE>9ESS L$ 
TO ! REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVALS ?AT BR\<T ! W> TO A CLOSE4 

,! H]E DECISIVE ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION ( #aiah WAS A SPONTANE\S POLITICAL 
UPHEAVAL1 9ITIAT$ )9 ! >M$ =CES BUT EMBRAC+ AT ONCE1 EI!R 
ACTIVELY OR PASSIVELY1 ! MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION1 TO BR+ ! W> & 
!RE) ! MON>*ICAL REGIME TO AN 5D4 ,IT WAS NOT S]I\SLY OPPOS$ BY 
EI!R ! B\RGEOISIE OR ! MILIT>Y1 ESPECIALLY AS IT ALL[$ !M TO PLACE 
! ONUS ( DEFEAT UPON ! REVOLUTION4 ,:AT WAS IMPORTANT WAS TO PREV5T ! 
POLITICAL REVOLUTION FROM TURN+ 9TO A SOCIAL REVOLUTION & TO EM]GE FROM 
! W> ) ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM 9TACT4 

,AT ?IS TIME1 NEI!R ! B\RGEOISIE NOR ! WORK]S W]E ABLE TO 
DIFF]5TIATE BETWE5 ,M>XISM & ,BOL%EVISM1 EXCEPT 9 ! POLITICAL T]MS ( 
DEMOCRACY & DICTATOR%IP4 ,NOT)/&+ ! MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP 9 
CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 IT WAS ! DICTATORIAL NATURE ( ,BOL%EVISM ?AT ! 
,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC LEAD]%IP US$ 9 ORD] TO DEF5D ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM 9 
! NAME ( DEMOCRACY4 ,LONG BE=E ! ,NOVEMB] ,REVOLUTION1 ! ,SOCIAL 
,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY HAD BE5 ! SPE>HEAD 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,BOL%EVISM1 
DIRECTLY & 9DIRECTLY OPPOS+ ALL WORK+-CLASS ACTIONS ?AT MI<T IMPAIR ! 
W> EF=T OR BREAK UP ! CLASS COLLABORATION ON :I* ITS CONT9UATION 
DEP5D$4 ,BUT ALL !SE EF=TS FAIL$ TO PREV5T ! REVOLUTION FROM 
OV]?R[+ ! OLD /ATE & ITS W> MA*9E4 ,SO AS NOT TO LOSE ALL 9FLU5CE 
UPON ! UNFOLD+ POLITICAL EV5TS1 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS W]E COMPELL$ TO TAKE 
P>T 9 !M & TO TRY TO GA9 CONTROL ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,TO ?AT 
5D1 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY RECOGNIZ$ ! OV]?R[ ( ! OLD REGIME & 
ACCEPT$ ! WORK]S' & SOLDI]S' C\NCILS AS A PROVISIONAL SOCIAL 
9/ITUTION1 :I* WAS TO LEAD TO ! =MATION ( A REPUBLICAN DEMOCRATIC /ATE 
9 :I* ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY C\LD CONT9UE TO OP]ATE AS ( OLD4 

,! COLLAPSE ( ! ,G]MAN ,>MY 9 ! AUTUMN ( #aiah HAD L$ TO SOME 
CON/ITUTIONAL & P>LIAM5T>Y RE=MS & ! BR++ ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS 
9TO ! GOV]NM5T AS A MEASURE TO LIQUIDATE ! W> ) ! FEWE/ 9T]NAL 
TR\BLES &1 P]HAPS1 TO GA9 BETT] >MI/ICE CONDITIONS4 ,:ILE ! WORK]S' 
& SOLDI]S' C\NCILS 9 ,RUSSIA W]E ALREADY BEG9N+ TO LOSE !IR 
9DEP5D5T P[]S TO ! EM]G+ ,BOL%EVIK /ATE APP>ATUS1 !Y /ILL 
9SPIR$ ! SPONTANE\S =MATION ( SIMIL> ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! ,G]MAN 
REVOLUTION &1 TO A LESS] EXT5T1 ! SOCIAL UPHEAVALS 9 ,5GL&1 ,FRANCE1 
,ITALY1 & ,HUNG>Y4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 IT WAS NOT ! LACK ( EFFECTIVE LABOR 
ORGANIZATIONS BUT !IR CLASS-COLLABORATIONI/ *>ACT] & !IR SOCIAL 
PATRIOTISM ?AT 9DUC$ ! WORK]S TO EMULATE ! ,RUSSIAN EXAMPLE4 ,OPPOSITION TO 
! CONT9UATION ( ! W>1 & PREP>ATIONS = ! REVOLUTION>Y OV]?R[ ( 
! EXI/+ SY/EMS HAD TO BE CL&E/9ELY ORGANIZ$1 \TSIDE ! (FICIAL 
LABOR MOVEM5T1 AT ! PLACES ( WORK1 L9K$ ) EA* O!R BY MEANS ( 
COMMITTEES ( ACTION4 ,BUT BE=E !SE PLANN$ ORGANIZATIONS C\LD 5T] ! 
REVOLUTION>Y FRAY1 ! SPONTANE\SLY =M$ WORK]S' & SOLDI]S' C\NCILS HAD 
ALREADY PUT AN 5D TO ! GOV]NM5T BY E/ABLI%+ !IR [N POLITICAL 
DOM9ANCE4 

,! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY F\ND ITSELF =C$ TO 5T] ! C\NCIL 
MOVEM5T1 IF ONLY TO DAMP5 ITS POSSIBLE REVOLUTION>Y ASPIRATIONS4 ,?IS WAS NOT 
TOO DIFFICULT1 S9CE ! WORK]S' & SOLDI]S' C\NCILS W]E COMPOS$ NOT ONLY 
( RADICAL SOCIALI/S1 BUT ALSO ( RI<T-W+ SOCIALI/S1 TRADE UNIONI/S1 
PACIFI/S1 NONPOLITICALS1 & EV5 B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS4 ,! RADICALS' SLOGAN ( 
! DAY1 0,ALL P[] TO ! WORK]S' & SOLDI]S' C\NCILS10 WAS !RE=E 
SELF-DEFEAT+1 UNLESS1 ( C\RSE1 EV5TS %\LD TAKE SU* A TURN AS TO ALT] 
! *>ACT] & ! COMPOSITION ( ! C\NCILS4 ,H[EV]1 ! GREAT MASS ( 
! SOCIALI/ WORK]S MI/OOK ! POLITICAL = A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,! 
IDEOLOGY & ORGANIZATIONAL /R5G? ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY HAD LEFT ITS M>K2 ! 
SOCIALIZATION ( PRODUCTION1 IF CONSID]$ AT ALL1 WAS SE5 AS A GOV]NM5TAL 
CONC]N1 NOT AS ! TASK ( ! WORK]S4 0,ALL P[] TO ! WORK]S' C\NCILS0 
IMPLI$ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 = IT W\LD LEAVE ! NONWORK+ 
LAY]S ( SOCIETY )\T POLITICAL REPRES5TATION4 ,DEMOCRACY WAS /ILL 
UND]/OOD1 H[EV]1 AS ! G5]AL FRAN*ISE4 ,! MASS ( ! WORK]S DEM&$ 
BO? WORK]S' C\NCILS & A ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY4 ,!Y GOT BO? - ! C\NCILS AS A 
MEAN+LESS P>T ( ! ,WEIM> ,CON/ITUTION1 & A P>LIAM5T>Y REGIME SECUR+ 
! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 

,:ATEV] ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,BOL%EVISM & ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 AS 
POLITICAL P>TIES BO? ?\<T !MSELVES 5TITL$ TO LEAD ! WORK+ CLASS & 
TO DET]M9E ITS ACTIVITIES4 ,BO? ASSUM$ ?AT IF WAS ! P>TY ?R\< :I* 
! WORK+ CLASS BECAME AW>E ( ITS CLASS 9T]E/S & WAS ?US 5ABL$ TO 
ACT UPON !M4 ,:ILE ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY WAS CONT5T ) ! CONTROL ( 
WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5TS )9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS DEM&$ ! 
EXCLUSIVE RI<T TO ?IS CONTROL ?R\< ! P>TY /ATE4 ,BUT BO? !SE BRAN*ES 
( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY SAW !MSELVES AS ! LEGITIMATE & 9DISP5SABLE 
REPRES5TATIVES ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,A SY/EM ( WORK]S' & SOLDI]S' 
C\NCILS1 & NEW SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS D]IV$ !REFROM1 WAS 9COMPREH5SIBLE 
)9 ! P>TY CONCEPTS ?AT HAD RUL$ ! POLITICAL LABOR MOVEM5T PRIOR TO 
! REVOLUTION4 ,& BECAUSE OPPOSITION TO CAPITALISM HAD HI!RTO F\ND ITS 
EXPRESSION 9 ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES1 IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT !Y %\LD HAVE 
COME TO PLAY A SPECIAL &1 AS IT TURN$ \T1 ! DECISIVE ROLE 9 ! 
=MULATION ( POLICY OBJECTIVES = ! EM]G+ C\NCIL MOVEM5T4 

,9 ,RUSSIA TOO1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ! COMPETITION BETWE5 ! V>I\S SOCIALI/ 
ORGANIZATIONS )9 ! SOVIETS = CONTROL ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 
EXCLUD$ FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ SELF-RULE ( ! SOVIETS1 :I*1 9 FACT1 
PROCLAIM$ AS !IR POLITICAL GOAL A DEMOCRATIC CON/ITUTION & ECONOMIC 
RE=MS COMPATIBLE ) ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK C\P D'ETAT *ANG$ 
?IS SITUATION BY BAS+ ! RULE ( ! P>TY ON ! SOVIETS1 9 :I* IT HAD 
GA9$ A MAJORITY1 EV5 ?\< ?IS MAJORITY WAS AS ACCID5TAL AS ?AT ( #a#i#c1 
:I* GAVE TO ,L59'S FACTION )9 ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ! NAME 
0,BOL%EVIK40 ,?IS SITUATION REPEAT$ ITSELF 9 #aiag ) ! PROTE/+ 
DEP>TURE ( ! RI<T-W+ SOCIALI/S & ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES FROM ! 
,SECOND ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T EM]G$ FROM ! CONGRESS 
AS ! SELF-APPO9T$ 0,SOVIET ( ,PEOPLES' ,COMMISS>S10 AL?\< ! CONGRESS 
W5T ?R\< ! =MALITY ( RATIFY+ ! NEW GOV]NM5T4 

,SIMIL>LY1 AT ! ,G]MAN ,FIR/ ,CONGRESS ( ,WORK]S' & ,SOLDI]S' ,C\NCILS1 
! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC LEAD]S W]E ABLE TO APPO9T !MSELVES TO GOV]NM5TAL 
POSITIONS BECAUSE !Y CONTROLL$ ! VOT+ MAJORITY ( ! HA/ILY GA!R$ 
DELEGATES1 MA9LY FUNCTION>IES ( ! TWO SOCIALI/ P>TIES1 ! ,MAJORITY 
,SOCIALI/S & ! ,9DEP5D5T ,SOCIALI/S4 ,?IS MAJORITY WAS RETA9$ ALSO AT 
! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS ( ,WORK]S' & ,SOLDI]S' ,C\NCILS & ASSUR$ ?AT ! 
POLITICAL PROGRAM ADOPT$ WAS ?AT ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>TIES4 ,! 
SELF-LIQUIDATION ( ! C\NCILS 9 FAVOR ( ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY WAS A 
=EGONE CONCLUSION1 BECAUSE ( ! CONT9U$ HOLD ( !SE P>TIES ON !IR 
MEMB]S & !IR UNBROK5 9FLU5CE UPON ! UNORGANIZ$ MASS ( ! WORK+ 
POPULATION4 ,! REVOLUTION1 9S(> AS IT HAD A CLE>-CUT POLITICAL *>ACT]1 
WAS ?US A SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION1 ) AN EMPHASIS ON DEMOCRACY & A 
TOTAL NEGLECT ( ! SOCIALI/ ASPECT ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T4 

,:ILE 9 BO? ,RUSSIA & ,G]MANY ! WORK]S' & SOLDI]S' C\NCILS HAD BE5 
9/RUM5TAL 9 MAK+ ! REVOLUTION1 !Y W]E UNABLE TO TURN !MSELVES 9TO 
A MEANS = ! REORGANIZATION ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCTION RELATIONS & ?US LEFT 
! REORD]+ ( SOCIETY TO ! TRADITIONAL LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,AS F> AS ,WE/]N 
,EUROPE WAS CONC]N$1 ?IS MOVEM5T HAD LONG CEAS$ TO BE A REVOLUTION>Y 
MOVEM5T1 BUT IT HAD NOT CEAS$ TO EXPRESS SPECIFIC CLASS 9T]E/S & !IR 
DEF5SE )9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,! SOCIALI/ P>TIES W]E /ILL WORK]S' 
ORGANIZATIONS1 DESPITE !IR 9CONSI/5CIES 9 CLASS /RUGGLE SITUATIONS & 
!IR VIOLATIONS ( ! SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLES ( ! PA/4 ,AS 9/ITUTIONS MAK+ 
!IR WAY )9 CAPITALISM1 !IR LEAD]S & BUREAUCRACIES W]E NO LONG] 
9T]E/$ EV5 9 ! PROGRAMMATIC 0LONG-T]M0 DEMOCRATIC TRANS=MATION ( 
CAPITALISM1 BUT CONC5TRAT$ UPON ! 0%ORT-T]M0 5JOYM5TS ( !IR 
P>TICUL> PRIVILEGES )9 ! /ATUS QUO4 ,BEH9D !IR EFFUSIVE CELEBRATION 
( DEMOCRACY AS ! 0ROAD TO SOCIALISM0 !RE /OOD NO MORE ?AN ! DESIRE TO 
BE FULLY 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 A DESIRE %>$ BY ! 
B\RGEOISIE1 :I* ALSO FAVORS SOCIAL H>MONY4 

,IT WAS !N ONLY TO BE EXPECT$ ?AT ! CLASS COLLABORATION EX]CIS$ 
?R\<\T ! W> %\LD BE CONT9U$ )9 & AFT] ! REVOLUTION4 ,?IS WAS 
UND]/OOD NOT ONLY BY ! B\RGEOISIE BUT ALSO BY ! MILIT>Y AU?ORITIES1 :O 
ACCEPT$ & SUPPORT$ ! NEW 0REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T0 EV5 ?\< ITS 
LEGITIMATION WAS /ILL BAS$ ON ! WORK]S' & SOLDI]S' C\NCILS1 SE5 AS AN 
UNAVOIDABLE 9T]REGNUM BETWE5 ! PRE & A PO/REVOLUTION>Y CAPITALI/ 
GOV]NM5T4 ,9 ORD] TO PROCE$ TO ! LATT]1 ! :OLE EXI/+ /ATE 
APP>ATUS WAS LEFT UNDI/URB$ BY ! 0SOCIALI/ GOV]NM5T0 & CONT9U$ TO 
FUNCTION 9 ITS USUAL WAYS4 ,ALL ?AT ! REVOLUTION WAS SUPPOS$ TO ACCOMPLI% 
WAS A *ANGE FROM ! AS YET IMP]FECT TO A MORE P]FECT B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T>Y 
REGIME1 OR ! COMPLETION ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 SO LONG DELAY$ BY ! 
P]SI/5CE ( FEUDALI/IC ELEM5TS )9 ! RIS+ CAPITALISM4 ,?IS WAS ! 
IMM$IATE & ONLY GOAL ( ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,ITS RELUCTANCE TO EXT5D ! 
REVOLUTION 9TO ! ECONOMIC SPH]E WAS EV5 MORE PRON\NC$ 9 ! TRADE-UNION 
LEAD]%IP1 :I* SET ITSELF 9 OPPOSITION 0TO ANY SOCIALI/ EXP]IM5T & ANY 
=M ( SOCIALIZATION AT A TIME :5 ! POPULATION REQUIR$ WORK & FOOD40 
,! CLOSE W>TIME COOP]ATION BETWE5 ! TRADE UNIONS & PRIVATE 9DU/RY WAS 
RE9=C$1 9 ORD] TO PREV5T & TO BREAK /RIKES & TO COMBAT ! 
POLITICIZATION ( ! WORK]S VIA ! FACTORY C\NCILS 9 L>GE-SCALE 
5T]PRISES4 ,9 BRIEF1 ! OLD LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ITS 5TIRETY BECAME AN 
UNABA%$ C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y =CE )9 A REVOLUTION ?AT HAD PLAY$ 
POLITICAL P[] 9TO ITS H&S4 

,9S(> AS ! ,NOVEMB] ,REVOLUTION WAS A G5U9E REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 IT 
F\ND ITS 9SPIRATION 9 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION1 SE5 AS ! USURPATION ( 
P[] BY ! SOVIETS1 & WAS !RE=E OPPOS$ TO ! CONVOCATION ( A ,NATIONAL 
,ASSEMBLY & ! RE/ORATION ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY4 ,IT /OOD ?US 9 OPPOSITION 
BO? TO ! PR]EVOLUTION>Y LABOR MOVEM5T & TO ! SPONTANE\SLY =M$ 
WORK]S' & SOLDI]S' C\NCILS1 :I* HAD MADE ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC POLICIES 
!IR [N4 ,!RE WAS1 H[EV]1 ! POSSIBILITY ?AT ?IS IMM$IATELY GIV5 
SITUATION MI<T *ANGE1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE ( ! G5]ALLY UNSETTL$ CONDITIONS1 
BUT ALSO BECAUSE ( ! OP5LY C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY ( ! ,SOCIAL 
,DEMOCRATIC LEAD]%IP1 :I* MI<T DISCR$IT IT SUFFICI5TLY TO DE/ROY ITS 
9FLU5CE 9 ITS [N ORGANIZATION & 9 ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE4 ,?IS WAS 
NOT AN UNREASONABLE EXPECTATION1 AS ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY HAD BE5 SPLIT 
ON ! ISSUE ( W> AIMS 9 #a#i#a#g2 ?IS HAD L$ TO ! =MATION ( ! 
,9DEP5D5T ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 7,U4,S4,P4,D471 AS A FIR/ 9DICATION ( ! 
RADICALIZATION ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,UNTIL !N1 ORGANIZATIONAL FETI%ISM1 
) ITS 9SI/5CE UPON UNITY & DISCIPL9E1 HAD BE5 /RONG 5\< TO PREV5T 
AN 9T]NAL BREAK4 ,EV5 ! ,SP>TACUS ,LEAGUE1 :I* CAME TO ! =E 9 #a#i#a#e1 
DID NOT ATTEMPT TO =M A NEW P>TY1 BUT CONT5T$ ITSELF ) ! POSITION ( A 
LEFT OPPOSITION1 FIR/ 9 ! OLD P>TY & LAT] )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! 
,9DEP5D5T ,SOCIALI/S1 SO AS NOT TO LOSE CONTACT ) ! ORGANIZ$ SOCIALI/ 
WORK]S4 ,AL?\< ! #aEAD]%IPS ( SOCIALI/ P>TIES W]E CONSID]$ TO BE 
BEYOND REPAIR1 ?IS WAS HELD NOT TO BE TRUE = ! RANK & FILE1 :O MI<T BE 
WON OV] TO ! REVOLUTION4 ,H[EV]1 ! ,9DEP5D5T ,SOCIALI/S !MSELVES 
5COMPASS$ A RI<T W+1 A C5T]1 & A LEFT W+1 REA*+ FROM ,E4 ,B]N/E91 
,K4 ,KAUTSKY1 & ,R4 ,HILF]D+ TO ,K4 ,LIEBKNE*T1 ,R4 ,LUXEMBURG1 & ,F4 ,MEHR+1 
! LATT] ?REE REPRES5T+ ! ,SP>TACUS ,LEAGUE4 ,AS AN OPPOSITION P>TY TO ! 
SOCIAL-PATRIOTIC ,MAJORITY ,SOCIALI/S1 ! ,U4,S4,P4,D4 WAS SE5 AS ! LEAD+ 
REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION ) ! GREATE/ 9FLU5CE UPON ! RADICAL ELEM5TS 
( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BUT BECAUSE ( ! DIVISIVE /RUCTURE ( ! P>TY IT WAS 
NOT ABLE TO PLAY A CONSI/5TLY REVOLUTION>Y ROLE & LEFT ! DET]M9ATION ( 
EV5TS TO ! SOCIAL RE=MI/S4 ,ONLY AFT] !SE EXP]I5CES1 AT ! 5D ( 
#a#i#a#h1 DID ! ,SP>TACUS ,LEAGUE1 TOGE!R ) SOME O!R LOCAL RADICAL 
GR\P+S1 CON/ITUTE ITSELF AS ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 CALL+ = A SOVIET 
REPUBLIC4 

,JU/ AS LITTLE AS ! B\RGEOISIE & ITS ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ALLIES W]E ABLE 
TO ASSESS !IR *ANCES = SURVIVAL DUR+ ! FIR/ WEEKS ( ! REVOLUTION1 
BUT C\LD ONLY TRY TO PREV5T ITS RADICALIZATION ?R\< ! IMM$IATE 
ORGANIZATION ( ALL ANTI-REVOLUTION>Y =CES 9 A C\NT]-REVOLUTION AGA9/ 
! M]E POSSIBILITY ( A TRUE SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION1 SO ! REVOLUTION>Y 
M9ORITY C\LD NOT ASSESS ! PROBABILITY ( SUCCESS OR FAILURE )9 A 
SITUATION /ILL 9 FLUX & CAPABLE ( GO+ BEYOND ITS 9ITIAL1 LIMIT$1 
POLITICAL GOALS4 ,= NEI!R SIDE1 S9CE BO? COMPRIS$ SOCIAL M9ORITIES 
9S(> AS !IR CONSCI\S GOALS W]E CONC]N$1 WAS !RE A WAY TO WEI< ITS 
*ANCES1 EXCEPT BY TRY+ TO REALIZE ITS OBJECTIVES4 ,ONLY BY PROB+ ! /R5G? 
OR WEAKNESS ( ! OPPON5T WAS IT POSSIBLE TO 9FLU5CE EV5TS & TO GA9 SOME 
9SI<T 9TO ! O!RWISE UNPR$ICTABLE C\RSE ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,BUT ?IS WAS 
NO LONG] A QUE/ION ( COMPET+ POLITICAL PROGRAMS ON A PURELY IDEOLOGICAL 
LEVEL1 BUT ONE ( A CONFRONTATION ( ! >M$ REVOLUTION ) ! >M$ 
C\NT]-REVOLUTION - A QUE/ION ( CIVIL W>4 ,IT WAS ONLY 9 RETROSPECT1 AFT] ! 
DEFEAT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITY1 ?AT IT BECAME CLE> ?AT ! 
REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVALS HAD BE5 A CAUSE LO/ 9 ADVANCE4 

,9 ORGANIZ+ ! DEF5SE ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 ! SOCIAL RE=MI/S 
PREP>$ = & PROVOK$ ! CIVIL W>1 ALL ! :ILE CALL+ = ITS 
PREV5TION1 9 ORD] TO >RE/ ! RISE ( 0,BOL%EVIK AN>*Y0 & TO ASSURE AN 
ORD]LY & BLOODLESS TRANSF] FROM ! OLD TO ! NEW GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT CIVIL 
W>1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG WROTE1 

IS ONLY ANO!R NAME = CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,! IDEA ( REA*+ 
SOCIALISM )\T CLASS /RUGGLE ?R\< ! ,P>LIAM5T IS A LAU<ABLE PETTY- 
B\RGEOIS ILLUSION4 ,! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY BELONGS TO ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 
,:OEV] WANTS TO USE IT TODAY ?R[S ! REVOLUTION BACK TO ! HI/ORICAL 
/AGE ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION2 HE IS M]ELY A CONSCI\S AG5T ( ! 
B\RGEOISIE OR AN UNCONSCI\S IDEOLOGI/ ( ! PETTY-B\RGEOISIE4 7#b7 

,BUT ?\< ?IS IS TRUE1 IT DID NOT BO!R ! MAJORITY ( ! SOCIALI/ 
WORK]S1 :O HAD %>$ = SO LONG 9 ?IS PETIT B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY1 & :O 
HAD NO DESIRE TO TURN ! REVOLUTION 9TO CIVIL W> N[ ?AT ! W> HAD 
ACTUALLY 5D$4 ,9 DI/9CTION TO ! SITUATION 9 ,RUSSIA1 :]E ! REVOLUTION 
WAS TO BR+ ! W> TO AN 5D1 9 ! ,C5TRAL ,EUROPEAN NATIONS ! W> WAS 
LIQUIDAT$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE ITSELF & ! REVOLUTION WAS A CONSEQU5CE ( 
?IS LIQUIDATION4 ,!RE WAS NO LONG] A W> TO BE TURN$ 9TO CIVIL W>4 ,!RE 
WAS ALSO NO PEASANTRY UTILIZ+ ! BREAKD[N ( AUTOCRACY = ! APPROPRIATION 
& DIVISION ( ! L&$ E/ATES1 BUT RA!R1 EXCEPT P]HAPS 9 ,HUNG>Y1 A 
CAPITALI/IC AGRICULTURE ) A REACTION>Y PEASANT POPULATION4 ,= ! 
REVOLUTION TO SUCCE$ IT W\LD HAVE TO BE ONE MADE BY ! 9DU/RIAL 
PROLET>IAT1 SET AGA9/ ALL O!R CLASSES 9 SOCIETY1 & W\LD !RE=E 
REQUIRE ! P>TICIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE4 ,IT C\LD NOT SUCCE$ 
IF C>RI$ \T ONLY BY A M9ORITY4 

,9 !IR REVOLUTION>Y ELAN & AUDACITY ! M9ORITY ( ,G]MAN REVOLUTION>IES 
W]E1 9 A S5SE1 EV5 MORE ,BOL%EVIK ?AN ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 !IR ATTEMPTS TO 
SET AN EXAMPLE TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BUT AL?\< !Y DID NOT HESITATE TO REACT 
TO ! P]SI/5T PROVOCATIONS ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 & ?\< !Y DID 
9ITIATE REVOLUTION>Y ACTIONS ON !IR [N ACCORD1 IT WAS NOT 9 ORD] TO GA9 
CONTROL OV] ! REVOLUTION & TO 9/ALL !IR [N DICTATOR%IP1 BUT TO BR+ 
AB\T ! CLASS RULE ( ! WORK]S' C\NCILS4 ,:ILE !Y DID NOT WANT TO MAKE 
! REVOLUTION = ! PROLET>IAT1 !Y ?\<T IT POSSIBLE ?AT ! %>P5+ 
( ! CLASS /RUGGLE W\LD ACTIVATE ALWAYS GREAT] MASSES ( WORK]S & DRAW 
!M 9TO ! FI<T AGA9/ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y =CES MASQU]AD+ AS 
DEF5D]S ( DEMOCRACY4 ,AL?\< !IR EF=TS 5D$ 9 DEFEAT1 !Y HAD BE5 
9ESCAPABLE1 %ORT ( LEAV+ ! FIELD 5TIRELY UNCONTE/$ TO ! 
C\NT]-REVOLUTION :OSE MA9 /RON<OLD1 AT ?IS TIME1 WAS ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL 
,DEMOCRACY4 ,IRONICALLY1 ! ,M>XIAN ASPECT ( ! REVOLUTION WAS DEFEAT$ 9 ! 
NAME ( 0,M>XISM0 9 ITS PURELY IDEOLOGICAL SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC CA/4 

,NOTES 

  
#a4 ,KORRESPND5ZBLATT D] ,G5]ALKOMISSION D] ,GEW]KS*AFT5 #b#h3#d#f 7#a#f 
,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#h7 

  
#b4 ,9 ,ROTE ,FAHNE1 ,NOVEMB] #b #a#i#a#h4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #c1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,ADD$4 

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